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a. Both theories and maps help us get from one place to another
b. Both theories and maps are abstract representations of reality
*c.Both of the above
d. Neither of the above

2. “ _______ is a conceptual scheme that attempts to organize and explain the facts of nature in
terms of general principles or laws.”
a. A scientific hypothesis
*b.A scientific theory
c. Personality psychology
d. None of the above

3.The synthesizing function of a theory refers to . . .

a. The ability of a theory to ignore unimportant variables
*b.The ability of a theory to explain diverse facts
c. The ability of a theory to explain simple facts in complex ways
d. All of the above

4. The function of a theory that suggests a new hypotheses is called its _______ function.
*a. heuristic
b. synthesizing
c. most useful
d. none of the above

5. A theory’s blinder function refers to its . . .

a. Ability to prevent us from being confused by competing theories
b. Ability to be tested fairly
c. Both of the above
*d.None of the above

6. “Grand” theories refer to those theories that . . .

a. Are appreciated by many people
b. Were developed in the 19th century
*c.Have an especially wide scope
d. None of the above

7.One problem with personality psychology today is that . . .

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a. There are too many “grand” theories

b. “Grand” theories are investigated much more than those that are not “grand”
c. Personality psychologists do not agree on the definition of a “grand” theory
*d.None of the above

8.A theory that explains many events or facts with as few constructs as possible is called a(n)
_______ theory.
a. efficient
*b. parsimonious
c. grand
d. none of the above

9. If hypotheses derived from a theory are not falsifiable, the theory is called _______.
*a. unscientific
b. incomplete
c. parsimonious
d. grand

10. Hypotheses that are untestable are valuable to science because . . .

a. They are easier to comprehend than testable hypotheses
b. They move the field forward more rapidly than hypotheses that require time-consuming
observations
*c.They do not require critical thinking skills
d. None of the above

11. John Platt’s strong inference refers to those hypotheses which permit scientists to . . .
a. Exclude plausiblebut wrongalternative interpretations of the data
b. Identify interpretations which are deadends
c. Make relatively rapid scientific progress
*d.All of the above

12.In general, a scientific theory is useful if it . . .

a. Generates novel hypotheses
b. Is supported by research observations
*c.Both of the above
d. Neither of the above

13.A psychodynamic theory of personality is one that . . .

*a. Values the role of unconscious processes as they affect personality
b. Focuses on our goals and aspirations as keys to understanding personality
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c. Primarily applies to those who are mentally ill

d. All of the above

14. Freud used the term psychoanalysis to mean . . .

a. A process of psychotherapy
b. A general theory of personality
c. A research method to investigate unconscious processes
*d.All of the above

15. Freud hypothesized that some psychological processes are universal. These include . . .
a. Laughing when we are anxious
b. Having nightmares that are caused by emotional conflicts with other people
c. Both of the above
*d.Neither of the above

16. Freud was convinced that the Oedipus complex is deeply rooted in the psyche of all humans
because . . .
a. Sophocles wrote a play about it
b. Everyone talks about it
c. Both of the above
*d.Neither of the above

17. According to Freud, the Oedipus complex first appears during the _______ stage of
development.
a. preconscious
b. superego
*c. phallic
d. libido

18. According to Freud, boys and girls differ in how they resolve their Oedipus complex because
...
*a. Boys have a penis
b. Girls are less aggressive than boys
c. Both of the above
d. Neither of the above

19. Freud postulated the existence of the castration complex in order to explain . . .
a. Why men fear their mothers
b. Why men masturbate
*c.The resolution of the Oedipus complex
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d. All of the above

20. Freud’s invariant stages of development are . . .

a. Unconscious, preconscious, and conscious
b. Id, ego, and superego
c. Libido, fixation, and identification
*d.None of the above

21.According to Freud, boys resolve their Oedipus complex by . . .

