Interference Fit Assembly

Design fundamentals and organization rules

ICS 17.040.10; 21.120.10
Interference fits – Calculation and design rules
Emmanchements - Principes de calcul et règles de conception

Contents
Preface
1 Range of application
2 Normative references
3 Indication, designations and units
4 Computation of interference fit assembly
4.1 Fundamentals
4.2 Computation purely flexibly stressed interference fit assembly
4.2.1 Computing course 1 for given joining jerk p
4.2.2 Computing course 2 for given oversize A
4.3 Computation flexible-plastic stressed interference fit assembly
4.3.1 Computing course 1 for given joining jerk p
4.3.2 Computing course 2 for given oversize And
5 Detention factors of interference fit assembly
5.1 Detention factors for longitudinal interference fit assembly
5.2 Detention factors for transverse interference fit assembly
6 Organization of interference fit assembly
6.1 General organization rules
6.2 Organization rules for swinging interference fit assembly
7 Data in technical information
8 Adding interference fit assembly
8.1 Adding longitudinal interference fit assembly
8.2 Thermal adding of transverse interference fit assembly
9 Notes for the production of Interference fit assembly
9.1 Generally accepted references
9.2 Manufacturing interference fit assembly through 0.0 pressing in
9.3 Manufacturing interference fit assembly through 0.0 shrinking and/or
stretching
9.3.1 Warming up the outer part
9.3.2 Undercooling the interior
9.3.3 Hydraulic adding and release
10 Special references
10.1 Proof of the form strength
10.2 Demand by centrifugal force
10.3 Inspection certificate
10.4 Marking
11 Flow charts
Appendix A (informative) computation of examples
Appendix B (informative) procedure for iterative computation of the
dimensionless plasticity of diameter z
Appendix C (informative) form for inspection certificate
Appendix D (informative) explanations
Preface
This standard revised of specialists from the standardization committee
mechanical engineering (NAM), Specialist area propulsion technology in DIN
German Institute for standardization registered association around a fast entry
into force of this standard to ensure, became in relation to the withdrawn edition
1988-07 only the editorial errors eliminated and the standards contained in the
normative references updates. A reorganization of the standard DIN 7190 is in
work.
Earlier expenditures DIN 7182-3: 1942-06, 1977-08 DIN 7190:1943 - 08, 1977-
08, 1981-03, 1988-07

1 Range of Application
This standard specifies design fundamentals for interference fit assembly with
cylindrical effective areas, whose parts consist of metallic materials. This
standard applies predominantly to mechanical engineering. It can be used in a
general manner also in other fields of activity (e.g. fine mechanics). Purpose of
this standard is the increased reliability of interference fit assembly and the
decrease of manufacturing costs.

