Solutions Manual]Volume 1€ 2 hapters 1-6 to Accompany + cH4PEeRS F-AL ENGINEERING MECHANICS: STATI CS SECOND EDITION William F. Professor Emeritus Iowa State University Leroy D. Sturges Towa State University JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. NewYork Chichester Brisbane Toronto SingaporeCopyright © 1996 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ‘This material may be reproduced for testing or instructional purposes by people using the text. ISBN 0.471-16148-9 Printed in the United States of America 10987654321INTRODUCTION This manual was written with the same care and precision with which the book was written. Included is a complete solution for every problem in the book. Each solution appears with the original problem statement and, where appropriate, the problem fig- ure. This is done for the convenience of the instructor, who no longer will have to refer to both the book and the solutions manual in preparing for class. ‘Asa guide to the problem material, problems with answers that are included in the back of the book are marked with an asterisk (*], and problems intended to be solved with the aid of a programmable calculator or a computer are marked with a [C].Solutions Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 TABLE OF CONTENTS General Principles Concurrent Force Systems Statics of Particles Rigid Bodies: Equivalent Force/Moment Systems Distributed Forces: Centroids and Center of Gravity Equilibrium of Rigid Bodies Trusses, Frames, and Machines Internal Forces in Structural Members Friction Second Moments of Area and Moments of Inertia Method of Virtual Work 37 16 154 290 396 690 816 958 1097ENGINEERING MECHANICS - STATICS, 2nd. Ed. W. Fs RILEY AND L. D. STURGES 1-1# Calculate the mass m of a body that weighs 600 1b at the surface of the earth. SOLUTION W800. | Br dey 7 18-65 slug 1-2* Calculate the weight W of a body at the surface of the earth if it has a mass m of 675 kg. SOLUTION 675(9.807) = 6.62(10°) N= 6.62 kN [22 calculate the gravitational constant g, in U.S, Customary units, for a location on the surface of the moon. SOLUTION -9. 24 83.489(10 )(5.037)110") 5,398 ft/s” # 5.33 ft/s° Ane. (8-702(10°)1 1-4 Calculate the gravitational constant ¢, in SI units, for a location on the surface of the sun. SOLUTION Ga, ae 20 St = $:67810 —Y11-890)10) 5 9,2741(10%) w/s* w 274 w/e? Ans. F [6.960(10°)} 1-58 The planet Venus has a dianeter of 7700 mi and a mass of 3.34(10*) slug. Determine the gravitational acceleration at the surface of the| planet. SOLUTION “0 2a 3.430(10"°)(8.94100"") _ 97.9 ges ans. (7700(5280)/21ENGINEERING MECHANICS - STATICS, 2nd. Ed. W. F. RILEY AND L. D. STURGES 1-6* The gravitational acceleration gf the surface of Nars is 3.73 a/s” and the mass of Mars is 6.39(10°) kg. Determine the radius of Mars. SOLUTION From Eq. (1-3): * / = 2 ay ha 6.673(10_*")(6.39)(10"*) ye ay = 3.981(10°) » & 3.38(10°) m Ans. B73 1-7 Determine the gravitational force, in kips, exerted by the sun on the earth. SOLUTION pz SheBe _ 3.499(10°* (4.095) (10°*)(1.364)(10°") (4.908(10"*)]? = 0.7974(10"*) 1b = 7,97(10"") kip Ans. 1-8 Determine the gravitational force, in kilonewtons, exerted by the earth on the moon. SOLUTION 6.673(10" **) (5.976) (10°*)(7.350)(107*) (3.844(10°)]* = 1,984(10°°) N= 1,984(10"7) kN Ans. 1-9* The equatorial radiys of the earth is 2.0925(10") ft and the polar radius is 2.0856(10') ft. Determine the gravitational acceleration @ at the two locations. SOLUTION -6 23 : = $g901071(4.095)49°) 39.16 rye? ee (2,0925(107)1 -8 23 _ 3.439(107") (4.095) 107"). 39 36 pt yg ? fae : (2.0856(107)17 Ane 2ENGINEERING MECHANICS - STATICS, 2nd. Ed. — W. F. RILEY AND L. D. STURGES 1-10# Two spherical bodies have masses of 60 kg and 80 kg, respectively. Determine the gravitational force of attraction between the spheres if the distance from center to center is 600 am. SOLUTION aa = $:679(19""°)(601(80) < g,99(10°7) w (0,600) 1-11 Two solid spherical bodies have 12 in. and,l0 in. diameters and are nade of a material that weighs 0.284 lb/in. Determine the gravitational force of attraction between the two spheres when they are touching each other. SOLUTION evs Ly = $24 G « ®) = 0.03698 R° = 0,09698(6)° = 7,988 slug 0,03698(5)° = 4,623 slug 18 = Sdgocu07)(7.988)4.629) 5 4, 531(10°%) 1b qa1/i2) I-12 A satellite is placed in orbit 1.6(10°) m aboye the surface of the noon. If the mass of the satellite is 3.0(10') kg, determine the gravitational force exerted on the satellite by the moon. SOLUTION h + rl = 1,6(10%) + 1.738(10°) = 9.398(10°) 6.673(107'")(3.0) (10*) (7.350) (10°) (3-338(10°)1? 13-21(107) N a 13.21 kN‘STURGES STATIC F. RILEY AND L. ENGINEERING MECHANICS 1-13* Determine the weight W of a satellite when it is in orbit 8500 niles above the surface of the earth if the satellite weighs 7600 lb at the| surface. SOLUTION 2 2 From Bq. (1-3): W Worg = Wr, = Gaye From Table 1-1: ry = 2.090(10") ft + h = 2,090(10") + 8500(5280) = 6.578(10") ft 2 Kor 752 w= 262 = Mote 0900107" 67 ay ane r (6,578(10")1 1-14 Determine the weight W of a satellite when it is in orbit 20.2(10°) m above the surface of the earth if the satellite weighs 8450 N at the surface. SOLUTION From Eq. (1-3): From Table 1-1: 6.371(10°) o + h = 6.371(10°) + 20,2(10°) = 26.571(10°) w 0 2 Wr 692 = 22 , 8450/6. 