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b) Distributed Charge
𝒅𝑸
𝝆𝒍 = �𝑪�𝒎�
𝒅𝒍
So,
𝒅𝑸 = 𝝆𝒍 𝒅𝒍
𝑸 = 𝝆𝒍 𝒍 [𝑪]
∆𝑸
𝝆𝒔 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎∆𝒔→𝟎 �𝑪� 𝟐 �
∆𝒔 𝒎
𝒅𝑸
𝝆𝒔 = �𝑪� 𝟐 �
𝒅𝒔 𝒎
So,
𝒅𝑸 = 𝝆𝒔 𝒅𝒔
𝑸 = 𝝆𝒔 𝑺 [𝑪]
∆𝑸
𝝆𝒗 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎∆𝒗→𝟎 �𝑪� 𝟑 �
∆𝒗 𝒎
�𝑪� 𝟐 �
𝒅𝑸 dv
𝝆𝒗 = 𝒅𝒗 𝒎 dQ = ρv dv
So,
𝒅𝑸 = 𝝆𝒗 𝒅𝒗
𝑸 = 𝝆𝒗 𝑽 [𝑪]
Example:
Solution:
4π 3 4π
Q = 10 −8 C , r = 2 * 10 −2 m , V = r = (2 * 10 −2 ) 3 = 8 * 10 −6 m 2
3 3
10 −8
.
Q
∴ ρv = = = 2.98 * 10 −4 C m −3
V 4π
* 8 * 10 −8
3
Example:
U
Solution:
U
𝒅𝑸 = 𝝆𝒗 𝒅𝒗
𝑸 = � 𝒅𝑸 = � 𝝆𝒗 𝒅𝒗
𝒌𝟏 𝟐
= � 𝒓 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝒅𝜽 𝒅𝝋
𝒓𝒔 𝒔
𝒂
𝒓𝟐𝒔
𝑸 = 𝒌𝟏 � � [𝝓]𝟐𝝅
𝟎 [−𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 ][−𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽 ]𝝅
𝟎
𝟐 𝟎
𝑸 = 𝟐𝝅𝒌𝟏 𝒂𝟐 𝑪
Coloumb’s Law:
Force Between Two Point Charges:
𝑸𝟏 𝑸𝟐
�𝑭⃗𝟏𝟐 = �
𝒂
𝟒𝝅𝜺𝒐 𝑹𝟐 �𝑹�⃗𝟏𝟐
𝑸𝟏 𝑸𝟐
�⃗𝟐𝟏 =
𝑭 �
𝒂
𝟒𝝅𝜺𝒐 𝑹𝟐 �𝑹�⃗𝟐𝟏
��𝑹�⃗𝟏𝟐 = −𝒂
Where: 𝒂 ��𝑹�⃗𝟐𝟏 unit vector from charge Q 1 to Q 2
R R R R
charge.
𝟏𝟎−𝟗
and, 𝜺𝒐 = = 𝟖. 𝟖𝟓𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐 𝑭/𝒎
𝟑𝟔𝝅
Qn
Example:
U
Solution:
U
Q1Q2 ∧ Q1Q2
F= a 21 = R21
4πε 0 R 2 21 4πε 0 R21
3
R21 = (0 − 2) xˆ + (1 − 4) yˆ + (2 − 5) zˆ
= −2 xˆ − 3 yˆ − 3zˆ
∴ R21 = 4 + 9 + 9 = 22
R21 − 2 xˆ − 3 yˆ − 3zˆ
aˆ 21 = =
R21 22
(0 −4 ∗ 2 ∗ 10 −5 ) ⋅ (−2 xˆ − 3 yˆ − 3zˆ)
∴F = N
4π ∗ 8.85 ∗ 10 −12 ( 22 ) 2 ⋅ 22
𝑸∗ 𝟏 ��⃗
𝑸𝑹
�𝑬
�⃗ = �
𝒂 = 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕�
𝟒𝝅𝜺𝒐 𝑹𝟐 �
�⃗
𝑹 𝟒𝝅𝜺𝒐 𝑹𝟑 𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 (𝑽/𝒎)
��⃗
�𝑬⃗𝒕 = ∑𝒏𝒊=𝟏 𝑸𝒊 𝑹 𝟑 𝒂
��𝑹�⃗𝒊𝒕 [𝑵/𝑪]
𝟒𝝅𝜺 𝑹 𝒐
α
R1
â1 Rn
𝒏 R2
𝑸𝒊
Q1
Solution:
QR
E =
4πε 0 R 3
R = (2 − 0) xˆ + (4 − 1) yˆ + (5 − 2) zˆ
