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DNA, which hold that adenine always binds push to understand what this new DNA shape
TWISTY “KNOT” DNA to thymine, and cytosine always hooks up
with guanine. In this instance, the structure is
is really for.”
DISCOVERED IN LIVING CELLS formed by two cytosines pairing up. In the future, Zeraati and colleagues will
attempt to learn what exact functions these
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Vol. 02 NO 18 May 2nd, 2018.
Gene Correction in
Transfusion-Dependent
Thalassemia Works In the Bluebird Bio treatment, blood stem
By Disha Padmanabha
Wonders
cells are taken from patients and modified by
a virus that inserts a working copy of the gene “We look forward to our first filing in the
that is defective in people with beta-thalas- European Union (EU) this year and continue
semia. The patients receive chemotherapy to to work closely with investigators and regu-
β-thalassemia is an inherited blood disease who receive ongoing blood transfusions must remove the blood stem cells with defective latory authorities to complete our trials and
that can cause severe anemia, a condition also take medicines to remove the excess genes from their bodies, then the modified bring this important treatment option to pa-
where there are not enough healthy red blood iron. Those medicines, called iron chelation stem cells carrying the proper gene are in- tients as soon as possible,” Davidson said.
cells in the blood. β-thalassemia is one of the therapy, also have side effects and can nega- fused to replace them.
most common genetic diseases in the world, tively impact a patient’s quality of life. Nine of the twenty-two patients suffered
and approximately 60,000 children are born Now, Swiss-US firm bluebird bio has re- “These interim data demonstrate the poten- from severe beta thalassemia, and, after treat-
every year with a serious form of the disease. sults from two clinical studies showing its tial of LentiGlobin gene therapy to address ment, the number of blood transfusions they
Transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia, also LentiGlobin gene therapy is effective in treat- the underlying genetic cause of TDT and required fell by seventy-four per cent. Three
called β-thalassemia major or Cooley’s ane- ing patients with beta-thalassemia. increase production of functional red blood of the nine no longer need any transfusions
mia, is fatal within the first few years of life The results clearly indicate that the technol- cells,” said Dave Davidson, M.D., Bluebird’s at all. The same is true of twelve of the thir-
if not treated. Treatment of transfusion-de- ogy could remove the need for patients with chief medical officer. teen patients with the less severe version of
pendent β-thalassemia includes frequent and beta-thalassemia to get regular blood transfu- the disease.
lifelong blood transfusions, which deliver sions, which can cause iron to build up in a “Nearly all patients in the two studies with So far, the subjects of the trial have been ob-
healthy red blood cells to the body to correct patient’s blood, damaging the heart, liver and a non-β0/β0genotype achieved freedom from served for a maximum of forty-two months,
the anemia. other organs. chronic blood transfusions and, important- but they will be monitored long into the fu-
However, blood transfusions can cause too In this international clinical trial of Blue- ly, several of these patients reached normal ture, to insure that the benefits of the therapy
much iron to build up in the body. Because bird’s treatment, 15 out of 22 patients with or near-normal total hemoglobin levels and persist and cause no serious side effects. One
iron build up cannot be eliminated naturally, the disease were able to stop blood transfu- sustained those levels throughout the interim early concern—that the procedure could dis-
accumulated iron can damage vital organs sions entirely after receiving the therapy. The study period. We hope the refined manufac- rupt the DNA of the stem cells, potentially
especially the heart and the liver – and cause other seven patients, the majority of whom turing process implemented in our ongoing triggering leukemia—has not, fortunately,
additional issues, such as abdominal pain, had the most severe form of the disease, now pivotal trials of LentiGlobin will translate come to fruition.
weakness, fatigue and joint pain. Patients need transfusions less often. into further normalization of total hemoglo-
Kerala Startup
Encashes on Azolla to
Crank Up Cattle Yield
Fifty-five million years ago, when scientists for roughly 1 million years, each time laying
believe the Earth was in a near-runaway state, down an additional layer of the thick blanket
dangerously overheated by greenhouse gas- of sediment that was finally found in 2004 by
es, the Arctic Ocean was also a very different the Arctic Coring Expedition.
place. It was a large lake, connected to the Now, this mighty, legendary fern is aiding a
greater oceans by one primary opening: the student startup at Kerala boost the production
Turgay Sea. of cattle milk.