2 Normative References
This standard contains definitions from other publications by dated or undated
references. These normative references are quoted in the respective places in
the text, and the publications are below specified. With dated references later
changes belong or Revisions of these publications only to this standard, if they
are trained by change or revision. With undated references the last expenditure
of the publication taken in purchase applies (including changes).
DIN 743, load-carrying capacity computation of waves and axles
- part of 1: Introduction, bases
- Part of 2: Theoretical stress concentration factors and fatigue notch
effects
- Part of 3: Material - mechanical properties.
DIN 7154-1, ISO fits for basic hole - tolerance fields, dimensions in µm.
DIN 7154-2, ISO fits for basic hole - fit tolerances, plays and oversizes in µm.
DIN ISO 286-1, ISO system for limits of size and fits - bases for tolerances,
dimensions and fits; Identically to ISO 286-1: 1988.
DIN ISO 1101, Technical designs - form and situation layer - form, direction, local
and run tolerances, general, definitions, symbols, Zeichnungseintragungen.
DIN ISO 1302, Technical designs - indication of the surface finish (identically also
ISO 1302:1992).
DIN EN ISO 4287, Geometrical product specifications (government inspection
department) - surface finish: Palpation cut procedure - designations, definitions
and characteristics of the surface finish (ISO 4287:1997); German version EN
ISO 4287:1998.
DIN EN 10052, Terms of the thermal treatment of ferrous metals; German
version EN 10052:1993.
DIN EN of 10204, Metallic products - kinds of inspection certificates (change A1
contains: 1995); German version EN 10204:1991 + A1: 1995.
DIN EN of 10002-1, Metallic materials - traction test - part of 1: Testing method
(at ambient temperature); change contains AC1: 1990.
[1] Leidich, E.: Demand of press connections in the flexible range and
interpretation approximately Fatigue failure. Thesis TH Darmstadt (1983)
[2] Kollmann, F.G.: Wave hub connections. Berlin/Heidelberg/New York/Tokyo:
Springer 1984
[3] Kollmann, F.G., Önöz, E.: An improved interpretation procedure for flexible-
plastic stressed transverse interference fit assembly. Construction 35 (1983), H.
11, P. 439-444
[4] Kollmann, F.G.: The interpretation of flexible-plastic stressed interference fit
assembly. Research Engineering 28 (1978), H. 1, P. 1-11
[5] Galle, G.: Load-carrying capacity of transverse interference fit assembly. To
series of publications construction technology (publisher W. Beitz), Institut for
machine construction DO Berlin (1981)
[6] Biederstedt, W.: Tight fits in the flexible, flexible-plastic and plastic margin of
deformability. Technical ones round-look, H. 57 (blue TR-row), 1963, resound-
dare, Berne/Stuttgart
[7] Kreitner, L.: The effect of fretting corrosion and of friction endurance stress on
the service life of compound machine parts. Thesis TH Darmstadt (1976)
[8] Häusler, N.: To the mechanism of the bending moment transmission in
contraction connections. Thesis TH Darmstadt (1974)
[9] Kollmann, F.G.: Rotary interference fit assembly when purely flexible demand.
Construction 33 (1982), P. 233-239; Correction for this: Construction 35 (1983),
P. 107
[10] Gamer, And: Kollmann, F.G.: A Theory OF Rotating Elasto plastic Shrink
Fits. Engineer archives 56 (1986), P. 254-264
[11] Lundberg, G.: The firmness of press fits. The ball bearing 19 (1944), H. 1/2,
P. 1-11
[12] Wienands, B.: Investigations on the working reliability of bind-acted gear
wheels. Thesis RWTH Aachen (1974)
[13] Warm shrinking. Workshop sheet 378, group of F, Carl Hanser publishing
house, Munich
[14] Contraction connection by undercooling. Workshop sheet 308, group of F,
Carl Hanser publishing house, Munich
[15] Leidich, E.: Cylinder interference fit - computation of the pressing
distribution in the cylindrical Interference fit during outside load. FVA final report,
number 161 (1984)
[16] Gropp, H.: The transient characteristic of dynamically loaded press
connections and the development of a new generation of press connections. To
Habilitationsschrift DO Chemnitz, faculty for mechanical engineering and process
engineering (1997)
[17] Yard cutter, M.: Root-strength of teeth with shrinking federations, FVA - final
report, number 248 (1987) and number 280 (1988)
Dietz, P.: Demands and Übertragungsfähigkeit of the weakened wave hub Press
connections within the flexible and part-plastic range. FVA final report, number
421 (1994)
Kollmann, F.G.: New computation method for flexible-plastic stressed transverse
interference fit assembly. Construction 30 (1978), H. 7, P. 271-275; Construction
8, P. 299-306
Leidich, E.: Micro slip and endurance limit with interference fit assembly.
Propulsion technology 27 (1988), No. 3, P. 53-58
Mueller, W.: Contribution for the increase of the reliability of large pinions for
warmbreitbandstrassen. To thesis DO Clausthal (1982) NN wave hub
connections; System components in the change. VDI of reports 1384 (1998)
Thomas, K.: The tight fit with interrupted joint. To thesis DO Hanover (1969) of
the heath, W.: Investigations at groove pins and groove pin connections. To
thesis DO Hanover (1969)
VDI 2029 (edition October 1958) tight fit in fine mechanics
3 Indications, Designations and Units
A elongation at rupture %
a axial projection mm
AoA upper dimension of the joint diameter DF for outer part mm
AuA lower dimension of the joint diameter DF for outer part mm
AoI upper dimension of the joint diameter DF for interior mm
AuI lower dimension of the joint diameter DF for interior mm
DaA outside diameters of the outer part mm
Dia. inside diameter of the outer part mm
DF diameter of the joint (nominal dimension) mm
DaI outside diameter of the interior mm
DiI inside diameter of the interior mm
DPA plasticity diameter of the outer part mm
Dw diameter with wave paragraph mm
E modulus of elasticity N/mm2
EA modulus of elasticity of the outer part N/mm2
e basis of the Naperian logarithms (Euler number) -
El modulus of elasticity of the interior N/mm2
Fax transferable axial force N
Fe insertion strength N
K auxiliary variable for interpretation of flexible interference fit assembly -
lF length of the joint mm
le length insertion chamfers mm
n number of revolutions 1/s
p joining jerk in the stop N/mm2
pn joining jerk at number of revolutions n N/mm2
pPA border joining jerk for full-plastic outer part N/mm2
Ppi border joining jerk for full-plastic interior N/mm2
QA Durchmesserverhältnis of the outer part -
QI Durchmesserverhältnis of the interior -
qA piston area of the outer part mm2
qPA plastic piston area of the outer part stressed mm2
RA center rough value µm
ReLA lower yield strength of the outer part N/mm2
ReLI lower yield strength of the interior N/mm2
RzA averaged roughness depth of the joining area of the outer part µm
RzI averaged roughness depth of the joining area of the interior µm
4 Computation of interference fit assembly

4.1 Fundamentals

The computation methods of this standard apply to interference fit assembly with
same constant axial length of interior and outer part (see fig. 1).

Fig. 1 - Computation model Fig. 2 - Actual interference fit assembly

Approach can be applied the computation methods also to interference fit

assembly according to fig. 2, whereby however tension increased heights within
the range of the hub edge [1] are not seized, [15].

With the joining jerk p in the stop, target security SR against chutes and the
detention factor υru (see for this section 5) the transferable torque amounts to

(1)

To the transferable axial force applies

 (2)

The diameter DF of the joining area is that nominal dimension of the parts of the
interference fit which can be added. From the actual dimensions D ia and DaI
results the Istübermass

(3)

For interior and outer part generally fits with the upper dimensions AoA, AOI and
the lower dimensions AuA, AuI are specified. Then applies with same nominal
dimension to wave and hub to the maximum oversize

(4)

and for the minimum oversize

(5)

The Istübermass lies in the range

(6)

Due to the smoothing of roughness points when adding the effective oversize U w
is only available in the added condition. If no experimental values are present,
applies to along and transverse interference fit assembly

(7)

Depending upon application the mindest is to use most or Istübermass for U.