= 2 xˆ + 3 yˆ + 3z
R = 4 + 9 + 9 = 22
2 ∗ 10 −5 (2 xˆ + 3 yˆ + 3zˆ)
E= = ... xˆ + ... yˆ + ... zˆ
4π (8.85 ∗ 10 )( 22 )
−12 3
Electric Field Intensity at a point p (rc, φ, z)
due to line charge
��𝑹�⃗
𝒅𝑸 𝒂 z
��⃗ =
𝒅𝑬
dE
b
𝟒𝝅𝜺𝒐 𝑹𝟐 R
a
dl
𝒅𝑸 �𝑹
�⃗ y
=
𝟒𝝅𝜺𝒐 𝑹𝟑 x
𝒃
𝝆𝒍 𝒅𝒍 �𝑹
�⃗
�𝑬⃗ = �
𝒂 𝟒𝝅𝜺𝒐 𝑹𝟑
b
dz'
R
α2 ⊕⊕
z' R
z α1 (rc,φ,z)
a
z
y rc
x
��𝑹�⃗
𝒅𝑸 𝒂
��⃗ =
𝒅𝑬
𝟒𝝅𝜺𝒐 𝑹𝟐
𝒅𝑸 = 𝝆𝒍 𝒅𝒍 = 𝝆𝒍 𝒅𝒛′
��⃗ = 𝒂
𝑹 �𝒛 (𝒛′ − 𝒛)
�𝒓𝒄 𝒓𝒄 − 𝒂
𝝆𝒍 𝒃 �𝒂
� 𝒓𝒄 𝒓𝒄 − 𝒂� 𝒛 �𝒛′ − 𝒛��
��⃗ =
𝑬 � 𝒅𝒛′
𝟒𝝅𝜺𝒐 𝒂 𝟑
𝟐 �𝟐
�𝒓𝟐 ′
𝒄 + � 𝒛 − 𝒛� �
note:
𝒃
𝒅𝒙 𝒙
� 𝟑� = 𝟏�
𝒂 𝟐 𝟐
�𝒄𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 � 𝒄𝟐 �𝒄𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 �
𝒃
𝒙𝒅𝒙 −𝟏
� 𝟑� = 𝟏�
𝒂 𝟐 𝟐
�𝒄𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 � �𝒄𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 �
⎡
𝒃
𝝆𝒍 ⎢ 𝒅𝒛′
�𝑬
�⃗ =
⎢ 𝒂
� 𝒓𝒄 𝒓𝒄 � 𝟑�
𝟒𝝅𝜺𝒐 𝒂 𝟐 𝟐
⎢ 𝟐 ′
�𝒓𝒄 + �𝒛 − 𝒛� �
⎣
𝒃 �𝒛′ − 𝒛� 𝒅𝒛′
− 𝒂 �𝒛 � 𝟑 �
𝒂 𝟐 �𝟐
�𝒓𝟐 ′
𝒄 + � 𝒛 − 𝒛� �
𝝆𝒍 (𝒛′ − 𝒛)
�⃗ =
𝑬 � 𝒓
�𝒂
𝟒𝝅𝜺𝒐 𝒓𝒄 𝒄 𝟏�
𝟐
𝒓𝟐𝒄 [𝒓𝟐𝒄 + (𝒛′ − 𝒛)𝟐 ]
𝒃
𝟏
�𝒛
+ 𝒂 𝟏� �
𝟐
[𝒓𝟐𝒄 + (𝒛′ − 𝒛)𝟐 ]
𝒂
𝝆𝒍 �𝒓
𝒂 (𝒃 − 𝒛) (𝒂 − 𝒛)
�𝑬
�⃗ = � 𝒄� − �
𝟒𝝅𝜺𝒐 𝒓𝒄 [𝒓𝟐 + (𝒃 − 𝒛)𝟐 ]𝟏�𝟐 [𝒓𝟐 + (𝒂 − 𝒛)𝟐 ]𝟏�𝟐
𝒄 𝒄
𝒃
�𝒛
𝒂 𝒓𝒄 𝒓𝒄
+ � − ��
𝒓𝒄 [𝒓𝟐 + (𝒃 − 𝒛)𝟐 ] �𝟐 [𝒓𝟐 + (𝒂 − 𝒛)𝟐 ]𝟏�𝟐
𝟏
𝒄 𝒄
𝒂
𝒃
𝝆𝒍 �𝒓
𝒂 �𝒛
𝒂
��⃗ =
𝑬 � 𝒄 [𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜶𝟐 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜶𝟏 ] + [𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜶𝟐 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝟏 ]�
𝟒𝝅𝜺𝒐 𝒓𝒄 𝒓𝒄
𝒂
𝝆𝒍
�𝑬⃗ = �𝒓𝒄 [𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜶𝟐 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜶𝟏 ] + 𝒂
�𝒂 �𝒛 [𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜶𝟐 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶𝟏 ]�
