Tugas

Sistem Penambangan Bawah Tanah 2018

(Dr. Teuku A.R. Putra)

NAMA : FIRDA YUNINING

NIM :1604108010013

GEOLOGICAL
DATA

This is a copper deposit, approximately 2200-m long ~200-m wide, 1900-m high and is buried by
about ~900-m of overburden. The dip is about 75⁰ – 80⁰.
The ore is strong and moderately fractured; the waste rock is weak and highly fractured. The
fracture spacing in the ore zone is wide and it is very wide in the footwall and wide in the hanging
wall host rock. Fracture strength is moderate in the ore zone and weak in the hangingwall and
moderate in the footwall. The following figure shows the structure of the existing open pit mine
and future underground orebody.

~700 m
Mined-out

~500 m
~800 m
~1500 m
~1550 m

Pillar
(low grade)
~900 m
New orebody
(high grade)

To develop the geometry model of the mineralization zone the engineering team work have created
a block model with the following characteristics:

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Block size : 25 x 25 x 25 m
Total Block model dimension : 625 x 625 x 625 m
Origin : E: 60,400; N: 37,500; Elevation: 5,800

N
Elevation
E

Origin

Block Model
Statistics Data:
Average : 2.71 Cu%
Min. : 1.65 Cu%
Max : 3.24 Cu%
Std : 0.6814
Blocks : 1,944

The tonnage factor for this mineral is 12.5 m3/ton. The table below shows the total resource and
its distribution by sub levels. Each block contain of 10,000 tons of ore.

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 Sub Level Name Sub Level High Number of
(m) (m) Blocks Cu%
7100 50 23 2.69
7050 50 37 2.71
7000 50 40 2.85
6950 50 47 3.2
6900 50 65 3.24
6850 50 88 3.12
6800 50 121 3
6750 50 152 2.91
6700 50 155 2.79
6650 50 150 2.67
6600 50 143 2.58
6550 50 137 2.56
6500 50 104 2.69
6450 50 71 2.75
6400 50 71 2.89
6350 50 90 2.76
6300 50 80 2.74
6250 50 70 2.58
6200 50 55 2.48
6150 50 55 2.42
6100 50 50 2.26
6050 50 43 2.21
6000 50 42 2.06
5950 50 28 1.99
5900 50 17 1.77
5850 50 10 1.65

MAIN
QUESTION

The company has decided to continue the mining of this orebody due to increase in copper price
($/kg). The team of mining and geological engineers has two options to evaluate. These are:

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Option 1 Continue with the open pit operation: As one of the options, they would like to know
how far they can go with the existing pit operation (see dashed lines in the structure of orebody
figure) and then switch to underground operation…

Option 2 Continue with an underground operation: Due to an extensive drillhole program and
detailed reserve calculations, geologists believe that this new orebody has very high grade
distribution than they have been mining with the open pit operation (see dashed lined area). So,
mining engineers have decided that they should also look into an underground operation without
extending the existing pit operation....in other words, switch to underground operation, right
now…can we do that?...well, you will decide that…

Your task is to evaluate this new high-grade orebody with an underground operation based
on the figure and information given above.

REQUIRED SUB-TASKS FOR THE MAIN QUESTION GIVEN ABOVE

1. Select a mining method based on the geometry of the orebody/Mineralization zone. You can
rank the potential underground mining methods by using the method out lined by Nicholas.

2. Describe the mining method you choose. It will cover the description of the method, the
development, the longhole drilling and ore handling.

3. Layout your primary developments based on your mining method.

4. Layout your developments for each production level based on the mining method you chosen.

Diketahui:
 Karakteristik badan bijih tembaga:
Panjang (p) = 2200 meter
Lebar (l) = 200 meter
Tinggi (t) = 1900 meter
Kemiringan (dip) = 75⁰-80⁰
 Ore Zone
Kekuatan Badan bijih = kuat (strong)
Fracture spacing bijih tembaga = wide

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 Fracture shear strength bijih tembaga = moderate
 Foot Wall
Fracture spacing foot wall = very wide.
Fracture shear strength foot wall = moderate(clean joint with a rough surface).

