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2 Tipos Acústicas (CBIL, STAR, UBI)
Resistivas (FMS - FMI, CAST, EMI)
Bo Bo Bo Bo
90o M
M=0
M M
B1
180o
Polarization
Echo
Signal
M=Moe-t/T2
Signal
Signal
Spins Spins
Signal
M=Mo(1-e-t/T1) M rephase dephase
mS M=0 mS
mS mS
NMR CPMG Measurements
M0(Φ) TE
- 1
1 t
e T1
CMR-200 CMR-Plus
CMR-Plus
sonde cross CMR-Plus tool has an
section extra 18-in. magnet
section.
Magnetic Resonance Interpretation
Principles Increasing relaxation time
0.3 ms 3000 ms
Porosity = 20% T2 time
k = 7.5 md
Permeability = 7.5 md
k = a φ4 (FFV/BFV)Increasing
2
relaxation time
0.3 ms 3000 ms
Porosity = 19.5% T2 time
k = 279 md
Permeability = 279 md
3 NMR Relaxation Mechanisms
Relaxation or “Energy Loss” Caused By:
1. Surface Relaxation
– Energy Loss due to Fluids Interacting with Pore Wall
2. Bulk Relaxation
– Large Pores
– Fluids Not in Contact with Pore Walls
3. Diffusion in Gradient Relaxation
– Resonant Condition a Function of Magnetic Field
– Magnetic Field Varies in Space
NMR Polarization Decay –T2
3 T2 Relaxation Mechanisms
– Surface
– Bulk
– Diffusion properties:
1 1 1 1
= B + S + D
T2 T2 T2 T2
NMR Relaxation Mechanisms
• Surface Relaxation • Bulk Relaxation
• Diffusion Relaxation
Smaller BO Larger
Field Field 1 1 1
= .B + .S
T1 T1 T1
Echo
1 1 1 1
= .B + .S + .D
T2 T2 T2 T2
180°
Echo Puls
e
NMR
Surface Relaxation
Small Pores = Short Large Pores = Long Decay
Decay Time Time
1 Surface
α
Volume pore
T2
Effect of Pore Size & Mineralogy
Small Pores Large Pores
Short Decay Time Long Decay Time
Pore
size
1 S
.S = ρ 2
T2 V pore
Mineralogy
F
F Rock
e
e Grain
Rock F
Grain e
F
Rock e
F Grain
e
Pore Size and T2 Distribution
A=Ao e - t/T2
Echo Amplitude A
T2=80 ms
T2 Distribution
T2=20 ms
T2=5 ms
Suppose 3 pore sizes time t 5 20 80 T2 (ms)
in the formation NMR logging tool measures
the composite signal decay Composite signal is
(black dots=echoes) Inverted into its
Hydrogen in these pores Components
relax at:
1 1 1 1 1 S
= + + =ρ
T T T T T V
2T 2S 2B 2D 2S
T2 Distribution
Large pore Æ long T2
Small pore Æ short T2
Bulk Relaxation (T1B & T2B)
Oil 1 0 0 % Wat er
0 % Kerosene
1 0 -2 1 0 -1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 0 3 1 0 4
Relaxat ion Times ( ms)
TE2
TE3
1 Oil Water
D(γG)2TE2
=
T2D 12
Oil T2 Distributions
Constituent viscosity
a(k)
T2(k)
MR Fluid Characterization
Echo Spacing 0.2 ms 2 ms 4 ms
Oil (10cp)
T2 = 150 ms
D = 2x10-10 m2s-1
Oil (1 cp)
T2 = 1500 ms
D = 2x10-9 m2s-1
100 ms
- Oil-Base mud - Water -Base mud
- Gas zones - Water zones
- Short WT - Long WT