*a. Identifying with their fathers
b. Loving their mothers
c. Respecting both parents equally
d. Snapping out of it

22. In comparing how boys and girls resolve their Oedipus complex, Freud concluded that . . .
a. Girls usually resolve their complex more easily than boys do
b. Girls do not have an Oedipus complex
*c. Girls never adequately deal with their Oedipus complex
d. None of the above

23. According to Freud, the failure to adequately resolve the Oedipus complex will invariably
result in _______.
*a. a neurosis
b. a cross-gender unconscious fixation of affection
c. both of the above
d. none of the above

24.Freud’s structural theory postulates that the human mind consists of . . .

a. Conscious, preconscious, and unconscious components
*b. Id, ego, and superego
c. Oral, anal, and phallic components
d. None of the above

25. Freud held that the pleasure principle describes how the _______ functions while the
_______ functions according to the reality principle.
a. preconscious; conscious
b. unconscious; preconscious
c. ego; superego
*d. id; ego
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26.The ego complex. . .

a. Is another term for the ego
*b. Refers to our unconscious belief that we are the center of the universe
c. Is the conscious part of the ego
d. All of the above

27. The ego complex, like all complexes, lose its strength if we . . .
*a.Are willing to be aware of its influence
b. Don’t think about it
c. Get annoyed whenever other people act egotistically
d. None of the above—a complex never loses it strength.

28. The superego consists of . . .

a. Feelings of pride when we meet our ideals
b. Feelings of shame and guilt when we violate a moral code
*c.Both of the above
d. None of the above

29. Rigid, primitive, unrealistic moral standards are signs of an immature_______.

a. id
b. ego
*c. superego
d. personality

30. Research using well-controlled randomized trials show that psychodynamic therapies can
help alleviate symptoms of _______.
a. depression
b. panic disorder
c. substance abuse
*d. all of the above

31. Freud viewed our biological and social natures . . .

a. To be at war with each other until we learn to control our impulses
*b.To be at war with each other throughout life
c. To be at war with each other only in those who are mentally unstable
d. None of the above

32.Freud developed psychoanalysis to help individuals deal with conflicts between . . .

a. Their ids and their superegos
b. Their ids and their egos
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c. Their egos and external reality

*d.All of the above

33. Defense mechanisms are unconscious psychological processes that . . .

a. Give us time to cope with some threatening event
b. Distort reality in one way or another
*c.Both of the above
d. Neither of the above

34. Freud’s view has been called pansexualismbecause . . .

a. Freud was the first to psychoanalyze Peter Pan
b. Freud identified a new sexual fetish involving a common cooking appliance
c. No one knew what else to call it
*d. Freud thought all libido was sexual in nature

35. Alfred Adler’s premise that “the final goal alone can explain man’s behavior” is
called_______.
*a. fictional finalism
b. final fictionalism
c. fictional fictionalism
d. none of the above

36. Carl Jung’s analytic psychology differs from Freud’s psychoanalysis in that . . .
a. Jung added the collective unconscious as different from the personal unconscious
b. Jung identified complexes, not dreams, as the “royal road” to the unconscious
*c.Both of the above
d. Neither of the above

37. To Jung, the psychic energy that acts like a magnet by unconsciously controlling the contents
of our consciousness is called a(n)_______.
a. archetype
*b. complex
c. defense mechanism
d. none of the above

38. In Jung’s personology typology, intuition is the opposite of_______.

a. thinking
b. feeling
*c. sensation
d. none of the above
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39. To Jung, individuation requires that we eventually come to terms with our_______.
a. complexes
b. intuitions
*c. inferior functions
d. superior functions

40. Karen Horney thought that if Freud is correct that women are affected by “penisenvy,” then
men must be influenced by_______.
a. penis insecurity
*b. womb envy
c. both of the above
d. neither of the above

41. Karen Horney identified the presence of _______ asa sign of a neurosis.
a. moving away from people
b. moving against people
c. moving toward people
*d. none of the above

42. Erik Erikson’s approach to understanding personality is called psychosocial because . . .

a. Psycho and sociomean pretty much the same thing
b. Psychological development occurs independently of social rules
*c. Psychological development is related to how we engage with our social tasks
d. None of the above

43.Erikson’s distinctive contribution to personality psychology lies in his view (s) that . . .
a. Ego development takes place over the entire life span
b. A series of stages or crises characterize individual development
c. Each person needs to adapt to the specific requirements of his or her culture
*d.All of the above

44.According to John Bowlby,a function of an internal working model is to help us _______.