If numerical values for the arithmetic average value of the profile ordinates R a (in
former times arithmetic center rough value Ra) are given according to DIN EN
ISO 4287, then for this the average values determined according to table 1 can
the largest elevator difference of the profile computer centre (averaged
roughness depth computer centre) to be used.

Table 1 - Comparison of the arithmetic center rough values Ra with the averaged
roughness depth computer centre; Zeichnungseintragung according to DIN ISO
1302

Notes for the computation of the addable fit of transverse interference fit
assembly are given in section 8.

Depending upon height of the demands of outside and interior due to adding
between purely flexible, flexible-plastic and full-plastic interference fit assembly
one differentiates. With purely flexible interference fit assembly no plastic
stretches are possible in the interior and outer part. Plastic stressed ranges arise
to flexible-plastic interference fit assembly in the interior and/or outer part flexibly
as well as. With full-plastic interference fit assembly unlimited plastic stretches
can occur in the interior and/or outer part, why full-plastic stressed interference fit
assembly are not permissible.

For the computations specified in this standard as border firmness of the material
the lower yield strength ReL is used. With solidifying materials ReL has to be
replaced by Rp0,2, if sufficient ductility of the material is present. For the
evaluation of the ductility the characteristic values elongation at rupture A and
reduction in area Z determined according to DIN EN 10002 can be consulted. As
approximate values to sufficient ductility are considered

A ≥ 10% (8)
Z ≥ 30% (9)

If these approximate values are fallen below, then must be counted on brittle
material behavior, with which only a purely flexible interpretation is permissible

For the interpretation from interference fit assembly the Durchmesserverhältnisse

become
 (10)

(11)

and the referred effective oversize needed.

(12)

During the interpretation of interference fit assembly two computing courses

arise:
Computing course 1: Joining jerk p given, effective oversize Uw and/or oversize
U searched.

Computing course 2: Oversize U and/or effective oversize Uw given, joining jerk

p searched

In both computing courses it is first examined whether the given figures

(computing course 1: Joining jerk p; Computing course 2: Oversize U and/or
effective oversize Uw) on permissible demands in the interior and outer part
leads. The looked for ratios become subsequently, computed.

4.2 Computation of purely flexibly stressed interference fit assembly

For the computation the auxiliary variable becomes

(13)

With full interior (QI = 0) applies

 (14)

If QI = 0 are, EA = EI and µA = µI, K does not need to be computed (see equations

(19) and (25)).

4.2.1 Computing course 1 for given joining jerk p

So that a target security is to be guaranteed Sp against plastic stretch, must

apply to outer part

(15)

for a hollow interior (QI > 0)

(16)

for a full interior (QI = 0)

(17)

The referred effective oversize necessary for the training of the joining jerk p ξw.
amounts to

(18)
From this the referred effective oversize ξw. from equation (12) and the
associated effective oversize Uw from equation (7) follow.

For the special case that with a full interior the elasticity constants with those of
the outer part agree (EA = EI = E; µA = µI = µ), the computation of the auxiliary
variable K escapes after equation (13), and equation (18) replaced through

(19)

4.2.2 Computing course 2 for given oversize U

From the given oversize U after equation (7) the effective oversize Uw are
computed and from this after equation (12) the referred effective oversize ξw.

So that that exhibits outer part a target security Sp against plastic stretch, must
apply

(20)

and accordingly for a hollow interior

(21)

If a full interior the same elasticity constant exhibits as outer part (EA = EI = E; µA
= µI = µ), replace equation (20)

(22)

and of equation (21) with consideration of the equations (17) and (19)
 (23)

So that a flexible demand of outside and interior is present, the two conditions
(20) must and (21) and/or (22) and (23) to be fulfilled.

The joining jerk p belonging to the referred effective oversize ξw computed out.

(24)

With a full interior and resemble elasticity constant (EA = EI = E; µA = µI = µ)

becomes from this

(25)

4.3 Computation of Flexible-Plastic Stressed Interference fit assembly

In the available standard for flexible-plastic stressed interference fit assembly a

simple computation method limited in its range of application is indicated, for
whose application the following conditions must be fulfilled:

A) The interior must be full (QI = 0)

b) Interior and outer part must exhibit same elasticity constants (EA = EI = E; µA =
µI = µ).

To interference fit assembly, with which the conditions A) and/or b), are
indicated interpretation procedures [2] do not apply, [3].

With a full interior a flexible-plastic demand cannot develop contrary to the outer
part. A full interior is either purely flexibly or full-plastic stressed.
4.3.1 Computing Course 1 For Given Joining Jerk p

So that that is flexible-plastic stressed outer part and target security SPA against
full-plastic demand is kept, the joining jerk must lie in the range

(26)

The border joining jerk pPA when full plastic demand the outer part follows from
the equations

(27)

(28)

So that the interior is not full-plastic stressed, must apply

(29)

with the border joining jerk pPI the full-plastic demand of the interior

(30)

Frequently a sufficient deformation handicap of the interior is given by the

connecting units, so that on a smaller target security MIRROR-IMAGE ONE can
be counted against unrestricted plastic deformation than with the outer part (SPI<
SPA) [4].