When this channel closed or was blocked As a solution to the country’s lacking poul-
nearly 50 million years ago, the enclosed try nutrition, students of MET’s School of
body of water became the perfect habitat for Engineering in Mala identified the impor- By Disha Padmanabha
a small-leaved fern called Azolla. Imagine tance of Azolla, an aquatic fern found com-
the Arctic like the Dead Sea of today: It was a monly in India covering large water surfaces, poultry and dairy farmers near our college. Nikhil.
hot lake that had become stratified, suffering and used it to begin a startup venture. We see them every day. But they were using
from a lack of exchange with outside waters. ordinary livestock feed which had no micro- “We got really good feedback. The dairy
That meant its waters were loaded with ex- 21-year-old Nikhil VM, a third-year stu- nutrients at all. So we thought of experiment- farmers said they could notice a rise of 20 per
cess nutrients. dent at the institute along with a bunch of his ing with Azolla,” says Nikhil, who took the cent in milk production from a cow after they
Azolla took advantage of the abundant ni- friends started out by promoting variants of idea via his college professor to the Kerala used our Azolla,” Nikhil told The Indian Ex-
trogen and carbon dioxide, two of its favorite dried and green Azolla- which in turn was Startup Mission (KSM). press. “Farmers don’t know the importance
foods, and flourished. Large populations found to be extremely wholesome given of Azolla. There’s no awareness. We want to
formed thick mats that covered the body of the fern’s ability to grow at lightning speed To convince KSM for funding to take the go and tell them about its benefits.”
the lake. When rainfall increased from the across the water and provide wholesome nu- product forward, the students built a tem-
changing climate, flooding provided a thin trients thereby facilitating its use as a form porary tank on their college terrace to grow Whereas the team is not looking at numbers
layer of fresh water for Azolla to creep out- of livestock feed and come to the rescue of Azolla. “Getting the seeds was the toughest at the moment, they do intend toscale up pro-
ward, over parts of the surrounding conti- poultry and dairy farmers. part. We couldn’t get them anywhere. Final- duction, in order to help more dairy and poul-
nents. ly, we found a farmer who had grown it in a try farmers in Kerala in the near future.
Azolla bloomed and died like this in cycles “The idea came because there are a lot of small tank. We bought some from him,” says
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May 2nd, 2018. Vol. 02 NO 18
Monsanto’s BT Cotton
Patent Plea Snubbed by
Delhi HC
Cotton and other monocultured crops re- This way Monsanto ensures the spread of
quire an intensive use of pesticides as various the technology while it takes a share of prof-
types of pests attack these crops causing ex- its from each of the seed companies. Today
tensive damage. Over the past 40 years, many Monsanto has a clear monopoly in the Bt By Disha Padmanabha
pests have developed resistance to pesticides. Cotton market, which is why they can sell
So far, the only successful approach to en- each seed packet at the same price that they was decreed to be unenforceable in India. Reacting to the judgment, a spokesperson
gineering crops for insect tolerance has been do in the USA. However during the time of The division bench of justices Ravindra for Monsanto India in a statement said: “As
the addition of Bt toxin, a family of toxins crop failure the company is not around to Bhat and Yogesh Khanna, however, permit- a company focused on bringing relevant in-
originally derived from soil bacteria. These take on the liability in addition to all the har- ted MMBL to approach the Protection of novation to India’s farmers, MMB (Mahyco
toxins are effective against a variety of eco- assment of farmers. Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Authority Monsanto Biotech) is very disappointed with
nomically important crop pests but pose no And in order to curb this unhealthy situa- (PPVFRA) under the agriculture ministry for today’s order by the Delhi High Court. Over
hazard to non-target organisms like mammals tion, the government cut royalties that local registering the variety within three months, the years MMB has conducted its business in
and fish. Three Bt crops are now commercial- seed companies pay to Monsanto, for the sec- following which the authority will decide on adherence with all applicable laws of India
ly available: corn, cotton, and potato. ond time in two years. This follows previous a benefit-sharing mechanism. Currently, trait and all our patents were granted after due
As of now, cotton is the most popular of the attempts to defang Monsanto. fees on Bt cotton seeds are decided by a price review under these laws. Today’s order will
Bt crops: it was planted on about 1.8 million In a landmark judgment, the Delhi HC or- control committee under the agriculture min- have wide-ranging, negative implications
acres (728437 ha) in 1996 and 1997. The Bt der turned down Monsanto India’s patent istry. for biotech-based innovation across many
gene was isolated and transferred from a bac- on Bt cotton technology- thereby ending a The court’s order came in a case filed in sectors within India, and is inconsistent with
terium bacillus thurigiensis to American cot- prolonged row between the US agri-biotech 2015 by Monsanto, through MMBL, against other international markets where agricul-
ton. The American cotton was subsequently major and seed companies in India over the Nuziveedu Seeds and its subsidiaries for tural innovation has flourished.”