*a. forecast possible futures
b. become self-actualized
c. both of the above
d. neither of the above

45. Traits and types are different because . . .

*a. Traits are quantitatively continuous; types are qualitatively different
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b. Traits can be objectively measured; types are subjective opinions

c. Both of the above
d. Neither of the above

46. The basic assumption of the lexical hypothesis is that . . .

a. “Personality” exists only in words, not in the real world
b. The more words that a person can define correctly, the smarter that person is
c. Both of the above
*d.Neither of the above

47. Raymond Cattell’s work with traits led him to conclude . . .

*a.There are too many traits
b. There are only two traits: optimism and pessimism
c. Traits are unreliable aspects of personality
d. None of the above

48. The disagreement between the views that there are five or six major traits focuses on the
existence (or not) of the trait of_______.
*a. honesty-humility
b. community solidarity
c. impulse control
d. none of the above

49. Expectancies, personal constructs, and schemas are important concepts within the _______
approach to personality.
a. attachment/exploration
*b. cognitive/social learning
c. humanistic/existential/narrative
d. evolutionary psychology

50. Within Walter Mischel’s CAPS theory, the interpretations we give to information we get
from the world are called_______.
a. affects
b. beliefs
*c. encodings
d. values

51. Within Mischel’s CAPS theory, self-efficacy is an example of _______.

a. encoding
*b. expectancy
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c. goal
d. self-regulation

52. The distinction between deficiency needs and growth needs has been proposed by_______.
*a. Abraham Maslow
b. Carl Jung
c. Carl Rogers
d. Dan McAdams

53. A motto that aptly characterizes a self-actualized person is . . .

a. Money makes the world go round
b. Climb every mountain
c. Keep your hands off my motto
*d. To thine own self be true

54. The concept of a fullyfunctioning person was first proposed by_______.

a. Hans Eysenck
b. Karen Horney
c. George Kelly
*d. Carl Rogers

55. Anticipating future events is the keystone concept of_______.

a. Hans Eysenck
b. Karen Horney
*c. George Kelly
d. Carl Rogers

56. Logotherapy is Victor Frankl’s term for . . .

a. Treating individuals who won’t stop talking
b. Using Lincoln Logs in play therapy
*c.The therapy of meaning
d. None of the above

57. According to Dan McAdams’s narrative approach, we give our lives meaning by . . .
a. Reading about famous heros and heroines
*b. Creating our own life story
c. Reading well-written novels
d. All of the above

58. Evolutionary psychology applies to personality by . . .

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a. Explaining universal aspects of human behavior

*b. Explaining personality differences
c. Both of the above
d. Neither of the above

59. According to Richard Alexander, the human mind was naturally selected to_______.
*a. out-think competing human tribes
b. hunt successfully
c. find and keep mates
d. none of the above

60. The function(s) of our prefrontal cortex include_______.

a. mental time travel
b. planning
*c. both of the above
d. neither of the above

61. To some evolutionary psychologists, the existence of personality differences shows . . .

a. We directly evolved from those chimpanzees who show personality differences
*b.Nothing but random noise
c. Personality is the most important concept in evolutionary psychology
d. None of the above

62. Life history theory focuses on . . .

*a. Individual differences in inclusive fitness
b. Genetic differences within families
c. Both of the above
d. Neither of the above

63.When the same underlying genetic structure gives rise to different surface appearances, this is
called_______.
a. a mutation
b. impossible
*c. a conditional adaptation
d. inclusive fitness