371110 = 485.8 N& 486. N Ans. re (26.571(10°)]7 1-15 If a woman weighs 135 1b when standing on the surface of the earth, how much would she weigh when standing on the surface of the moon? SOLUTION -2 24 Jt _ 3.439107") (5.037) (10! = 5.328 ft/s? (5.702(10°)]7 135 is Fpy(5.328) = 22.96 1b # 22.4 IbENGINEERING MECHANICS - STATICS, 2nd. Ed. W. F. RILEY AND L. D. STURGES 1-16 Determine the weight W of a body that has a mass of 1000 kg (a) At the surface of the earth. (b) At the top of Nt. McKinley (6193 m above sea level). (c) In a satellite at an altitude of 250 km. SOLUTION gic iae From Bas (1-3): W Wore = yee = Gaye Fron Table 1-1: 6.371(10°) a (a) ®, = mg = 1000(9.807) = 9807 Nw 9.81 kN ans. (b) ry = rg # ry = 6-371(10°) + 6193 = 6.377(10°) @ 2 foe 652 Hy = 22 = BOUL SIIUO UT - o7g9 ww 9.79 Kw ans. n (6.37(10)} (eo) r= tg + h = 6.371(10") + 250(10") = 6.621(10") 2 Wor 6 w= 28 = SBOUE.BTIOO HE . 9080 ww 9.08 kN Ans. Ed (6.621(10°)) 1-174 Tf a man weighs 210 1b at sea level, determine the weight W of the aan (a) At the top of Mt. Everest (29,028 ft above sea level). (b) In a satellite at an altitude of 200 mi. ‘SOLUTION From Bq. (1-3): We From Table 1-1: = 2.090(107) ft. = (ar, = = 2,090(10") + 29028 = 2.0929028(10") ft 72 = 210(2.090010 11 = 299.4 1b & 209 Ib . ans. [2,0928028(107)]* h = 2.090(10") + 200(5280) = 2.1956(10") ft ae Yofo , z1012.090110" 1" _ 99,29 1» w 190.3 Ib ise (2,1956(10°)]ENGINEERING MECHANICS. 1-18 W. FP. RILEY AND STATICS, 2n A spgge traveler weighs 800 N on egrth. A planet having a mass (10°) kg and a diameter of 30(10°) m orbits a distant star. D, STURGES of Determine the weight of the traveler on the surface of this planet. SOLUTION 1-19* = Att, = 81.57 alug io 3.807 wiz s 14 2 §:679(10°"7) (61.8715) 10") 1999,6 yw 1210 (18(10")1 The planet Jupiter has a mass of 1.302(10°°) slug and a visible diameter (top of the cloud layers) of 88,700 mi. Determine the gravitational acceleration g (a) At a point 100,000 niles above the top of the clouds. (b) At the top of the cloud layers. Ans. SOLUTION a: dg 2H : ° ry = 3 d, = 7(88,700)(5280) = 2.342(10°) fe 26 = 3,499(107°) 4802110) - 81.63 ft/e” « 81.6 ft/s” G (2.342(10°)17 Onl Ans. 1-208 The planet Saturn has a masg of 5.67(10°°) kg and a visible dianeter (top of clouds) of 12.00(10') m. The weight W of a planetary probe on earth is 4.50 kN. Determine (a) The weight of the probe when it is 6(10°) m above the top of the clouds. (b) The weight of the probe as it begins its penetration of cloud layers. the SOLUTION (a) r {b) W ¥ 3 i 4.5110") _ a= go = Apgar = 158.9 ke r, +h = 6,00(107) + 6(10°) = 66.0(107) = Gn 14 26 pe _ 6.673(10""*)(458.9)(5.67)(10"°) _ 7 95 y fa [66.0(10°)]7 cas, a1 26 2 SeBe , s.07acso™*yas8.9965.67000") «gy y r (6,00(10°)} ans. Ans.ENGINEERING MECHANICS - STATICS, 2nd. Ed. W. F, RILEY AND L. D. STURGES ‘The first U.S, satellite, Explorer I, had a mass of approximately 1 slug, Determine the force exerted on the satellite by the earth at the low and high points of its orbit which were 175 mi and 2200 mi, respectively, above the surface of the earth. SOLUTION 2,090(107) + 175(5280) = 2.182(10") ft. 2,090(10") + 2200(5280) = 3,251(10") ft. 7 742 32.17 ((2,090)(10" 1)" 5 95,51 1b w 25.5 1b (2. 182(107)] ne = SBAT(12-090)00 1)" 13,296 1b & 13.30 1b (3.251007) 1-22 A neutron star has a mass of 2(10°°) kg and a diameter of 10(10°) a. Determine the gravitational force of attraction on a 10-ke space probe iz (a) When it is 10° m from the center of the star. (b) At the instant of impact with the surface of the star. 2 44 20 (by p = $6780 012110) = 5, 338(107) N & 53.4(10"7) N Anse (61107)ENGINEERING MECHANICS - STATICS, 2nd. Ed. F. RILEY AND L. 1-23* At what distance from the surface of the earth, in miles, is the weight of a body equal to one-half of its weight on the earth’s surface? SOLUTION 2,090(10") ft Bee ry = (ry +h)? = are 1)(2,090)(10") = 8.657(10°) ft 1639.6 mi @ 1640 mi 1-24 At what distance, in kilometers, from the surface of the earth on a line from center to center would the gravitational force of the earth on a body be exactly balanced by the gravitational force of the moon on the body? SOLUTION we a ve | [essusip 10 + = 9.017 +350(10°7) From Table 1-1: a+ b= 9.017) + b = 3.844(10°) » Therefore: b= 0.3837(10°) » a = 3,4603(10°) m h = a- r= 3.4603(10°) - 6.371(10°) = 339.7(10°) m # 340(10") km Ans. Customary units, of an 85-kg steel a level at a latitude of 45 degrees) SOLUTION W = mg = (85 kg)(9.807 2/s*) = 833.6 BE™ = 939.6 6 8 = 833.6 N ( Lib 7.448 W, } = 187.4 1bENGINEERING MECHANICS - STATICS, 2nd. Ed. — W. F. RILEY AND L. D. STURGES 1-26% Determine the mass m, in SI units, for a 600-1b steel beam under standard conditions (sea level at a latitude of 45 degrees). SOLUTION 4. 