 Hanging Wall
Fracture spacing hanging wall = wide.
Fracture shear strength hanging wall = weak( clean joint with a smooth surface or fill with
material whose strength is less than rock substance strength)

Ditanya :
Metode penambangan yang tepat untuk karakteristik badan bijih tembaga tersebut berdasarkan
metode Nicholas?
PENYELESAIAN:
Pemilihan metode penambangan
a. Geometri/ Penyebaran Deposit
1. ketebalan bijih tembaga dengan panjang 2200m, lebar 200m ,dan tinggi 1900m.
ditutupi oleh over buden(OB) 900m . berdasarkan table 9 pada metode Nicholas, maka
badan bijih tembaga itu masuk kedalam karakteristik ore thickness (very thick) dengan
lebar >100 m (>325 ft).
2. Plunge
Plunge yang dimiliki bijih tembaga yaitu 75⁰ - 80⁰, maka berdasarkan table 9 nicholas
plunge tembaga tersebut termasuk dalam kategori steep (>55⁰).
b. Ore Zone
1. kekuatan subtansi batuan pada bijih tembaga ini dikategorikan strong (kuat) dimana
tekanan uniaxial(Pa)/ tekanan OB(Pa). Dengan waste rock yang lemah dan mudah
retak.
2. Fracture Spacing
Fracture spacing bijih tembaga itu wide dengan jarak 3-10 meter.
3. Fracture shear strength

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 Fracture shear strength bijih tembaga dikategorikan moderate( clean joint with a rough
surface).
c. Foot Wall
1. Fracture Spacing
Fracture spacing foot wall dikategorikan very wide.
2. Fracture shear strength
Fracture shear strength foot wall dikategorikan moderate(clean joint with a rough
surface).
d. Hanging Wall
1. Fracture Spacing
Fracture spacing hanging wall dikategorikan wide.
2. Fracture shear strength hanging wall dikategorikan weak( clean joint with a smooth
surface or fill with material whose strength is less than rock substance strength).

Berikut tabel metode Nicholas untuk pemilihan metode penambangan yang akan
digunakan:
Rock
Fracture Fracture Ore
Ore Zone Substance Ore Plunge
Strenght Spacing Thickness JUMLAH
Strength
MINING METHOD Strong Moderate Wide Steep Very
Block Caving 1 3 3 4 Thick
4 15
Sublevel Stoping 4 2 1 4 3 14
Sublevel Caving 3 2 4 4 4 17
Longwall 0 3 0 -49 -49 -95
Room and Pillar 4 2 2 0 -49 -41
Shrinkage Stoping 4 2 3 4 3 16
Cut and Fill 2 3 2 4 0 11
Top Slicing 3 2 2 2 4 13
Square Set 1 3 2 3 1 10

Hanging Wall Foot Wall

Fracture Fracture Fracture Fracture SUM
MINING METHOD
Strenght Spacing Spacing Strength
Weak Wide Very Wide Moderate
Block Caving 4 3 3 3 13
Sublevel Stoping 0 1 4 1 6
Sublevel Caving 4 3 4 2 13
Longwall 4 3 3 3 13
Room and Pillar 0 2 3 3 8
Shrinkage Stoping 4 3 2 2 11
Cut and Fill 4 2 2 4 12
Top Slicing 4 3 3 2 12
Square Set 4 2 2 4 12

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 Ore Zone Hanging Wall &
MINING METHOD TOTAL
Sum Foot wall
Block Caving 15 13 28
Sublevel Stoping 14 6 20
Sublevel Caving 17 13 30
Longwall -95 13 -82
Room and Pillar -41 8 -33
Shrinkage Stoping 16 11 27
Cut and Fill 11 12 23
Top Slicing 13 12 25
Square Set 10 12 22

Kesimpulan:
Berdasarkan hasil penyeleksian dengan menggunakan tabel metode Nicholas, maka metode
penambangan yang tepat untuk diaplikasikan pada badan bijih tembaga yaitu Sublevel Caving.
karena sublevel caving memiliki nilai tertinggi(30) dari penjumlahan ore zone dan hangingwall &
foot wall. Sublevel caving dapat diterapkan pada badan bijih yang besar dan memiliki kemiringan
yang curam. Dimana kekuatan batuan samping lemah dan dapat pecah menjadi bongkahan-
bongkahan dan akan menjadi penyangga batuan terhadap timber di bawahnya.
Caving membutuhkan massa batuan di mana kedua orebody dan host rock fractures, dalam kondisi
yang terkendali. Ketika penambangan menghilangkan batu tanpa penimbunan, hanging wall terus
mengendap ke dalam rongga. Caving(ambrukan) terus menerus penting, untuk menghindari
penciptaan rongga di dalam batuan, di mana runtuhnya tiba-tiba bisa berbahaya bagi instalasi
tambang. Akan tetapi sublevel caving belum pasti bisa diterapkan pada badan bijih karena pada
proses eksplorasi penambangan tergantung pada hasil study kelayakan (FS), dengan
mempertimbangkan kondisi geologi, hidrologi, konsiderasi, ekonomi, dan keadaan lingkungan.