CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Research

One of the human basic needs is food. Food is more than a nutrient. Food plays

a vital role in our daily life because without food we cannot survive (Ayeonomi, 2011).

Human need food to provides nutrients, whoever they are, from where its origin, in

good health, illness, old and young. Therefore, food is a basic need that must be

fulfilled. Kittler, Sucher, and Nelms (2012) examined the term food habits (also known

as food culture or food ways) to describe the manner in which humans use food,

including everything from how it is chosen, acquired, and distributed to who prepares,

serves, and eats it. “Food is culture” is the expression used by Montanari (2006) which

indicate food is part of culture. Food is culture because it has broader meaning than just

a source of nutrition but food associated with custom, status, prestige, solidarity and

serenity.

Montanari (2006) stated food is culture when it created even shown because

human uses various natural combination and unusual process to make the food.

According to Stajcic (2013),

“When someone thinks of or mentions food, the first thing that usually comes to

mind is: where does it come from, who does make it, how does it taste, and what

is the story behind it? Giving answers to these questions, people usually refer to

the cultural context. The term of culture refers to the set of values, knowledge,
 language, rituals, habits, lifestyles, attitudes, beliefs, folklore, rules and customs

that identify a particular group of people at a specific point in time”.

Ma (2015) addressed food is not only indicate the social status, but also can be

used as a character of one group, divided by regions, families, races or religions. For

instance, Ayu (2016) believed, in many Javanese dishes raw vegetables are still widely

used, for example urap, lalapan and karedok. On the other hand, the typical of culinary

of Sumatra, the cuisine of vegetables are not many in number. Almost of the culinary of

Sumatera is made from meat. It means different cultures and regions have different food

variables and food choice.

Moreover, food ingredients, spices, how to cook can be influenced by customs

and habits that are hereditary in that area (Jurafsky, 2014). Therefore, each region or

country have difference tradition in cooking. For example, pasta for Italian like rice for

Indonesian. Pasta becomes one of the main source of carbohydrates for Italian, this food

complete with sauces. Another example, tomato, basil and mozzarella cheese on a pizza

signify a taste of Italy. It indicates that food can be identified as a particular group of

people.

The name of food and different culture above are not something new for

Indonesian people. The entry of foreign culture can also be seen from the competition of

the culinary world in Indonesia between local and foreign food. For example,

McDonald’s, Burger King and Hoka Hoka Bento which compete with domestic food.

Society will have varry attitude about the mixing culture, language and food, especially

urban and suburban society. Even more, related to the language used.
 Generally, urban society is a society that is typical of modern industrial

civilization and heterogeneous in cultural tradition, the emphasizes secular values and

that is individualized rather than integrated. In urban areas there is difference in dress,

language and customs because there are a variety of people having different

backgrounds (Farooq, 2012). Urban society has glamour and luxury lifestyle. They are

very luxuriously in living, clothing, things and also food. Society of urban likes fast

food or instant food because of their activity and there is no time to cook. Unlike

suburban society who living in the suburb, but they make living in big city areas

(Kristin, 2008). Suburban society is simpler than urban society in living, clothing,

things and food.

The analysis concerning the research has also been discussed in the prior

research. Those are the first one who has been alanlyzed by Arifin (2017) entitled

”Language Attitude and Word Formation of Food Menu Names in The Food Court of

Parahyangan Apartment”. In analyzing his reserearch, he investigated the food menu

names in food court of Parahyangan apartment Bandung which is covering seven

stands. From those places there are 38 data for language attitude analyzed into positive

and negative language attitude. The second one who has been investigated by Jurafsky

(2014) found the differences in the name of the food menu between low to high class of

restaurant, which the cheaper of the restaurant using complex name of food. On the

other hand, more expensive of the restaurant using elegant name for the food, which

indicated high social status. It means, food can be used by someone or group of people

to express their social status or prestige.

 The description above shows the variety of languages can arise towards food.

The phenomenon also influences the attitude of native speakers toward food. In

addition, the entry of globalization.

