Faculty of Engineering

University of Kragujevac

English 2 – seminar paper

Analysis of technological heredity effect on tribological

characteristics of contact layers of elements with metal
coating

Student:
Professor:
Marko Zlatić
Dr Sandra Stefanović
Contents

1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 3

2. Wear resistance ........................................................................................................................ 4

3. Basic characteristics of the chromium coating ........................................................................ 5

4. Effect of machining technology on tribological characteristics of chroming surfaces ........... 8

5. Test conditions ......................................................................................................................... 9

6. Tribological characteristics as a function of grinding regimes .............................................. 10

7. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 11

References ..................................................................................................................................... 12

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 1. Introduction

In order to improve the tribological characteristics of elements of the tribomechanical

systems, the metal coatings are oftenly deposited on the contact surfaces. The development of
wearing of such contact layers depends on the characteristics of the coating material, conditions
of contact realization and on machining technology of the contact surfaces, on the procedures
and regimes of the finishing as well as on the previous treatment of the element. In this paper,
besides the pointing to the significance and effect of the previous machining the partial results of
the researching on the influence of machining regime before and after the coating on the
tribological characteristics are given. It is particularly analyzed the effect of the regime of the
previous and finishing grinding on the wearing of samples coated by chromium layer, when the
ranking of the influence of individual regime elements is performed, (Djekić, 1985).

It is not excessive to mention the fact that the highest number of failures in machine systems and
assembles appear due to wearing of elements in tribomechanical systems constrict in them.

Effort for better reliability, longer life and, through them, for realizing the goal of saving
is conducted through improving the tribological level of the machine systems, i.e. by the
improvement of the tribological features of element contact layers in tribo-mechanical system. In
general, the improvement of the tribological features of contact layers may be achieved by
choosing the appropriate materials, reducing the friction by lubrical, changing the features of the
basic material of the surface layer or by deposition of various tribological coating ( which is
often the case), (Krageljskij, 1979).

Depositing of coating on contact surfaces may contribute to the improvement of their tribological
characteristics as well as to the saving of highquality materials through their substitution by less
quality materials with highquality contact layers. Of numerous procedures for depositing the
metal coating on contact surfaces, the most used is electrolytic chroming. Electrolytic chroming
of contact surfaces has a wide application regarding that such surfaces may have 5+lS time
higher wearing strength. The tribological characteristics of such contact layers mostly depend on
micro-geometrical parameters realized during the finishing treatment. However, these parameters
are not the function only of the applied machining technology in the finishing operation, but in

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certain measure depend on the regime of the previous treatments, i.e. the technological heridity is
occurring; In that, the degree of effect of previous and finishing treatment is different and
depends first of all on the applied machining regime, but also on the thickness of chrome layer
deposited on the surface, (Krageljskij, 1979).

2. Wear resistance

The task of construction of reliable machine with long life is set and the way of its
solving with help of cyber. netic laws is shown. Problems of collection of information on
loads, vibrations and other factors during the work of prototypes and following model,
accelerated, and forced tests for acquiring of minimal duration of friction joints service are
considered. Extended methods of planing of experiment are suggested, (Belenkiy, 1999).

The iron, cobalt and nickel-based materials were used for induction weld deposition to
the surfaces of the heavy duty friction parts, dies and punches. The results of wear resistance
analysis are shown. The main processes of wear mechanism are considered for different
conditions. Linkages between the physical and mechanical properties of materials and
durability are investigated. The information on optimal compositions, efficiency, and
deposition regimes is presented, (Runabout, 1999).

One of modern methods of increase of wear-resistance of details of machines-method of

covering by rubbings considered. The estimation of wear resistance of details working in
various abrasive environments is given, and the basic advantages and lacks of this method
are analyzed. The theoretical and experimental substantiation of major factors of the covered
details, responsible behind a high wear-resistance rubber, is examined in comparison with
metal, and the items of information on the again developed details, covered with rubber of
machines are resulted, (Penkin, 2002).

