Sampling

Analog signal is sampled every TS secs.

Ts is sampling interval.
fs = 1/Ts is sampling rate or sampling frequency.
There are 3 sampling methods:
Ideal - an impulse at each sampling instant
Natural - a pulse of short width with varying amplitude
Flattop - S&H, like natural but with single amplitude value
The process is referred to as PAM and the outcome is a signal with analog (non integer) values

Note
According to the Nyquist theorem, the sampling rate must be
at least 2 times the highest frequency contained in the signal.
BandPass signal

PAM
Polar Unipolar
Amplitude is varied
BW depends on the width of the
pulse
Instantaneous transmitter power
varies with the amplitude of the
pulses
System complexity is high
Noise interference is high
It is similar to amplitude modulation
Pulse Modulation
PTM
PWM PPM
Width is varied Position is varied
BW depends on the rise time of BW depends on the rise time of
the pulse the pulse
Instantaneous transmitter Instantaneous transmitter power
power varies with the amplitude remains constant with the width of
and width of the pulses the pulses
System complexity is low
Noise interference is low
It is similar to frequency modulation It is similar to phase
modulation
Monochrome Transmitters
and Receivers
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