In the case of flexible-plastic demand a plastic zone on the inside in the outer
part, which is separated from the external flexible remainder zone by a cylinder
surface from the plasticity diameter DPA, forms (see fig. 3). The referred plasticity
diameter

(31)

becomes by resolving the transcendental equation

(32)

determined. The referred plasticity diameter ζ must meet the condition

(33)

Fig. 3 - Flexible-plastic hub stressed

An approximation method for the computation of z is indicated in the appendix B.

The referred effective oversize necessary for the given joining jerk p ξ w (see
equation (12)) arises too
 (34)

Finally still the portion of the plastic stressed piston area is to be examined qPA at
the entire cross section qA the outer part

(35)

With highly stressed interference fit assembly in mechanical engineering the

empirical value qPA/qA= 0.30 is not to be exceeded.

4.3.2 Computing Course 2 For Given Oversize U

From the given oversize U after equation (7) the effective oversize Uw are
computed and from this after equation (12) the referred effective oversize ξw. If

(36)

is not not possible a flexible-plastic interpretation of the interference fit applies,

because the interior becomes full plastic with an oversize, with which outer part is
still purely flexibly stressed. For the further calculation two cases are to be
differentiated:

Case 1: It applies

(37)

with the border joining jerk pPI the full-plastic demand of the interior after equation
(30) and the border joining jerk pPA the full-plastic demand of the outer part after
Equation (28). Then the permissible referred plasticity diameter becomes ζzul the
outer part by resolving the transcendental equation (32) also

(38)

determined.

Case 2: It applies

(39)

Then the permissible referred plasticity diameter becomes ζzul the outer part by
resolving the transcendental equation (32) also

(40)

determined.

The further calculation is accomplished together for the cases 1 and 2. So that
that is stressed outer part flexible plastic and actual security against full-plastic
demand at least the same as target security for the interior in the case 1 and/or
for outer part in the case 2 is, the referred effective oversize must lie ξ w in the
range

(41)

The left term of the equation (41) represents the condition for flexible-plastic
demand of the outer part. If ξw < 2 ReLA/√3E is, a purely flexibly stressed outer
part is present, and it is to be used 4.2.2.
With the referred effective oversize ξ w adjusting referred plasticity diameters ζ of
the outer part behaves

(42)

The associated joining jerk results out

(43)

Finally it is to be proven that the condition qPA/qA≤ 0.3 (see equation (35)) one
keeps.

Can be combined also a purely flexible (e.g. during a maximum fit) with a flexible-
plastic interpretation (e.g. during a minimum fit). The interpretation when flexible
demand takes place after 4.2 and with flexibly after 4.3 this standard.

5 Detention Factors of Interference fit assembly

The detention factor νl is the relationship of the measured release strength to the
calculated normal force in the joint. The detention factor νl is the relationship of
the measured slide strength to the calculated normal force in the joint. The
detention factors ν are from the coefficients of friction (responsible or sliding
friction) to differentiate, with which to the place the measured normal force steps
the calculated. The detention factors are different with working the release and/or
slide strength in along or circumferential direction. Those marking of the
detention factors take place according to table 2 via two indices.
 Table 2 - Marking of detention factors

Disconnected Slipping

Circumferential direction νlu νru

Longitudinal direction νll νrl

It is to be differentiated whether detention factors at along or transverse

interference fit assembly are determined. Detention factors depend on the
following measured variables:

- Combination of material of interior and outer part,

- Roughnesses of the joining areas,

- Condition of the joining areas before adding (lubricated, ungeschmiert),

- Demand of interior and outer part (purely flexible or flexible plastic).

Due to the friction procedures in the joint the detention factors are subject to
statistic fluctuations. The detention factors indicated in the following tables
represent therefore approximate values. They are on the safe side. They can be
replaced through experimentally determined values.

Furthermore with the detention factors it is to be differentiated whether they are

determined when brisk or swinging demand. Detention factors for swinging
demand see [5] and [16].

5.1 Detention Factors for Longitudinal Interference fit assembly

The values indicated in table 3 apply to brisk demand. They are determined for
interior from the material X 210 CR W12 and apply to steel. The interference fit
assembly are to be deposited after adding before the first load about 24 hours.
5.2 Detention Factors for Transverse Interference fit assembly

Table 4 indicates lying detention factors for transverse interference fit assembly
on the safe side. They can be used both for chutes to extent and in longitudinal
direction.

6 Organizations of Interference fit assembly

To the organization of interference fit assembly apply general rules, which are to
be applied to all interference fit assembly. For interference fit assembly, which
transfer swinging bending and/or twisting moments must, beyond that special
organization rules apply.

6.1 General Organization Rules

With interference fit assembly in basic holes is for an exhaust possibility to

ensure (fig. 4).

- Over axially to add to be able, situation delimitations of constructional or

technical kind are to be planned.

- Around large torques and/or axial forces to transfer to be able, if possible a full
interior with one is not to be paired to thin-walled outer part (QA ≤ 0.5). This
applies however not to bandages, but only to wave hub connections.

