Rice is the most important human food crop in the world, directly feeding more people

than any other crop. In 2012, nearly half of world’s population – more than 3 billion people –
relied on rice every day. It is also the staple food across Asia where around half of the world’s
poorest people live and is becoming increasingly important in Africa and Latin America
Rice has been found in archaeological sites dating to 8000 bc, although the date of rice
domestication is a matter of continuing debate. Two species of domesticated rice, Oryza sativa
(Asian) and Oryza glaberrima (African) are grown globally. O. glaberrima, was domesticated
much later in West Africa. Recent genetic evidence show that all forms of Asian rice, bothO. sativa
indica domesticated in Indian Sub-continent (about 2500 BC) andO. sativa japonica domesticated
in Central China (7000 BC), come from a single domestication event that occurred 8,200–13,500
years ago in the Pearl River valley region of China.
Oryza is thought to have originated about 14 million years ago in Malesia.Since then, it
has evolved, diversified, and dispersed, and wild Oryza species are now distributed throughout the
tropics. Their genomes can be classified into 11 groups labeled AA to LL, and most of the species
can be grouped into four complexes of closely related species in two major sections of the genus.
Just two species, both diploids, have no close relatives and are placed in their own sections of the
genus: O. australiensis and O. brachyantha.
The evolutionary history of rice is complex, but recent work has shed light on the genetics
of the transition from wild (Oryza rufipogon) to domesticated (Oryza sativa) rice. The types of
genes involved and the geographic and genetic distribution of alleles will allow scientists to better
understand our ancestors and breed better rice for our descendents. Compare both wild (Oryza
rufipogon) and rice (Oryza sativa), numerous traits separate wild and domesticated rices including
changes in: pericarp colour, shattering, panicle architecture, tiller number, mating type and number
and size of seeds. Wild rice are consistently small while domesticated rice have a many variation
in size. The panicle structure has changed from an open panicle with few secondary branches
bearing relatively few wild, to a densely packed panicle that can carry larger numbers of seeds
than the wild ancestors.
Hybrid rice is any genealogy of rice produced by crossbreeding different kinds of rice. As
with other types of hybrids, hybrid rice typically displays heterosis (or hybrid vigor) such that
when it is grown under the same conditions as comparable high-yielding inbred rice varieties.
High-yield crops, like hybrid rice, are one of the most important tools for combating world food
crises.
In 1974, Chinese scientists, Dr. Yuan Longping (as know as Father of Hybrid Rice),
successfully transferred the male sterility gene from wild to create rice and hybrid combination.
The firstly in the world generation of hybrid rice varieties were three-line hybrids and produced
yields that were about 15 to 20 % greater than those of improved or high-yielding varieties of the
same growth duration. In China, hybrid rice is estimated to be planted on more than 60% of rice-
growing land there and it is credited with helping the country increase its rice yields.
In crop breeding, although the use of heterosis in first-generation seeds (or F1) is well
known, its application in rice was limited because of the self-pollination character of that crop.
Hybride rice production with transferred the male sterility gene from wild rice to create the
cytoplasmic genetic male-sterile system, which three line system ( Cytoplasmic male sterile line,
Maintainer line, and Restorer line).
(Please continue to explain each line)