1484 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS, VOL. MAG-20, NO.

5 , SEPTEMBER 1984

CORE LOSSES W I T H TRAPEZOIDAL WAVE FORM OF INDUCTION

PI BRISSONNEAU AND D, LEBOUC

Introduction

The specifications of a soft magnetic material de- Then v and Y being proportional, (1) becomes :
pend on the dynamics of domain walls. Usually the core Y =i a' (H - Hcrit> (2)
losses are measured with sinusoi'dal
a shaped induction.
However, due to the development of new components and With such a model the dynamic cycle is rectangular
materials (magnets, semi-conductors) induction in many and the loss per cycle expression is:
machines is often non-sinusoi'dal and working frequen-
cies are higher than 50 and 60 Hz. For instance, in w = 4 H$ (J.m-3) (3)
permanent magnet motors the induction has generally a
trapezoidal wave form versus time. The knowledge of SubstitutingforH from ( 2 ) into (3) yields this
core losses with such an induction wave form can be linear relation between w Y and
becomes
a significant contribution to improve magnet motor
design. A Y +
w = 4B (- Herit)
a'
Method of measurement and experimental results
Four types of 0.1 mm thick magnetic sheets have been
Values of Hcrit and a' deduced from w - y curves are
tested : one CoFe, two kinds of Grain Oriented Si3Fe given in Table 3. The variationof a' can be explained
and one Ni50Fe alloy. The measurements have been per- bytheincreasingofthedomainwallsareawithy
formed with an Epstein frame especially built to which can be due either to domain refinement ( [31 )
minimize the systematic errors due to capacitances or to wall bowing ( [41 ) .
at medium frequencies [l] . The measurements device
is represented in Figure 1. The experiments have been Conclusion
made between 400 Hz and 800 Hz with several rise
time T (Fis.2) from 80 us to 600 )IS. In this fre- The core losses with trapezoi'dal wave form of induc-
quency range the specific losses are experimentally tion are strongly dependant on the rate of change of
proportional to frequency (Table 1) and hence the induction y .
In spite of its simplicity, the proposed
losses per cycle depend only on rise time T and peak model offers a good explanation for the experimental
induction 8 . The experimental results at 600 Hz are results. The losses can be UP to three times larger
reported- in Figure 3 . At this frequency, for slow rise than those with sinusoldal wave for value of y which
times, ( T = 600 ps) the losses are similar to those can be reduced in some permanent magnet motors.
with
sinusoi'dal
wave
but
quick
a risetimes
(T = 80 p s ) they are three times larger for NiFe and References
SiFe and only one and half times for CoFe (Table 2).
[: 1 1 L. BRUGEL, P. BRISSONNEAU, A. KEDOUS and J.C
PERRIER : The epstein frame errors at medium fre-
Discussion quencies ; SMM6 Conference, Eger (Hungary),
September 83
The losses are always due to a variation Of induction
and hence,with atrapezoydal wave form, they OCCUP only [ 2 1 WILLIAMS, SHOCKLEY and KITTEL: Studies of the
during the phases of reversal of induction.This propagation velocityof ferromagnetic domain
change which happens twice p%r period is completely boundary, Phys.Rev.,vol 80, pp logo-, 1950
determined by its amplitude 2B and its duration T .
Thus the losses per cycle depend onlyonpeak induction [ 3 1 K. J.OVERSHOTT andS. HILL : An assesment of the
and rise time and not on frequency. Figure 4 shows origin of losses in grain-oriented3 % silicon-
the experimental variation of the losses Per CYSle W iron, SMM2 Conference, Cardiff (U.K.), April 75
against the rate of change of induction y ( Y = 2B/T 1.
These curves, in first approximation, can be conside- [ 41 J.E.L. BISHOP : Simulation of domain wall
red as straight. This fact can be described with a in (110) and (100) [OOll Oriented SiFe, IEEE
single wall model assuming that: Trans. Mag. vol MAG-16, pp 129-139, 1980
- the domain wallarea is constant
- the relation connecting the velocityof a
domain wall w and the applied magnetic
-
field H is linear 2 :
v a(H - Hcrit) (1)

where H is a critical field having a value about

cri t
equal to coercive field one and CI is the mobility of
domain wall.

The authors are with Laboratoire d'Electrotechnique

de Grenoble (LA 355 CNRS) 38402 Saint Martin
d'HSres, France.

0018-9464/84/0900-1484$01.0001984 IEEE
 1485

120ps

400 Hz 121

PRINCIPLE OF M E A S U R E M E N T S
600 Hz 122
I I I I

800 HZ 123 94 74 44 : Principle of measurements device

:;::
Table 1 : Losses per cycle inmJ/kg forthe SiFe2 Sample
at different frequenciesand rising times T
(B :
: 1.6 T)

f =, 600 !.is
-

7
-- - I---
1,6 T 1,4T 1,6 T 1,4 T 1,6 2
-
- 11.5 ".
I__

82.6 22.4 30.5

: Trapezoldal induction waverorm

56.5 25.1 73.4 19.6 26.7

-
61.5 77.6 51.7
- .41,4
'Table
-. 2 : Specific losses inW/kg at 600 Hz

I 1 I

A k
B 1, 4 T 1,6 T 1,4 T .1,6 T 1,4 T 1,6 T

NiFe 17.5 - 0.49 - 0.49 -

SiFel 38.5 45 0.25 0.32 0.44 0.46

SiFe2 32 29.5 0.24 0.34 0.45 0.34

L

CoFe 95 86.5 0.42 0.47 0.76 0.68

Table 3 : Values of Hcrit in A.m-l and a'

in T.ps-l A.m-1 10-3 . .
(a' , and represent thelowerandthehigher
rnm
values of a' deduced from experimental curves).

: SFjecific losses w versus rising time

T at
600 Hz
1486

-.-
-.-SF82
NlFe

Ffg..l : Experimental variation of the losses per cycle

W against the rate of change of induction y.