The globalization era in nowadays designates that there are huge influences of

languages and cultures from one country to another. The influence of another language

such as English also takes a part of the entry of globalization in Indonesia. One of them

such as Lubuklinggau. The use of English in Lubuklinggau is frequently found both in

spoken and especially in like the restaurant names until the names of food. Therefore,

based on the emergence of those problems, then the writer is interested in analyzing the

the phenomenon, especially language attitude towards food in Lubuklinggau.

Based on the description above, the writer will conduct the research about the

phenomenon of the language attitude towards food in Lubuklinggau. The research

entitled is “Language Attitude towards Food: a Sociolinguistic Study between Urban

and Suburban Society in Lubuklinggau”.

B. Formulation of the Problems

Based on the background above, the writer formulates the problems by making

the research questions below:

1. How are the attitudes of urban society towards food in Lubuklinggau?

2. How are the attitudes of suburban society towards food in Lubuklinggau?

3. How are difference attitude towards the food between urban and suburban area of

Lubuklinggau society?
C. Objectives of the Research

Related of the problems, the objectives of the study follow:

1. To identify the attitude of urban society towards food in Lubuklinggau.

2. To identify the attitude of suburban society towards food in Lubuklinggau.

3. To describe the difference attitude towards the food between urban and suburb area

of Lubuklinggau society.

D. Scope of the Research

The writer will focus in analyzing the attitude towards food based on the

background of the area, especially urban and suburban society in Lubuklinggau.

E. Significances of the Research

1. For the Students

The study can help the students in sociolinguistics class especially in analyzing

language attitude in society.

2. For the Lecturer

The study will give information and provide additional knowledge about

language attitude which can be used by the lecturers in teaching language attitude in

sociolinguistics class.

3. For the Writer

 The study is very significant and useful. It will give some valuable experiences

and it can be used for the preparation of the writer as a candidate of teacher.

4. For the Other Researchers

This study provides reference and contribution for other researchers who are

interest in doing further research in this area.

F. Operational Definitions

This research has several definition key term. They are language, language

attitude, food, sociolinguistics, urban and suburban and Lubuklinggau as the following:

1. Language

Language is the key of human life in this world, because of language people can

interact with each other and language plays important role in social life. People can

understand the purposes of other people by language.

2. Language Attitude

Language attitude is the behavior or action undertaken based on view as a

reaction to the existence of the phenomenon against the use of language by speaker the

language.

3. Food
 Food is basic human need that is needed at all times. It requires a good and

proper management to be beneficial to the human body. Food provides nutrients that

human need, whoever they are, from where its origin, in good health, illness, old and

young. Therefore, food is a basic need that must be fullfiled.

4. Sociolinguistics

Sociolinguistics is linguistic interdisciplinary study that engages language as

object of its study with the social fabric of society. Because the nature of the language is

unique and varied, each region has its own language and diverse. In social environment,

individuals and community have their own characteristics in conveying their language.

5. Urban Society

Urban society is the society who living in urban area that metropolises

characterized by modern civilization with information technology as central mechanism

for business, mobilization and communication.

6. Suburban Society

Suburban society is people who own home and live in the suburbs but they make

a living in urban area.

7. Lubuklinggau

Lubuklinggau is a city located in South of Sumatera. It covers 8 districts and 74

urban villages. In Lubuklinggau consists of many language, religions, tribes, cultures,

customs and others.

 CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

A. Language Attitude

Language attitude is frequently found in the region which has various language

inside it. As proposed by Richard & Schmidt (2010: 314) that language attitude is the

attitude of the language users toward their various language and another language.

Furthermore, Sallabank (2013) stated language attitude is associated both with

perceptions of a language’s vitality and with language practices, and thus with language

policies at all levels of society although there is no simple connection between

expressed attitudes and actions. Therefore, based on those statements, language attitude

is generally the reaction of the language users in using their own language and another,

because in the study of language attitude which connect to the various language

emphasizes to use one language and not another in the bilingualisms or multilingualism

society (Chaer, 2010: 153).

