16--Sep-

16 Sep-10

OCEAN ENERGY

RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE

Ocean Energy
Potential Energy
Mechanical Energy
Kinetic Energy
Electrical Energy
gy
Desalination
Forms of Ocean Energy
Wave Energy
Tidal Energy Energy
Current
Temperature
Salinity
Biomass

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Energy from ocean = 2 x electricity production

as on now

Wave power is
W i more th
than tid
tidall power
Wave exists everywhere
Only few stations with potential tides

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Wave Energy

• Waves are the most dynamic feature of the ocean

• Carry energy in the form of potential energy which is

characterized by height and wave length which define
energy parameters

• Energy extracted from the Ocean waves is called Wave

Energy in the form of,
– Potential Energy (pressure fluctuations below free
surface)
– Kinetic Energy (energy from free surface)

Wave energy
Potential Energy: 1
( PE ) wave  gH 2
16

Kinetic Energy: 1
( KE ) wave  gH 2
16

gy
Total Energy:
1
( E ) wave  gH 2
8

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WAVE POWER
• Wave power refers to the capture of (ocean) wave energy to do
useful work including electricity generation, desalination, and
filling a reservoir with water

• Wave Power is renewable energy and is a form of solar energy

transferred to water by the wind

• Upto 2 terawatts (1 terawatt = 1 trillion watts)

• Initial solar power level of 100 W/m2 is concentrated to an

average wave power level of 70 kW per meter of crest length

• This rises to 170 kW per meter of crest length during winter and
to more than 1MW per meter during storms.

Variability of waves

 Strength of waves vary significantly with time

 The direction of waves vary
 Now, from this highly variable source one needs a
constant flow of electricity!
 For shoreline devices, the water level changes with the
tide level.
 Apart from this power transmission too is a major
challenge.

One of the design constraint

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Wave energy devices

Using one of the following principles:

Focussing of wave energy

Pressure difference due to

free surface oscillation

Relative buoyancy

CLASSIFICATION OF THESE
DEVICES
• Terminators : devices aligned parallel to
the wave front and perpendicular to the
wave direction.
• Attenuators : lies in the principle wave
direction and attenuates the wave as it
passes by.
• Point
P i t Absorbers:
Ab b Th
These d
devices
i diff
diffractt
waves and capture energy from a width
greater the their own dimensions.

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Terminators:
the oscillating water column

Attenuators : e.g. the Pelamis

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Point Absorbers
A point absorber is a floating structure with components that move
relative to each other due to wave action (e.g., a floating buoy
inside a fixed cylinder). The relative motion is used to drive
electromechanical or hydraulic energy converters.

Functional Categorization
• Dynamic Systems: one element of the
system
t is
i tuned
t d iinto
t excitation
it ti bby th
the
waves. e.g. Salter’s Duck, Cockerel raft
and devices with oscillating water column.
• Passive Systems : site specific
e g TAPCHAN which uses a ramp to run
e.g.
up waves into a reservoir.

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Cockerel Raft
• Consists of joined sections the movement
off which
hi h iis ttransmitted
itt d tto pumps with
ith
electro generators.
• A 3-section raft 100m long, 50 m wide and
10m high can produce about 2000kW of
electricity. This has been tested in the
Black Sea.

Cockerel wave raft

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Principle of a TAPCHAN

Wave energy devices …

• Devices which channel waves into tapered
chambers, or an oscillating water column, whose
bottom end is submerged in water.

• Fixed or semi-fixed offshore devices which make

use of the pressure differential in the water that
occurs at a submerged point as the wave
passes over that point.

• Offshore devices which utilize their buoyancy to

cause movement in a part of the device as it
moves up and down in the wave.

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As engineers we have to produce optimized designs for:

• The wave energy collector
• Installation
• The power conversion system
• The moorings
• The power transmission system
• Generation controls
• Access and maintenance
• Recovery and decommissioning

OWC
• Oscillating water column is a device used for
extracting energy from waves.
• Energy conversion:
KE of waves

Converted into high

Pneumatic energy of air velocity, bi-directional
air flow.

The turbine generates

Mechanical shaft power unidirectional pulsating
torque.