- With sufficiently deformationable materials (see 4.1 in particular and under that
Conditions (8) and (9)) can the joining jerk p and thus the transferable extent
and/or. Axial forces by flexible-plastic interpretation to be increased (see 4.3).
The greatest possible profit at joining jerk p in relation to the purely flexible
interpretation results within the range 0.3 ≤ QA ≤ 0.4.
Table 3 -Detention factors of longitudinal interference fit assembly when brisk
demand[6]

Materials Detention factors

old new drying lubricated

Number νll νrl νll νrl

St 60-2 E 335 1.0060 0,11 0.08 0.08 0.07

GS-60 GE 300 1.0558 0.11 0.08 0.08 0.07

RSt37-2 S 235JRG2 1.0038 0.10 0.09 0.07 0.06

GG-25 EN-GJL-250 0.6025 0.12 0.11 0.06 0.05

GGG-60 EN-GJS-600- 0.7060 0.10 0.09 0.06 0.05

3

G-AlSi12(Cu) EN AB-44000 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04

ff.

G-CuPb10Sn CB495K 2.1176.01 0.07 0.06 _1) _1)

(G-
CuSn10Pb10)

TiAl6V4 TiAl6V4 3.7165.10 _1) _1) 0.05 _1)

1) Detention factors does not admit.

Table 4 - Detention factors with transverse interference fit assembly in along and
circumferential direction with chutes

Combination of material, lubrication, Detention factors νr, νrl, νu

adding

Steel steel mating

Oil federations normally added with 0.12

mineral oil

Oil federations with degreased press

surfaces with glycerin added
0.18

Shrinking federation normally after

heating up of the outer part up to 300 0.14
°C in the electrical furnace
0.20
Shrinking federation with degreased
press surfaces after heating up in the
electrical furnace up to 300 °C

Cast steel iron mating

Oil federations normally added with 0.10

mineral oil

0.16
Oil federations with degreased press
surfaces

Steel MgAl mating, drying 0,10 to 0,15

Steel CuZn mating, drying 0,17 to 0,25

 Fig. 4 - Example of a bleed bore in basic holes

6.2 Organization Rules for Swinging Stressed Interference fit assembly

Interference fit assembly are stressed in the enterprise frequently by changing

and/or swelling torsion and/or circulating bend. The swinging moments can in the
joint slip motions (Slip) with changing directions cause (see [1] and/or [15]). After
well-known investigations of the friction fatigue failure [7] with increasing slip the
service life is strongly decreased by friction conclusively paired construction
units. This slip can be only avoided, if that Joining jerk in no place one by
coefficients of friction and shear stress in the joint level determined limit value
falls below. During a wave hub connection according to the fig. 5 and 6 this
joining jerk is reduced in particular at the edge of the press fit by conscious
rigidity reduction of the wave. During correct interpretation of the oversize of the
wave hub connection however falling below the limit value can be prevented with
these constructional solutions in general.

For stressed interference fit assembly are swinging in [1] and/or [15] critical loads
determined, with which a straight still innocuous slip way at the hub edge arises.
It becomes clear that contrary to the bending border moment the torsion border
moment does not rise above lF/DF = 0.5 practically any longer.

Interference fit assembly must be so arranged that those can be taken up

according to the mode of operation arising demands. Damaging influence of
notch effects, in particular in the edge zone range of interference fit assembly, is
to be considered with the vibration resistance proof if required to reduce and by
appropriate constructional organization to a minimum value.

The optimal organization of prevailing bend-stressed interference fit assembly is

reached if a shape is selected according to fig. 5 [5], [8]. The following
geometrical relations in is to be kept:
 DF/DW≈ 1.1 r/(DF – DW) ≈ 2 (44)

In contrast to it measures are in the hub (parting) for the reduction of the joining
jerk only to judge with difficulty, because by inappropriate organization of hub
geometry the joining jerk at the hub edge can fall below the addressed limit
value. Nevertheless leaves itself with exact computation of the wave hub
connection, e.g. by finite element calculations, on the one hand a reduction of the
joining jerk and/or enlargement of security and on the other hand more
sufficiently Joining jerk for the avoidance of fretting corrosion formation ensure.
Unfortunately hub connections cannot be indicated as in equation (44) simple
interpretation guidelines for such waving. The compromise between the measure
for the increased safety by reduction of the joining jerk and the security of a
sufficiently large joining jerk for the avoidance of the fretting corrosion formation
can be found in these cases only by a finite element calculation.

If a paragraph of the interior cannot be planned according to fig. 5, also an

execution can be selected according to fig. 6.

To the notching radius thereby similar conditions apply to equation (44).

To the projection A drawn in in fig. 6 applies, like also to fig. 5

a≥0 (45)

It is to be guaranteed by tolerating the axial measure of A that this condition is

kept. A too large projection results in a waste of the form strength. It has an
unfavorable effect, if a< 0 becomes, because then demand conditions
approximate again the not set off wave.

Fig. 5 Fig. 6 Fig. 7

Fig. 5 - Interference fit with optimized form strength

Fig. 6 - Interference fit with axial projection

Fig. 7 - Outer part with conical discharge

In particular the following organization references apply:

Demand by changing or swelling twisting moments:

- The detention factor in the joining area is to be high-held if possible, e.g.

with transverse interference fit assembly by degreasing before the
assembly.

- The joining jerk p is to be as largely as possible selected (possibly by flexible-

plastic interpretation, see 4,3). This applies in particular at the entrance the
torsion of leading interior in outer part. There the joining jerk p reducing
measures can be harmful (see fig. 7).

