Apparatus and material

Torsion test machine, torque meter, vernier caliper and specimen that made up from mild steel.

Procedure

1. The length and diameter of specimen was measured and recorded which are 8.4cm length
and 0.518cm of diameter.

2. The hexagonal socket was used to grip specimen on torsion testing machine.
3. Fix one end of specimen on input and other end on torque shaft and apply small preload.

4. The torque meter was set to zero.

5. The process started by twisting the specimen with the strain increment of 90̊, 180̊ and 360̊
until failure of specimen.
6. All experimental data recorded in the provided table.
Result and Calculation

Based on the experiment, table below shows the properties of the specimen used;

Material Diameter Length Modulus of Rigidity

(m) (m) (Gpa)
Mild Steel 0.00518 0.084 78

By using data collected during the test, angle of twist, shear stress and shear strain can be
obtained by using the formula with calculation shows below;

Calculation for angle of twist from, revolution = 1;

𝑇𝐿
𝜙=
𝐽𝐺
0.8 ×(0.084)
= (7.07 × 10−11 ×78𝐺)

= 0.012 rad

Calculation for shear stress from, revolution = 1;

𝑇𝑐
𝜏=
𝐽
0.8 ×(0.00259)
= (7.07 × 10−11 )

= 29.31 × 106 Pa

Calculation for shear strain from, revolution = 1;

𝑟∅
𝛾=
𝐿
(0.00259)(0.012)
= 0.084

=0.00037
Next, after make some calculation, each value will be filled into this table. By referring to the
table below, graph for stress vs strain can be obtained. Can refer to the table and graph below;

Applied torque Angle of twist Calculation value

Scale Amplifier Degree Radian Shear stress Shear strain
reading reading (Pa)
(revolution) (Nm)
(degree)
0.00 0.00 0.00 0
0.00000 0.000000
0.25 0.05 0.04 1.8 × 106
0.00076 0.000023
6
0.50 0.10 0.09 3.7 × 10
0.00152 0.000047
6
0.75 0.30 0.26 11.0 × 10
0.00457 0.000141
1.00 0.80 0.70 29.3 × 106
0.01219 0.000376
6
1.50 3.30 2.88 121.0 × 10
0.05028 0.001550
6
2.00 7.25 6.33 266.0 × 10
0.11046 0.003406
6
2.50 11.80 10.30 432.0 × 10
0.17978 0.005543
3.00 15.85 13.84 581.0 × 106
0.24149 0.007446
6
4.00 19.70 17.20 722.0 × 10
0.30015 0.009254
6
5.00 21.10 18.42 773.0 × 10
0.32148 0.009912
6.00 21.45 18.72 786.0 × 106
0.32681 0.010077
6
7.00 21.65 18.90 793.0 × 10
0.32986 0.010171
6
8.00 21.80 19.03 799.0 × 10
0.33214 0.010241
9.00 18.55 16.19 680.0 × 106
0.28262 0.008714
6
10.00 6.30 5.50 231.0 × 10
0.09599 0.002960
10.67 Fracture - -
- -
By referring to the graph, theoretical for Modulus of rigidity, G can be calculated by finding the
slope. We use from point 7 to point 8 in order to get the slope. Can refer calculation below;

(432 × 106 ) − (266 × 106 )

0.005543 − 0.003406
= 77.78𝐺𝑝𝑎
Next, the picture below shows the specimen after it reach maximum stress and strain which is
fractured;

Last but not least, table below shows the properties and error for the specimen tested;

Item Experimental Theory/reference Percentage

value value error, %
Modulus of rigidity, G (Pa) 78 77.8 0.3215

Maximum shear stress, 𝜏max (Pa) 799.0 × 106

Maximum torque, Tmax (Nm) 21.80

Maximum shearing strain, 𝛾max 0.010241

 Muhammad Luqman Irfan Bin Mohd Hilmi 2017806382

Discussion

Based on my observation for this torsional test experiment, the data obtained can be make sense
as the load torque was increasing in the early stage and decreasing at the end and fractured. For
me, the stress strain that obtained from this experiment clearly shows some similarity between
the real stress strain diagrams from the text book. Can refer graph below;

Its show me that, both diagram have curve-like shape. Next, at first, in order to get the Angle of
Twist, ϕ for experimental value, we use 78Gpa Modulus of Rigidity. For this task, we need to
show how much percentage error through experimental and theoretical value for the Modulus of
Rigidity, G. for theoretical we use to find slope by referring to the graph obtained. After
obtaining the theoretical value, in my measurement, both experimental and theoretical value has
low percentage error which mean, the Modulus of Rigidity used can be acceptable. Last but not
least, If we be more careful during conduct of the experiment we can minimize the mistakes and
errors in this experiment and we can get a more accurate result. In many areas of engineering
applications, materials are some subjected to torsion in service. For example drive shaft , axial
and twisted drill. More ever structural applications such as bridges, springs car bodies, air plane
fuselages and boat hulls are randomly subjected to torsion. The material used in this case should
not required only adequate strength but also be able to withstand torque in operation. Even
through torsion test is not as universal as torsion test and do not have any standardized testing
procedure, The significance lies on particular engineering applications and for the study of
plastic flow materials.
Conclusion

Based on the experiment, it can be conclude that, for the shear stress and shear strain diagram for
specimen can be true and accepted as it may have similarity with the real shear stress and shear
strain diagram. Next, both stress distribution within the member and the angle of twist when the
material behaves in linear elastic manner and also when it is inelastic was also shown during the
experiment. Last but not least, in order to obtained accurate result, some precaution step must be
take care off by make sure that there is no parallax error during the experiment.
References

1. https://www.green-mechanic.com/2016/09/torsional-testing-of-materials.html
2. https://study.com/academy/lesson/torsional-shear-stress-formula.html
3. http://engipractical.blogspot.my/2013/01/test-experiment-torsion-test-on-steel.html
4. https://www.slideshare.net/OuzhanDakl1/hibbeler-mechanics-of-materials-9th-edition-
c2014-txtbk-bookmarked