(Part one) CO3: To evaluate various sources of air and noise pollution and propose the relevant control principles.
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Amirhossein Malakahmad
Civil & Environmental Engineering Department Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS Unit objectives… At the end of this session you will be able to:
• Evaluate different methods for air pollution
control and describe the hierarchy of control. • Apply different techniques to control particulates contaminants in air. Approaches to contaminants control • There are two broad approaches to the control of particulate and gaseous contaminants:
– Dilution of the contaminants in the
atmosphere
– Control of the contaminants at their source
Dilution What goes up Accomplished must eventually through the come down use of tall stacks Dilution • Tall stacks and other such dilution devices are only a means of spreading air contaminants around our globe or diluting them to levels at which their harmful effects are less noticeable near their source.
In terms of long-range control of air
pollution, control of contaminants at their source is a more desirable and effective method than dilution. Control of pollutants at their source 1. Prevent the contaminants 2. Substituting an alternative power source – (i.e., hydraulic, geothermal, or solar energy for fossil-fuel-derived energy) 3. Reduce contaminant emission – Alternation 4. Proper operation and maintenance of existing equipment 5. Changing the process 6. Install control equipment Control devices • Since few such devices are effective in the control of both particulate and gaseous contaminants, control devices are usually designed to control either one or the other.
• In terms of volume of pollutants, the control of
gaseous pollutants seems of primary importance.
• However, in actual practice, much greater
attention has been directed toward particulate control, perhaps because particulates are more easily seen. Control Devices for Particulate Contaminants Gravitational Settling Chambers • System provides enlarged areas to minimize horizontal velocities and allow time for the vertical velocity to carry the particle to the floor. Gravitational Settling Chambers vh= horizontal flow-through velocity, m/s H = height of settling chamber L = length of settling chamber g = gravitational constant, m/s2 ρp= density of the particle, kg/m3 µ = viscosity of air, kg/m.s vt = terminal settling velocity, m/s Example 1: A settling chamber that is 12 m long, 2 m high, and 2 m wide processes 240 m3/min of air at a temperature of 75 °C (µ = 2.06 x 10-5 kg/m.s). i. Determine the maximum size of the particle with density of 1800 kg/m3 that is removed with efficiency of 100%. ii. Draw a size – efficiency curve for the system. Centrifugal collectors • It employs a centrifugal force instead of gravity to separate particles.
• Because centrifugal forces can be
generated that are several times greater than gravitational forces, particles can be removed in centrifugal collectors that are much smaller than those that can be removed in gravity settling chambers. Cyclone Under the power of the centrifugal force generated by the spinning gas, the solid particles are thrown to the walls of the cyclone as the gas spirals upward at the inside of the cone. The particles slide down the walls of the cone and into the hopper. Standard-dimension cyclone collector Centrifugal force • The operating or separating efficiency of a cyclone depends on the magnitude of the centrifugal force exerted on the particles. Large-diameter cyclones have good collection efficiencies for particles 40 to 50 µm in diameter. High-efficiency cyclones Fc = centrifugal force, N with diameters of 23 cm Mp = particulate mass, kg or less have good vi= particle velocity. m/s efficiencies for particles R = radius of the cyclone, m from 15 to 20 µm. Multiple cyclones • Multiple cyclones operating in parallel are necessary to treat large flows when small- diameter cyclones are used. Particle removal efficiency
d50 = diameter of the
particle with 50 percent efficiency, m µ = gas viscosity, kg/m.s b = width of cyclone inlet, m Ne = number of effective turns within the cyclone vi = inlet gas velocity, m/s ρ = density of the particulate matter, kg/m3 Example 2: An air stream with a flow rate of 7 m3/s is passed through a cyclone of standard proportion. The particle has a density of 1.5 g/cm3 and a diameter of 10 µm, the air temperature is 77 ºC, Ne = 5 turns and µ = 2.1 x 10-5 kg/m.s. Compare the collection efficiency of a cyclone with a diameter of 2.0 m and a bank of 64 cyclones with diameter of 24 cm.