800 Ib = ig.e51 » $32.17 ters = 18.651 slug. ft = 18.651 slug (4s) one] = 272 ke ans. 1-27 The velocity of light in space is approximately 186,000 ai/s. velocity of light in units of kilometers per hour is? SOLUTION ’ (186, ‘000 mi) (ceo 5} (1-802 8) 1,077(10) ke/h Ans. 1-28 Using the fact that 1 m= 39.37 in., convert § m of concrete units of cubic yards of concrete. ve (50) 5) ( SOLUTION h to 29% Using the fact that 1 in. units of meters per secon SOLUTION 75 #2) (5280_f£t) (12 in.) (25.40 he) C1 mi 1 ft 33.5 m/s Ans. 1+30* The fuel consumption of an automobile is 14 km/L. The fuel consumption, in miles per gallon, is? SOLUTION Fe = (3 # | (2578 4) (hth) 32,93 mi/gal # 32.9 ai/gal T gal } (7-609 ka)ENGINEERING MECHANICS - STATICS, 2n F. RILEY AND L. D. STURGES 1-31 An automobile has a 350-in: engine displacement. The engine displacenent, in liters, is? SOLUTION E ) [as 25,736 La 5.74 L 1-32 How many barrels of oil are contained in 100 kL of oil? One barrel (petroleum) equals 42.0 gal. ‘SOLUTION v {100.107 4} js pearcet| = 629 barrels 1-334 Express a speed of 20 nm/h (1 nautical mile = 6076 ft) in units of kilometers per minute. SOLUTION na) (6076 ft)(_1h_)(0.3048 a) (20 #2) OS) farts) CHE O-627 bain 1-34% One acre equals 43,560 ft: One hectare equals 10° a, Determine the number of acres in 500 hectares. SOLUTION “2 : A (600 hectare] (ot) fase 1 acre hectare, 2 a 43,560 ft’ENGINEERING MECHANICS - STATICS, 2nd. Ed. W. F. RILEY AND L. D. STURGES 1-35 Verify the conversion factors listed in Table 1-6 for converting the following quantities from U.S. Customary units to SI units by using the values listed for length as defined values: (a) Velocity (b) Acceleration SOLUTION (a) Velocity: = 0.0254 a/s Ans. | 0.3048 m/s Ans. } = 1.609 km/h Ans. : i ae). 5 2 (b) Acceleration: {i 4) (ek =) = 0.0254 a/s ans. = 0.3038 n/s* 1-36 Verify the conversion factors listed in Table 1-6 for converting the following quantities from SI units to U.S. Customary units by using the values listed for length as defined values: (a) Area (b) Volume use 1 gal = 231 ins and 1 L = 0.001 a. SOLUTION = 1950 ins ans. (a) Area: = 10.76 ee Ans. (b) Volume: = 61.02(10°°) ins Ans. = 35.31 ft Ans. = 0,2642 gal ans. ff 0,001 (1 4} gorENGINEERING MECHANICS - STATICS, 2nd. Ed, F. RILEY AND L. D. STURGES 1-37% Verify the conversion factors listed in Table 1-6 for converting the following quantities from U.S. Customary units to SI units by using the values listed for length and force as defined values: (a) Mass (b) Distributed load SOLUTION (a) Nass: . 1 lb-s*/ft 1 ft 4.448 N 1k (an) 2 ast) (sta 8] «a0 a (b) Distributed load: 1b) (4.448 N)(_1 et (: aes T 1b | (atit a) ee 38% Verify the conversion factors listed in Table 1-6 for converting the following quantities from SI units to U.S. Customary units by using the values listed for length and mass as defined values: (a) Pressure or stress (b) Bending moment or torque SOLUTION (a) Pressure or stress: T Pa 3.281 Ft, + a) ei a] 4.59 kg, slug - 2 3 : = 0,1450(107°) b/in? 10° Pa = 0.1450 psi 145.0 psi (b) Bending moment or torque: en} (-22b 1 ft : (1 5} (BI GanINGINEERING MECHANICS - STATICS, 2nd. Ed, W. F, RILEY AND L. D, STURGES 1-39 One acre equals 43,560 ft? One gallon equals 231 in; Determine the number of liters of water in 2500 acre-ft of water. SOLUTION cpr) (432560_£t) (12 in.]°|_1 gat | (3.785 1! ‘2500 acre- tt) (432560 ft ) (3.785 acre rte} (Gar and} eal = 3.083(10°) L a 3.08(10°) 1. The viscosity of crude oj1 under,conditions of standard temperature and pressure is 7.13(10°,) N+s/a. The viscosity of crude oil in U.S. Customary units (1b:s/ft’) is? SOLUTION lbes b= 7.13007) 1 ) (2 go4e-s) = $ fe sea (eee) = 24890 1-41 The air pressure in an automobile tire is 35 psi. Express the pressure in appropriate SI units (kPa) by using the values listed in Table 1-6 for length and force as defined values. SOLUTION 35_1b ase 3] feast in. 1 Pa Fe &P: pe = 241 kPa in? Llib 1 1 w/a | Li000 1-42 The stress in a steel bar is 150 MPa. Express the stress in appropriate U.S. Customary units (ksi) by using the values listed in Table 1-6 for length and force as defined values. SOLUTION 2 0 = 160 MPa = 150(10°) Pa ours (222828) tt = 21,75(10°) lb/in? & 21.8 ksiENGINEERING MECHANICS - STATICS, 2nd. Ed. W. F. RILEY AND L. D. STURGES 1-43% Express the density, in SI units (kg/n’),,0f a specimen of material that has a specific weight of 0.284 Ib/in. SOLUTION i : 0.284 1b/i 798.7(107%) 188 32.17(12) in. /s int 2 4 2 - 448 N) (39.37 in.) “(1 kg-m/s 3 Freed O ies Tb f t ) f a 7860 kg/m Ans. 1-44% Express the specific weight, in U.S. Customary units,(1b/in:), of a specimen of material that has a density of 4500 kg/m: SOLUTION = 4500 Mf |o,807 #5}|—1% | = 45,13(10°) 4 . 