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 Table 2 Wear resistance of materials

3. Basic characteristics of the chromium coating

Various machine elements made of steel, cast iron, aluminum and other non-ferrous
metals are subjected to the chromium coating (chroming), of the contact surfaces. Coatings of
electrolytic chromium have high hardness (H50 =800=1200l), consistency on high temperatures
(up to 18500 C), good heat conductace (14,165 cal/cm° C); resistance on corrosion and small
friction coefficient. Disadvantage of the chromium coating is that it poorly retains the
lubrication medium and has poor worklng out, (Todić, 1999).

The breaks are unreservedly happen on the electrolyticaly stored chromium layer and
their measurements put money on principally on the administration of the electrolysis, layer
thickness and methods of the mechanical machining of the layer( fig.1)

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 Figure 1 Cracks in the chromium layer

The splits in the chromium layer have twofold impact, i.e. twofold impact on the
covering highlights. In one hand, the breaks debilitate the. chromium layer and in the other hand
they may improve the normal for convenience the ointments and working out of the surface.
Hardness has the greatest impact on the wearing quality and hostile to rubbing attributes of
chromium covering. With the advancement of the covering hardness as far as possible, the
wearing of covering and counter body is lessening, and with higher hardness this wearing would
rise, ( fig.2)

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 Figure 2 Influence of chromium coating hardness on contact elements wearing

The basic conclusion that may be derived is: there is optimum, i.e. chromium hardness
for which the wearing is minimum. Such dependence between the hardness of chromium coating
and wearing strength is explained by the fact that the increase of coating hardness reduces the
scope and intensity of damage on account of microcontact binding and tempering. With the
increase of hardness above the optimum value, the brittleness and strain of coating increase, too,
(Djekić, 1985).

Wearing strength and working out process of chromium coating depend on porosity of
chromium. It may be said that at boundary friction there is also optimum porosity at which we
have the smallest wearing (up to porosity of 20%). For the porosity above 30-:-35% the coating
wearing and counter body rapidly increases /2/. It is explained by the fact that, with the increase
of chromium porosity to certain value, the capability of retaining the lubricants on contact
surfaces is worsening. If We take into account the need for faster working out of the contact

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surface and Satisfactory wearing strength, the coating with porosity of 25+35% and
microhardness of H50=850+1000 may be recommended, (Djekić, 1985).

4. Effect of machining technology on tribological characteristics

of chroming surfaces

The behavior of the contact layers in tribo-mechanical systems is connected with the
geometrical and physical-mechanical characteristics of the contact surfaces quality. Roughness
(microruggedness), wavy surface and macroruggedess belong to the firs, and microhardness,
degree and depth of damaged layer, porosity, etc. belong to the second group. First group of the
characteristics depends a lot on the applied machining technology (primary on regime), unlike
the second group were no significant influence can be made. The biggest influence on
tribological characteristics of the contact surfaces (at least in the period of working out) is
demonstrated by the micro-geometrical characteristics, i.e. characteristics of roughness, (Todić,
199).

The effect of surface roughness basically is retained in the working out process when the
changes of rugged surface size and forms occurs as well as their direction. Regarding this, the
designer needs to know the method of machining the surface and he, already in the state of
manufacturing the parts, has to obtain the optimal roughness that is formed in the period of
normal wearing. In that way, the working out time is significantly reduced and the wearing
strength is increased. In relation to this, for obtaining certain (resistive) surface it is not sufficient
to previously give only the hight of ruggedness (the class of roughness or roughness parameters),
but it should be determined the technological machining method with the previously given
parameters; too. The chroming surfaces, in order to obtain appropriate roughness of the surfaces,
the grinding is usually performed in two phases: previous and final grinding or polishing. The
roughness of the surfaces obtained in the final phase of the machining should provide the short
period of the working out, minimal wearing and also the small costs of machining (techno
economical justification), (Todić, 1999).