𝟒𝝅𝜺𝒐 𝒓𝒄
Note:
- For infinite line 𝜶𝟐 = 𝜶𝟏 = 𝟗𝟎𝒐
So,
𝝆𝒍
�𝑬⃗ = 𝒂
�𝒓𝒄
𝟐𝝅𝜺𝒐 𝒓𝒄
Projection point
�𝒓𝒄 𝒓𝒄
𝒂
Intersection point
Electric Field Intensity at a point p (0,0,z) on the
axis of a ring charged with uniform ρL of radius a
centered at the origin and positioned in (x-y) plane
Ẑ
dE
(0,0, z )
a
Yˆ
dΦ
dl = adφ
dQ = ρ l dl = ρ l adφ
X̂
��𝑹�⃗
𝒅𝑸 𝒂
��⃗ =
𝒅𝑬
𝟒𝝅𝜺𝒐 𝑹𝟐
��⃗ = −𝒂
𝑹 �𝒓𝒄 𝒓′𝒄 + 𝒂
�𝒛 𝒛 = −𝒂
�𝒓𝒄 𝒂 + 𝒂
�𝒛 𝒛
𝑹 = �𝒓′𝟐
𝒄 + 𝒛 = �𝒂 + 𝒛
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
��⃗
𝑹 �𝒓𝒄 𝒂 + 𝒂
−𝒂 �𝒛 𝒛
��𝑹�⃗ = =
𝒂
𝑹 �𝒂𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐
�𝒓𝒄 𝒂 +
𝝆𝒍 𝒂𝒅𝝋′ �−𝒂 �𝒛 𝒛�
𝒂
�⃗ =
𝒅𝑬 𝟑�
𝟐
𝟒𝝅𝜺𝒐 [𝒂𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 ]
𝝆𝒍 𝒂 𝟐𝝅 �−𝒂� 𝒓𝒄 𝒂 + 𝒂� 𝒛 𝒛�
�𝑬
�⃗ = � 𝒅𝝋′
𝟒𝝅𝜺𝒐 𝟎 𝟑�
𝟐
𝟐
�𝒂 + 𝒛 � 𝟐
𝟐𝝅 𝟐𝝅
𝝆𝒍 𝒂
�𝑬⃗ = ′ �𝒛 𝒛 𝒅𝝋′ �
�𝒓𝒄 𝒂 𝒅𝝋 + � 𝒂
�� −𝒂
𝟑
𝟒𝝅𝜺𝒐 [𝒂𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 ] �𝟐 𝟎 𝟎
Since, the unit vector 𝒂 �𝒓𝒄 is not a constant unit vector and
it is a function of 𝝋′ , and since
� 𝒓𝒄 = 𝒂
𝒂 � 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝋′ + 𝒂
� 𝒚 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝋′
So,
𝟐𝝅 𝟐𝝅
⎡− � 𝒂 ′
�𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝋 𝒂 𝒅𝝋 − � 𝒂 ′ �𝒚 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝋′ 𝒂 𝒅𝝋′ ⎤
𝝆𝒍 𝒂 ⎢ 𝟎 ⎥
�𝑬⃗ = 𝟎
𝟑 ⎢ 𝟐𝝅 ⎥
𝟒𝝅𝜺𝒐 [𝒂𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 ] �𝟐 ⎢ +� 𝒂 �𝒛 𝒛 𝒅𝝋 ′ ⎥
⎣ 𝟎 ⎦
𝟐𝝅
𝝆𝒍 𝒂
��⃗ =
𝑬 �𝒛 𝒛 𝒅𝝋′
� 𝒂
𝟑�
𝟐 𝟎
𝟒𝝅𝜺𝒐 [𝒂𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 ]
𝝆𝒍 𝒂 𝒛
��⃗ = 𝒂
𝑬 �𝒛 𝟑�
𝟐
𝟐𝜺𝒐 [𝒂𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 ]
Example:
A uniform line charge of infinite extent with 𝝆𝒍 = 𝟐𝟎 𝒏𝑪/𝒎
��⃗ at (6,8,3) m.
