ADIGRAT UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

ADIGRAT UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
COURSE TITLE: ENTREPRENEURSHIP
COURSE CODE: ChEg5213
GROUP ASSIGNMENT ON ENTERPREUNERSHIP
BUSINESS PLAN OF JMS-STK FAST FOOD
PREPARED BY: FIFTH YEAR SECTION ONE NETWORK FIVE STUDENTS

S No. NAME ID NUMBER SECTION

1. ALEBACHEW ASHAGRE RET 0096/06 ONE

2. HAILEMARIAM ASEGEDOM

2. KINFE GIRMAY RET 0934/06 ONE

3. MELKAMU ADDIS RET 1074 06 ONE

4. SEID ARAGAW RET 1285/06 ONE

5. SELAMAWIT LEMMA RET 1299/06 ONE

6. TESFAYE BAYILE RET 1499/06 ONE

SUBMITTED TO: Ms. NIGSTI K. (M. Sc.)

SUBMISSION DATE: MAY 17, 2018GC.

PROPOSAL ON HERBAL SHAMPOO PRODUCTION FROM ALOE VERA LEAF

ADIGRAT UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Hazards and control of exposure

One of the most serious hazards in the manufacture of oestrogenic pharmaceuticals is inhalation
(and to some extent oral ingestion) of the pure active oestrogenic compound during weighing,
assembly and quality-assurance testing. However, substantial inhalation of the dry, blended dust
(which contains a low percentage of active ingredient) may also occur to workers during
granulation, compression and packaging operations. Skin absorption may also occur, particularly
during the wet phases of granulation, since alcohol solutions are used. Quality-control and
laboratory personnel are also at risk of exposure while sampling, assaying or otherwise handling
pure oestrogenic substances, granulation or tablets. Maintenance personnel can be exposed while
cleaning, repairing or inspecting mixers, hoppers, mills, vacuum lines and ventilation systems, or
changing filters. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) investigators
have conducted an in-depth evaluation of engineering controls which have been used during the
manufacturing of oral contraceptive tablets (Anastas 1984). This report provides a detailed
review of controls and an evaluation of their effectiveness for granulation, milling, material
transfers, powder and tablet feed equipment, and general and local exhaust ventilation systems.

The four main elements of hazard control employed in plants using oestrogenic pharmaceuticals
are:

1. Engineering controls. These include isolation of processing equipment rooms, control of air
flow within a facility from least contaminated areas to most contaminated, local exhaust
ventilation at any open transfer points, enclosure of machines, sealed process streams and
enclosed powder feed systems. Frequently, implementation of engineering controls, such as
general or local exhaust ventilation, is complicated by the fact that good manufacturing
regulations (such as those required by the US Food and Drug Administration), which are
designed to ensure a safe and effective product, conflict with the best health and safety practices.
For example, pressure differentials achieved by general ventilation systems, designed to protect
workers outside the hazardous process, conflict with the regulatory requirement to prevent
contamination of the product by dust or contaminants external to the process. Because it
eliminates direct contact between people and the hazardous contaminants, process or equipment
containment is often the best option.

PROPOSAL ON HERBAL SHAMPOO PRODUCTION FROM ALOE VERA LEAF Page 1

ADIGRAT UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

2. Good work practices. These include separate clean and contaminated locker rooms
separated by showers, changes of clothing, washing or showering before exiting contaminated
areas and, where it is feasible and appropriate, systematic rotations of all workers between
exposed and non-exposed areas. Appropriate training and education regarding the hazards of
oestrogens, and good work practices, are an integral part of an effective worker protection
programme. The best engineering controls and personal protective equipment can be defeated if
the operators are not knowledgeable about the hazards and controls, and if they are not properly
trained to take advantage of the controls and to use the personal protective equipment provided.

3. Aggressive environmental and medical monitoring of exposed workers. In addition to

normally administered physicals, routine screening should, at a minimum, include review for
symptoms (breast tenderness, libido change and so on), examinations of the breast and axillary
nodes and measurement of areolae. The screening frequency will vary, depending on the severity
of the exposure hazard. Of course, medical screening and monitoring (e.g., physical exams,
health questionnaires or testing of body fluids) should be implemented with the utmost
sensitivity to workers’ overall welfare, their health and their privacy, since their cooperation and
assistance in such a programme are critical to its success. Monitoring of worker exposures to the
active oestrogenic or progoestogenic substances should be done regularly and should include not
only breathing-zone sampling for air contaminants, but also evaluations of skin contamination
and the effectiveness of personal protective equipment.

4. Use of appropriate personal protective equipment: Personal protective equipment typically

includes disposable or launderable coveralls; separate steroid-area shoes, socks, underclothing
and rubber gloves; and effective respirators tailored to the degree of hazard. In the most
hazardous areas, air-supplied respiratory protective equipment and impervious (to dusts and/or
organic solvents) suits may be required.

PROPOSAL ON HERBAL SHAMPOO PRODUCTION FROM ALOE VERA LEAF Page 2