3 39,37 in. 2 3) XL (1th in ie 3 Mie te aa0 de (eat al | = 01626 1b/in: By definition, 1 hp = 33,000 ft+lb/min and 1 W = 1.N-m/s. Verify the| conversion factors listed in Table 1-6 for converting power from U.S. Customary units to SI units by using the values listed for length and| force as defined values. SOLUTION ; ftclb . , ft-lb f0.3048 a] sue Ny sts bre Sr IN = 33,000 a: (0.3048 a [4 448 NJ [2 sin} 1.3558 W a 1.356 W at] = me. 1-46 ‘The specific heat of air under standard atmospheric pressure, in SI units, is 1003 Nem/kg-K. The specific heat of air under standard atmospheric pressure, in U.S. Customary units (ft>lb/slug-°R), is? SOLUTION 1003 B® f 1b f 281 ft) ( kg kek (ew Te T slugENGINEERING MECHANICS - STATICS RILRY AND L. D, STURGES If F is a force, m, and m, are masses, and r is a distance, determine! the dimensions of G. SOLUTION 1-48* The elongation of a bar of uniform cross section subjected to an axial force is given by the equation 52 is What are the dimensions of £ if 6 and L are lengths, P is a force, and Ais an area? SOLUTION 2 e =. Wee a, ae (L")(b) LT 1-49 An important parameter in certain types of fluid flow problems when a free surface is present is the Froude number (Fr) which can be expressed in equation form as aye Fr = ee] where p is the density of the fluid, v is a velocity, L is a length, and w is the specific weight of the fluid. Show that the Froude nunber is dimensionless. SOLUTION ave [ow Lt. ve re) = 1 (Dimensionless) (L)(M/L°T") IsENGINEERING MECHANICS - STATICS, 2nd. Ed. —W. F. RILEY AND L. D, STURGES 1-50 An important parameter in fluid flow problems involving thin films is the Weber number (We) which can be expressed in equation form as. : where P is the density of the fluid, v is a velocity, L is a length, dimensionless, what are the dimensions of the surface tension 9? SOLUTION Ans. 2 um? o = Bek - nyu?) We 1) ee —_—_—_— 1-61* The period of oscillation of a simple pendulum is given by the equation a T = kb/s) where T is in seconds, L is in feet, g is the acceleration due to gravity, and k is a constant. What are the dimensions of k for dimensional homogeneity? SOLUTION = ——1— = 1 (inensioniess) Ans. oe Wie Yunus) 1-52* In the equation 12 + vt + Jat Hanae: y and y, are distances, v is a velocity, a is an acceleration, and t is time. Is the equation dimensionally homogeneous? SOLUTION yee vt = (L/THT) = b gat? = aut? )(ny? = ALL terms have the dimension L; therefore, the equation is dimensionally homogeneous. Ans. “ENGINEERING MECHANICS - STATICS, 2nd. Ed. W. F, RILEY AND L. D. STURGES 1-63 The modulus k of a coil spring (force required to stretch the spring a unit distance} can be expressed in equation form as ‘ ke ot akon in which r and R are lengths and n is a dimensionless number. Determine the dimensions of G (a property of the spring material). SOLUTION MCULU VAM ATU Me! ay 1-54 In the dimensiomally homogeneous equation 2 Wy’ usa - 3 F is a force, W is a force, d is a length, and v is a linear velocity Determine the dimensions of U and g. SOLUTION Fd = (ML/T*)(L) = ML?/T* All terms have the dimension ML°/T*: v= MLyT* Ans. ame cme ys? = yn? ans, CA(MLY/T") @ is @ stress, A is an area, M is moment of a force, and c is a length. Determine the dimensions of P and I. SOLUTION ALL terms have the dimension M/LT*: (usury?) = ML/T? ML?/T?)(L) 2 yt oir)ENGINEERING MECHANICS - STATICS, 2nd. Ei RILEY AND STURGES 1-56* In the dimensionally homogeneous equation = tev? + tye? pa = dav? + du dis a length, m is a mass, v is a linear velocity, and is an angular velocity. Determine the dimensions of P and I. SOLUTION Cron)? = mi? ALL terms have the dimension ML*/T°: wi? /7? 2p tay ye Hes yy? ust? 3 aust 1-57 In the dimensiomally homogeneous equation Tr, ve st 1b t is a stress, T is a torque, V is a force, r and b are Lengths, and I is @ second moment of an area. Determine the dimensions of J and a SOLUTION ALL terms have the dimension M/LT*: (wir? (U4) Ly _ ye E/T) (uur) (ML/T*) ut ae 1-58 In the dimensiomally homogeneous equation 2 arr t is a stress, A is an area, T is a torque, and r is a length. Determine the dimensions of P and J. SOLUTION ALL terms have the dimension M/LT*: 2 in? cme? /t? P= (M/LT)(L*) = ML/T® 4 (M/LT")ENGINEERING MECHANICS - STATICS, 2nd. Ed. —W. F. RILEY AND L. D. STURGES 1-594 The equation x = Ae”‘’” sin (at + &) is dimensionally homogeneous. If A is a length and t is tine, determine the dimensions of x, a, by and o. SOLUTION i therefore bet Ans at=a(T)=1 therefore act a = 1 (Dimensionless) Ans. x= AQ) = LQ) = Lb Ans. DR 1-60 In the dimensionally homogeneous equation w = x° + ax” + bx + a'b/x, if x is.a length, what are the dimensions of a, b, and w? SOLUTION If x = L, each term has the dimension L*: ax’ = a(L*) 6 7 5 B b(L) 1-61 Determine the dimensions of a, b, c, and y in the dimensionally homogeneous equation ye ie oe [me wo] in which A is a length and t is time. SOLUTION bt = b(7) = 1 bet ans. A-a? bt =A - a ed a ¢ = 1 (dimensionless) 1 (dimensionless) AC) = B)G)ENGINEERING MECHANICS - STATICS, 2nd. Ed. F. RILEY AND L. D. STURGES 1-82 Determine the dizensions of , 6, ks and P in the differential austen : dt’ in which m is nase. x is Length, and ¢ ts tine, SOLUTION 2, a SE = wr) = mT? at All terms have the dimension ML/T 2 x ML/T’ kx must? ot 1 (dimensioniess) P cos wt ML/T* 1-63% Round off the following numbers to two significant figures. Find the percent difference between each rounded-off number and the original number by using the original number as the reference. (a) 