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Calculation of Working Pressure for Cylindrical

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Conference Paper in American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Pressure Vessels and Piping Division (Publication)
PVP · January 2010
DOI: 10.1115/PVP2010-25173

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 Proceedings of the ASME 2010 Pressure Vessels & Piping Division / K-PVP Conference
PVP2010
July 18-22, 2010, Bellevue, Washington, USA

PVP2010-25173

CALCULATION OF WORKING PRESSURE FOR CYLINDRICAL

VESSEL UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE

Gurinder Singh Brar

Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College,
(Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar)
Gill Road, Ludhiana. 141006.
Punjab, India.
Tel: 91-9781991160
Email: brar.gurinder@gmail.com

Yogeshwar Hari
University of North Carolina at Charlotte
9201 University City Blvd.
Charlotte, NC 28223-0001 USA
Email: hari@uncc.edu

Dennis K. Williams
Sharoden Engineering Consultants, P.A
P.O. Box 1336
Matthews, NC 28106-1336 USA
Email: DennisKW@sharoden.com

ABSTRACT literature is then used to calculate the maximum allowable

external working pressure. Fifty simulated shells of geometry
Initial geometric imperfections have a significant effect on
similar to the example tower are generated by the Monte Carlo
the load carrying capacity of asymmetrical cylindrical pressure
method to calculate the nondeterministic buckling load. The
vessels. This research paper presents a comparison of a
representation of initial geometric imperfections in the
reliability technique that employs a Fourier series representation
cylindrical pressure vessel requires the determination of
of random asymmetric imperfections in a defined cylindrical
appropriate Fourier coefficients. The initial functional
pressure vessel subjected to external pressure. Evaluations as
description of the imperfections consists of an axisymmetric
prescribed by the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code,
portion and a deviant portion that appears in the form of a
Section VIII, Division 2 rules are also presented and discussed
double Fourier series. Multi-mode analyses are expanded to
in light of the proposed reliability technique presented herein.
evaluate a large number of potential buckling modes for both
The ultimate goal of the reliability type technique is to
predefined geometries and the associated asymmetric
statistically predict the buckling load associated with the
imperfections as a function of position within a given cylindrical
cylindrical pressure vessel within a defined confidence interval.
shell. The method and results described herein are in stark
The example cylindrical shell considered in this study is a
contrast to the dated “knockdown factor” approach currently
fractionating tower for which calculations have been performed
utilized in ASME B&PV Code.
in accordance with the ASME B&PV Code. The maximum
allowable external working pressure of this tower for the shell
thickness of 0.3125 in. is calculated to be 15.1 psi when utilizing
NOMENCLATURE
the prescribed ASME B&PV Code, Section VIII, Division 1
methods contained within example L-3.1. The Monte Carlo D Bending stiffness of cylindrical wall
method as developed by the current authors and published in the D0 Outside diameter of the shell

