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Hyperthyroidism:
Sustained increase in synthesis and release of thyroid hormones by the
thyroid gland
Typically seen in women 20-40 years old, but men get it too
75% cases are autoimmune – Grave’s disease, don’t know why it happens
(triggered by stressful life events, infection, insufficient iodine supply)
Associated with toxic nodular goiters (b/c they are related to thyroid)
Can be multiple or single nodules
Multiple (over age of 40, equally in men and women), usually benign, not
cancerous
CM: everything speeds up (CNS, metabolic rate), exophthalmos – impaired
drainage, increased fat and edema in retroorbital tissues, 20-40% of patients
get it
Cardiovascular: bruit over thyroid (b/c of increased blood supply)
Systolic hypertension
Increased CO
Dysrhythmias
Cardiac hypertrophy
AFIB
GI: increased appetite and thirst, weight loss, diarrhea, splenomegaly,
hepatomegaly
Integumentary: warm, moist skin, diaphoretic, heat intolerance, clubbing
of fingers (decreased perfusion), thin, brittle nails, hair loss, vitiligo (loss
of pigment in skin)
Musculoskeletal: fatigue, muscle weakness, muscle wasting, edema,
osteoporosis
Nervous system: everything speeds up, fine tremors, insomnia, restless,
irritable, mood swings, hyperreflexia, nervousness
Reproductive system: amenorrhea, impotence, decreased libido,
decreased fertility
Misc manifesations: heat intolerance, can’t have caffeine or anything spicy
because it will speed up the CNS and potentially go into a thyroid storm,
elevated temperature, exophthalmos, goiter, rapid speech
Diagnosis: history and physical
Physical exam and eye exam
EKG (dysrhythmia, tachycardia, AFIB)
Radioactive iodine uptake (typically uptake is 2%, for hyperthyroidism, it
is a significant uptake – 35%+)
Lab tests (T3 and T4 not very useful), TSH will be decreased, free T4 will
be increased
Complications: if left untreated or has a stressful event, can go into a thyroid
storm
Thyrotoxicosis (thyroid storm): tachycardia, HF (b/c heart is working
too heart), shock, hyperthermia (105 degrees), restlessness, agitation,
seizures, abdominal pain, N/V, diarrhea, delirium, coma
Treatment: drugs and support (oxygen, cannula, face mask,
ventilator), fluid replacement, fever reduction (ice pack, cooling
blankets), management of stressors (patient are in a quiet room),
replace fluid and electrolytes)
Nursing diagnosis:
Activity intolerance
Disturbed body image
Altered nutrition less than body requirements
Insomnia
Fatigue
Medical managements:
3 primary treatment options:
1. Antithyroid medications
2. Radioactive iodine therapy (RAI)
3. Subtotal thyroidectomy
We prefer radioactive iodine therapy, but not everyone can have it
Drug therapy:
Start with antithyroid drug (PTU, tapazole). They inhibit the synthesis
of the thyroid hormone.
Improvement is usually seen in 1 to 2 weeks, with best results in
4-8 weeks.
Typically have to wait for 1-2 months for it to really take effect.
Leave on therapy to 6-15 months.
At end of 15 months, we take the patient off the medication in
hope that patient’s hyperthyroidism has remised. If that is not the
case, we put them back on medication and do radioactive iodine or
surgery
Disadvantage: patient noncompliance and increased rate of
recurrence
PTU: inhibits synthesis of the thyroid hormone and blocks
conversion of T4 to T3, taken TID
Tapazole: only take once daily
Iodine: the one you drink.
Side effect; mucosal swelling, excess salivation, skin changes,
vomiting
We are trying to decrease the vascularity of thyroid gland. Takes
1-2 weeks to take effect
Used before surgery to reach euthyroid state. Not used long term.
Beta-adrenergic blockers: symptom relief. We are trying to decrease
heart rate and get rid of arrhythmias
Radioactive iodine: treatment of choice. Destroys the thyroid tissue.
