RAMGOVIND POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

PROJECT REPORT
ON
DRIP IRRIGATION
Project Report submitted for fulfillment of the requirement
for the award of Diploma in

Civil Engineering under S. B. T. E., ( Jharkhand ).

Submitted by
Group No. :: 03

Ashish kumar Murmu 15702030012

Deepak Kumar Yadav 15702030014
Bittu Kumar ( Group Leader ) 15702030013
Dheeraj Kumar 15702030015

Under the Guidance

Mr. Pintu Kumar Pandit
( Prof. of Department of Civil ) R. P. I., Koderma.
 DECLARATION
We hereby declare that the project report entitled DRIP IRRIGATION
submitted by to RAMGOVIND POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE in
partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of
DIPLOMA IN CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT is a record
of bonafide project work carried out by our group members under the
guidance of MR. PINTU KUMAR PANDIT. We further declare that
the work reported in this project has not been submitted and will not be
submitted, either in part or in full. For the award of any other degree or
diploma in this institute.

DATE
 “ Drip Irrigation
This is to certify that the Project Work entitled
carried out by Bittu Kumar ( 15702030013 ) bonafide students
of
RAMGOVIND POLITECHNIC INSTITUTE, KODERMA in
partial
fulfillment for the award of Diploma in CIVIL
ENGINEERING of the State
Board of Technical Education, Belagavi during the Year :: 2015 – 2018.

Pintu Kumar Pandit Madhavanand Chaturvedi

EXTERNAL
Prof. of Dept. of Civil H. O. D., Dept. of Civil
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful

completion of any task would be incomplete without mentioning the
people whose constant guidance and encouragement made it
possible. We take pleasure in presenting before you, our project,
which is a result of a blend of our studies, research and
acknowledgement.
We express our earnest gratitude to Mr.
MADHVANAND Chaturvedi (H.O.D., Dept. of Civil), our
honorable guide, Mr. Pintu Kumar Pandit (Prof. of Dept. of Civil)
for his constant support and encouragement and guidance.

Finally we express our guidance to all other

members who are involved directly or indirectly for the completion
of this project.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TOPIC

1. Introduction
2. Drip Irrigation
3. Planning of drip system
4. Operating drip system
5. Basic part of drip system
6. Methods of Irrigation
7. Advantages
8. Disadvantages
9. Conclusion
10. References
 Introduction
Irrigation may be defined as the process of supplying water to land by
artificial means for the purpose of cultivation. Ordinarily water is
supplied to land by nature through rain but generally it is not enough
for the proper growth of plants. As such as the basic objective of
irrigation is to supplement the natural supply of water to land so as to
obtain the an optimum yield from the crop grown on the land.
In order to achieve this objective of irrigation, an irrigation system is
required to developed, which involves planning, designing,
construction, operation and maintenance of various irrigation works
visa, a source of water supply, a distribution system for carrying water
from the source to the agricultural land and its application on the land,
and various other associated works. The factors which necessitate
irrigation are:
Ø Inadequate rainfall
Ø Uneven distribution of rainfall
Ø Growing a number of crops during a year
Ø Growing superior crops
 Drip Irrigation
Drip irrigation is a controlled, slow application of water to soil over a long
period of time, usually lasting several hours. The water flows under low
pressure through plastic pipe/tubing laid along each row of plants. It
reduces water loss by up to 60 percent. Flow rate needs to be adjusted so
there is no flooding or runoff.
• Apply enough water to wet the soil to a depth of 4-6 inches
• Avoid frequent light applications of water
• Water in early daylight hours
 Planning a Drip System:
Ø Source of clear water that flows at a rate of at least 2 to 5 gallons per minute
with at least 30 to 40 pounds of pressure. If using a rain barrel, raise or
elevate it to increase the pressure.
Ø Locate the area to be irrigated as close as possible to water source. Use a
5/8-inch or ¾-inch hose to get from house faucet to the header in the area to
be irrigated
Ø Determine the layout of the area to be irrigated. Make a sketch using graph
or grid paper draw the area and the tubing needs.
Ø Have a plan when you shop and take it with you.
Ø When buying irrigation equipment, avoid mixing brands of fittings,
hoses and emitters unless they are compatible.
Ø Emitter selection and performance are keys to the success of all drip
irrigation systems. Some emitters perform satisfactorily underground,
while other tube is used only above ground. Emitter clogging is a major
problem in drip irrigation. They clog easily.
 Operating a Drip System:
• Operating a drip system is a matter of deciding how often to turn it on
and how long to leave it on. The object is to maintain adequate soil
moisture without wasting water.
Bring the moisture level in the root zone up to a satisfactory level.

