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MBM 471
Lecture 1: Introduction
Polymerization techniques
Final: %50
Attendence % 5
Textbook
• Textbook: Polymer Science and Technology, Robert O Ebewele
(CRC press, New York,2000)
•
Additional Books: Introduction to Polymers, R.J. Young and P. A.
Lowell (Stanley Thornes, 2nd edition)
• Polymer Science & Technology, Joel R. Fried, Prentice Hall, 2nd
edition
• Polymer Kimyası, Prof. Dr. Mehmet Saçak, Gazi Yayınevi, 5. baskı
• Polymer Teknolojisi, Prof. Dr. Mehmet Saçak, Gazi Yayınevi, 5.
baskı
Historical Background
Ages ago - Natural Fibers Ex. Wool, silk, cotton
Hevea brasiliensis
S8
On further heating with HCHO, novalac undergoes cross-linking to an infusible solid called bakelite. It is hard scratch and water resistant.
Hermann Staudinger
Nylon 6,6
POLYETHYLENE
Zig-zag conformation
Substituent groups such as –CH3, -OCOCH3, CN, Cl or –Ph that are attached
to the main chain of the skeletal atoms are known as pendant groups. Their
structure and chemical nature can offer unique properties on polymer.
Classification of Polymers
A. Classification by Origin
• Natural Polymers
-Biological Origin - enzymes, nucleic acids, proteins
-Plant Origin – cellulose, starch, natural rubber
•Synthetic Polymers
- Fibers
- Elastomers
- Plastics
-Adhesives
3.Classification by Polymerization Mechanism
•Initiation
•Propagation
Unsaturated (C-C double bond)
(ethylene based monomers) •Termination
Polyoxymethylene
Trioxane
2.Classification by Polymerization Mechanism
More recently, another classification scheme based on polymerization kinetics has been adopted
over the more traditional addition and condensation categories.
• Step growth
• Chain growth
3.Classification by Polymer Structure
bifunctional
bifunctional bifunctional
3.Classification by Polymer Structure
(c) network Network polymers have three dimensional structures in which each
chain is connected to all others by a sequence of junction points and
other chains. Such polymers are said to be crosslinked and
characterized by their crosslink density, or degree of crosslinking,
which is related to the number of junction points per unit volume
Non linear polymers may be formed by polymerization, or can be prepared by linking together (ex.
crosslinking) pre-existing chains.
2.Classification by Polymer Structure
diacetylene
2.Classification by Polymer Structure
(g) dendrimer
Poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) (SAN)
Type of Copolymers
Random copolymer : -A-B-B-A-B-A-A-B-
-two or more different repeating unit are distributed randomly
B-B-B-B-B-
Thermoplastic polymers soften and flow under the action of heat and pressure. Upon
cooling, the polymer hardens and assumes the shape of the mold (container).
(Ex: polyethylene, polystyrene, and nylon)
6.Classification by Preparative Technique
A) Bulk polymerization-only the monomer (and possibly catalyst and initiator, but no solvent) is
fed into the reactor. The monomer undergoes polymerization, at the end of which a (nearly) solid
mass is removed as the polymer product.
N P
O Si
n
n
CH3
Cl
polydimethylsiloxane Poly(dichlorophosphazene)
Polyelectrolytes
CH3
H2 H H2
C C C C
n n
COOH COOH
The degree of polymerization represents one way of quantifying the molecular length or size of
a polymer. This can also be done by use of the term molecular weight (MW). By definition,
Mn = ∑ Mi Ni / ∑ Ni
where Mi represents the mean molecular weight of the
size range i, and Ni is the fraction of total number of
chains within the corresponding size range
Mw = ∑ Mi Wi / ∑ Wi
Polydispersity Index (PDI)
PDI= Mw/Mn
Mw/Mn = 1 monodisperse
Polymer sample consisting of molecules all of which have the same chain length.
A. Types of Nomenclature
Polyamide, Polyester
Nomenclature
A. Vinyl polymers
a. Source name : Polystyrene, Poly(acrylic acid),
Poly(α-methyl styrene), Poly(1-pentene)
b. IUPAC name : Poly(1-phenylethylene), Poly(1-carboxylatoethylene)
Poly(1-methyl-1-phenylethylene), Poly(1-propylethylene)
Polystyrene Poly(acrylic acid)
CH2CH CH2CH
CO2H
Poly(α-methylstyrene) Poly(1-pentene)
CH3
CH2C
CH2CH
CH2CH2CH3
Vinyl polymers
B. Diene monomers
CH 2CH CH 2CH CHCH 2
HC CH 2
1,2-addition 1,4-addition
Polystyrene-graft-polybutadiene
* Representative Nomenclature of Nonvinyl Polymers
O
CH2CH2O Poly(ethylene oxide) Poly(oxyethylene)
H2C CH2
O O
H2N(CH2)6NH2 NH(CH2)6NHC(CH2)8C
Abbreviation Name