1 Copyright © 2010 by ASME

E Young’s Modulus
L Length of the shell
Nxx Axial distributed in-plane force
Nyy Circumferential in-plane force
P External design pressure
Pa Maximum allowable external working pressure
Pcl Classical buckling load of a perfect shell
Pcr Critical buckling load of a shell with imperfections
R Inside radius of the shell
Wn(ξ,θ) Initial imperfection function
k Number of half waves in axial direction
l Number of full waves in circumferential direction
t Nominal shell wall thickness
w Radial displacement
λ Non-dimensional buckling load
 Poisson’s ratio
θ Non-dimensional circumferential coordinate
ξ Non-dimensional axial coordinate
INTRODUCTION TO BUCKLING OF SHELLS
Buckling is a failure mechanism that is associated with both
the application of a compressive load to a structural component
and the instability of that component once any number of critical
loads are reached or exceeded. Shell buckling physically
manifests itself by the appearance and growth (under continual
load) of bulges, ripples, and waves in both the circumferential
and longitudinal direction of a cylindrical shell. Similar to
column buckling of bars and beams, shell buckling is
encountered in long, shallow (i.e., relatively thin wall thickness)
vessel and tank members when the members begin to exhibit
visibly large transverse displacements to an applied axial load or
to an applied external pressure (or vacuum). A shell structure is
considered to fail from buckling while subjected to a
compressive load; the structure undergoes a transition in
deformation from that of the direction of compressive load
application to a deformation that is predominantly perpendicular
to the direction of load application. The load at which the initial
deformation transition and instability occurs is commonly
referred to as the critical buckling load. Often times this type of
buckling failure is of a catastrophic nature, occurring without
any visible precursor or form of warning to the user or operator.
Shell buckling can also produce a sudden collapse in a vessel or
tank.
Buckling failure is an important feature to be considered in
many pressure vessel designs, especially when the vessel is
subjected to vacuum (i.e., external pressure) service. Typical
failure theories based upon material strength, such as Tresca or
von Mises failure theories, have no method by which to address
buckling and the instability issue. Furthermore, the most
significant material properties affecting the resistance to
buckling failure are Young's modulus of elasticity and Poisson's
ratio. The most significant geometrical parameter is the aspect
ratio comprised of the diameter to length (i.e., slenderness) ratio.
The ultimate strength (or yield strength) does not play a
significant part in the prediction of the critical buckling load for
any given shell geometry. Historically, buckling failures have
occurred at calculated compressive stresses significantly less
than the ultimate compressive stress of the given shell material.
2 Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Furthermore, buckling of cylindrical shells can occur when the
structure is subjected to the individual or combined action of
axial compression, external pressure, and torsion.
Buckling behavior (in particular, the critical buckling load)
is not accurately predicted by linear elastic equations. In
contrast, classical buckling theories employing non-linear
equations have been utilized extensively in the past to predict
buckling behavior. However, classical theories include the
effect of pre-buckling deformations and post-buckling
behaviors. In a shallow shell where the pre-buckling curvature
is small, the equilibrium conditions were shown by Donnell [1]
to be adequately described by Eq. (1) in a linearized form,
whereby the critical buckling load could be computed upon
substitution of the applicable boundary conditions.
2 0 (1)
It should be noted that represents the Laplacian operator
and that signifies the application of twice while four
times. Furthermore, represents the flexural
rigidity of the shell.
CLASSICAL & NONCLASSICAL BUCKLING LOADS
Ultimately, the buckling behavior of thin cylindrical shells
is influenced in varying degrees by initial imperfections and
variations in the geometry of the cylindrical shell. Variations in
the shell wall can be manifested in the form of gradients in the
particular loading, eccentricity from the ideal (i.e., perfect)
shape, variations in the material properties such as Young's
modulus, imperfections in the shell wall thicknesses (i.e., local
thin spots), and other miscellaneous parameters. Most large
diameter pressure vessels are manufactured by welding rolled
plates, creating both longitudinal and circumferential seams.
Due to variations in manufacturing tolerances and techniques,
fabricated cylindrical shells differ from perfect shape as
evidenced by out-of-roundness and local thin wall conditions on
occasion. In the present work, a fractionating tower having
variations in the shell wall thickness (regarded as imperfections)
and subjected to external pressure is studied and the respective
results are presented herein.
Based upon the work by Saunders and Windenberg [2], an
approximation of the classical critical buckling load for a
cylindrical shell subjected to external pressure can be calculated
as shown in Eq. (2):
0.807 (2)
When imperfections in shells exist and are considered in the
engineering design, the load carrying capacity of shells is
reduced, as evidenced by tests. In an effort to relate the
predicted critical buckling load to the closed form classical
form, a non-dimensional buckling load (λ) is defined as shown
in Eq. (3). The intent of utilizing λ is to allow the engineer to
account for the effects of imperfections on the "actual" critical
buckling load of a given structure.