Moreover, Anderson (in Chaer, 2010: 151) confronts “language attitude is

probably long-term belief or cognition about language and an object of language which

give a preference of society to react in a certain way that they like”. According to him,

there are various languages in the study of language attitude give the tendency of
language users to use one of the various languages that they prefer. Where their reaction

itself might appear the positive or negative attitude such as following:

1. Positive Language Attitude

According to Garvin and Mathiot (in Chaer, 2010: 152) there are three features

of language attitude in the positive sector. Those are:

a. Language Loyalty Attitude

The attitude of language loyalty defines that there is the desire of the community

to maintain its language and prevent the influence of other languages (Garvin and

Mathiot in Chaer, 2010: 152). The loyalty of language is the primarily encourage the

efforts to maintain the language because the language loyalty has a strong emotional

root in the mother tongue which has been applied since childhood.

b. Language Pride Attitude

The pride attitude of language encourage people to develop their language and

use it as a symbol of identity and community (Garvin and Mathiot in Chaer, 2010: 152).

Therefore, the pride of language is seen when somebody show their language identity

rather than use another language which has not their own.

c. Awareness of the Norm Attitude

The awareness of the norm attitude encourage people to use the language

carefully and courteously (Garvin and Mathiot in Chaer, 2010: 152). Based on those all
characteristics, if the third features are owned by the society’s means they have the

positive attitude to treat their own language.

2. Negative Language Attitude

Negative language attitude is the inverse of positive language attitude, where the

third characteristics of positive attitude has been starting disappear and weaken is the

sign of negative attitude. Then the characteristics in negative sector proposed by Garvin

and Marthiot (in Chaer, 2010: 152) as follows:

a. There is no enthusiasm or encouragement to maintain their own languages, thus the

case is the feature that the loyalty of language starts weakening and if it is ongoing

will be completely gone.

b. There is no pride of their language and divert their pride of language to another

language that has no their own.

c. There is no awareness of the norm of language toward their own language. Where in

this phase, there is no more encouragement to treat the good manners in the

language.

C. Language and Food

Language is a vehicle through which people interact, share mutual

understanding about their environment and communicate experiences with one

another. Each group in the society has an identity which distinguishes them from

other groups. That is, the people’s way of life, set of beliefs and customs. One

aspect of other cultural heritage or tradition is the type of food and plants they cultivate

for their consumption.

According to Ayeomoni,
 “The relationship among language, food and culture in a society is

inextricable one. As noted earlier, language is the bedrock through which

individual groups in the society are identified with their socio-cultural and socio-

economic activities. On the other hand, language is the verbal expression of

culture and culture is the idea, customs and belief of a social group or

community. Language and culture are thus inseparable. So, culture is a

specific set of ideas, beliefs, practices customs which distinguishes society

from others. So, language is part of culture, and it plays a vital role in the society

as it reflects culture”.

Brown (2000: 177) explained language and culture as follows: A language is

part of culture and culture is part of language. The two are interwoven; therefore,

one cannot separate the two without losing the importance of both language and

culture.

According to Nabhan (2013), there are many ways of defining ethnicity, one

way is by language, and some 6,500 different languages remain spoken on this planet by

humans (although that number may be halved by the end of this century). Each of these

language groups has a different way of speaking about food, of collecting and preparing

it, and a different vocabulary to describe its cultural identity in relation to the foods it

favors. Language is the symbolic representation of a people. Since it comprises their

historical and cultural heritage or background as well as their approach to life.

A language indexes its culture: The language that exists with its culture

from the onset will best express that culture. The vocabularies and idioms are the

ones that best explain the emotive and cognitive level of that culture. On the
other hand, the food we eat can also denote the identity of a particular culture.

Culture develops through language, people work and communicate together to

meet their daily needs. This could be through agricultural practices and industries that

provide the group with their basic needs and give them a chance of survival.

Agriculture itself deals with the food we consume. Customs are created through

shared life experiences that we partake in which include celebration stories,

music, and many other distinctive activities shared by a culture.

D. Food and Culture

According Ma (2015) Food is not only indicate the social status, but also can be

used as a character of one group, divided by regions, families, races or religions. Each

country has their own State Banquet. Some countries such as China, France, and Italy

are famous for their cuisine, delicious food, and food culture.