crossed with Indian cotton to introduce the issue of the patent over the plant material. selling Bt cotton seeds using its patented
gene into native varieties. The court also said that the seed companies technology despite termination of a licence After the verdict was pronounced, Monsan-
When Monsanto wanted to introduce Bt will pay the trait value as ascertained by the agreement in November 2015. The order to sought that the decision be kept in abey-
Cotton into India, it did so through a part- Government. and the court’s interpretation of section 3(j) ance for a few weeks so that it could file an
nership with Mahyco, a well-known seed As a result, the patent held by Monsanto, of the Patents Act, 1970, may prove to be an appeal in the Supreme Court. The high court
company based in Maharashtra to form Mon- through its Indian arm Mahyco-Monsanto impediment for entry of new technology in declined to keep the operation of its decision
santo-Mahyco Biotech (MMB). Monsanto Biotech Ltd (MMBL) over its Bollgard-II Bt Indian agriculture as technology developers in Bench, but granted the US company a cer-
provided the technology and Mahyco would cotton seed technology, a genetically modi- will lose pricing freedom. tificate of fitness to file an appeal in the apex
produce local seeds and distribute them. fied variant which resists the bollworm pest, court.
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Vol. 02 NO 18 May 2nd, 2018.
Scientists Generate
“Essentialome” with the
Help of CRISPR Screening
Haploid cells allow genetic screening “This study creates a new framework for
through the generation of a highly enriched understanding what it means to be an em-
hemizygous mutant library, owing to the sin- bryonic stem cell on it genetic level, “says
gle set of chromosomes in these cells. Much co-author Atilgan Yilmaz, Ph.D. “The more
previous work on haploid genetics has been complete a picture we have of nature in these
carried out in unicellular organisms, but re- cells, the better chances we have for success-
cent developments have made it possible to ful therapies in the clinic.”
extend this field into mammalian cells.
Now, however, scientists at the Hebrew The researchers analyzed virtually all hu-
University of Jerusalem isolated haploid man genes in the human genome by gener-
human embryonic stem cells and performed ating more than 180,000 distinct mutations.
a genome-wide CRISPR–Cas9-based loss- To produce such a vast array of mutations,
of-function screen on karyotypically normal they combined a sophisticated gene-editing
haploid hPSCs to define the genes essential technology (CRISPR-Cas9 screening) with a
for normal growth and survival of human new type of embryonic stem cells that was
PSCs and the genes that restrict their growth. recently isolated by the same research group. By Disha Padmanabha
This new type of stem cells harbors only a
“Our screen revealed the essence of hP- single copy of the human genome, instead of in early human development and growth. Herbert Cohn Chair in Cancer Research at
SC-specific genes and marked the major two copies from the mother and father, mak- Furthermore, they showed how cancer-caus- the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and the
pathways that regulate the growth of these ing gene editing easier thanks to the need of ing genes could affect the growth of the hu- senior author of the study.
cells,” the scientists wrote in its published mutating only one copy for each gene. man embryo.
paper in Nature Cell Biology. The results The study found that a mere 9% of all the Another key finding of the study was the
also revealed opposing roles for tumor sup- genes in the human genome are essential for “This gene atlas enables a new functional identification of a small group of genes that
pressors and oncogenes, evaluated the role of the growth and survival of human embryonic view on how we study the human genome and are uniquely essential for the survival of hu-
genes for hereditary diseases in early devel- stem cells, whereas 5% of them actually limit provides a tool that will change the fashion man embryonic stem cells but not to other
opment and growth in humans and showed the growth of these cells. by which we analyze and treat cancer and ge- cell types. These genes are thought to main-
how carcinogenic genes could affect the The team could also analyze the role of netic disorders,” said Prof. Nissim Benven- tain the identity of embryonic stem cells and
growth of the human embryo. genes responsible for all hereditary disorders isty, MD, PhD, Director of the Azrieli Center prevent them from becoming cancerous or
for Stem Cells and Genetic Research and the turning into adult cell types.