0.0153 (b) 0.0347 (ec) 0.0566 SOLUTIONENGINEERING MECHANICS - STATICS, 2nd. Ed. W. F. RILEY AND L. D. STURGES 1-64% Round off the following numbers to two significant figures. Find the percent difference between each rounded-off number and the original number by using the original number as the reference. (a) 0.8374 (b) 0.4729 (ce) 0.6644 SOLUTION (a) For 0.84: +0,310 % Ans. (b) For 0.47: 1-65 Round off the following numbers to two significant figures. Find the percent difference between each rounded-off number and the original number by using the original number as the reference. (a) 1.8394 {b) 3.4629 (co) 8.7523 SOLUTION (100) i 1.8 = 1.8394 oe (a) For 1.8: Shier (100) = -2.14 x ans. (b) For 8.5: BB = 8.4829 (199) = +1071 a Ans. (c) For 6 = 40.706 % ans.F, RILEY AND STURGES ENGINEERING MECHANICS - STATICS, 2nc 1-66 Round off the following numbers to two significant figures. Find the percent difference between each rounded-off number and the original number by using the original number as the reference. (a) 3.6544 (b) 7.5638 fe) 8.9223 SOLUTION (a) For 3.7: (100) = +1.248 x ans. (b) For 7.6: (400) = 40.479 x Ans. (c) For 8.9: 8:9 — 8.9223 (199) = -0.250 x ana, 8.9223, 1-67* Round off the following numbers to three significant figures. Find the percent difference between each rounded-off number and the original number by using the original number as the reference. (a) 26.394 (b) 74.829 (ce) 58.336 SOLUTION % Diff = (a) For 26.4: 36-394 (100) = +0.0227 % ‘Ans. (b) For 74.8: 14.8 — 74-822 (100) = -0.0388 * Ans. (ce) For 85.3: 58.5 $5:888 (100) = -0.0651 x Ang.ENGINEERING MECHANICS - STATICS, 2nd. Ed. F. RILEY AND L. D. STURGES 1-68* Round off the following numbers to three significant figures. the percent difference between each rounded-off number and the original number by using the original number as the reference. (a) 374.93 (b) 826.48 fc) 349.33 Find SOLUTION 375 = 374.93 (a) For 375: Fieay (100) = +0.01867 « ans. i 826 - 826.48 ae (b) For 826: Fete (100) = -0.0881 % ans. 349 - 349.33 349.33 (c) For 349: (100) = -0.0945 % Ans. 1-69 Round off the following numbers to three significant figures. Find the percent difference between each rounded-off number and the original number by using the original number as the reference. (a) 6471.9 (b) 3628.7 (ce) 1738.2 SOLUTION % Diff = 6470 - 6471.9 STLa (100) (a) For 6470: 0.0294 % Ans. For 3630: 40.0358 X {b) 40,0233 % For 1740: te)RILEY AND ‘STURGES Ed, ENGINEERING MECHANICS - STATICS, 2ni 1-70 Round off the following numbers to three significant figures. Find the percent difference between each rounded-off number and the original number by using the original number as the reference. (a) 8521.4 (b) 6748.3 (c) 9378.7 SOLUTION ‘ 8520 - 8521.4 eG (a) For 8520: Tea (100) = -0.01643 x ans. . 6150 - 6748.3 . (b) For 6750: $780 BUAB-3 (100) = 40.0252 % ans. ; 9380 - 9378.7 : {c) For 9380: Sa7e To (100) = +0.01386 % Ans. 1-71* Round off the following numbers to four significant figures. Find the percent difference between each rounded-off number and the original number by using the original number as the reference. (a) 63,746.2 (b) 27,382.6 (c) 58,129.9 SOLUTION % Diff = (100) (a) For 63,750: $3,750 — 63,746-2 (199) = +0.00596 x Ans. 63, 746.2 27,380 - 27,382.6 ‘| =~ (b) For 27,380: 27, 382-6 (100) = -0.00950% Ans. ; 55,130 - 55,129.9 (c) For 55,130: 3571399 (100) +0,0001814 % Ans.fa) 937,284 tb) ENGINEERING MECHANICS - STATICS, 2nd. Ed. 1-72% Round off the following numbers to four significant figures. the percent difference between each rounded-off number and the original number by using the original number as the reference. 274,918 W. P. RILEY AND L. D. STURGES Find (ce) 339,872 ‘SOLUTION x Dif! (a) For 937,300: (b) For 274,900: 7 {c) For 339,900: 389,900 = $89,872 (100) = (a) 918,273 (b) f 987,300 - 997,284 987,300 ~ 937,284 937,284 (100) 274,900 - 274,918 74,918 139,872 1-73 Round off the following numbers to four significant figures. the percent difference between each rounded-off number and the original number by using the original number as the reference. 284,739 (100) +0,001707 x Ans, (100) = -0.00655 % Ans. +0.00824 x Ans. Find (oc) 342,691 SOLUTION (a) For 918,300: 284,700 ~ 284,739 (499) 284,739 {b) For 284,700: (c) For 342,700: 918,300 - 918,273 918,273 a 342,700 - 342,691 342,691 2s = 40.0294 % Ans. = -0.01370 % Ans. (100) = 0,00263 % Ans.ENGINEERING MECHANICS - STATICS, 2nd. Ed. F. RILEY AND L, D. STURGES 1-74 Round off the following numbers to four significant figures. Find the percent difference between each rounded-off number and the original number by using the original number as the reference. (a) 624,373 (b) 785,239 (c) 936,491 SOLUTION a : 624,400 - 624,373 (a) For 624,400: $24,373 (100) = +0,00432 Ans. 785,200 - 785,239 i 185,200 - 785,239 7 (b) For 785,200: an (100) = -0.00497 x Ang. 936,500 - 956,491 ‘| (c) For 936,500: 336,081 (100) = +0.000961 % Ans. 26ENGINEERING MECHANICS - STATICS, 2nd. Ed. W. F. RILEY AND L. D. STURGES C1-75 A common practice in rounding answers is to report numbers whose leading digit is 1 to an accuracy of 4 significant figures and all other numbers to an accuracy of 3 significant figures, Although this practice probably started with the accuracy with which slide rules could be read, it also reflects the fact that an accuracy of greater than 0.2 percent is seldom possible. This project will examine the error introduced by this and some other rounding schemes. For each of the rounding schemes below, 1. Generate 20,000 random numbers between 1 and 10 2. Round each number to the specified number of significant Figures. (Note that 3 significant figures is equivalent to 2 decimal places, 4 significant figures is equivalent to 3 decimal places, etc., since all numbers are between 1 and 10.) 