Stajcic stated,

“The Meaning of food is an exploration of culture through food. What we

consume, how we acquire it, who prepares it, who’s at the table, and who eats

first is a form of communication that is rich with meaning. Beyond merely

nourishing the body, what we eat and with whom we eat can inspire and

strengthen the bonds between individuals, communities, and even countries.

There is no closer relationship than the one with the family, and food plays a

large part in defining family roles, rules, and traditions. It helps us to discover

attitudes, practices, and rituals surrounding food, it sheds light on our most basic

beliefs about ourselves and others”.

 In conclusion, food is part of the culture. food is culture when it created even

shown because human uses various natural combination and unusual process to make

the food. Understanding a culture through food is an interesting process because once a

person starts asking these questions, such as how something is made, what ingredients

are in it, or why it is called a certain way, the answers obtained go beyond culinary

learning. In these answers, food tells us something about a culture’s approach to life.

E. Food and Language Attitude

Food is also associated with language attitude. For example, Korean and

Japanese food are popular. When someone eat the food from those countries, it will

make someone has high prestige than they eat local food likes cassava. Cassava is

typical of Indonesian food but has low prestige for Indonesian than foreign food from

other country. For instance, as stated Szatrowski (2014: 105),

“The participants used a substantial number of loanwords (sometimes code-

switching) and some coined native expressions in their assessment of the

Japanese and American courses. In many cases, a loanword was used to refer to

the foreign food despite the existence of a native word in Wolof and Eegimaa to

refer to the food. We interpret this use of loanwords as a demarcation or

evaluation strategy for participants to distance themselves from the foreign food

which constitutes a symbol of a foreign identity. In other cases Eegimaa

participants coined an Eegimaa word even when a loanword existed as a strategy

to protect linguistic identity”.

The desciption above indicated food is not only something that needs to be

fulfiled but also can identify who and how the status of people in society.
F. Urban and Suburban Society

1. Urban Society

Urban society is a society that typical of modern industrial civilization and

heteregeneous in cultural tradition that emphasizes secular value and that is

individualized rather than integrated. According to Farooq (2012) the characteristics of

urban community are following:

1. Urban society is thickly populated because many people comes from rural

area and settles down here for better facilities of life.

2. This society has homogeneity in profession, it means that there are many

professions through which people can earn.

3. In urban areas there is difference in dress, language and customs because there

are a variety of people having different backgrounds.

4. Have got fast means of communication that is they gets aware of what is

happening around the world rapidly.

5. The areas have got fast rate of change because of education and modern

technology.
 6. These areas have got complex culture because of mixing of other culture in it.

7. Urban areas have got formal social life.

8. Urban areas have got weak interactions and ties on the basis of their complex.

9. In these area there is high rate of pollution because of factories and

automobiles.

10. In urban area people are not much gracious to their guest because of their

busy life.

2. Suburban Society

Suburban society is people who own home and live in the suburbs but they make

a living in urban area. Clifford (2017) stated,

“A suburban area is community outside of an urban center and its outskirts.

Common features of these communities are single-family homes interspersed

with shoping malls and strips, as well as office buildings. Suburbs often sprawl,

making a spread over the area they occupy as opposed to creating prominent

skylines such their urban counterparts. Suburban building often tends to be

homogeneus and predictable; residences in the suburbs are sometimes chided as

beingcookie-cutter and are, in professional terms, for the most part, tract

housing”.

However, urban areas have larger population and area than suburban. These two

living are very different from other such as their lifestyle, building, and things.
3. Urban and Suburban Society in Lubuklinggau

Based the characteristics of urban and suburban above, Lubuklinggau divided

into some urban and suburban areas. According regulation head of the statistics center

number 37 year 2010, urban areas of Lubuklinggau are Tanjung Aman, Lubuk Aman,

Pasar Permiri, Tapak Lebar, Maja Pahit Marga Mulya, Taba Jemekeh, Taba Pingin,

Cereme Taba, Batu Urip Taba, Watervang, Moneng Sepati, Talang Rejo, Talang

Bandung, Talang Jawa, Eka Marga and others. Suburban areas of Lubuklinggau are

Tanah Periuk, Simpang Periuk, Petanang, Karang Ketuan, Siring Agung, Marga Bakti,

Jukung, Watas Lubuk Durian, Kayu Ara and others.

