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BERNOULLI EQUATION
The motion of a fluid is usually extremely complex.
1
Chapter 5 – Fluid in Motion – The Bernoulli Equation
Figure 1
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Chapter 5 – Fluid in Motion – The Bernoulli Equation
Figure 2
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Chapter 5 – Fluid in Motion – The Bernoulli Equation
Figure 3
4
Chapter 5 – Fluid in Motion – The Bernoulli Equation
ρvD
Re =
µ
Figure 4
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Chapter 5 – Fluid in Motion – The Bernoulli Equation
Bernoulli Equation
Figure 5
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Chapter 5 – Fluid in Motion – The Bernoulli Equation
Dividing by ρAδs
1 δp δv δz
0= +v + g
ρ δs δs δs
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Chapter 5 – Fluid in Motion – The Bernoulli Equation
In the limit as δs → 0
1 dp dv dz
0= +v +g (eq.1)
ρ ds ds ds
8
Chapter 5 – Fluid in Motion – The Bernoulli Equation
2
p1 v p2 v22
+ + z1 = 1
+ + z2
ρg 2 g ρg 2 g (eq.3)
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Chapter 5 – Fluid in Motion – The Bernoulli Equation
Physical Interpretation
10
Chapter 5 – Fluid in Motion – The Bernoulli Equation
Figure 6
11
Chapter 5 – Fluid in Motion – The Bernoulli Equation
p2 = p1 + 12 ρv12
dynamic pressure.
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Chapter 5 – Fluid in Motion – The Bernoulli Equation
Figure 7
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Chapter 5 – Fluid in Motion – The Bernoulli Equation
Figure 8
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Chapter 5 – Fluid in Motion – The Continuity Equation
CONTINUITY EQUATION
Figure 1
m& = ρQ = ρAV
m& : Mass flowrate
Q : Volume flowrate
A : Outlet area
V : Average velocity
1
Chapter 5 – Fluid in Motion – The Continuity Equation
2
Chapter 5 – Fluid in Motion – Examples of use of the Bernoulli equation.
Figure 1
1
Chapter 5 – Fluid in Motion – Examples of use of the Bernoulli equation.
Nozzle
(a) (b)
Figure 2
2
Chapter 5 – Fluid in Motion – Examples of use of the Bernoulli equation.
Figure 3
3
Chapter 5 – Fluid in Motion – Examples of use of the Bernoulli equation.
Figure 4
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Chapter 5 – Fluid in Motion – Examples of use of the Bernoulli equation.
Figure 5
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Chapter 5 – Fluid in Motion – Examples of use of the Bernoulli equation.
Figure 6
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Chapter 5 – Fluid in Motion – Examples of use of the Bernoulli equation.
A rectangular weir
Figure 7
Q = C1 Hb 2 gH = C1b(H )
3
2 ( 2g )
7
Chapter 5 – Fluid in Motion – Examples of use of the Bernoulli equation.
A triangular weir
Figure 8
Q=C (
1
2 2 tan θ )(H )
5
2 ( 2g )
8
Chapter 5 – Fluid in Motion – Examples of use of the Bernoulli equation.
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Chapter 5 – Fluid in Motion – Examples of use of the Bernoulli equation.
Figure 9
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Chapter 5 – Fluid in Motion – Examples of use of the Bernoulli equation.
Figure 10
11
Chapter 6 – Kinematics of Fluid Motion
Figure 1
1
Chapter 6 – Kinematics of Fluid Motion
Example 1
Example 2
Example 3
2
Chapter 6 – Kinematics of Fluid Motion
Figure 2
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Chapter 6 – Kinematics of Fluid Motion
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Chapter 6 – Kinematics of Fluid Motion
Streamlines
Figure 3
dy v
=
dx u
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Chapter 6 – Kinematics of Fluid Motion
Figure 4
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Chapter 6 – Kinematics of Fluid Motion
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Chapter 6 – Kinematics of Fluid Motion
Figure 5
V A = V A (rA , t ) = V A [ x A (t ), y A (t ), z A (t ), t ]
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Chapter 6 – Kinematics of Fluid Motion
∂V ∂V ∂V ∂V
a= +u +v +w
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z
(x-axis)
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u
ax = +u +v +w
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z
(y-axis)
∂v ∂v ∂v ∂v
ay = +u +v +w
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z
(z-axis)
∂w ∂w ∂w ∂w
az = +u +v +w
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z
9
Chapter 6 – Kinematics of Fluid Motion
Convective Effects
Figure 6
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Chapter 6 – Kinematics of Fluid Motion
Example 4
The x and y components of a velocity field are given
by u=x2y and v=-xy2. Determine the equation for the
streamlines of this flow.
Example 5
A velocity field is given by u=cx2 and v=cy2, where c
is a constant. Determine the x and y components of
the acceleration. At what point (points) in the flow is
the acceleration zero.