(3)
In general, two approaches can be used for determining the
critical buckling load of a cylindrical shell: deterministic
methods representing a host of closed form solutions, and
stochastic methods that employ any number of statistical
parameters. While the deterministic approach carries out
analysis on the basis of some physical laws, stochastic (or
probabilistic) methods attempt to mimic several unknown
factors (including the imperfection profile, for instance) that can
affect the critical buckling load or the given shell. Deterministic
approaches do not include perturbations in the shell wall
thicknesses, which are admittedly known to exist in practice. In
the present analytical study, a stochastic approach is employed
in an attempt to predict the probability of a given critical
buckling load within a defined confidence interval. This
approach was previously presented by the authors [3, 4] for a
series of shells subjected to an external pressure.
The example cylindrical shell considered in this study is a
fractionating tower with a 14 ft. I.D., 21 ft. long bend line to
bend line, fitted with fractionating trays, and designed for an
external design pressure of 15 psi at 700°F. The tower material
of construction is assumed to be SA-285, Gr. C carbon steel.
RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF A VESSEL WITH
ASYMMETRIC VARIABLE WALL THICKNESS
Determination of the critical buckling load for a shallow
cylindrical shell containing small asymmetric thickness
variations while subjected to an external pressure is performed
by a non-classical technique in the current study. This analysis
was accomplished employing a reliability approach that
simulated of a number of shells using the Monte Carlo
technique, calculation of critical buckling loads using the multi-
mode method [5], and calculation of the non-dimensional
buckling load (λ) based on the reliability function. Similar to the
method described by Elishakoff et al. [6], any initial
imperfection can be represented by series of trigonometric
functions, such as in a Fourier series. A review of the
previously defined work [6] revealed a multitude of errors and
omissions in the formulations and figures as published in the
open literature, thereby creating the necessity to revisit the bases
for the results as described and documented by the current
authors [3]. With this in mind, as given by Elishakoff and
Arbocz [7] and Arbocz and Williams [8], the initial imperfection
function Wn(ξ,θ) can be represented as shown in Eq. (4) below:
sin cos
, ∑ cos ∑ ∑ (4)
sin sin
The chosen coordinate system for the cylindrical shell
utilizes axial (x) and circumferential (y) coordinates. In
addition, ai, bkl, ckl are Fourier coefficients (multipliers) of the
respective trigonometric terms. Equation (5) shows the
relationship for the non-dimensional coordinates ξ and θ in the
axial and circumferential directions, respectively.
3 Copyright © 2010 by ASME
,0 (5a)
,0 2 (5b)
The length and inside radius of the cylindrical shell are
represented by L and R. The first half range cosine series
summation term in Eq. (4) denotes the axisymmetric part of the
imperfection and the second half range sine series summation
term denotes the non-symmetric portion of the imperfection.
The axisymmetric imperfections as derived from Eq. (4) are
given by Eq. (6):
∑ cos (6)
The initial asymmetric imperfections are represented by a
double Fourier sine series. To determine the non-dimensional
critical buckling load, calculation of Fourier coefficients must
first be completed. Fourier coefficients Ckl and Dkl, as
represented in Eq. (7), have to be determined in order to
represent the initial imperfections in a simulation of a number of
shell geometries utilized in this study, herein after referred to as
the "GSB shells".
, ∑ ∑ sin cos sin (7)
SIMULATION OF CYLINDRICAL SHELLS IN STUDY
The particular cylindrical shell portion of the fractionating
tower has an internal diameter of 4.27 m, a height of 6.4 m, and
nominal wall thickness of 7.9375 mm (0.3125 in.). The
significant geometric and material parameters for the
fractionating tower are defined in Table 1 below:
TABLE 1
GEOMETRIC AND MATERIAL PARAMETERS
Nominal shell wall thickness, t 0.3125 in.
Stack length, L 39 in.
Inside shell radius, R 84 in.
Young’s Modulus, E 30 x 106 psi
Poisson’s ratio,  0.31
Initial imperfections in the Fractionating tower of the
current work are in the form of shell wall thickness variations.
In an effort to calculate the external working pressure, 20
cylindrical shells (identified as GSB1 through GSB20 shells)
were simulated using a random number generator of a