H. Lubuklinggau

Lubuklinggau is a city located in South of Sumatera. Lubuklinggau is located

between 102◦ 40’ 00” - 103◦ 0’00” East Longitude (B) and 3◦ 4’10” - 3◦ 22’ 30”

Latitude South (LS). Lubuklinggau is expansion city of Musirawas regency which was

inaugurated on 17 August 2001 through rule no 7 of 2001. Lubuklinggau is one of the

most western district-level towns in the province of South Sumatera. Lubuklinggau is

located between 102◦ 40’ 00” - 103◦ 0’00” East Longitude (B) and 3◦ 4’10” - 3◦ 22’ 30”

Latitude South (LS). Based on Law no. 7 of 2001 C is 401, 50 km2 or 40, 150 ha and is

at an altitude of 129 meters above sea level. The region consist eight sub-district

(lubuklinggaukota.go.id). The population in 2014 reached 216,270 people

(lubuklinggaukota.bps.go.id)

Lubuklinggau becomes a transit or meeting the cities of various social,

economic, and cultural interests. It means that the city consists of various tribal

communities (Lubuklinggau.go.id). Lubuklinggau has "Col" or Sindang language as

mother tongue. According to Noermanzah (2017), Sindang language is the language

used every day in Lubuklinggau. Sindang language or known as "Col" is used as the

main communication tool in everyday life, such as traditional market, marriage or

traditional ceremony. Along with the occurrence of cultural acculturation, the language

"Col" itself becomes weakened. The government efforts to maintain the "Col" language.

One of the way is make “Col” as lesson in local subject at school

(Palembang.tribunnews.com).

H. Related Previous Study

Research on language and food has conducted by some linguists, one of them

“Language Attitude and Word Formation of Food Menu Names in The Food Court of

Parahyangan Apartment” in 2017 by Arifin. The similarities between the research

conducted by Arifin (2017) and the research will conduct the writer are subject of the

study about language and food. However, the differences between the research

conducted by Arifin and the writer’s research are as follows: first, Arifin’s research

examined the food menu names in the food court of parahyangan apartment as subject

and the writer will do the research with different subject such as urban and suburban

society in Lubuklinggau. Second, Arifin’s reasearch described about language attitude

and word formation from the food menu names, while the writer’s research will only

focuse in analyzing language attitude when speaking about food.

Based on the prior research, there are the similarities and differences with the

research. Therefore, the writer will do the research which has not been investigated in

the prior. Finally, the writer will conduct the research about the phenomenon of the

language, especially language attitude towards food in Lubuklinggau.

 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD

A. Research Design

According to Creswell (2014) research design are plans and the procedures for

research that span the decisions from broad assumptions to detailed methods of data

collections and analysis. In this research, the writer will use descriptive qualitative

research as research design. Creswell (2014) stated,

“Qualitative research is a means for exploring and understanding the meaning

individuals or groups ascribe to a social or human problem. The process of

research involves emerging questions and procedures, data typically collected in

the participant’s setting, data analysis inductively building from particulars to

general themes, and the researcher making interpretation of the meaning of the

data”.

The qualitative research design is temporary as the initial guide to step into the

field; not rigid and strictly structured. Because the research is temporary and loose, the

possibilities are revised or modified depending on what is actually found in the field

(Subroto, 2007: 9).

 Based on those statements extremely relevant with the research, where the data

was taken from the phenomenon of human about the study of language in the society.

Therefore, through this qualitative method depicts the process of this research to

discover the answers of research questions, in the terms of language attitude between

urban and suburban society in lubuklinggau toward food.

This research will discuss and analyze the language that can show their language

attitudes toward food in Lubuklinggau. The data will collect with several sociolinguistic

procedures, they are:

1. The writer will read and identify the theoretic about language, identity, and attitude

that relevant.

2. Next, the writer will classify the society in Lubuklinggau based on area (urban and

suburban).

3. Then, the writer will collect the data through Involved Conversation Observation

Technique (Simak Libat Cakap) and record technique by Mahsun (2012).