3. Calculate the percent relative error for each number. Number - RoundNumber PercentRelBrror = |—Susber —RovndNunber_|+100 4, Plot PercentRelError versus Number. 5. Comment on the maximum round-off error and the distribution of round-off error. a, Round all numbers to an accuracy of 3 significant figures. b. Round numbers less than 2 to an accuracy of 4 significant figures and numbers greater than 2 to an accuracy of 3 significant figures. c. Round numbers less than 3 to an accuracy of 4 significant figures and numbers greater than 3 to an accuracy of 3 significant figures. d. Round numbers less than 5 to an accuracy of 4 significant figures and numbers greater than 5 to an accuracy of 3 significant figures. SOLUTION 27ENGINEERING MECHANICS - STATICS, 2nd. Bd. W. F. RILEY AND L. D. STURG C1-75 (Continued)ENGINEERING MECHANICS - STATICS, 2nd. Ed. F. RILEY AND L, D. STURGES (1-76 When engineers deal with angles, they are usually more interested in the sine or cosine of the angle than they arg with the angle itself. Since sin 5 = cos 85 sin 175 sin 1085 = .... = 0.08716 the rounding of angles requires a different scheme than that described in Problem C1-75. That is, angles should be rounded to a specified number of decimal places rather than a specified number of significant figures. This project will examine the error introduced by rounding angles to various numbers of decimal places. For each of the cases below, z : 1. Generate 20,000 random angles between 1 and 89 . (Use a random number generator that produces decimal numbers and not just integers.) Calculate the sine and cosine of each angle. 2. Round each angle to the specified number of decimal places and calculate the sine and cosine of the rounded angle. 3. Calculate the percent relative error for each angle. | sintanade) — sin(Roundanste) [4109 PercentRelError ‘sin(Angle} or PercentRelError Ssatingte} 4, Plot PercentRelrror versus Angle. 5. Comment on the maximum round-off error and the distribution of round-off error. |-sostantel = costteundngtel |sio9 Round all angles to an accuracy of 1 decimal place. ; Round all angles to an accuracy of 2 decimal places. Round angles less than 10 to an accuracy of 3 decimal places and angles greater than 10° to an accuracy of 2 decimal places. SOLUTION # (a) sin xBRING MECHANICS 1-76 (Continued) STATICS, 2nd. Ed. We Fe RILEY AND 0 (a) CosxENGINEERING MECHANICS - STATICS, 2nd. Ed. —¥. FP. RILEY AND (1-77 When two numbers are added or multiplied together, the result is always less accurate than the original numbers. This project will examine the error introduced by rounding two numbers before they are nultiplied together. a. Generate 80 random numbers between 4.51 and 5.49 (that is, 5 £0.14RND). If any pair of these numbers are rounded to the nearest integer (5) and then multiplied together, the result Will be 25. How does this result compare with the correct product obtained by multiplying the original two numbers together? Is the result accurate to the nearest integer? Is ‘the result accurate to less than 10 percent? Repeat part a for numbers between 49.51 and 50.49 (50 £ 0,01*RND). Is the result accurate to the nearest integer? Is the result accurate to less than 1 percent? es Generate 20,000 random integers between 1 and 49. For each integer N, generate two random numbers which will round to that integer = Nt 0.5#RND N2 = N + 0.54#RND Plot the percent relative difference in the products | Ni#N2 — NEN NaN versus N, Compare this with the percent relative difference in the original numbers ProdDiff *100 Ni - Numbiff = [e100 SOLUTION Prov. DIFF 3)ENGINEERING MECHANICS - STATI RILEY AND L. D. STU C1-77 (Continued) ° 10 20 30 0 50 Num DiFF OD 8 eo Nom Dirr (2) seF. RILEY AND L. ENGINEERING MECHANICS - STATICS, 2n¢ 1-78* The planet Neptune has a mass of 1.03(10°°) kg and a visible diameter (top of the cloud layers) of 4.86(10°) m. Determine th gravitational acceleration g at the top of the cloud layers. STURGES SOLUTION 6 aan 2 = $:673(10"°7}1.03) 10") = 416398 n/s? @ 11.64 0/5? (2.43(107)1 1-79 The weight of the first Russian satellite, Sputnik I, on the sur: of the earth was 184 lb. Determine the force exerted on the satellite by the earth at the low and high points of its orbit w! were 149 mi and 597 mi, respectively, above the surface of the e ans. face hich arth. SOLUTION w From Ba. (1-2): P= 3 n= He Bh = 5.720 slug From Table 1-1: r= 2.090(10") ft = 2,090(107) + 149(5280) = 2.169(10) ft = 8, 23 3.439(10"°) (4.095) (107°1(5.720) © yay 9 yy F Ans. - [2.169(107))? fy = fo t By = 2-090(10") + 597(5280) = 2.405(10") fe 8 23 pes = 3:439(107*) (4.095) (10%*)(5.720) © 1595 1p aoa (2.408 (107)]” The plapet Jupiter has a mass of 1.90(10°") kg and a radius of and jypiter when the minimum distance between the two planets is 6(10) a. 7.14(10°) m, Determine the force of attraction between the earth SOLUTION Gas oo 24 27 p= SteMs _ 8.673(10"'*)(5.976)(10°*)(1.90)(107") _ 9 r9¢10'%) w (6(10"*)1? Ans.ENGINEERING MECHANICS - STATICS, 2nd. Bd. — W. F, RILEY AND L. D. STURGES 1-81 On the surface of the earth the weight of a body is 200 1b. distance from the center of the earth would the weight of the At what body be (a) 100 1b? (b) 50 1b? SOLUTION Fron Eqs. (1-2): Fs Fr? = wr? Therefor v= SWee/E (a) For F 9 (2+090)(10") = 2.96107) Ft ans. (b) For F £08 (2.090107) = 4.18(107) ft 1-82 At what distance from the center of the earth would the force of attraction between two spheres 1m in diameter in contact equal the force of attraction of the earth on one of the spheres? The mass of each sphere is 250 kg. SOLUTION Fron Eq. (1-2): Pe? st : (Qr,) aren z a pe fees f MOST UENO 5 0,1546(10"7) Ans. 1-83% The weight of a satellite on the surface of the earth prior to launch is 250 1b. then the satellite is in orbit 59U0 miles from the surface of the earth, determine the force of attraction between the earth and the satellite. SOLUTION From Bq. (1-2): F ae be ys TTT slug From Table 1-1: 2.090(10") ft r=ory +h = 2.090(10") + 5000(5280) = 4.730(10") ft ° Gan -8 23 Bp = eth = 24991077) (4.095) U0" )17.771) © 48.9 a ae r {4.730(107)} 34sTatic: ENGINEERING MECHANICS F. RILEY AND 1-84 A fluid has a dynamic viscosity of 1.2(107°) N-s/m,. Express its dynamic viscosity in U.S. Customary units (1b-s/ft"}. SOLUTION 8 Ibes rt? = 2.5110 Ans. 2 : -3) Neg (0.2248 1b) (0.3048 o} we rz) £8 f TON } (2-3088-8} 1-85 The stress equation for eccentric loading of a short colum is BL Pey a A T If P is a force, A is an area, and e and y are lengths, what are the dimensions of stress ¢ and second moment of area I? SOLUTION 2 Be MTS war® a2 ALL terms have the dimension M/LT* =ut ans. 2. oe wir? y = Wer yu) tL) (a/b?) 1-86* Determine the dimension of c in the dimensionally homogeneous equation in which v is a velocity, » is amass, t is time, and g is the gravitational acceleration. SOLUTION ate nt = 1 (Dimensionless) c= N/T {: - eet!ENGINEERING MECHANICS - STATICS, 2nd. Ed. W. F. RILEY AND L. D. STURGES 1-87* In the dimensionally homogeneous equation R = cv + ag, R is a force, v is a velocity, and g is an acceleration. Determine the dimensions of a and c. SOLUTION ALL terms have the dimension ML/T ev = c(L/T) = ML/T* ag = a(L/t*) = ML/T* When a body moves through a fluid it experiences a rgsistgnce to its motion which can be represented by the equation F = 3C,pV'A where F is a force, P is the density of the fluid, V is the velocity of the body relative to the fluid, and A is the cross-sectional area of the body. Show that the drag coefficient C, is dimensionless. SOLUTION 2 cy = 2B 2 WT ___ ss (ainensiontess) eva (ML? )(L/T) UL") 1-89 Develop an expression for the change in gravitational acceleration 4g between the surface of the earth and a height h when h << R.. SOLUTION From Eq. (1-3): Therefore: Gnh(2r, +h) rir, # hyMECHANICS - STATICS, 2nd. Ed, W. F, RILEY AND L. D. STURGES 2-14 Determine the magnitude of the resultant R and the angle @ between the x axis and the Line of action of the resultant for the to forces shown in Fig. P2-1. SOLUTION From Eq. 2-1: meee = FS + Fo + BFF, cos > 120° + 90° + 2(120)(90) cos 90° 130.0 1b R= 150.0 lb 2 36.9° ans. 2-28 Determine the magnitude of the resultant R and the angle @ between the x axis and the line aN of action of the resultant for the txo forces shown in Fig. P2-2 SOLUTION From Eq. 2-1: ere Re? Ro = Fi + FS + 2FLP, cos ® 60° + 54° + 2(601(54) cos 60° » 98.77 & 98.8.N From Eq. 2-2: -1 F, sino g ° isin 60°. 28.26° R= 98.8N 228.3" ans.ENGINEERING MECHANICS ~ STATICS, 2nd. Ed, Determine the magnitude of the resultant R and the angle 0 between the x axis and the line of action of the resultant for the two forces shown in Fig. P2-3. SOLUTION go° + 29° - 21° = 98° Aso \b Bqs. 2-1 and 2-2: FE 4 FS + 2F,F, cos & 4807 + 4007 + 2(480)(400) cos 98° 580.48 # 580 1b ay Fp sin ® sin ; Determine the magnitude of the resultant R and the angle @ between the x axis and the Line of action of the resultant for the two forces shown in Fig. P2-4. 580 1b 2 64,0° Ans, ‘SOLUTION @ = 90° - 14° - 26° = 50° Eqs. 2-1 and 2-2: 2 + FE + 28, cos & 1 250° + 2007 + 2(2501(200) cos 50° 408.39 & 408 N -1 Fz ein @ -1 200 sin 50° fa RSP 408.39 B+ 14° = 22,03° + 14° = 36,03° @ 36.0° 22,03° R= 408 N 2 36.0° Ans.F. RILEY AND L. D. STURGES ENGINEERING MECHANICS - STATICS, 2nd. Bd. Determine the magnitude of the resultant R and the angle between the x axis and the Line of action of the resultant ror the txo forces shown in Fig. P2-3. SOLUTION From Eqs. 2-1 and 2-2: ware B+ OFF, cos = 250° + 6007 + 2(250)(600) cos 30° R = 826.02 lb & 826 lb uF, sino i B= sin a 2 sin) B + 40° = 21.90" + 30° R = 826 ib 251.3" ans. 2-6% Determine the magnitude of the resultant R and the angle 9 between the x axis and the Line aan of action of the resultant for the two forces shown in Fig. P2-6. 