•
 Basic Part of a Drip System:
 Valves
o -Turns on or off the water flow through a pipe.

 Backflow Preventer:
o -Device that prevents dirt etc from being sucked back into your
drinking water

 Pressure Regulator:
o -Reduces the water pressure and keeps it at a constant level.

 Filter:
o -Cleans the water.
o -Drip emitters have very small openings that are
easily clogged. -A filter with a 150 or higher
mesh screen is suggested.
o -A good quality filter (maximum pressure rating of 10,3 bars
{150 PSI} or higher) may be installed before the pressure
regulator, but inexpensive filters(usually do not list the pressure
rating) often sold for drip systems should be installed after the
pressure regulator.

 Emitters:
o -Controls how fast the water drips out onto the soil.
- Most emitters are small plastic devices that either screw or
snap onto a drip tube. -Common ones emit 4 liters/hour of
water-about 1 gallon per hour.

 Drip Tubing (Drip Hose):

o -Special tubing used in most drip systems.
o -The tubing is laid on the ground surface between/or along
side the plants -Emitter are installed on this drip tubing
 o -Know what size and type you are buying
o laterals and requires special emitters with threaded connections
rather than barbs.

 Drip Tube Fittings:

o -Fittings ( includes tees, couplings and adapters) are the plastic
connectors used to attach the drip tube to other tubes—make sure
fittings are exact size for your tubing.
o -Note: both 15mm and 16mm tube are often labels as ½ inch size
in the USA-Barb type fittings insert into the drip tube which
sometimes split after a few years of sunlight exposure-Goof plugs
repair any holes made by mistake
 Flush Valve or End Cap:
 -Important: to be sure water does not run out the end of the
drip tube.
 -Over time a layer of sediment develops inside the tube and
needs to be flushed out
 -You can make a end cap/manual flush valve by just
bending over the end of the drip tubing on itself to crimp off
the flow.
 -6 inch double over will work fine
 -Use wire or a cable/zip tie to hold the tube in the
crimped position. -Un-crimp and straighten the
tube when you want to flush it.
 Double Check System:
 –Go back and check for leaks, directions of water flow,
flooding

 Big Drip Irrigation Mistake:

 -Is not installing enough emitters
 -General rule: install at least 2 emitters
for each plant -Spacing them 18” apart
 -Placing emitters right next to each other or installing a higher
flow rate emitter will not help the plant!
 -A large tree might need 5 or more spaced uniformly under
the drip line. -Typical drip system for a mature tree on a nice
loam soil might have a drip tube that loops at least once
around the tree trunk, for a big tree, it might make two or
three loops around the trunk, spiraling out 36” further from
the trunk with each loop and with emitters spaced about 36”
apart on the tube.
 METHODS OF IRRIGATION

Irrigation methods are commonly designated according to the

manner in which water is applied to the land to be irrigated.
Surface Irrigation Methods
The water is applied by spreading in it sheets or small
streams on the land to be irrigated .These methods are
adopted for perennial irrigation system.
Sprinkler Irrigation Methods
The irrigation water is applied to the land in the form of spray;
somewhat as in ordinary rain .It can be used for all the crops
except rice and jute and for almost all soils except very heavy
soils with very low filtration rates.
Sub-Surface Irrigation Methods
The water is applied below the ground surface so that it is
supplied directly to the root zone of the plants .The main
advantages of these methods are that the evaporation losses are
considerably reduced and the hindrance caused to cultivation
by the presence of borders, pipes and field channels in the other
methods of irrigation is eliminated.
 ADVANTAGES

