Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ON
SUMMER TRAINING
Starting Date of Training: 05/06/2015
End Date of Training: 04/07/2015
First and foremost I would like to thank V.K. BHATT, Project In Charge and special
thanks to Mr. RAJESH SRIVASTAVA, Site Engineer and Mr. NIKHIL PATEL, Jr.
Engineer, who support me through inspiring towards this report. He had provided
me a nice industrial experience.
Last but not the least; I express my gratitude toward my family members, my
teachers and college friends for their kind co-operation and encouragement which
help me in completion of this training.
VI Semester
IET Lucknow
PANCHSHEEL APARTMENTS
PROJECT DETAILS
Project Name: PANCHSHEEL APARTMENT scheme launched by LUCKNOW
DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY and contract for the construction of this multistoried
residential finished house is awarded to MAA VAISNO INFRA CONTRACT PRIVATE
LIMITED.
■Consultant – Manish Shrikhande (Assoc. Professor, Civil Engg. Dept. IIT Roorkee)
INTRODUCTION
The basics needs of human existences are food, clothing’s & shelter. From times
immemorial man has been making efforts in improving their standard of living.
The point of his efforts has been to provide an economic and efficient shelter. The
possession of shelter besides being a basic, used, gives a feeling of security,
responsibility and shown the social status of man.
■ A Peaceful environment.
The engineer has to keep in mind the municipal conditions, building bye
laws, environment, financial capacity, water supply, sewage arrangement,
provision of future, aeration, ventilation etc., in suggestion a particular type of
plan to any client.
1.1-TYPES OF BUILDING:
Buildings are classified on the basis of character of occupancy and type of use as.
1.1.1-Residential Building
1.1.2-Educational Building
1.1.3-Institutional Building
1.1.4-Industrial Building
1.1.1-RESIDENTIAL BUILDING:
1.1.2-EDUCATIONAL BUILDING:
These includes any building using for school, college, assembly for instruction,
education or recreation.
1.1.3-INSTITUTIONAL BUILDING:
These building are used for different purposes, such as medical or other treatment
or care of a person suffering from a physical or mental illnesses. These building
includes hospital, sanatoria, jail etc.
1.1.4-INDUSTRIAL BUILDING:
These are buildings in which products or material s of all kind of properties are
fabricated, assembled, processed. For example refineries, gas plant, mills etc.
1.2-SAFETY INDUCTION
Safety is very important part of any work. An induction video was showed which
highlighted the need and importance of safety at construction site. Most accidents
can be prevented by taking simple measures or adopting proper working
procedures. It is very important to discuss issues on safety and health that should
be paid attention to on construction sites for easy reference by the workers. If we
work carefully and take appropriate safety measures, there will definitely be fewer
work injury cases, and our sites will become a safe and secure place to work in. It
is important to educate everyone in the site regarding safety for following
purposes.
■ Workers safety
■ Construction progress
■ Standard procedure
■ Legal cases
■ Working efficiency
Two standard guidelines are followed for health & environment safety
■ ISO 14001-2004
■ OHSAS 18001-2007
Harnesses
Helmet
Nets
1.3SITE LOCATION
■Land.
■Store.
■Parking space.
■Health unit.
■Transportation facilities.
1.4-FORM WORK
Formwork is a mould or die used to support or shape the concrete until it attains
sufficient strength to carry its self-weight. Formwork holds the concrete until it
hardens to required shape & size.
B-Quality of concrete finish and soundness of concrete depends very much on type
of formwork system.
A-Flex system-
■CT prop.
■Folding tripod.
■Supporting head.
B-Aluform system
■Alufo panel.
■Framing clamp.
■Tie rod.
■Wig nut.
■Steel waler.
■CT prop.
■Foot adopter.
■Head adopter.
■Brackets for safety.
C-Aluminium formwork
■Kicker.
■Rocker.
■Wall panel.
■Slab corner.
■Prop length.
■Prop head.
■Stub pin.