4 SOLUTION = 36° + 24 from Eqs. 2-1 and etiaa: a? FL + PS + 2F.P, cos ® = 1o® + 25° + 2(10)(25) cos 60° R= 31.22 KN & 31.2 kN F, sin ® ° = sin”? 25-sin 60! ae R a 31.22 B- 24 = 43,91 - 24 = 19.91° = 43,91° R= 31.2 kN 2 19.91ENGINEERING MECHANICS - STATICS, 2ni F. RILEY AND STURGES Determine the magnitude of the resultant R and the angle 6 between the x axis and the line of action of the resultant for the two forces shown in Fig. P2-7. SOLUTION 45° + 60° = 105 2 1 6007 + 8007 + 2(600}(800) cos 105° 2 + Fl + 2\F, cos > 866.91 1b & 867 1b sino : = gin’? $00-sin 105) o a ain rah 63.046 B + 30 = 63.046 + 30 = 93.046° & 93.0° R = 867 1b & 87.0" Ans. Determine the magnitude of the resultant R and the angle & between the x axis and the line of action of the resultant for the two forces shown in Fig. P2-8. SOLUTION = 48° + 59° = 107° 2 tap a? = Fo 4 Fl + 2F,F, cos ® 780° + 650° + 2(780)(650) cos 107° 856.99 Nw 857 N F, sin ® ° 2 = ein? $50. sin 107° | yy ane sin z= sin Be = 16.50 59° - B = 59 - 46.50 = 12.50° R = 857 N & 12.50"ENGINEERING MECHANICS 2-9* Determine the magnitude of the resultant R and the angle @ between the x axis and the line of action of the resuitant for the two forces shown in Fig. P2-9. STATICS, 2nd. Ed. F, RILEY AND L, D. STURGES SOLUTION = 180° - 62° - 52° = 66) 2 pry pe R= Pl + Fe + 2F,F, cos & 450° + 600° + 2(450)(600) R = 884.39 lb @ 884 1b F, sin ® B= sin’? 22 = sin B - 38° = 38,300" - 38 2-10* Deter between the x axis and tl the two forces shown in SOLUTION @ = 60° + 45° = 105° - ae Ros Fl + Fo + 2P,F, cos & = 4007 + 350° + 2(400)(350) R= 458.29 N @ 458 N sine yt = 45° ne the magnitude of the resultant Rand the angle @ ie of action of the resultant for sin 105° cos 66° R = uB4 lb 20.300" Ans, he Line Fig. P2-10. or as 400 Fig, P2410 cos 105° 158.29 2.59° 4ENGINEERING MECHANICS - STATICS, 2nd. Ed, RILEY AND 2-11 Determine the magnitude of the resultant R and the angle & between the x axis and the line of action of the resultant for the to forces shown in Fig. P2-11, SOLUTION 15 3 From Eqs. 2-1 and 2-2: = 180° - tan 120.96" 2, = Fi + FS + 2F\F, cos & 110° + 907 + 2(1101(90) cos 120.96° ==% Nob 100.07 Ib # 100.1 1b a1 Fy sin ~1 90 sin 120.96? ain”' 2——— » sin”? S0.8in 120.96" z 100.07 = 30-46 100.1 1b 2 50.5° Ans. 2-12% Determine the magnitude of the resultant R and the angle @ between the x axis and the line of action of the resultant for the two forces shown in Fig. P2-12. sO Nuz0n Fig. P2412. SOLUTION = 190° + tan”' 53 - tan"? From Eqs. 2-1 and 2-22 22 2 gt R= Fo + Fo + ORF, cos # 210° + 1707 + 2(210)(170) cos 134.42° 151.74 N @ 151.7 N B - 22,62 = 53.15 - 22.62 = 30.53 & 30.5° BR = 151.7 N 230.5"ENGINEER MECHANICS - STATICS, znd. Ed. F. RILEY AND L, D. STURGES 2-13 Determine the magnitude of the resultant R and the angle 0 between the x axis and the Line of action of the resultant for the two forces shown in Fig. P2-13. SOLUTION #2 tan ' d= tan? 2 = 54.16" 3 From Eqs. 2-1 and 2-2: 2 mad Fi + FS + 2F,F, cos + = 600° + 500° + 2(600)(500) cos 54.16” R = 980.47 1b & 980 1b 1 Fp sin @ 1 300 sin 54.16° 8 = sin’' + >— = sin ct @ = B + 21.80 = 24.42 + 21.80 = 16.22 46.2 R = 980 1b 2 46.2" Ans. 4 Determine the magnitude of the resuitant R and the angle ® between the x axis and the Line of action of the resultant for the two forces shown in Fig. PZ 14. SOLUTION = 180° — cant $+ tant Be 19,709 From Eqs. 2-1 and 2-2: acu ee Fi + Fp + 25,F, cos & ®. 240? + 1807 + 2(240)(180) cos 79.70° R = 924,73 Nw 325 N F, sin ® See see eee a -1 180 sin 79.70° _ ° B= sin z sin Sag = 33.05 B + 36.87 = 33.05 + 36.87 = 69.92" # 69.9" R= 325 N269.9° Ans. 43ENGINEERING MECHANICS ~ STATICS, 2nd. Rd. W. F. RILEY AND L. D. STURGES 2-15 Determine the magnitude of the resultant R and the angle @ between the x axis and the line of action of the resultant for the two forces shown a in Pig. P2-15. SOLUTION From Eq. 2-1: pte a? 2 P+ Fo 4 2FLR, cos # = 8007 + 10007 + 2(8001(1000) cos 127.14° R = 820.96 lb & 821 1b From Bq. 2-2: F, sin ® 1 ° cee = pint? 1000 sin 127.14" _ 3g 70 8 = sin” 2 — « sin sin TM 76.17) © = B + 20.85° = 76.17 + 20.85 = 97.02° » 97.0° R = 821 1b S 83.0° Ans.ENGINEERING MECHANICS - STATICS, 2nd. Ed. RILEY AND L. D, STURGES 2-16 Determine the magnitude of the resultant R and the angle @ between the x axis and the line of action of the resultant for the two forces shown in Fig. P2-16. ‘SOLUTION e 88 og. a4? 8, = tan jz0 = 28.44 = tan”? 29 = 30,267 a, = tan Jz0 * (30,26 = 180° - 28.44° - 30.26" = 121.30° . T40N From Bq. 2-1: ester Re = Fo + F) + 2F,F, cos > 8257 + 7407 + 2(825)(740) cos 121.30° > 770.64 N @ 771.N From Eq. 2-2: F, sin e wt Fe = sin’? 240-sim 121.30" © 55 44° an ® 770.64 » @ B+ 28.44 = 55,14 + 28,44 = 83.58" & 83,6" R= 771.N 2 83.6° Ans.