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 It should be noted that during the chroming process the attention must his paid that the
thickness of chromium layer must not be too small, because in that case the chromium layer
follows the relief of the surface including the micro unevenness. Thicker layers besides the
demand for bigger amount of chromium, and obligatory grinding and polishing, do not
contribute to higher effects. Otherwise, the surfaces on which the chromium layer is to be
deposited must be previously machined by fine grinding or polishing, (Djekić, 1985).

The final micro-geometrical and tribological characteristics of the surfaces coated with
the chromium layer are influenced by the regimes of final grinding as use" as by the grinding
regimes before chroming. In other words, technological heredity has a certain effect on
tribological characteristics. For confirming the above statements, certain tests were performed
whit the partial results given in the following section, (Djekić, 1985).

5. Test conditions

To control the impact of mechanical heredity on tribological qualities of the chrome plating
surfaces, the tests on design method of frosty drawn carbon steel, 20mm in distance across, were
performed. The examples were first ground by the technique without peaks; with various
movements (S. ) according to the arranged most great arrangement of the test/l/. In the wake of
granulating it is played out the electrolytical chrome plating where the chromium layer, 20pm of
thickness and HV0J=820+980 of hardness, was kept.

Subsequent to chrome plating, the last crushing was executed with the distinctive
administrations where the move (82) and granulating profundity (8) were blended.

The specimens machined by the arrangement of the investigation were worked in equal get
together (water powered gadget) so they were in contact with the non-metal materials (polymers
and teflon) amid the vary pivotal development.

Keeping in mind the end goal to set up the tribological attributes, it is utilized the
hydropulsator "SHENCK" on which the working states of tribo-framework were mimicked.

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 After fitting number of working cycles the thickness of the chromium layer was measured
(straight parameter of wearing) and it set up the shaping of specific elements of the tribological
qualities.

6. Tribological characteristics as a function of grinding regimes

On the premise of the aftereffects of measuring the wearing of tests machined with various
pounding administrations previously, then after the fact chrome plating it is settled the significate
of the shifted perspectives by the relapse examination. The impact of individual changed
elements (81,825 ) is given on histogram (fig.3).

Figure 3 Histogram of effects of factors 𝑆1 , 𝑆2 , 𝛿

All things considered. the impact of granulating administrations earlier and after chrome
plating (the impact of mechanical heredity) is basically affirmed, it is framed the capacity of
reliance of wearing amount (h) on administration components in the shape:

𝑦
ℎ = 𝐶 × 𝑆1𝑥 × 𝑆2 × 𝛿 𝑧

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 The contour of this function is presented on fig.4.

Figure 4 Wearing as a function of grinding regimes

7. Conclusion

On the basis of above allegations the following conclusions may be borrowed:

With a specific end goal to accomplish better misuse qualities of the machine components it
isn't sufficient just to store the metal covering and understand the last surface unpleasantness.
Machining administrations prior and then afterward covering really impact the last
microgeometrical and tribological attributes of the surfaces with the goal that the technologists
should give careful consideration. The reason for decision of the ideal techniques and
administrations of machining of contact surfaces might be made in accordance with the achieve
consequences of testing.

Wear is identified with cooperative energy amongst surfaces and particularly the expulsion
and twisting of material on a surface because of mechanical activity of the inverse surface.In
materials science, wear is disintegration or sideways removal of material from its "subsidiary"
and unique position on a strong surface performed by the activity of another surface.

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References

Belenkiy, D., M. (1999), Tribology in industry, Volume 21, No. 1, Mašinski fakultet u
Kragujevcu

Krageljskij, I.,V. (1979), Trenie, iznasivanie i smazka 2, Masinostroenie, Moskva

Penkin, N.,S. (2002), Wear Resistance of Rubber Details of Machines, Northern

Caucasus State Technical University, Stavropol

Runabout, V.,V. (1999), Tribology in industry, Volume 21, No. 1, Mašinski fakultet u
Kragujevcu

Djekić, S. (1985). Tribological features of element contact layer of hydraulic cylinders as

a function of machining technology, Thesis, Kragujevac

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