Electrical Energy through Generator

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Principles of Energy Conversion Chain

Type of Energy Structure/Device Efficiency

C
Conversion
i
Wave to Oscillating Frequency and
Pneumatic Water Column load dependent
Pneumatic to Impulse Turbine Non-linear, load
Mechanical dependent
Mechanical to Slip-ring
Electrical Induction Linear system
generator

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OWC at Vizhinjam, Kerala

 TARGETS:
-Demonstration plant.
Design, Installation & Evaluation.
-Semi Commercial Prototype II.
Design, Installation & Evaluation.
-Commercial module.

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Design Conditions

Storm Operational
Significant
Si ifi W
Wave h
height
i h ((m)) 8
8.25
2 4
4.25
2
Wave period (secs) 12.7 7.3
Wind speed (m/s) 45.8 23.15
Surface current speed (m/s) 2.0 1.0

Specifications of the Wave Energy

Plant
 OWC caisson - 23.2m x 17m x 15.3m
dimension
 Turbine - Impulse turbine coupled to
configuration Induction generator
 Axis - Horizontal
 Power at rated speed - 55kW
speed

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Wave power resource around the world

TIDAL POWER PLANTS

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Tidal Barrages
• Barrage built across estuary

• Gates open during incoming high tides

• Gates closed when tides stop coming in

• Barrage store water to create hydrostatic

head

Water can be stored in an estuary during high tide

Release during low tide, through turbines

Tidal Barrage

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• Sea level drop during outgoing tide

• Gates containing turbine opened at

sufficient head

• Water flows out through gate driving

turbine

Power generated

Tidal Power Generation

Fig. 14.29 Environmental Geology, 6th ed,

Montgomery, 2003

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Advantages of Tidal Barrages

High predictability
Tides predicted years in advance, unlike wind
Similar to low-head dams
Known technology
Protection against floods
B fi for
Benefits f transportation
i (bridge)
(b id )
Some environmental benefits

Advantages of tidal energy

 Once you've built it, tidal power is free

 It produces no greenhouse gases or other waste.

 It needs no fuel.

 It produces electricity reliably.

 Not expensive to maintain.

16-Sep-10 34

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Disadvantages of Tidal barrages

High capital costs
Few attractive tidal power sites worldwide
Intermittent power generation
Silt accumulation behind barrage
Accumulation of pollutants in mud
Changes to estuary ecosystem
Barrage style only produces energy for about 10
h
hours out off the
h dday
Barrage style has environmental affects
Such as fish and plant migration
Silt deposits
Local tides change- affects still under study

Available Power
• Energy α (Tidal range)2

• Turbine Power
where Cd = discharge coeff.
A = CS area
ρ = density
g = acceleration due to
gravity

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Potential Tidal Sites

Only about 20 sites in the world have been identified as possible tidal stations

Tidal Streams
• Fast flowing volumes of water caused by
motion
ti off tid
tide

• Natural constriction forces water to speed

up

• Occur in shallow sea

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How Energy Produced?

• Fast moving water rotate blades of turbine

generating electricity.

• Almost similar to wind currents

• But water 800 times denser than air so

force experienced by turbines more

Power Obtained
• Power = 1ρAv3Cp
2
Where ρ = Density of water
A = Area of rotor blades
v = Velocity of marine
currents
Cp = Power coefficient

• Min. marine current velocity for effective

power generation = 2.0-2.5 m/s

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TIDAL POWER-INDIAN EXPERIENCE

•NO TIDAL POWER PLANTS CONSTRUCTED AS YET IN

INDIA.
•FEASIBILITY STUDY – GULF OF KUTCHCH, GUJARAT.
•PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDY – GULF OF KHAMBHAT, GUJARAT
This is multipurpose project for the development of the Gulf
of Khambhat. The average tidal range is about 7 M and
area of the tidal basin is about 500 Sq. Km. with this basin
size and the
average tidal range
range, a scheme for generation of 5000 MW
tidal power has been envisaged.