Biodiversity
ments in the Department of Evolution and partners have organized the Amazon Bank
Ecology and the UC Davis Genome Center. of Codes initiative in the Amazon basin. The
Technology will be key to the project, such pilot project aims to offer indigenous and tra-
as terrestrial and underwater robots, portable ditional communities an opportunity to reap
Increasing our understanding of Earth’s bi- species still unknown, the bulk of which is genetic sequencers and instrumented drones a fair share of the economic value generated
odiversity and responsibly stewarding its re- believed to be single-celled organisms, in- that can go out, identify samples in the field, from the use of biological data and natural as-
sources are among the most crucial scientific sects, or tiny marine life. and bring those samples back to the laborato- sets from their local biomes.
and social challenges of the new millennium. A goal as ambitious as this one requires the ry. When completed, the project is expected
And powerful advances in genome sequenc- help of many people. As such, the project will to require about one exabyte (1 billion giga- “Although a global enterprise of this scale
ing technology, informatics, automation, and gather citizen scientists and students around bytes) of digital-storage capacity. might initially seem technically challenging
artificial intelligence, have propelled human- the globe for help. Whatever data they gather The EBP, however, is not beginning its or expensive, we are confident that we cur-
kind to the threshold of a new beginning in will end up being available for free for other massive task from scratch. It is building on rently have all of the necessary tools and
understanding, utilizing, and conserving bi- scientific uses. already-existing efforts to sequence the ge- knowledge to accomplish these audacious
odiversity. For the first time in history, it is EBP calls for scientists to sequence the ge- nomes of more specific taxonomic groups goals through coordinated high-throughput
possible to efficiently sequence the genomes nomes of 9,330 species, one from each plant, such as the Global Invertebrate Genomics workflows that are replicated in ecosystems
of all known species and to use genomics to animal and protozoan taxonomic family as Alliance (GIGA), which is targeting 7,000 throughout the world,” said Warren John-
help discover the remaining 80 to 90 percent reference genomes in the first three years. non-insect/non-nematode species with an son, a research zoologist at the Smithsonian
of species that are currently hidden from sci- Then, the plan calls for sequencing the ge- emphasis on marine taxa, and the i5K Initia- Conservation Biology Institute. “We are ful-
ence. nome of one species from each genus—the tive, which is sequencing the genomes of no ly aware that the longer we wait to get or-
Therefore, a new ambitious project dubbed next taxonomic division finer than family— less than 5,000 arthropod species important ganized and started, the more likely we are
a moonshot for biological science- The Earth during years four to seven, although in less to agriculture and biological research. to lose important biological insights of our
BioGenome Project- aims to sequence the detail, for a total of about 150,000 genera. So far, scientists from around the world, planet’s biodiversity.”
DNA of all the planet’s eukaryotes, some 1.5 The remaining 1.5 million species would be individually and in various networks, have
million known species including all known sequenced in still less detail during the final sequenced the genomes of about 15,000 spe- Natural history museums and botanical gar-
plants, animals, and single-celled organisms. four years of the project. cies, less than 0.1 percent of all life on Earth. dens will serve a critical role in providing the
The ambitious project will take 10 years to “The partnership will construct a global The total cost for phase I of EBP is estimat- expertise on the classification of biodiversity
complete and cost an estimated $4.7 billion. biology infrastructure project to sequence ed at about $500 million. The total cost of and the necessary genomic samples for anal-
The project stands to redefine our under- life on the planet to enable solutions for pre- the 10-year project is expected to be roughly yses to ensure the success of the Earth Bi-
standing of life on Earth, the researchers serving the Earth’s biodiversity, managing $4.5 billion. EBP’s feasibility benefits from oGenome Project. The National Museum of
claim and carve inroads in other fields such ecosystems, spawning bio-based industries the sharp decline in sequencing costs, down Natural History’s Global Genome Initiative
as conservation, technology, genomics, and and sustaining human societies,” said Har- from $10,000 per genome in 2001 to $1,000 (GGI) is already filling their liquid-nitrogen
medicine, among others. It might also lead to ris Lewin, who chairs the Earth BioGenome today. tanks with samples provided by scientists
the discovery of 10 to 15 million eukaryotes Project working group. Lewin holds appoint- As a proof of concept project, Lewin and from around the globe.
