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Fundamentos
Prof. Ing. Oscar Casimiro
F.I.E.E
Sem. 2011-I
UNMSM Facultad de Ingeniería Electrónica y Eléctrica - FIEE
Summary
Analog Quantities
Most natural quantities that we see are analog and vary
continuously. Analog systems can generally handle higher
power than digital systems.
Temperature
(°F)
100
95
90
85
80
75
70
Time of day
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
A .M . P.M .
Digital Waveforms
LOW LOW
t0 t1 t0 t1
Pulse Definitions
Actual pulses are not ideal but are described by the rise time,
fall time, amplitude, and other characteristics.
Overshoot
Ringing
Droop
90%
Amplitude tW
50%
Pulse width
10%
Ringing
Base line
Undershoot
tr tf
Rise time Fall time
Pulse Definitions
In addition to frequency and period, repetitive pulse waveforms
are described by the amplitude (A), pulse width (tW) and duty
cycle. Duty cycle is the ratio of tW to T.
Volts
Pulse
width
Amplitude (A)
(tW)
Time
Period, T
1
Computer Printer
0
0
t0 t1
Two
binary A= B Outputs
numbers
B
A< B
4 5 6 0
1 2 3
0 . +/–
Calculator keypad
Binary input
7-segment display
∆t3 ∆t3
C F
Switching Switching
sequence sequence
control input control input
Counter Parallel
output lines Binary Binary Binary Binary Binary
code code code code code
1 2 3 4 5 for 1 for 2 for 3 for 4 for 5
Input pulses
Sequence of binary codes that represent
the number of input pulses counted.
Pins
DIP chips
In this case, testing can
be done by a computer
connected to the system.
Pin 1
DISPLAY
PROBE COMP CH 1 CH 2 EXT TRIG
5V
INTENSITY
Horizontal
Trigger section section
External trigger Trigger
coupling source Trigger Control and process
level and (Digital scopes only)
AC slope
External Ch 2 Sec /Div
trigger DC Ch 1
Trigger
circuits Time base
Ext
Line Horizontal
position
Normally, trigger on the slower of two
AC waveforms when comparing signals.
Power supply
DC to all sec tions
UNMSM Facultad de Ingeniería Electrónica y Eléctrica - FIEE
© 2009 Pearson Education
Summary
Test and Measurement Instruments
The logic analyzer can display multiple channels of digital
information or show data in tabular form.
electrical measurements. 10 A
A Range
Autorange
Touch/Hold
1s
1s
Voltage
40 m A COM
Fused
Resistance
Current
Fixed OR
Programmable array and
AND array output logic