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OTEC
 Introduction to OTEC
 Principle
 Types
 Efficiency
 Uses of Ocean Thermal Energy
 Advantages

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion

Concept of OTEC

• O
Ocean thermal
th l energy conversion,
i
or OTEC, is a way to generate
electricity using the temperature
difference of seawater at different
depths. Utilizes Ocean temperature
Gradient
• OTEC utilizes the temperature-
difference existing between warm
surface sea water of 27 - 29" C
and the cold deep sea water of
around 5 to 7" C, which is available
at a depth of 800 to-l000 m. OTEC facility at Keahole Point on
the Kona coast of Hawaii. US

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Vertical Profile of Temperature

TYPES
y
 Closed Cycle
 Open Cycle
 Hybrid Cycle

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CLOSED CYCLE

OPEN CYCLE

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HYBRID CYCLE

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON SITE

LOCATION

 Land Based Plant

 Shelf Based Plant
 Floating Plant
 Submerged Plant

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OTEC generation on land:

OTEC generation on floating platform

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USES

 Energy
gy
 Fresh Water - Desalination
 Food
 Cooling
Chilled Soil Agriculture

INDIA

Coastline of 7000 km
Estimated overall potential – 180000
MW
2 56 million sq
2.56 sq.km
km EEZ

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OTEC resource within EEZ of

India

IDENTIFIED SITES

 Kavaratti
 Kulasekarapattinam
 Andaman & Nicobar Islands

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OTEC Plant - Kulasekarapattinam

Alternative Cold Depth of Distance Project Unit

No. water Cold from Cost Cost
intake water shore to (million (Rs/kWh
Temp. Intake plant Rs) )
¢J (m) (m) (1985
Rates)
I 8.7 765 2200 309 3.69
II 10.0 620 1500 287 3.12

FRESH WATER (Kavaratti)

 Hybrid OTEC plant

 10 MW plant
pl nt – 2.24
2 24 milli
million
n lit
literss of
f
fresh water everyday
 Kavaratti island – Lakshwadeep - 1
lakh litre of fresh water per day 39.80
39 80
paise per liter
 Model for Chennai under research

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Pilot OTEC Plant in Tuticorin

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1 MW floating OTEC plant

 Site identified (about 40km off Tiruchendur)

• Temperature gradient of 21º

21 C average

• SST varying from 26º – 29º C

 Closed cycle with ammonia as working fluid

 Power module on floating barge – not susceptible

with
ith storms
t

 Cold water pipe 1000m length

MAJOR SYSTEMS AND COMPONENTS

POWER MODULE
 Turbo Generator
Turbo-Generator
 Plate Heat exchangers
 Sea Water Pumps
FLOATING PLATFORM
 Barge
 Cold and Warm Water Box
SEA WATER SYSTEMS
 Cold Water Pipe
 Flexible Hose

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Specifications

• Gross Power Output : 1 MW

• Warm water temperature : 29°C
• Cold water temperature : 7°C
• Depth of cold water intake point : 1000m

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Platform

• Off-shore or Shore-based?

Required temperature difference occurs

only after 40 km from coast. So, shore-
based plant not feasible

Cycle
• The low pressure generator needed in
O
Open Cycle
C l are h huge iin size
i and d are nott
suited for low rating plants of the order of
MW
• So, Closed Rankine Cycle is being
employed

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Heat Exchangers

• Titanium being used

• Having an additional layer of Stainless
Steel on ammonia side was found to
increase the heat transfer by 30-40%

Barge
• Monohull barge
• 685m X 16m X 4m
• A huge cold water sump of dimensions
4.5m X 4.5m X 14m and is retractable
• Sump locked on deck to reduce pitch, roll
• Pitch and Roll < 2.5°

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Model Tests
• 1kW model prepared
• Tests
T t performed
f d for
f
various conditions of
sea water velocity
and temperature
• Vibration found under
allowable limits

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ADVANTAGES OF OTEC SYSTEMS

• Power-continuous, renewable & pollution

free.
free
• Cold deep sea water-rich in nutrients-utilized
for aqua-culture.
• Open cycle : fresh water as by product.
• Closed cycle : desalination-fresh water.
• OTEC-Alternative power-remote islands.
• Floating OTEC-offshore mining.

OTEC FUTURE FOR INDIA

 14% of
f nett potential
t ti l iin nextt 4
decades

 100 MW plants for competing

with conventional sources

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Estimated Potential and Status of

Ocean Energy in India
Unit Cost
Potential Status
US$/kWh
MW kW
(Rs./kWh)
0.189
OTEC 1,80,000 Nil
(8.12)
0.167
0 167
TIDAL 8,000 Nil
(7.17)
0.174
WAVE 40,000 50
(7.50)

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