- Case interior and outer part from materials with unequal flexible constants to be
manufactured, then the interior is to exhibit the larger modulus of elasticity (E I >
EA). The slide moment of the interference fit is to be at the most equal to that
twisting moment, with which plastic deformations of the free interior (outside of
the outer part) arise. For this a referred joint length is usually sufficient

lF/DF ≤ 1.5 (46)

Changing one or circulating bending moments:

- Around axial emigrating the wave to prevent, is to apply

lF/DF ≤ 1.5 (47)

- Full interior is more favorable than hollow. The latters are to be avoided with
large changing or circulating bending moments if possible.

7 Data in Technical Information

The manufacturing drawing must contain the data necessary for the production of
interference fit assembly.
If differently does not agree, the Pass system basic hole (see DIN 7154 part of 1
and part of 2) is to be used.

The following tolerance fields are recommended:

- For drillings up to 500 mm in diameter: H 7,

- for drillings over 500 mm in diameter: H 8,

- for waves up to 500 mm in diameter: Tolerance field of the tolerance class IT 6,

- for waves over 500 mm in diameter: Tolerance field of the tolerance class IT 7.

To the surface roughness of the joining areas the following appoximate values
apply:

- For drillings up to 500 mm in diameter:

Ra = 1,6 m,

-for drillings over 500 mm in diameter:

Ra = 3.2 m,

- for waves up to 500 mm in diameter:

Ra = 0.8 m,

- for waves over 500 mm in diameter:

- Ra = 1.6 m.

The cylinder form tolerance amounts to approx. 1/3 of the dimensional tolerance
for the diameter of the hub and/or for the diameter of the wave.
In the manufacturing drawing roughness values are to be indicated, usually the
center rough value RA and form tolerances (see DIN ISO 1101) for the joining
areas.

Examples of dimensioning and tolerating the parts which can be added:

Transverse interference fit

Outer Interior

Fig. 8 - Dimensioning and tolerating example

Indication of the tolerated mass and border dimensions on the design (if
necessary)

Would tolerate mass Border dimensions

Ǿ 160 u6 +0,215
+0,190

Ǿ 160 H7 +0,040
+0,0

Examples of the entry of the adding temperature and cleanliness of the joining
areas.

Outer part
Part ...... warms up evenly. Warming up temperature 280 °C with approximately
20 °C ambient temperature. Joining areas free of lubricating and foreign matter

Interior (only if an undercooling is necessary)

Part ...... under cools evenly. Under cooling temperature - 110 °C with
approximately 20 °C ambient temperature. Joining areas free of lubricating and
foreign matter.

For bandages, e.g. Wheel tires, the add-fair organization is represented gear
rims, in fig. 9. The height of the drilling paragraph A must ensure an axial
adjustment.

Outer part

Fig. 9 - Add-fair organization of bandages etc.; le in accordance with equation

(49)

8 Adding Interference fit assembly

8.1 Adding Longitudinal Interference fit assembly

The necessary insertion strength follows out

 (48)

The detention factor νll can be inferred made of table 3. The maximum joining
jerk pmax is to be computed for the maximum oversize Ug. If the joining areas
before adding are not lubricated, then result larger detention factors and thus
larger transferable along and/or tangential forces. However the danger of the
food exists with ungeschmierten joining areas, in particular in the case of the
flexible-plastic interpretation. Therefore are easy the joining areas before adding
to oil.

Furthermore are the following notes for the constructional organization to

consider (see fig. 10):

Fig. 10 - Constructional organization of longitudinal interference fit assembly; le

in accordance with equation (49)

- To that to adding parts no sharp edges and transitions may arise.

- The chamfer angle f is to amount to at the most 5°.

The values for the chamfer length le are indicated in table 5 (all mass in mm).
 Table 5 - Chamfer length le

DF le DF le

over to over to

50 80 4 400 630 8

80 160 5 630 800 9

160 250 6 800 1000 10

250 400 7 1000 - 10

- Applies to the computation of the chamfer length

(49)

- Insertion chamfers is at the counterpart with the higher yield strength,

which can be added, to attach (as a rule at the interior).

- Long slim interior is to be checked on buckling. .

8.2 Thermal Adding Of Transverse Interference fit assembly

Extension federations are added by undercooling the interior, shrinking

federations by warming up the outer part. With large oversizes both procedures
are combined. The computation of the temperatures, on which the interior
undercooled and/or which must be warmed up to outer part, proceeds from the
selected minimum fit. For adding additionally an adding play is to be kept, so that
clinging of the interference fit is impossible during the adding procedure. During
individual manufacture one recommends, with an adding play

(50)

to count. Equation (50) covers the risk of premature clinging of the partners
before terminated adding procedure, which can be added, during individual
manufacture. When using devices for the adding procedure the adding play can
be fallen below after equation (50). To the oversize when adding applies

(51)

Generally are fixed the ambient temperature νR as well as the adding

temperature νI the interior. The necessary adding temperature of the outer part
computed out

(52)

The highest arising adding temperature may not impair the necessary work piece
characteristics of the heat treated parts which can be added. The thermal
longitudinal strains for interior and outer part are indicated in table 6. For under
cooling extension federations either CO2-Trockeneis (νI = - 78.4 °C) or liquid
nitrogen (νI = - 195.8 °C) can be used. Whether complex under cooling is
necessary, must be decided on the basis the maximally permissible temperature
of the outer part. To the maximum adding temperatures dependent on the
material of the outer part and the thermal treatment the data in table 7 apply.
Thermal treatment of ferrous metals: Terms see DIN EN 10052. The permissible
adding temperature νAzul the outer part is to be prescribed in the assembly
drawing. For the largest addable oversize gil

(53)

9 Notes for the Production of Interference fit assembly

9.1 Generally Accepted References

The dimensions and tolerances specified in the design as well as all other special
data are to be guaranteed during the production by controls. From single controls
provided inspection reports make the mating possible of to each other fit-
favorably lying jointing parts, to Avoidance of mistakes to be characterized must.
On dirt and noncorrosive joining areas is to be respected. The safety-relevant
regulations are to be kept.