We don’t want to destroy all but just enough to stop hyperthyroidism
and let it regenerate. However, 80% of people have the whole thyroid
destroyed. Have to wait 2-3 months for results
Teach SXS of hypothyroidism and teach them what normal looks
Nutritional therapy: for a patient who is still hyperthyroid
High calorie diet (4000-5000 a day) split up in 6 full meals a day
High protein, high carbohydrates
Vitamin A
Thyamine
Vitamin B6
Vitamin C
Avoid caffeine, highly seasoned foods ( to avoid speeding up CNS),
high fiber foods
Surgery: subtotal thyroidectomy
Indications:
Unresponsiveness to drug therapy
Large goiters causing tracheal compression
Possible malignancy
Individual not a good candidate for RAI
Take 90% of the thyroid out, so that the 10% can regenerate into a
healthy thyroid
If we take more than 90%, it won’t be able to regenerate and can go
into hypothyroidism
Advantage: immediate decrease in T3 and T4
Open or endoscopic
Before the surgery they will be on antithyroid meds, iodine, and beta-
adrenergic blockers
Postop complications:
Hypothyroidism
Damage or inadvertent removal of parathyroid glands (monitor for
hypocalcemia for first 72 hours – tingling, muscle spams, laryngeal
stridor)
Hemorrhage (hypotension, tachycardia, might feel like swallowing,
vomit)
Injury to laryngeal nerve
Thyrotoxic crisis
Infection
Airway obstruction: number one concern, always have oxygen,
suction, and trach kit at bed side
Postoperative care:
Assess patient every 2 hours for 24 hours for SXS for hemorrhage,
tracheal compression (irregular breathing, neck swelling, frequent
swallowing, choking)
Place them in Semi-Fowler’s position – avoid flexion of neck and avoid
tension on suture lines
Monitor V.S., control pain
Check for tetany for 72 hours (trousseau’s and chvostek signs), if
patient has laryngeal stridor (treat them with calcium gluconate –
given slow over 5 minutes, put pt. on a monitor)
Evaluate difficulty in speaking/hoarseness
Ambulatory and home care:
Send them to the biweekly for a month and then semiannual
Decrease caloric intake to prevent weight gain (1200-1500)
Regular exercise
Avoid increased environmental temperature (thyroid can’t regenerate
under high temperatures)
Will be on lifelong thyroid replacement
Teach SXS of hypothyroidism (everything slowing down, cold,
constipation, lethargy)
Radioactive iodine therapy: no precautions
Teach SXS of hypothyroidism
Hypothyroidism: one of the most common disorders in the U.S.
Affects 10% of women and 3% of men over the age of 65
Unless it results after a thyroidectomy, a thyroid ablation, or during
treatment with antithyroid drugs, the onset of symptoms may occur over
months to years
Natural atrophy of the gland will take months to years for symptoms to show
Etiology and Pathophysiology:
Primary: related to the destruction of the thyroid tissue and has to do
with the synthesis of hormones
Secondary: related to pituitary disease with decreased TSH secretion
Tertiary: discontinuing thyroid hormone therapy or thyroiditis
Most common cause in U.S. is atrophy of the gland (hyperthyroid
treatment that destroy the gland or natural atrophy of the gland)
Most common cause worldwide, it is iodine deficiency
Atrophy is the end result of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and Grave’s disease:
are autoimmune disease that destroy the thyroid
Result of treatment for hyperthyroidism
Amiodarone and lithium decrease the TSH production
Cretinism: baby hypothyroidism, decrease function in thyroid
A test called PKU is taken and sent off to the state and the state
evaluates it and sends it back to the doctor
CM: depend on severity (how much damage is done to the gland), the age of
onset, and duration
Body system slows down
Cardiovascular: decreased CO, decreased cardiac contractility,
bradycardia, anemia (decreased erythropoietin level), cobalamin, iron,
folate deficiencies (causes easy bruises), increased serum cholesterol and
triglycerides can cause atherosclerosis; Has an effect on respiratory
system
Respiratory: DOE, decreased exercise tolerance
