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Cognitive Psychology
b. SENSORY INPUT:
i. Sensation is the root of cognition
ii. Everything that we know or think about originally got into our heads via
sensation
1. Perception is shaping higher cognitive processes
c. TRANSFORMED:
i. Phoning for pizza requires transforming the features of digits into finger
movements
1. Looking at digits/lines (visual sensation)
2. Transform visual input into finger movements corresponding to
pizza place
ii. Cognitive psychology was influenced by early computers, which also
deals in transformations
d. REDUCED/ ELABORATION
i. Reduction refers to filtering out task irrelevant sensory information
ii. Elaboration refers to adding more information to the sensory input to
perform a task
1. Driving task
e. STORED/RETRIEVED:
i. Memory storage and retrieval are two different things
ii. Memory doesn’t mean that you will be able to retrieve it later when you
need it
f. USED:
i. Task you need to perform determines the contribution of all of these
processes
5. Aristotle (350 bc.)
a. Retention and Recall
b. Retention: retaining previous experiences
i. Encoding of information in memory where it can be used in behavior
c. Recall: using a deliberate act of will to retrieve information from memory
i. Ex: dog cant think back to the last time it played Frisbee
6. Donders (1868):
a. First modern cognitive psychology experiment
i. Studied how long it takes a person to make a decision
b. Reaction time (RT):
i. How long it takes to press a button in a response to some stimulus
1. SIMPLE RT and CHOICE RT
a. SIMPLE RT: person presses button as soon as some
stimulus appears. One stimulus and one button, no
decision or choice
i. Time to detect stimuls + press button
b. CHOICE RT: one button for one stimulus and another
button for another stimulus
i. Two possible stimuli and two buttons; subjects
have to make a choice
ii. Time to detect stimulus + decide what button to
press + press button
iii. EX: Depending on where the light appears, the
person has to press the left or right button
7. DONDERS :
a. CHOICE RT – SIMPLE RT = TIME TO MAKE A DECISION
i. Choice RT= 1/10th second longer than Simple RT
ii. 1/10th sec to make a decision