commercially available symbolic math program. The software
utilizes the linear congruence method for generation of random
numbers. Consistent with the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel
Code [9], “The reduction in thickness shall not exceed 1/32 in.
(1mm) or 10% of the nominal thickness of the adjoining surface,
whichever is less,” the simulated shell wall thicknesses were
confined within a range that varied between 0.313 in. and 0.281
in. These values were further consistent with the assumption
that out-of-tolerance dimensions would be detected and
corrected as appropriate in a quality inspection and assurance
program of any reputable vessel manufacturer. A total of 144
"readings" were generated for each simulated shell; 12 readings
axially and 12 circumferentially at each chosen elevation along
the longitudinal direction. Table 3 (located at the end of this
paper) displays the simulated and generated shell wall thickness
values for the GSB10 shell.
The shell wall thickness values thus generated represent
asymmetric imperfections (with respect to the circumferential
direction of the cylinder) and can be converted into
axisymmetric imperfections by taking arithmetic mean of all
values at a particular elevation. For example, Fig. 1 shows the
asymmetric variations in the shell wall thicknesses for the
simulated GSB10 shell. These shell wall thickness variations
were transformed into axisymmetric form as shown below in
Fig. 2.
FIG. 1 RANDOM SHELL WALL THICKNESS (GSB10 SHELL)
The initial axisymmetric imperfections are represented by
Eq. (6) from which the respective Fourier coefficients were
calculated. The initial asymmetric imperfections are represented
by Eq. (7) and substitution of the specific range over which the
summation must be performed yields Eq. (8), from which the
respective Fourier coefficients were calculated.
, ∑ ∑ sin cos sin (8)
FIG. 2 AXISYMMETRIC WALL THICKNESS (GSB10 SHELL)
4 Copyright © 2010 by ASME
BUCKLING LOAD MAPS & MODE COUPLING
Buckling load maps consist of the predicted critical
buckling loads for different mode combinations of wave
numbers in the axial and circumferential directions. The
buckling loads were calculated for a perfect cylindrical shell
subjected to external pressure by first employing solutions to the
classical simply supported boundary conditions as previously
identified by Donnell [1] in Eq. (1). The imperfections (i.e.,
wall thickness variations) are assumed to follow the double
Fourier sine series as sown in Eq. (9). The load maps are then
used to determine the dominant mode shape.
sin cos sin sin (9)
From the literature [5] it has been shown that coupling
between one axisymmetric mode with wave number (i,0) and
two asymmetric modes with wave numbers (k,l) and (m,n) will
occur, if the relationships i=‫׀‬k±l‫ ׀‬and l=n are satisfied. For the
case of one axisymmetric (i,0) and one asymmetric (k,l) mode,
the coupling conditions reduce to the single relation i=2k. The
coupling between three asymmetric modes with wave numbers
(k,l), (m,n) and (p,q) will occur if the relations k+m+p= odd
integer and q=‫׀‬l±n‫ ׀‬are satisfied. If all these coupling conditions
are satisfied, then the resulting critical buckling load of the shell
is generally lower than the buckling load were each mode to be
considered separately. The use of the former conditions results
in an 8-mode failure coupling that is ultimately employed in the
determination of the predicted critical buckling load. This mode
coupling is clearly depicted in Fig. 3 as shown below:
AXISYMMETRIC ASYMMETRIC
(2,0) (1,5) + (2,6) + (2,8)
+ +
(1,6) (2,4)
+ +
(1,11) (1,10)
FIG. 3 8-MODE COUPLING TREE FOR GB SHELLS
CALCULATION OF CRITICAL BUCKLING LOADS
Donnell’s equilibrium based partial differential equation as
given by Eq. (1) was used for calculating and predicting the
critical buckling load of GSB shells subjected to external
pressure. The initial imperfection in the shell wall thickness, w,
is assumed to follow the 8 coupled buckling modes as
graphically defined in Fig. 3. It is this combination of
deformation modes that appear to create the minimum critical
buckling load for the simulated shells under the present
consideration for the external pressure load case.
A vertical bar graph depicting the number of buckled shells
for discrete ranges of the non-dimensional buckling load (λ) is
shown in Fig. 4. This histogram was employed in the
calculation of the reliability function from which the empirical
value of the non-dimensional buckling load is determined for the
series of simulated shell geometries previously described herein.