Neurologic: become fatigued and lethargic, personality and mood
changes, impaired memory, slowed speech, decreased initiative and
somnolence, sleep a lot
Reproductive: menorrhagia – irregular vaginal bleeding or inovulatory
(infertile)
GI: decreased motility causing constipation, achlorhydria (decreased
gastric secretion)
Integumentary: hair loss, dry coarse skin, brittle nails, hoarseness,
muscle weakness and swelling, weight gain, cold intolerance
If it’s untreated, we can develop myxedema coma: life-threatening issue,
causes puffiness, periorbital edema, masklike effect
It causes mental sluggishnesss and drowsiness and can go into a coma
Can be precipitated by infection, drugs, cold or trauma
We don’t want our patient to have barbituates, opioids, tranquilizers
because they stay in the system longer and can put patient in a coma
Low temperature, hypotension, hypoventilation (a lot of them will end
up on ventilator)
Nursing care: putting patient on ventilator, O2 support, cardiac
monitoring, IV thyroid hormone replacement, if hyponatremic,
hypertonic saline may be administered, monitor core temperature
(warm them up), vitals (rise back to normal – shouldn’t be
bradycardia), weight, I & O
We want to see our cardiovascular, mental alertness, and energy
level to normal so that we can get the patient off the ventilator
Diagnosis: history and physical examination (looking for the all the CM in
which the body system slows down, those patients who had treatment for
hyperthyroidism)
Labs: elevated TSH, decreased T3 and T4
High cholesterol and triglycerides, anemia
Nursing Diagnosis: knowledge deficit
Risk for impaired skin integrity
Noncompliance
Impaired memory
Fatigue
Constipation
Disturbed body image
Altered nutrition more than body requirements
Activity intolerance
Drug therapy:
Levothyroxine (synthroid): have to take it regularly
Watching for palpitations
With normal patients, we draw labs every 4 weeks and adjust the
level accordingly
With an elderly or cardiac compromised, we start with a low dose and
adjust it accordingly because too much synthroid requires an
increased oxygen demand which those patients are incapable of
Will be drawing labs for the heart and do an EKG
Nursing Management – Health promotion:
High risk populations are screened (patients who have had
hyperthyroidism treatment, who have SXS of the system slowing down) –
do not require acute nursing care; typically treated on an outpatient basis
Explain why they are getting thyroid hormone because their body is not
able to produce it and it’s lifelong replacement
Teach measures to prevent skin breakdown (use soap sparingly and use
lotion because they dry flaky skin)
Emphasize need for a warm environment – because they are always going
to be cold (they need extra layers of clothes)
Caution to avoid sedatives or use lowest dose possible
Discuss measures to minimize constipation (avoid enemas because of
vagal stimulation) – high fluids, exercise, increased fiber
Watch for orthopnea, dyspnea, rapid pulse, palpitations, nervousness,
insomnia (hyperthyroidism symptoms as result of too much medication)
Parathyroid Disorders
DI SIADH
Decreased ADH Increased ADH
Increased urine output Retaining fluid – no edema (vascular)
Increased thirst (dehydration – poor Low Na (dilutional hyponatremia)
skin turgor, dry mucous membranes, 125-134 Na (restrict fluid 800-1000
shock, low BP, increased HR cc/day), loop diuretics
Three types: <120 Na – 500 fluid restriction, give
1. Neurogenic: 3-5% hypertonic saline, give it slowly
dehydrated/hypovolemia because we can put them into
2. Nephrogenic: hypernatremia
dehydrated/hypovolemia Head trauma/drugs: transient
3. Psychogenic: Small cell: chronic, give declomycin
overhydration/hypervolemia to dilute urine
To differentiate b/w neuro and
nephro, we do water deprivation test
Neurogenic: vasopression, DDAVP
Nephrogenic: low Na diet, thiazide
diuretics, Indocin if diet and diuretics
doesn’t work
We want to see decreased urine
output, and increased specific gravity
Review after lecture