■Wall tie.
Fitting of aluminium
panels in formwork
using wig nut
SECTION-2
2. 1Site clearance.
2. 3Excavation.
2. 5Concreting.
2. 6wall construction.
2. 1SITE CLEARANCE
Zoning laws regulate the setback and other factors that play into equation of
house location a lot. Septic tanks also require special considerations and a
certificate of occupancy is also required for some loaning and legal processes.
Survey is the first step done in any construction site so as to get the required level
of surface. It is also used in level transferrin during construction of retaining wall.
Generally at site survey is carried out by following two instruments.
A-Total station
B-Auto level
Advantages: The following are some of the major advantages of using total
station over the conventional surveying instruments
5. Computers can be employed for map making and plotting contour and cross-
sections. Contour intervals and scales can be changed in no time.
B-Auto level- It is a leveling instrument which was on site checking the elevations
of various points.
Auto level is a modified form of dumpy level. We used auto level to transfer the
level of ground to retaining wall and setting thickness of slab in which first of all
marking was made to fix the level of particular elevations then casting of slab was
performed.
4 – Locate the staff on the formwork of retaining wall and adjust the staff in such
a way so that reading of staff is same as staff reading in step 3.
2. 3.EXCAVATION
Excavation work on the site was being done by the JCB Machines and excavated
soil was transferred using dumpers.
2. 4. FOUNDATION
Footings are strips of concrete or filled concrete blocks placed under foundation
wall. Gravel or crushed stone footings may also be used. The purpose of footing is
to transfer the loads safely in the ground.
■Isolated Footing-
Whenever a column is to be provided near the edge of property and it may not be
permissible to extend the footing beyond a certain limit. In such a case, the load
on the footing will be eccentric and hence this will result in uneven distribution of
load to the supporting soil. Hence, an alternative design would be to provide a
common footing to the edge column and to an interior column close to it.
Combined footings under two or more columns are used under closely spaced,
heavily loaded interior columns where individual footings, if they were provided,
would be either very close to each other, or overlap each other. This footing is
called “combined footing”.
This is a footing that covers the entire area under the structure. This footing is
used when very heavy loads of building are to be transmitted to the underlying soil
having very low and differential bearing capacities. Due to its rigidity, it minimizes
differential settlement. There are several types of raft foundation in use. The most
common types are; the flat slab and the slab-beam types
■When the ground water table is high, rafts are often placed over piles to control
buoyancy.
2.5 CONCRETING
■Concrete mixer.
In framed structure generally brick walls are constructed for partition purpose and
half brick walls are made. But at the site no wall was constructed with brick
because it was a high rise building. All the walls were constructed as RCC wall
because these acts as a shear wall and provide horizontal stability to building and
reduces the deflection.
In framed structure fixed type beams are constructed. In such type of beams
proper reinforcement should be done for positive as well as negative bending
moments.
IS 456:2000.
A view of short
column at site
2.8 SLAB
In one way slab load transfer occurs only in one direction. For one way slab aspect
ratio should be more than or equal to 2. In one way slab reinforcement calculated
is provided only in shorter direction and in other direction distribution steel is
provided.
In two way slab load transfer occurs in both the directions. For two way slab
aspect ratio should be less than 2. In two way slab reinforcement is provided in
both shorter and longer directions and at the supports negative reinforcement is
also provided.
MATERIALS
3.1.1. Cement
The function of cement is to combine with water and to form cement paste. This
paste first sets i.e. it becomes firms and then hardens due to chemical reaction,
called hydration, between the cement and water. On setting & hardening, the
cement binds the aggregate together into a stone like hard mass & thus provides
strength, durability & water-tighten to the concrete. Quality of cement is based on
grade of cement. The grades of cement are as-
■33 Grades
■43 Grades
■53 Grades
■At the site Portland cement of 53 grades (ULTRATECH CEMENT) was used.
3.1.2. Aggregate-
Aggregates are small pieces of broken stones in irregular size and shapes.
