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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND TYPES OF PROBLEMS WORKING STRESS DESIGN (WSD) Stress of Concrete
where:
CONCRETE 1. Design - given the load, determine the size Mc (kd)
DESIGN OF BEAMS FOR FLEXURE fc = Mc - resisting moment
a mixture of sand, gravel, crushed rock or other 2. Investigation - given the size, determine the load IN.A. of concrete
aggregates held together in a rock-like mass with a b b fc = 0.45 fc'
paste of cement and water.
kd C
Stress of Steel
ADMIXTURES MODES OF FAILURE IN BENDING N.A.
materials added to concrete to change certain h
characteristics such as workability, durability and time 1. Crushing of Concrete - when the strain concrete d-kd fs = Ms (d - kd) where:
of hardening. reaches the ultimate strain of 0.003 mm/mm. T n IN.A. Ms - resisting moment
As z nAs fc/n of steel
JOSEPH ASPDEN 2. Yielding of Steel - when the actual tensile stress of
an English bricklayer who obtained a patent for steel "fs" reaches the yield stress "fy" Beam Section Transformed Stress Diagram
Portland cement Section Compressive force of Concrete
3. Simultaneous crushing of concrete and
JOSEPH MONIER Yielding of Steel where:
C = 1/2 fc kd b
a Frenchman who invented reinforced concrete a h = overall depth of the beam (mm)
received a patent for the const. of concrete basins and z = steel covering (measure from the centroid of bar)
tubs and reservoirs reinforced w/ wire mesh and iron TYPES OF DESIGN d = effective depth of the beam (mm) Tensile force of Steel
wire in 1867. 1. Overreinforced - when failure is due to crushing of d = h -z
concrete. As = area of the reinforcement ( square millimeters)
T = As fs
DESIGN METHODS: fc' = compressive strength of concrete (MPa)
2. Underreinforced - when failure is initiated by yielding fs = tensile strength of steel (MPa)
1. WSD - Working Stress Design, Alternate of steel. b = base of the beam (mm)
Stress Design,or Straight-Line Design n = modular ratio(always a whole number) Moment Arm ( jd )
3. Balanced Design - when failure is caused by n = Es /Ec
2. USD - Ultimate Stress Design or Strength Design
simultaneous crushing of concrete and d = jd + kd/3
yielding of steel Location of the neutral axis (kd) j = 1 - k/3
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS: S MN.A. = 0
CONCRETE: FACTORED LOAD COMBINATION b(kd)(kd/2) - nAs (d - kd) = 0
Constant ( k )
fc - allowable compressive stress of conc. (NSCP C101-01) kd = --------
- 0.45 fc' ( beams/slabs/footings) k = n ( For Design Only )
- 0.25 fc' ( columns) Moment of Inertia of the Transformed Section n + fs/fc
1. U = 1.4DL + 1.7LL
fc' - specified compressive strength of conc.
at 28 days curing (MPa) 2. U = 0.75(1.4DL + 1.7LL + 1.7 W)
> (# 1)
I N.A.= (1/3)(b)(kd)³ + nAs (d - kd)²
gconc.- unit weight of concrete U = 0.90DL + 1.3W k = 2rn + (rn)² - rn (For Investigation)
- 23.54 KN/m 3 Only )
3. U = 1.1DL + 1.3LL + 1.1E)
Ec - modulus of elasticity of concrete > (# 1) Resisting Moment of Concrete:
U = 0.90DL + 1.1E Steel Ratio
- 4700 fc' (MPa)
4. U = 1.4DL + 1.7LL + 1.7H Mc = C(jd)
STEEL : U = 0.90DL
> (# 1)
Mc = fc/2 (b)(kd)(jd) r = As
bd
fs - allowable tensile stress of steel (MPa) Mc = (1/2)(fc)(kj)(bd²)
fs - 0.50 fy ( beams/slabs/footings)
fs - 0.40 fy ( columns)
DL - Dead Load E - Earthquake Load
fy - yield stress of steel (MPa) Resisting Moment of Steel:
LL - Live Load H - Earth Pressure
gsteel - unit weight of steel
W - Wind Load
- 77 KN/m3 Ms = T jd
Ec - modulus of elasticity of concrete
Ms = As fs jd
- 200,000 MPa
CECC-3 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 1/20 CECC-3 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 2/20
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN FORMULAS AND PRINCIPLES BY: NTDEGUMA REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN FORMULAS AND PRINCIPLES BY: NTDEGUMA
fc' w ( 1 - 0.59 w) 1st STAGE 2nd STAGE Solve for fs from the strain diagram:
Ru = Av fy d
S= fs/Es 0.003 d-c
Forces: Forces: Vs = ; fs = 600
r = 0.85 fc' 1 - 1-
2Ru
C 1 = 0.85 fc' ab C' = As' fs'
d-c c c
fy 0.85 fc' T = As 1 fs T1 = As 2 fs (d-d') Solve for c by summing up forces along hor.