Reduced water use

Because drip irrigation brings the water to the plant root zone and
does not wet the entire field, drip irrigation typically requires half
to a quarter of the volume of water required by comparable
overhead-irrigation systems.
Joint management of irrigation and Fertilization
Drip irrigation can improve the efficiency of both water and
fertilizer. Precise Application of nutrients is possible using drip
irrigation. Hence, fertilizer costs and soluble nutrient losses may be
reduced with drip irrigation. Nutrient applications may also be
better timed to meet plant needs.
Reduced pest problems
Weed and disease problems may be reduced because drip irrigation
does not wet the row middles or the foliage of the crops as does
overhead irrigation.
Simplicity
Polyvinyl chloride (p.vc) and polyethylene parts are widely
available in several diameters and are easy to assemble. Many
customized, easy-to-install connectors, end caps, and couplers are
available in different diameters. Cutting and gluing allows for
timely repairs.
Low pumping needs
Drip systems require low operating pressure (20-25 psi at field
entrance, 10-12 psi at the drip tape) compared to overhead
systems (50-80 psi). Many existing small pumps and wells may
be used to adequately irrigate small acreage using drip systems.
Automation
Drip-irrigation application may be simply managed and
programmed with an AC- or battery-powered controller, thereby
reducing labor cost.
Adaptation
Drip systems are adaptable to oddly shaped fields or those with
uneven topography
or soil texture, thereby eliminating the underutilized or non-
cropped corners and maximizing the use of available land.
Production advantages
Combined with raised beds, polyethylene mulch, and transplants,
drip irrigation enhances earliness and crop uniformity. Using
polyethylene mulch also increases the
Cleanliness of harvested products and reduces the risk of
contamination with soil-born pathogens. Reflective mulches further
help reduce the incidence of viral diseases by affecting insect
vectors, such as thrips, whiteflies or aphids.
 DISADVANTAGES

Drip irrigation requires an economic Investment

Drip-irrigation systems typically cost $500 - $1,200 or more per acre .Part of
the cost is a capital investment useful for several years, and another part is
due to the annual cost of disposable parts. Growers new to drip irrigation
should start with a relatively simple system on a small acreage before
moving to a larger system.

Drip irrigation requires maintenance and high-quality

water
Once emitters are clogged or the tape is damaged, the tape must be replaced.
Water dripping from an emitter and the subsequent wetting pattern are hard
to see, which makes it difficult to know if the system is working properly.
Proper management of drip irrigation requires a learning period.

Water-application pattern must match planting pattern

If emitter spacing (too far apart) does not match the planting pattern, root
development may be restricted and/or plants may die.
Safety
Drip tubing may be lifted by wind or may be displaced by animals unless
the drip tape is covered with mulch, fastened with wire anchor pins, or
lightly covered with soil.
Leak repair
Drip lines can be easily cut or damaged by other farming operations, such as
tilling, transplanting, or manual weeding with a hoe. Damage to drip tape
caused by insects, rodents or birds may create large leaks thatalso require
repair
 CONCLUSIONS

Drip irrigation is a latest sub-surface method of irrigating water

with higher water demands in arid region. It may not be applicable
to all farms. Yet, when properly designed, installed and managed,
drip irrigation may help achieve water conservation by reducing
evaporation and deep drainage when compared to other types of
irrigation such as flood or overhead sprinklers since water can be
more precisely applied to the plant roots. In addition, drip can
eliminate many diseases that are spread through water contact with
the foliage. It also results reduced energy costs.
 References

 www.google.com
 www.wikipidia.com
 www.studymafia.org

 Under the guidelines of mr pintu kumar pandit, mr

sashi shekher sir, anubhav kumar sinha(Proff. Of
department of civil engineering RPI Koderma).
 The information is obtained by the group discussion
with our group members.