9.2 Manufacturing Interference fit assembly by Pressing In

Before pressing in the joining areas are to be provided with a thin oil film over the
entire surface away. The use of additives such as molybdenum disulphide is
permissible only if this is indicated in the working documents. Tilt the jointing
parts when pressing in is to be avoided. The slip stick effect is avoidable by in
and/or pressing out speeds of approximately 50 mm/s and sufficient in each case
pressing force reserves (for instance 2,5fache release strength). Interference fit
assembly are only after a deposit time by approximately 24 hours to be stressed.

Table 6 - Transverse extension number, modulus of elasticity, longitudinal strain

Materials Material No. Transverse Modulus of Longitudinal strain α

extension elasticity
number µ N/mm2 ≈
Warm up ≈ an under
≈
cooling

MgAl8Zn 3.5812 0,30 65 000 to 23 -18

AlMgSi 3.2315 0,34 75 000
AlCuMg 3.1325 0,33 to
0,34

GG-101) 0.6010 0,24 70 000 10 -8

GG-151) 0.6015 80 000

GG-201) 0.6020 0,24 to 105 000

GG-251) 0.6025 0,26 130 000
GGG-50 0.7050 0,28 to > 140 000 10 -8
0,29

Malleable 0,25 90 000 to 10 -8

cast iron 100 000

C-steel low 0,3 to 0,31 200 000 to 11 -8.5

alloys Ni- 0,31 235 000
steel

Bronze 0,35 80 000 to 16 -14

85 000

Red brass 0,35 to 17 -15

0,36

CuZn39Pb3 2.0401 0,37 18 -16

CuZn37 2.0321 0,36

1) Not certified for equipment technology in hut and rolling mills

Table 7 - Adding temperatures

Material of the outer part (hub) Adding temperature °C maximally

Structural steel of low firmness cast 350

steel Cast iron with nodular cast iron

Steel or cast steel recompenses 300

 Steel outer zone-hardened 250

Steel case-hardened or high- 200

recompensed structural steel

9.3 Manufacturing Interference fit assembly By Shrinking And/Or Stretching

Aids are to be examined before beginning for absolute efficiency. Transportation

equipments (e.g. Crane), which have a high-speed lowering mechanism, are to
be preferred. By calorific loss when shrinking or by Wärmeaufnahme with
stretching the adding play is reduced. For the avoidance of premature
determining is to be added therefore if possible in a draft-free area briskly. To a
as perfect and even heating up and/or an undercooling as possible great
importance is to be attached.

9.3.1 Warming Up the Outer Part

9.3.1 Local overheating avoid.

Parts, as seals are etc., which do not stand the warming up temperature,
temporarily to dismantle. The cooling of the added parts is to go as evenly and
slowly as possible (warm-damming documents and if possible, cover the
federation).

9.3.2 Undercooling The Interior

Undercooling the interior is used usually with series already finished (- parts). To
extremely short routes of transportation is to be paid attention, if that is
additionally warmed up outer part. Cooling agent is to be made available in
sufficient quantity. The losses which can be taken into account thereby can be
lower set, if the cooling agent container of straight sufficient capacity is, which
full-dips workpiece, and if in the same container the small parts are undercooled
last.

9.3.3 Hydraulic Adding And Release

 Pressure producers, inlets, ports and distributor slots must cleanly, the joining
areas besides intact its (no scratches or scoring in the longitudinal direction).
Pressure producers are to be used, with which the 2 - until 5fache calculated
surface pressure can be applied. When adding lighter oils heavier with the
release are favourable; with very high pressures glycerin is to be used.
Hydraulically added federations may be stressed only after oil film dismantling
(10 minutes until 2 hours).

With the release:

A Rostlöser can be added to the argument caution for the sake of. Connecting
with kegeligen Joints are to be secured axially. With parts endangered by the
expansion controls of the joint pressing of (pointer of dragging) positive pressure
measuring instruments are necessary.

Table 8 - Warming up possibility

Warming up possibility Application References

Electrical heating plates (usually small) production Heating up frequently

items imperfectly, danger of
local overheating!