Example 6
Determine the acceleration field for a
three-dimensional flow with velocity components,
u=-x, v=4x2y2 and w=x-y.
11
Chapter 6 – Kinematics of Fluid Motion
Example 7
Figure 7
Example 8
Figure 8
3
V0=40m/s and V = V0 sin θ . Determine the streamwise
2
and normal components of acceleration at point A if
the radius of the sphere is a=0.20m.
12
Chapter 6 – Kinematics of Fluid Motion
Streamline Coordinates
Figure 9
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Chapter 6 – Kinematics of Fluid Motion
Figure 10
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Chapter 6 – Kinematics of Fluid Motion
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Chapter 6 – Kinematics of Fluid Motion
B = m⋅b
V2
If B is the kinetic energy of mass, B = m 2 ,
V2
then b = 2 , the kinetic energy per mass.
2
Chapter 6 – Kinematics of Fluid Motion
Figure 1
DBsys ∂
Dt
= ∫
∂t cv
ρbdV + ∫ ρbV ⋅ nˆ ⋅ dA
cs
3
Chapter 7 – Continuity Equation and Linear Momentum
CONTINUITY EQUATION
Derivation of the Continuity Equation
Or
DM sys
=0
Dt
M sys = ∫ ρ ⋅ dV
sys
1
Chapter 7 – Continuity Equation and Linear Momentum
D ∂
∫
Dt sys
ρ ⋅ dV = ∫
∂t cv
ρdV + ∫ ρV ⋅ nˆ ⋅ dA
cs
∂
∂t cv∫
ρdV shows the time rate of change of the
mass of the contents of the control
volume.
∫ ρV ⋅ nˆdA
cs
shows the net rate of mass flow
through the control surface.
∂
∫
∂t cv
ρd V = 0
2
Chapter 7 – Continuity Equation and Linear Momentum
∫ ρV ⋅ nˆdA
cs
is mass flowrate through dA
It can be shown as ;
∫ ρV ⋅ nˆdA = ∑ m&
cs
out − ∑ m& in
m& = ρQ = ρAV
V =V
3
Chapter 7 – Continuity Equation and Linear Momentum
∂
∫
∂t cv
ρd V = 0
4
Chapter 7 – Continuity Equation and Linear Momentum
Their relation is ;
V = W + Vcv
5
Chapter 7 – Continuity Equation and Linear Momentum
∂
∫
∂t cv
ρdV + ∫ ρW ⋅ nˆdA = 0
cs
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Chapter 7 – Continuity Equation and Linear Momentum
LINEAR MOMENTUM
Derivation of the Linear Momentum Equation
D
∫VρdV = ∑ Fsys
Dt sys
1
Chapter 7 – Continuity Equation and Linear Momentum
It can be written as ;
D ∂
∫
Dt sys
VρdV = ∫
∂t cv
VρdV + ∫ VρV ⋅ nˆdA
cs
∂
∫ VρdV + ∫ VρV ⋅ nˆ dA = ∑ Fcontents of the
∂t cv cs control volume
2
Chapter 7 – Continuity Equation and Linear Momentum
3
Chapter 7 – Continuity Equation and Linear Momentum
Fx = ρQ∆v x
Fy = ρQ∆v y
FR = Fx2 + Fy2
4
Chapter 7 – Continuity Equation and Linear Momentum
Force on x-direction
Fx = R x = ρQ∆v x = ρQ(v2 x − v1x ) = ρQv1
Force on y-direction
Fy = R y = ρQ∆v y = ρQ(v2 y − v1 y ) = ρQv2
5
Chapter 7 – Continuity Equation and Linear Momentum
CONTINUITY EQUATION
Derivation of the Continuity Equation
DBsystem D ∂
Dt
= ∫
Dt system
ρdV = ∫
∂t cv
bρdV + ∫ bρVnˆ dA
cs
B = mass
b=1
DBsystem Dmsystem
= =0
Dt Dt
1
Chapter 7 – Continuity Equation and Linear Momentum
∂
∂t cv∫
ρdV shows the time rate of change of the
mass of the contents of the control
volume.
∫ ρV ⋅ nˆdA
cs
shows the net rate of mass flow
through the control surface.