Neat cement is very rarely used in construction works since it is liable to shrink too
much and become cracks on setting. Moreover, it will be costly to use neat cement
in construction work. Therefore cement is mixed with some inert strong & durable
hard materials.
They also reduce the cost of concrete because they are comparative much cheaper
as cement.
Types of aggregates:
■Fine Aggregate
■Coarse Aggregate
The aggregate, which pass through 4.75 mm, I.S. sieve and entirely retain on 75
micron (.075mm) I.S. sieve is known as fine aggregate.
■Coarse aggregate-
The aggregate, which pass through 75 mm I.S. sieve and entirely retain on 4.75 I.S.
sieve is known as coarse aggregates.
3.1.3 Reinforcement
The material that develops a good bond with concrete in order to increase its
strength is called reinforcement. Steel bars are highly strong in tension, shear,
bending moment, torsion and compression.
■Function of reinforcement-
The bars were of grade Fe415 for 8mm and Fe500 for other diameter bars.
■The main reason of using steel bars in RCC is that, the coefficients of thermal
expansion of steel bars and concrete is of approximately equal value.
3.1.4 Fly ash-
At the site, a small amount of fly ash was also being used which is produced by
burning of coal in thermal power plants.
The main advantages of using fly ash in building construction are as follows-
3.1.5 Admixtures-
Admixtures are generally used to affect workability of concrete mix and to reduce
water content. Admixtures also increases the target mean strength of concrete
At the site HYPERPLAST PC- 711 (MADE BY- DON CHEMICALS) admixture was
being used to increase workability and to reduce quantity of water in concrete
mix.
Types of admixtures-
■Accelerators
■Retarders
■Water reducers/plasticizers/superplasticizers
■Bonding admixtures
3.1.6Other materials-
■Stone dust
■Plywood
3.2-EQUIPMENTS USED
3.2.1Concrete pump
3.2.3Crane
QUALITY CONTROL
Quality control is the part of quality management that ensures products and
service comply with requirements. It is a work method that facilitates the
measurement of the quality characteristics of a unit, compares them with the
established standards, and analyses the differences between the results obtained
and the desired results in order to make decisions which will correct any
differences.
Technical specifications define the type of controls that must be carried out to
ensure the construction works are carried out correctly. They include not only
products materials, but also the execution and completion of the works.
■Causes for poor quality These can be summarized as ignorance, poor materials,
poor design, poor detailing, poor workmanship, improper quantity of cement,
improper concrete mix, excess water, inadequate compaction, substandard forms,
inadequate curing, inadequate cover, poor construction practices, poor
supervision and above all lack of technical knowledge.
■Level of formwork should be same throughout the building while casting the slab
■There should be a lab to test the properties of Green Concrete like slump, initial
setting time etc.
At site a concrete mix design was being followed for exact proportioning which
is as follows-
4.2QUALITY CONTROL IN REINFOREMENT
■Steel bars should be placed at dry places to prevent them from corrosion.
■For quality assurance of steel a test report was also given to company by TATA
STEEL LIMITED.
Image of steel test report showing Yield strength & Ultimate tensile strength
SECTION -5
CONTRIBUTION
■In the retaining wall two sided reinforcement was provided with 16mm steel bars
with 200mm c/c spacing.
WALL
At the site all the walls were provided with two sided reinforcement and
constructed by concrete which may work as shear wall during earthquake or wind
blow. In general buildings lift pit acts as shear wall and reduces horizontal
deflection of building during horizontal loading.
LIFT PIT SERVES AS SHEAR WALL A VIEW OF REINFORCEMENT IN RCC WALL
5.4TREMIX FLOORING
Tremix flooring is a special type of flooring mostly being done in the industrial
sector. It provides better wearing and tearing properties.
Since the building was also designed for underground parking facility so tremix
flooring was done for this purpose. In this process any type of reinforcement was
not provided, only concreting was done by M35 concrete with required slope.