NSCP/ACI Code Specs:
As = r bd Resisting Moment: Resisting Moment: T = C ; a = b1 c
If Vs < 1/3 fc' bd ,Smax = d/2 or 600mm 2
600 As (d-c) = 0.85 b1 f'c b c
Mu1 = f 0.85fc'ab (d-a/2) Mu2 =f As'fs' (d-d')
If Vs > 1/3 fc' bd , Smax = d/4 or 300mm
Mu1 = f As1 fs (d-a/2) f
Mu2 = As2 fs(d-d')
( rb )
Use quadratic formula to solve for "c"
Balanced Steel Ratio Av min = bS/3fy Then, solve for fs and "a" with known "c"
TOTAL :
rb = 0.85 fc'b1 600 fs = 600
d-c
; a = b1c
T = T1 + T2 A S = As 1 + As2 c
fy ( 600 + fy) Vu = factored or ultimate shear
MU= MU1 + MU2 Finally, solve for Mu:
Vc = shear force provided by conc.
Maximum and Minimum Steel Ratio M u = f 0.85fc'ab (d-a/2) or
Vn = nominal shear
M u = f As fs (d-a/2)
rmax = 0.75 r Avmin = area of steel to resist shear
b
= 2 Asteel
rmin = 1.4 / fy
CECC-3 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 3/20 CECC-3 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 4/20
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN FORMULAS AND PRINCIPLES BY: NTDEGUMA REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN FORMULAS AND PRINCIPLES BY: NTDEGUMA
CECC-3 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 5/20 CECC-3 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 6/20
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN FORMULAS AND PRINCIPLES BY: NTDEGUMA REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN FORMULAS AND PRINCIPLES BY: NTDEGUMA
TYPICAL RESISTANCE FACTORS ARE AS FOLLOWS: SHEARING STRESS OF RC BEAMS For members subjected to significant axial tension: For Interior Beam
SITUATION 1) b = L/4
Nominal Shear Strength Provided by Concete: Vc = 1 0.30N u
Flexure, without axial load 0.90 fc' bw d 1 + 2) b = 16t + bw choose the
6 Ag smallest
Axial tension and axial tension w/ flexure 0.90
Vn = Vc + Vs where: 3) b = S1 /2 + S2 /2 + b w
Shear and torsion 0.85 Nu/Ag = expressed in MPa
where: For End Beam
Compression members, spirally reinforced 0.75 Nu is negative for tension
Vn = nominal shear strength of RC section
Other Compression members 0.70 For shear reinforcement, fy < 414 MPa. 1) b' = L/12 + b'w
Vc = nominal shear strength provided by concrete
Bearing on concrete 0.70 Vs = nominal shear strength of the shear reinforcement Distance of Stirrups from support: 2) b' = 6t + b'w choose the
smallest
Plain Concrete: flexure, compression, shear 0.65 For members subjected to shear and flexure only: a. 0.50 S from face of column support
3) b' = S3 /2 + b'w
and bearing
b. 0.25 S from face of beam support
Vc = 1 fc' bw d For Symmetrical Interior Beam
6
CODE PROVISIONS: FOR DESIGN OF
For members subjected to axial compression: T - BEAMS 1) b = L/4
SINGLY-REINFORCED BEAMS choose the
2) b = 16t + b w
Vc = 1 fc' b w d 1 + Nu smallest
3) b = center-center
rmax 6 14Ag
To ensure yield failure: = 0.75 rb Code Requirements for T-beams spacing of beams
where:
To avoid sudden tensile failure : rmin = 0.25 fc' > 1.4 Ag = gross area of section in sq.mm 1. In T-beam construction, the flange and web 4. Isolated beams in which T-shape are used to
Nu = factored axial load occurring with Vu provide a flange for additional compression
fy fy shall be built integrally or otherwise effectively
To control deflection: r < 0.18 fc'
(- ) for compression, (+) for tension
bonded together. area shall a flange thickness not less than 1/2
fy Nu/Ag = expressed in MPa
the width of the web and an effective flange
2. The width of slab effective as a T-beam shall width not more than four times the width of
BALANCED STEEL RATIOS For members subjected to shear and flexure: not exceed 1/4 of the span of the beam, and the web.
effective overhanging flange on each side of the
1 fc' + 120 rw Vu d
b
Vc = bw d web shall not exceed:
1. BEAM REINFORCED FOR TENSION 7 Mu t
but shall not be greater than b1 b2
a) 8 times the slab thickness and
rb = 0.85 fc'b1 600
b) 1/2 the clear distance to the next web
fy ( 600 + fy) Vc = 0.30 fc' bw d
where:
Vu d < 1.0 3. For beams with slab on one side only, the
2. BEAM REINFORCED FOR COMPRESSION
Mu Mu = factored moment ocurring effective overhanging flange shall not exceed: bw
Checking Ductility
rw = As simultaneously w/ Vu a) 1/12 the span length of the beam,
bw d
r = rb + r ' where: r '= As'
b) 6 times the slab thickness
bd For members subjected to axial compression: c) 1/2 the clear distance to the next web
if r < r , tension steel yields fs = fy t > bw /2
4h - d b b'
For compression steel Mm = Mu - N u b < 4b w
8
rlim = 0.85 b fc' d' 600 + r'
but shall not be greater than b1 b2 b3
fy d (600-fy) t
0.30N u
if r < rlim , compression steel yields fs = fy Vc = 0.30 fc' bw d 1+
Ag S1 bw S2 S3 bw'
CECC-3 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 7/20 CECC-3 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 8/20