∂
∫
∂t cv
ρd V = 0
2
Chapter 7 – Continuity Equation and Linear Momentum
Example:
Figure 1
3
Chapter 8 – Pipe Flow
PIPE FLOW
The Energy Equation
1
Chapter 8 – Pipe Flow
EXAMPLE 1
Figure 1
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Chapter 8 – Pipe Flow
EXAMPLE 2
Figure 2
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Chapter 8 – Pipe Flow
EXAMPLE 3
Figure 3
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Chapter 8 – Pipe Flow
EXAMPLE 4
Figure 4
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Chapter 8 – Pipe Flow
PIPE FLOW
General Characteristic of Pipe Flow
Figure 1
1
Chapter 8 – Pipe Flow
2
Chapter 8 – Pipe Flow
Figure 3
3
Chapter 8 – Pipe Flow
ρVD
Re =
µ
ρ : Density (kg/m3)
V : Average velocity in pipe (m/s)
D : Diameter of pipe (m)
µ : Dynamic viscosity (Ns/m2)
5
Chapter 8 – Pipe Flow
Figure 4
6
Chapter 8 – Pipe Flow
le
= 0.06(Re ) (for laminar flow)
D
and
le 1
= 4.4(Re )6 (for turbulent flow)
D
7
Chapter 8 – Pipe Flow
Figure 5
8
Chapter 8 – Pipe Flow
ρVL
Reflat plate =
µ
9
Chapter 8 – Pipe Flow
PIPE FLOW
Losses in Pipe
That is ;
hL = hL-major + hL-minor
1
Chapter 8 – Pipe Flow
Major Losses
l V2
hL −major = f
D 2g
where f is friction factor.
2
Chapter 8 – Pipe Flow
3
Chapter 8 – Pipe Flow
⎛ε ⎞
= −2.0 log⎜ D + ⎟
1 2.51
f ⎜ 3.7 Re f ⎟
⎝ ⎠
4
Chapter 8 – Pipe Flow
Minor Losses
V2
hL − minor = KL
2g
where KL is the loss coefficient.
5
Chapter 8 – Pipe Flow
A1 A1
Condition: =0 or =∞
A2 A2
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Chapter 8 – Pipe Flow
A1 A1
Condition: =0 or =∞
A2 A2
7
Chapter 8 – Pipe Flow
2 2 2
⎛ A ⎞ ⎛ A ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
K L = ⎜⎜1 − 2 ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜1 − 2 ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜1 − ⎟⎟
⎝ A1 ⎠ ⎝ Ac ⎠ ⎝ C c ⎠
8
Chapter 8 – Pipe Flow
2
⎛ A1 ⎞
K L = ⎜1 − ⎟⎟
⎜
⎝ A2 ⎠
9
Chapter 8 – Pipe Flow
EXAMPLE 1
Figure 1
10
Chapter 8 – Pipe Flow
EXAMPLE 2
Figure 2
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Chapter 8 – Pipe Flow
EXAMPLE 3
Figure 3
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Chapter 8 – Pipe Flow
13
Chapter 8 – Pipe Flow
PIPE FLOW
A pipe system which has only one pipe line is called
single pipe system.
1
Chapter 8 – Pipe Flow
Figure 1
Q1 = Q2 = Q3
and
hL ( A− B ) = hL1 + hL 2 + hL 3
2
Chapter 8 – Pipe Flow
Figure 2
and
hL1 = hL 2 = hL 3
3
Chapter 8 – Pipe Flow
Figure 3
Q1 = Q2 + Q3
4
Chapter 8 – Pipe Flow
PA V A2 PB VB2
+ + zA = + + z B + hL1 + hL 2
ρg 2 g ρg 2 g
PA V A2 PB VB2
+ + zA = + + z B + hL1 + hL 3
ρg 2 g ρg 2 g
5
Chapter 8 – Pipe Flow
Three-reservoir system
Figure 4
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Chapter 8 – Pipe Flow
EXAMPLE 1
EXAMPLE 2
7
Chapter 8 – Pipe Flow
EXAMPLE 3
Figure 5
8
Chapter 9 – Buckingham Pi Theorem
BUCKINGHAM PI THEOREM
Dimensional Analysis
For example;
F=ma
F=MLT-2
Unit : F=kg.m/s
1
Chapter 9 – Buckingham Pi Theorem
Buckingham Pi Theorem
2
Chapter 9 – Buckingham Pi Theorem
3
Chapter 9 – Buckingham Pi Theorem
Selection of Variables
Geometry :
The geometry characteristics can be usually be
described by a series of lengths and angles.
Example: length [L]
Material properties :
More relates to the kinematic properties of fluid
particles.
Example: velocity [LT-1]
External effects :
This terminology is used to denote any variable that
produces, or tends to produce, a change in the system.
For fluid mechanics, variables in this class would be
related to pressure, velocities, or gravity.
(combination of geometry and material properties)
Example: force [MLT-2]
4
Chapter 9 – Buckingham Pi Theorem
5
Chapter 9 – Buckingham Pi Theorem
items Problems
6
Chapter 9 – Buckingham Pi Theorem
7
Chapter 9 – Buckingham Pi Theorem
8
Chapter 9 – Buckingham Pi Theorem
9
Chapter 9 – Buckingham Pi Theorem
1
Chapter 9 – Buckingham Pi Theorem
Theory of Models
2
Chapter 9 – Buckingham Pi Theorem
3
Chapter 9 – Buckingham Pi Theorem
Model scales
1
For example, as 1:10 or as a 10
scale model.
4
Chapter 9 – Buckingham Pi Theorem