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May 2nd, 2018. Vol. 02 NO 18
Indian Government
Enters Biotech-
Championing Finance
Agreement with World
Bank By Disha Padmanabha
The Central Government of India has now with 50 percent funding through the World ing models. business promotion in the biotech sector.
reportedly entered a financial agreement with Bank Loan, is aimed at the development of This Programme of DBT would strength- This mission will mark the beginning of a
the World Bank which will allow the latter novel, affordable and effective biopharma- en the translational capability of academic new partnership between DBT and World
help India in developing an innovative biop- ceutical products. researchers; empower bio-entrepreneurs and Bank. It is envisaged that this programme
harmaceutical and medical devices industry. This project will nurture next-generation SMEs by decreasing the cost and risk during will revolutionize the Biotech market. It will
The USD 250 million agreement between technical skills; provide companies with early stages of product development and also help deliver 6-10 new products in the next
Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance advanced shared facilities to conduct clin- elevate the innovation quotient of the indus- five years, create several dedicated facilities
Council, a PSU of Department of Biotechnol- ical validation; link clinical trial sites with try. for next-generation skills, and hundreds of
ogy, Department of Economic Affairs, Minis- networks of expert advisors and interna- The global experience of World Bank would jobs in the process.
try of Finance and International Bank for Re- tional bodies; and strengthen all institutions be instrumental in building sustained global
construction and Development on behalf of involved in the facilitation and adoption of linkages, technical assistance and knowledge
World Bank), which is intended for five years global innovations, technologies, and licens- flow between public-private partners for
6
Vol. 02 NO 18 May 2nd, 2018.
Temperature Influences
Fat Epigenetics: Study
Cold stress is a major threat for warm-blood- kyo and Tohoku University, an expert in the
ed animals, and therefore adaptive thermo- epigenetics of metabolism.
genesis to combat cold stress is crucial for
survival. Now, a new study has found a mo- We have three types of fat- brown, white
lecular mechanism that controls how lifestyle and, now we are finding out, beige. Brown
choices and the external environment affect fat, which is the fat we are born with that al-
gene expression. lows babies at birth to go from a warm uterus
The study by scientists at the University of of 98 degrees Fahrenheit to room tempera-
Tokyo and Tohoku University in Japan de- ture of around 74 degrees. This fat is not as-
momstrates how epigenome changes after sociated with health problems. It got its name
long-term exposure to cold temperatures, because it looks brown under a microscope
and how those changes cause energy-stor- due to its containing many mitochondria, the
ing white fat cells to become heat-producing powerhouses of cells that produce energy.
brown-like, or “beige,” fat cells. Mitochondria contain a protein called UCP1 By Disha Padmanabha
Gene expression is regulated by epigenet- that breaks down fat to make heat.
The researchers explain that the process search team has discovered sites within the
ics – patterns of chemical signals that are Researchers in the study of mice at the
begins when the cold kick-starts a change protein sequence that are extremely specific
“above” the gene sequence. An individual’s University of Tokyo found that long-term
in a protein called JMJD1A. When com- for controlling different activities of the pro-
gene sequence is determined at conception, cold exposure can actually stress the white
bined with other proteins, this altered protein tein. Manipulating those specific amino acids
but the external environment and an indi- fat cells into developing more mitochondria
changes the way a gene functions in produc- may provide precision drug targets.
vidual’s lifestyle can change the epigenetic and eventually becoming more efficient, cal-
ing heat. Subsequently, a chemical process
sequence throughout a lifetime, continually orie-burning beige cells.
called thermogensis is initiated which chang- “Understanding how the environment influ-
altering how genes are expressed. One group of mice was kept at 39 degrees
es epigenetic patterns so white fat cells are ences metabolism is scientifically, pharmaco-
Fahrenheit and another at 86 degrees Fahr-
transformed into beige fat cells, which func- logically, and medically interesting. Our next
“We believe that this is the first time that enheit for one week. Without any change
tion like brown fat cells. experiments will look more closely at epige-
anyone has collected data to prove that there in diet, the mice that were kept at the lower
The JMJD1A protein is involved in a wide netic modifications within the thermogenesis
are two steps between the environmental temperature had more thermogenic activity-
variety of other processes, including cancer, signaling pathway so that we may manipu-
stimuli and epigenetic changes,” said Pro- meaning their cells were able to burn calories
infertility, stem cell renewal, and sex deter- late it,” said Sakai.
fessor Juro Sakai from the University of To- and stored fat to create heat.
mination of an embryo. However, Sakai’s re-
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May 2nd, 2018. Vol. 02 NO 18
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Vol. 02 NO 18 May 2nd, 2018.