FIG. 4 HISTOGRAM OF  FOR 20 SIMULATED SHELLS
Figure 5 illustrates the reliability function for the 20
simulated shells. The value of the non-dimensional buckling
load (λ) can be calculated at any desired reliability from this
curve, e.g., for a reliability of 0.95, λ is equal to 0.86.
At the 95% reliability level, the non-dimensional buckling
load value of the simulated shells utilizing the Monte Carlo
technique, results in value of approximately 0.86, as shown in
Fig. 5. The classical critical buckling load for the predefined
fractionating tower subjected to external pressure as given by
Eq. (2) is 21.163 psi.
FIG. 5 RELIABILITY FUNCTION v. 
ASME B&PV CODE SECTION VIII, DIVISION 1
CALCULATION OF EXTERNAL PRESSURE
The maximum allowable external working pressure
calculations are performed in ASME B&PV Code [10] as shown
in Appendix L, example L-3.1. The prescribed design
information is related to a fractionating tower of 14 ft. inside
diameter and designed for an external design pressure of 15 psi
at 700F. The tower is assumed to be fabricated from SA-285,
Gr. C carbon steel. The design length is 39 in. Assuming a shell
wall thickness, t = 0.3125 in., the Code [10] calculates the
5 Copyright © 2010 by ASME
maximum allowable external working pressure for the assumed
shell thickness of 0.3125 in. The steps in the Code calculations
are repeated below for the reader as follows:
STEP 1
For the assumed shell thickness (t) of 0.3125 in. and outside
diameter (D0) of 168.625 in., calculate ratio’s (L/D0) and (D0/t)
39
0.231
168.625
168.625
540
0.3125
STEP 2
Enter Fig. G at the value of L/D0 = 0.231; move horizontally to
the D0/t line of 540 and read the value of A of 0.0005.
STEP 3
Enter Fig. CS-2 at the value of A = 0.0005 and move vertically
to the material line for 700°F. Move horizontally and read B
value of 6100 on ordinate.
STEP 4
The maximum allowable external working pressure for the
assumed shell thickness of 0.3125 in. is
4 4 6100
15.1 
3 3 540
Since, Pa is greater than the external design pressure P of 15 psi,
the assumed thickness is satisfactory.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
The results presented herein clearly indicate that the effect
of shell wall thickness variation on buckling load deserves
special attention. Thus, in the absence of initial geometric
imperfections, this particular kind of thickness variation may
constitute the most important factor in the predicted buckling
load reduction. Under the current parameters of the work as
described in the preceding paragraphs,  was determined to be
0.86 while employing the Monte Carlo technique. The results
clearly indicate that the mere presence of shell wall thickness
variations as a result of non-repeatability in any particular
manufacturing process (even within industry accepted tolerance
limits), that the load carrying capacity of the shell decreases by
approximately 14%. Furthermore, it can be concluded that
imperfections in shell wall thickness within the defined
tolerance limits have been sufficiently considered within the
ASME Code [10] as has been demonstrated in example L-3.1.
The load carrying capacity must be reduced due to the
known presence of imperfections. The results obtained from the
evaluation of the non-dimensional buckling load when the
fractionating tower is subjected to external pressure while
employing the Monte Carlo technique and the ASME B&PV
Code [10] are shown in Table 2. For the simulated shell
geometries considered in the present study, which are subjected
to external pressure, the non-dimensional buckling load becomes
0.86. The Monte Carlo technique considering asymmetric
imperfections results in a 14% decrease from the classically
computed values described in Eq. (2). In contrast, the load REFERENCES
carrying capacity of a shell under external pressure must
1. Donnell, L. H., 1934, “A New Theory for the Buckling of
decrease by 20% according to ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel
Thin Cylinders Under Axial Compression and Bending,"
Code, Section VIII, Division 1 rules [10].
Transactions of the ASME, Aeronautical Engineering,
There is an obvious difference of approximately 3.2 psi in
AER-56-12, pp. 795-806, ASME, New York.
the working external pressure for the two methodologies. The
2. Saunders, H. E., and Windenberg, D. F., 1931, "Strength of
far more conservative results in the case of the ASME Boiler
Thin Cylindrical Shells Under External Pressure”,
and Pressure Vessel Code [10] approach may be due to the fact
Transactions of the ASME, 53(15), p. 207, ASME, New
that the Code has adopted a deterministic approach based upon
York.
empirical relations developed and published by various pressure
3. Brar, G. S., Hari, Y., and Williams, D. K., 2009, “Fourier
vessel design engineers based upon the results and experience
Series Analysis of a Cylindrical Pressure Vessel Subjected
gained by testing of cylindrical shells subjected to external
to External Pressure,” PVP2009-77854, ASME 2009
pressure. The Code does not employ specific measures for
Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference, ASME, New
addressing the effects of thickness perturbations throughout a
York.
given shell geometry subjected to external pressure. In contrast,
4. Brar, G. S., 2009, “Buckling Load Predictions in Pressure
the Monte Carlo simulations allow various statistical matching
Vessels Utilizing Monte Carlo Method”, Ph.D. Thesis,
procedures to specifically address any given range of geometric
University of North Carolina at Charlotte, USA.
parameters when seeking a solution to the equilibrium based
5. Arbocz, J. and Babcock, C. D., 1976, “Prediction of
differential equation long ago defined by Donnell [1].
Buckling Loads Based on Experimentally Measured Initial
In accordance with the rules of the ASME Boiler and Pressure
Imperfections”, Buckling of Structures, Budiansky B., ed.,
Vessel Code [10], the empirical relations developed account for
IUTAM Symposium, Cambridge, Mass., 1974, Springer
shape imperfections must be applied to the allowable stresses
Verlag, Berlin, pp. 291-311, New York.
utilized in the design calculations for external pressure. The
6. Elishakoff, I., Li, Y., and Starnes, J. H., Jr., 2001, Non-
calculation steps as reproduced in the previous section of this
Classical Problems in the Theory of Elastic Stability,
paper are used to calculate the external working pressure for un-
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
stiffened cylindrical vessels in accordance with the ASME Code
7. Elishakoff, I. and Arbocz, J., 1985, "Reliability of Axially
[10] and are contained in Table 2 below.
Compressed Cylindrical Shells with General Non-
symmetric Imperfections," Journal of Applied Mechanics,
TABLE 2
52, pp. 122-128, ASME, New York.
WORKING PRESSURES FOR FRACTIONATING TOWER 8. Arbocz, J. and Williams, J. G., 1977, "Imperfection Surveys
on a 10 ft. Diameter Shell Structure," AIAA Journal, 15, N.
ASME B&PV Code 15 psi 7, pp. 949-956, Reston, VA.
Asymmetric (Monte Carlo) 18.2 psi 9. ASME, 2001, ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code,
Section VIII, Division 2, American Society of Mechanical
Engineers, New York.
10. ASME, 2007, ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code,
Section VIII, Division 1, American Society of Mechanical
Engineers, New York.