lies on z-axis. Find 𝑬
Solution:
ρl
E= rˆc
2πε 0 rc
rc = x 2 + y 2 = 62 + 82 = 10
20 ∗ 10 −9 rˆc
∴E = = 36rˆc V / m
2π (8.85 * 10 −2 )10 10
Electric field intensity of a surface charge:
z
dE
(0,0,z0)
R ρ S
y
rc
ds
x
��𝑹�⃗
𝒅𝑸 𝒂
��⃗ =
𝒅𝑬
𝟒𝝅𝜺𝒐 𝑹𝟐
��⃗ = −𝒂
𝑹 �𝒓𝒄 𝒓′𝒄 + 𝒂
�𝒛 𝒛
𝑹 = �𝒓′𝟐
𝒄 +𝒛
𝟐
��⃗
𝑹 �𝒓𝒄 𝒓′𝒄 + 𝒂
−𝒂 �𝒛 𝒛
��𝑹�⃗ = =
𝒂
𝑹 �𝒓′𝟐𝒄 +𝒛
𝟐
�𝒓𝒄 𝒓′𝒄
𝝆𝒔 𝒓′𝒄 𝒅𝒓′𝒄 𝒅𝝋′ �−𝒂 �𝒛 𝒛�
+ 𝒂
�⃗ =
𝒅𝑬 𝟑�
′𝟐 𝟐
𝟒𝝅𝜺𝒐 �𝒓𝒄 + 𝒛𝟐 �
′𝟐 ′
𝝆𝒔 𝒂 �𝒓𝒄 �𝒅𝒓𝒄 𝟐𝝅 𝒂 �𝒓′𝒄 �𝒅𝒓′𝒄 𝟐𝝅
�⃗ =
𝑬 �∫𝟎 𝟑 ∫ �𝒓𝒄 �𝒅𝝋′
�−𝒂 + ∫𝟎 𝟑� �𝒛 𝒛 𝒅𝝋′ �
∫𝟎 𝒂
𝟒𝝅𝜺𝒐 𝟐 �𝟐 𝟎 𝟐 𝟐
�𝒓′𝒄 +𝒛𝟐 � ′ 𝟐
�𝒓𝒄 +𝒛 �
Since, the unit vector 𝒂 �𝒓𝒄 is not a constant unit vector and
it is a function of 𝝋′ , and since
� 𝒓𝒄 = 𝒂
𝒂 � 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝋′ + 𝒂
� 𝒚 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝋′
So,
𝒂 𝟐 𝟐𝝅
𝝆𝒔 �𝒓′𝒄 �𝒅𝒓′𝒄
�𝑬⃗ = �� � �−𝒂 �𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝋′ − 𝒂
�𝒚 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝋′ �𝒅𝝋′
𝟒𝝅𝜺𝒐 𝟎 ′ 𝟐 𝟑 �
�𝒓𝒄 + 𝒛𝟐 � 𝟐 𝟎
𝒂 [𝒓′𝒄 ]𝒅𝒓′𝒄 𝟐𝝅
+� 𝟑�
� 𝒂 �𝒛 𝒛 𝒅𝝋′ �
𝟎 �𝒓′ 𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 � 𝟐 𝟎
𝒄
Then,
𝒂 [𝒓′𝒄 ]𝒅𝒓′𝒄 𝟐𝝅
𝝆𝒔
�𝑬⃗ = �� �𝒛 𝒛 𝒅𝝋′ �
� 𝒂
𝟒𝝅𝜺𝒐 𝟎 𝟑�
𝟐 𝟎
�𝒓′𝒄 𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 �
and since,
𝒂
𝒂 𝒓′𝒄 𝒅𝒓′𝒄 −𝟏 −𝟏 𝟏
∫𝟎 𝟑� = � 𝟏� � = � 𝟏 + 𝟏 �
′ 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 ′ 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 [𝒂𝟐 +𝒛𝟐 ] �𝟐 [𝒛𝟐 ] �𝟐
�𝒓𝒄 +𝒛 � �𝒓𝒄 +𝒛 �
𝟎
So,
𝝆𝒔 −𝒛 𝒛
�𝑬⃗ = 𝒂
�𝒛 � + �
𝟐𝜺𝒐 𝟏� 𝒛
𝟐
[𝒂 + 𝒛 ]
𝟐 𝟐
𝝆𝒔 𝒛
�𝑬
�⃗ = 𝒂
�𝒛 �𝟏 −
𝟐𝜺𝒐 𝟏� �
𝟐
�𝒂𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 �
Solution:
y
-1 x=1
x
ρ
ρ s2
S1
Region 1 :
ρs ρs
E1 = 1
xˆ , E2 = 2
xˆ
2ε 0 2ε 0
∴ Et = E1 + E2 =
1
[
ρ + ρ s2 xˆ
2 ε 0 s1
]
Region 2 :
ρs ρs
E1 = 1
( − xˆ ) , E2 = 2
( xˆ )
2ε0 2ε0
∴ Et =
1
2ε0
−ρ +ρ
s 1 s 2
[
xˆ ]
Region 3 :
ρs ρs
E1 = − 1
xˆ , E2 = − 2
xˆ
2ε0 2ε0
∴ Et = −
1
2ε0 1
[
ρ s + ρ s xˆ
2
]