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May 2nd, 2018. Vol. 02 NO 18
Availability of Disciplines for PhD 2018 Availability of Disciplines for MSc 2018
Academic Session Academic Session
M.S.(Pharm.); M.Pharm.; M.Tech.
(Pharm.), M.B.A. (Pharm.) Departments/
Discipline of Chemical Sciences
Disciplines, Offering NIPERs and Eligibil-
ity Criteria.
Biotechnology M.S.(Pharm)
Traditional M.S.(Pharm)
Medicine
Pharmaceutical M.B.A.(Pharm)
Management
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Vol. 02 NO 18 May 2nd, 2018.
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May 2nd, 2018. Vol. 02 NO 18
ology and Experimental Archaeology Development and Policy ship, which will be available for a period of How to Apply:
• Complexity Theories of Consciousness, • Marginalised /Glorified History and So- four years on a yearly renewable basis. The
Causality Testing cial Identity NIAS fellowship amount is currently fixed at Please download the application form (http://
• Behaviour and Cognition in Fishes Rs.25,000/- per month for the first two years www.nias.res.in/content/doctoral-pro-
• Science Communication Applicants are advised to visit the NIAS and Rs.28,000/- per month from the third gramme) from our website. The completed
• Primate Behaviour and Ecology, Human website for more information on faculty and year, with an additional 24% per month as and signed application form should be sent
Wildlife Conflict, Human Animal Rela- their research interests (www.nias.res.in) House Rent Allowance. Limited hostel seats along with scanned copies of undergraduate
tions are available on campus for women. and post-graduate degree certificates and
• Nuclear Power and Risk Communication Eligibility: Admissions are also open to those applying mark sheets and a resume containing your
• Material Culture and Archaeology, Spe- under specific funded research projects, can- academic history, skills, interests, published
cifically Archaeomaterials Research and Admissions to the NIAS PhD Programme didates with external support such as CSIR work, and accomplishments should be collat-
Archaeometallurgy and Artisanal and are open to those who have completed/are fellowships and DST/INSPIRE fellowships, ed and sent as a single PDF file to the email
Crafts Studies and Art History completing a Master’s/M.Phil., degree in any candidates with employer sponsorship, and address: niasphd@gmail.com
• Armed Conflicts and Security in South relevant subject in the natural sciences, en- self-funded candidates. Under no circum-
Asia, Peace Processes South Asia gineering, mathematics, social sciences, hu- stances will NIAS financially support ex- Please note that the Institute will only ac-
• Afghanistan and Pakistan, Science and manities or the arts, and with a consistently ternally funded candidates and self-funded cept applications submitted by email. The
Diplomacy proven academic record (minimum 55% candidates. Candidates supported by project deadline for receiving application with all
• Gifted and Talented, Diversity and Cul- marks). Some research and/or field experi- will receive financial support only for the du- required documents by email is April 20,
ture ence in the concerned areas will be preferred. ration of the project. 2018.
• Social Exclusion, Education, & Conflict Candidates who have passed the NET/ SET/
Zones GATE examinations with good scores or Selection Procedure: For additional information, applicants
• Conflict Studies qualified for JRF/ DST/ CSIR/ ICSSR/ JEST may contact: niasphd@gmail.com, ad-
• Landscape Archaeology: Geospatial fellowships are also encouraged to apply. Irrespective of the source of funding, admis- min@nias.res.in
Analysis for Cultural Heritage sion to the NIAS PhD Programme will be
• Geopolitical dimensions of Maritime Se- Financial Support: based on a common entrance test and two
curity, Maritime Security and Maritime levels of interview. Short-listed candidates
Cooperation in International Politics A limited number of selected candidates will be invited for a written test and inter-
• Sustainable Energy Options’, ‘Human will be eligible to receive NIAS fellow- views on 18 and 19 of June 2018.
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