4. After the data are collected, the writer will analyze and interpret the data.

5. Finally, the writer will conclude the result of research.

B. Sources of the Data

In this research, the data sources will be divided into two parts of data: primary

and secondary data. According to Hox and Boeije (2005: 593), Primary data are that are

collected for the specific research problem at hand, using procedures that fit research

problem best. On every occasion that primary data are collected, new data are added to

the existing store of social knowledge. Increasingly, this material created by other
researchers is made available for reuse by the general research community; it is then

called secondary data.

The primary data are taken from the informant through recording. The

informants will be selected through social network model by Milroy & Milroy (in

Milroy, 2003). Then, secondary data as supporting data are taken from several

sociolinguistics books and journals relate of language and identity, language and food,

language and attitude, articles related of language, identity and attitude, and then some

information from internet relate to this research.

C. Technique for Collecting the Data

The data collection in qualitative research, the writer is key instrument where the

qualitative researchers collect data through examining documents observing behavior,

or interviewing participants. They may use a protocol-an instrument for collecting data-

but the researchers are the ones who actually gather the information (Creswell, 2009:

175). Then he also clarifies “in many qualitative studies, inquirers collect multiple

forms of data in which the collection procedures in qualitative research involve four

basic types. Those are observations, interviews, documents, and audio-visual materials”

(Creswell, 2009: 178).

As proposed by Creswell above, in conducting the research, the researcher is the

only one who collect data as the key instrument. Collecting the data must be paid

attention more to support the successful research. For this reason, the writer must use a

method to collect the data because method of data collection is an action of the

researcher to get data needed in the research.

 The writer will use observation method (metode simak) in this research.

Observation method is a method to get the data which is the writer observes and listen

the language usage (Mahsun, 2012: 92). In observation method, the researcher uses

three continuance techniques; they are Involved Conversation Observation Technique

(Simak Libat Cakap), Recording and Writing technique as following:

1. Involved Conversation Observation Technique (Simak Libat Cakap)

In this technique, there are observation (simak), involved (libat), and

conversation (cakap) as following:

a. Observation (simak)

Observation (simak) means that the researcher listens, observe, and watch the

subject to get the data.

b. Involved (libat)

Involved (libat) means the writer involves himself in taking data such as

participate in talking to using the language.

c. Conversation (cakap)

Conversation (cakap) is a part of technique where is the writer participating in

speaking.

In conclusion, involved conversation observation technique (Simak Libat Cakap)

is a technique language research which is the researcher is do tapping by participating

while listening, participate in the conversation, and listen to the conversation. In this

case, the researcher is directly involved in the dialogue to get the data (Mahsun, 2012:

93).
2. Recording Technique

After using Involved Conversation Observation Technique (Simak Libat Cakap),

the writer uses recording technique to get data. In recording the data, the writer uses

tape recorder and handphone. In the process of recording, the writer must be able to

hide the recorder equipment that is for keeping the original of data. The process of

recording is done together with give some questions for informant. The questions must

be suitable with the data needed in the research.

3. Writing Technique

Those techniques are combined with Teknik Catat (Writing Technique).“ Teknik

Catat” is the continuation technique which applies the observation method. This

technique is done by writing some relevant data ftom the informant (Mashun, 2010).

D. Technique for Analyzing the Data

After the data have been collected, the writer will analyze them. In analyzing the

data, there are some steps or procedures that will be used by the writer, they are as

follows:

1. Identification

Identification is the first step to identify the language that can show their

language attitude towards food in Lubuklinggau.

2. Classification

The data that had been identified will be classified based on the urban and

suburban society in Lubuklinggau.

3. Reduction
 The writer reduces the data unnecessary in this study like the language that do

not show their language attitude. The data reduction is important to do, because the

writer only looks the necessary data and make easier in analyzing the data.

4. Description

Then, the data will describe through table that consist of urban and suburban

society and how are the society of urban and suburban used language to show their

language attitude when they are talking about foods in Lubuklinggau.

5. Conclusion

The last step for analyzing the data is giving conclusion. The write will

summarize how are urban and suburban society used languages to show their language

attitude towards food in Lubuklinggau.

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