Electrical heating cores Cases and hubs attainable adding

temperature: to≈ 50 °C

Ring burner (usually bulky) outer frequently several

parts, if interior burners (surface heaters)
undercools at the same time
necessarily. Danger of
distortion, delay and local
overheating

Bath heating Outer parts, on whose natural organic heat

joining areas when distribution media to 300
adding oil may be °C; paraffin and/or
silicone-basic oils to 400
°C

Hot-air furnaces and/or
hot-air chambers
gas-heated furnaces
electrically heated
furnaces
Table 9 - Means for undercooling
Means for under chemical
cooling formula
Carbonic acid CO2
snow or dry ice
liquefied nitrogen N2
Outer parts, whose
joining areas must be
free drying and by oxide
coatings
all outer parts, their
joining areas drying to be
must and with those
detention-factor-
increasing Oxide
coatings either intended
or however without
meaning are
Boiling point of the
gas
– 78,4 ºC
–195,8 ºC
usually to 400 °C
warming up temperature;
in special furnaces to 650
°C possible
by special precautions
(lockable Muffel or gas
protection flame) can an
excessive oxide and/or.
scale-similar lining
formation on that Joining
areas to be avoided
References
Jointing part cools
down relatively slowly;
faster cooling with
employment of white
spirits as heat
distribution media.
Beigabe of tri chlorine
ethyls prevents a
freezing of the jointing
part Surfaces
With employment in
closed areas for good
ventilation provide!
Otherwise no special
 dangers

Of oxygen liquefied by the use or liquefied air because of large danger of

explosion one advises against.

10 Special References.

10.1 Proof of the Form Strength

With interference fit assembly, which transfer swinging torsion and/or bending
moments, the interior on endurance limit is stressed. Therefore a form strength
proof must be led according to DIN 743.

10.2 Demand By Centrifugal Force

If a interference fit is stressed additionally to the tensions due to adding by

centrifugal force, the two following points under safety-relevant aspects must be
examined:

By the centrifugal force demand interior and outer part in radial direction expand.
That experiences outer part larger stretch than the interior. This leads to a
reduction of the joining jerk p in relation to stop of the federation. In addition, with
the joining jerk p the transferable sinks Torque and the transferable axial force
(see equations (1) and (2)). In extreme cases can it by complete loss of the
joining jerk p to taking the outside off from the interior come.

The following remarks apply under the following conditions:

a)The interior is full (QI = 0).

b) Interior and outer part point same elasticity constants to (EA = EI = E; µA = µI =

µ). Furthermore are their equal to densities (ρI = ρA = ρ). Note: kg/dm3 ≈ 10
Ns2/mm4
C) By adding and by centrifugal force flexible demands arise in the interior and
outer part excluding

So that the condition C), must the referred effective oversize is fulfilled ξw the
following in equations meet [9]:

(54)

(55)

If the interference fit with the number of revolutions n rotates, then the peripheral
speed amounts to u of the outer contour of the outer part.

u = p n DaA (56)
The joining jerk pn at number of revolutions n is calculated by the joining jerk p in
the stop after

(57)

The joining jerk p in the stop is computed after equation (17). The peripheral
speed uab, with which the outside takes off from the interior, follows out

(58)

If a waste due to centrifugal force is to be kept of at the most 10% of the joining
jerk p in the stop, the peripheral speed of the outer contour of the outer part of
the condition must be sufficient

(59)
For clean-flexibly stressed interference fit assembly, which not the conditions A)
and/or b) are sufficient, are indicated computing courses in [9]. For flexible-plastic
stressed interference fit assembly to [10] one refers.

During purely flexible interpretation it is to be made certain that at maximum

number of revolutions of the interference fit a joining jerk sufficient for the
transmission of the extent and/or axial force after Equation (57) is present. In any
case one must be kept a sufficient safety margin against that number of
revolutions, at which the interference fit takes off. When taking the outer part off
the interference fit does not only lose its function as friction conclusive
connection, but it can come by radial emigrating of the outer part to large
Unwuchten and an endangerment of the entire construction unit.

10.3 Inspection Certificate

In applications, with which when malfunctioning a interference fit accidents with

personal injury are not to be excluded, the prescribed examinations in form of an
acceptance checking must take place according to DIN EN 10204 (to form see
appendix C). This inspection certificate belongs to the supply to the orderer.

10.4 Marking

This marking is necessary only if an inspection certificate is to be provided 10,3

after section. The workpiece marking must agree with the data of the certificate
of acceptance test. Outer part is to be marked in the face durably and well visibly
as follows:

1. Line manufacturer character

2. Line manufacturer order NR, drawing number, pos. - NR

3. Line orderer Part No. (only with spare parts)

Further requirements and conditions for manufacturing: With interference fit

assembly, with which outer part is implemented as bandage, wheel tires or gear
rim e.g., a radial marking apart from the marking must be durably attached by the
manufacturer within the range of a joint front surface. Thereby a shift is, e.g. with
inspection. Micro migration of a gear rim, to be recognized. If necessary, a
computation proof is to Avoidance of micro migration with shrunk gear rim
bandages according to the data in [12] to lead and [17].

Interference fit assembly must be free by tears and internal separations, which
impair the usefulness. During the manufacturing of a interference fit it must be
guaranteed that the technical requirements are kept according to the data on the
manufacturing drawings. With that Computation met definitions, e.g. Oversizes,
detention factors dependent on combination of material, Lubrication and adding
as well as an even adding temperature of outer part (hub, gear rim, Bandage)
and interior (wave) must be kept with manufacturing reliably. The mechanisms
necessary for the manufacturing, e.g. Warming up possibility, means for under
cooling, examination of the adding temperature, measuring and testing sets must
be as can be prove present [13], [14]. The manufacturer must guarantee that
only adept specialists for the execution and experts as carrier carriers for the
examination and production control of interference fit assembly become certified.