Tensile Testing I

APSC278 by Warren Poole and Anoush Poursartip

 Question

“How do I select a material for a skateboard?

2
 Learning objectives
• Describe and explain the behavior of a
metal in the plastic regime during a tensile
test
• Calculate total % elongation from a tensile
test
• Perform simple material selection analyses

3
Tensile Test Data for Steels

APSC278 by Warren Poole and Anoush Poursartip

 Plastic Deformation

Elastic Limit
Work-hardening

APSC278 by Warren Poole and Anoush Poursartip

 Plastic Deformation
• Elastic limit
– Point at which permanent deformation begins to
accumulate (irreversible component not recoverable
on release of load)
• Plastic deformation
– Permanent (irreversible) deformation
• Work hardening
– The increase in stress required to continue
deformation beyond the elastic limit
• Offset Yield Stress
– Technique for defining the yield stress (e.g. 0.2% offset
yield stress) in non-ferrous alloys

APSC278 by Warren Poole and Anoush Poursartip

 Offset Yield Stress
DEFINITION
OF OFFSET
YIELD
STRESS

Portion of Stress-
Strain plot
expanded in
image to the
right

APSC278 by Warren Poole and Anoush Poursartip

Necking
• Localization of deformation in a
small section of the gauge length
• Caused by cavitation of pores
(damage) in the material.
• The damage is initially distributed
throughout the sample.
• The pores begin to coalesce with
increasing deformation leading to
localization of the deformation in a
concentrated area (the neck), due to
the associated reduction in load
bearing area.

APSC278 by Warren Poole and Anoush Poursartip

 Definitions

• Yield stress, sYS, True and Engineering Values Appropriate

Maximum Elastic Stress
• Ultimate tensile stress, sUTS, True and Engineering Values
Appropriate
Maximum stress a material can support
• Failure or Fracture Stress, sF, Only True Value Appropriate
• Necking
Localization of deformation in a small region of sample

APSC278 by Warren Poole and Anoush Poursartip

 Definitions

• Ductility – the amount of deformation a material will

tolerate before failure, may be expressed in terms of %
elongation and % reduction in area.
L f  L0 A f  A0
% elongation   100 % reduction in area   100
L0 A0

L0  initial length, L f  final length A0  initial area, Af  final area

APSC278 by Warren Poole and Anoush Poursartip

 Total % Elongation

20 mm 28 mm

 L f  Lo 
% Elongation =   100
 Lo 

28 mm - 20 mm
  40%
20 mm
APSC278 by Warren Poole and Anoush Poursartip
Final Failure

APSC278 by Warren Poole and Anoush Poursartip

Cup and Cone Fracture

Callister 8.2

APSC278 by Warren Poole and Anoush Poursartip

 Total % Elongation

40 mm 52 mm
20 mm 28 mm

Change in length prior to necking = 4 mm Change in length prior to necking = 8 mm

Change in length after necking = 4 mm Change in length after necking = 4 mm

APSC278 by Warren Poole and Anoush Poursartip

 Dependence of % Elongation on Gauge Length
• 4mm deformation on a 20 mm gauge length prior to necking
æ L - L0 ö æ 24 - 20 ö
%Elongation = ç f ÷ ´100 = ç ÷ ´100 = 20%
è L0 ø è 20 ø

• 4mm deformation associated with necking

æ L - L0 ö æ 28 - 20 ö
%Elongation Total = ç f ÷ ´100 = ç ÷ ´100 = 40%
è L0 ø è 20 ø

• 8mm deformation on a 40 mm gauge length prior to necking

æ L f - L0 ö æ 48 - 40 ö
%Elongation = ç ÷ ´100 = ç ÷ ´100 = 20%
è L0 ø è 40 ø
• 4mm deformation associated with necking
æ L f - L0 ö æ 52 - 40 ö
%Elongation Total = ç ÷ ´100 = ç ÷ ´100 = 30%
è L0 ø è 40 ø

The difference is due to the localization of damage in the neck,

hence the need for sample standardization – ASTM, etc
APSC278 by Warren Poole and Anoush Poursartip
 Handbook Values
• Material data bases
mainly focus on the
following parameters:
– Yield Stress - sYS
– Ultimate Tensile Stress, sUTS
– % elongation - % El.

APSC278 by Warren Poole and Anoush Poursartip

 Design Problem -Skateboard
Fload

• The maximum elastic deflection occurs in the centre of the

skateboard and is given by the expression:
Fload l
3
bh 3
d= I 
48EI 12
APSC278 by Warren Poole and Anoush Poursartip
 Design for Deflection
Fload
Design Parameters
• span between wheels
l = 600 mm
• thickness, h = >10-12 mm
(curved cross section approx by
adding 2mm to h)
Fload l 3
bh 3
• width, b = 200 mm d= I 
48EI 12
• weight of skate boarder = 75 kg
• maximum elastic deflection at
rest, specified as the design
objective, d = 10 mm

APSC278 by Warren Poole and Anoush Poursartip

Design for Deflection
Fload

w/o curvature

APSC278 by Warren Poole and Anoush Poursartip

Materials Selection Charts

DOES NOT SATISFY

REQUIREMENT

APSC278 by Warren Poole and Anoush Poursartip

 Design for Yielding
Fload

yFload l 3
bh
s max = I 
4I 12
APSC278 by Warren Poole and Anoush Poursartip
 Design for Yielding
yFload l 3
bh
s max = I 
4I 12
• y = the perpendicular distance from the neutral axis to the surface

w/o curvature

APSC278 by Warren Poole and Anoush Poursartip

Possible Materials

DOES NOT SATISFY

REQUIREMENT

APSC278 by Warren Poole and Anoush Poursartip

Design Calculations - Summary
Based on the deflection and yield stress calculations, high
performance wood products appear to be a good solution as they also
have a low density (the boards will be light), high fracture toughness
and they are inexpensive.

• most consumer skateboards are manufactured from plywood, an

engineered wood-based material.

• Douglas fir-based plywood; E=8-12GPa; sYS=40MPa

• tailor the flex by changing the thickness and curvature of the cross
section

APSC278 by Warren Poole and Anoush Poursartip

 Question

“How do I select a material for a skateboard?

25
 Learning objectives
• Describe and explain the behavior of a
metal in the plastic regime during a tensile
test
• Calculate total % elongation from a tensile
test
• Perform simple material selection analyses

26
 Example problem
6.15 A cylindrical specimen of steel having a diameter
of 15.2 mm (0.60 in.) and length of 250 mm (10.0 in.)
is deformed elastically in tension with a force of
48,900 N (11,000 lbf). Using the data contained in
Table 6.1, determine the following:

(a) The amount by which this specimen will

elongate in the direction of the applied stress.
(b) The change in diameter of the specimen.
Will the diameter increase or decrease?

APSC278 by Warren Poole and Anoush Poursartip