TABLE 3
SHELL WALL THICKNESS PROFILE OF GSB10 SHELL

θ\L(in.) 0.75 3.25 5.75 8.25 10.75 13.25 15.75 18.25 20.75 23.25 25.75 28.25
0 0.293  0.287  0.294  0.298  0.294  0.296  0.300  0.306  0.288  0.283  0.310  0.309 
30 0.287  0.292  0.288  0.300  0.288  0.289  0.300  0.290  0.306  0.295  0.296  0.298 
60 0.297  0.283  0.284  0.310  0.281  0.306  0.309  0.290  0.305  0.290  0.305  0.295 
90 0.294  0.291  0.292  0.289  0.306  0.295  0.295  0.305  0.294  0.300  0.294  0.284 
120 0.304  0.283  0.284  0.310  0.293  0.288  0.309  0.283  0.298  0.311  0.287  0.284 
150 0.294  0.308  0.297  0.301  0.300  0.296  0.286  0.312  0.291  0.294  0.286  0.288 
180 0.313  0.301  0.306  0.302  0.307  0.283  0.293  0.282  0.309  0.302  0.295  0.289 
210 0.293  0.303  0.302  0.307  0.290  0.287  0.310  0.303  0.307  0.306  0.306  0.308 
240 0.289  0.297  0.295  0.300  0.292  0.313  0.296  0.295  0.295  0.292  0.297  0.299 
270 0.310  0.303  0.309  0.303  0.296  0.308  0.282  0.285  0.300  0.286  0.286  0.307 
300 0.295  0.305  0.292  0.286  0.297  0.299  0.299  0.293  0.312  0.293  0.288  0.284 
330 0.291  0.299  0.284  0.281  0.298  0.303  0.307  0.307  0.298  0.293  0.312  0.287 

6 Copyright © 2010 by ASME

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