Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Bhopal 462003
Bhopal-
Report on
“Design-oriented
oriented energy approach for Hostel no.
10 with Automated Solar Panel”
Prepared by
o Anoop Prajapati (1311160 20)
o Sourabh Suman (131116027)
o Nitik Kumar (131116056)
o Aashima
shima Patel (131116097)
(Final year, B.Tech
ME Department)
Guided by:
Associate Professor
Dr. K.R. Aharwal
Mechanical Engineering Department, MANIT, Bhopal
Declaration:
Date:-
We the students of B.Tech ME Department 8th
semester pronounce that the venture on “Solar Panel Design for
Hostel no.10 energy consumption per day” is put together by
us on our unique calculation of data observed at Hostel no. 10. The
data and information gave by us in the report is legitimate to the
best of our insight. This project has been performed under the
supervision of Dr. KR Aharwal, Associate Professor MANIT,
Bhopal.
Prepared by
o Anoop Prajapati (1311160 20)
o Sourabh Suman (131116027)
o Nitik Kumar (131116056)
o Aashima Patel (131116097)
(Final year, B.Tech
ME Department)
Guided by:
Associate Professor
Dr. K.R. Aharwal
Mechanical Engineering Department, MANIT, Bhopal
Acknowledgement:
We want to first express our gratitude towards Dr K.R.
Aharwal for guiding us to take part in this venture. His direction has
been all useful for us for his priceless proposals about venture
attainability and direction.
We additionally express gratitude toward
HOD, Mechanical Department, MANI, Bhopal for providing us the
opportunity to do this venture as semester project.
We are thankful to the Energy office for giving us
specialized help to board related works and furthermore the electronic
related works.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE NO.
1. Abstract 1
2. Introduction 2- 3
3. Literature Survey 4- 5
4. Solar Tracking and measuring device 5-6
5. Components used 7 - 25
6. Diagrams of Project 26 - 28
7. Design of Panel for Hostel no 10 28 - 33
8. Panels Specifications 34 - 35
9. Space Management for 36 - 37
Allocation of solar panels
10.Techniques to collect more sunlight 38 - 38
11.Cost analysis of Panel Installment 39 - 40
in hostel no 10
12.Payback Period Calculation 40 - 40
13.Programming used for Tracking mode 41 - 43
14.Applications, Advantage 43 - 44
15.Reference 44 - 44
“An engineer with practical knowledge is not a complete engineer.
Practical knowledge is very important for an “engineer to develop and apply
engineering skills”. It gives me a great pleasure to have an opportunity to
acknowledge and to express gratitude to those who were associated with my
project at MANIT, Bhopal.”
Abstract
With fuel climbs making news, sun oriented vitality is the most looked
for after vitality source. Going solar can solve more than one problems,
right from cutting down on carbon emissions and dependence on fuels,
to solving the energy crisis. This project aims to make a simple solar
tracking and measuring device which aims to maximize the solar power
generation significantly by aligning itself synchronously with the
relative motion of the Sun across the sky and create a Solar Panel
Design for Hostel no.10 energy consumption per day.
Page no. 1
Introduction
Gone are the days when you would look up at the Sun and curse yourself
for being out on a hot sunny day. Take pride; very soon you will be a
walking energy station with people asking you to help them charge their
batteries with your clothes!
Literature Survey:
Reducing dependence on fossil fuels and cutting down on our carbon
emissions is one of the most important aspects of solar energy. Another
crucial point is it can make any country, especially tropical ones like
India, self-sufficient in energy. With ambitious project like the National
Solar missions aiming at producing 20GW (India’s energy consumption
2012: 100GW out of which 1GW was Solar energy) by 2020 is a big
step toward progress. Rural areas are now lit up with solar lamps. Solar
parks are also an emerging trend with Charanka Solar Park, Gujarat
Page no. 4
producing 20MW of energy. Government is also taking initiatives to
encourage people to make use of the sun by subsidizing electricity bills
for consumers using the solar panels. So if you make more energy than
you use, you will end up in a profit without even burning a calorie!
Going Solar is exciting but some challenges also need to be addressed.
Space constraints, weather constraints and expensive technology
involved do hinder the process. But with increase in production and
development of technology, prices will fall, demands increase and we
will be living in a cleaner, safer environment, making the energy we
need. Renewable sources of energy alone can ensure sustainable
development. Economic growth can also be ensured by energy reaching
to each and every household in turn increasing the productivity of
industries and standard of living of people. It is a bright future we have
ahead of us; the only thing is we need to focus the glare rather than
evading it.
The current market leader in efficient solar energy modules is Sun
Power, whose solar panels have a conversion ratio of 19.3%, with
Sanyo having the most efficient modules at 20.4%. However, a whole
range of other companies (Holo Sun, Gamma Solar, Nano Horizons) are
emerging which are also offering new innovations in photovoltaic
modules, with a conversion ratio of around 18%. These new innovations
include power generation on the front and back sides and increased
outputs; however, most of these companies have not yet produced
working systems from their design plans, and are mostly still actively
improving the technology.
Measurement Principles
We have used current sensor to measure current induced in our battery
and voltage sensor to measure voltage gain in our battery.
Page no. 6
We know that the output voltage and
current is in DC. So we can easily measure the solar power by using the
measuring device. Liquid crystal display is used to show the value of
current and voltage of solar panel. 5 volt supply has to be given to the
micro controller and crystal display so in this we are converting DC
voltage to AC voltage or for a constant 5volt supply we can use the
battery which can be chargeable from the solar power induced in our
system.
Hardware Components
1. Solar Panel:
A solar cell is a device that converts the energy of sunlight directly into
electricity by the photovoltaic effect. Sometimes the term solar cell is
reserved for devices intended specifically to capture energy from
sunlight such as solar panels and solar cells, while the term photovoltaic
cell is used when the light source is unspecified. Assemblies of cells are
used to make solar panels, solar modules, and photovoltaic arrays.
Photovoltaic is the field of technology and research related to the
application of solar cells in producing electricity for practical use. An
alternative charger circuit is also provided to charge the mobile by
house hold general purpose 230V in the absence of the sun light. The
solar panel can be used as a component of a larger photovoltaic system
to generate and supply electricity in commercial and residential
applications. Each module is rated by its dc output power under
standard test conditions (STC), and typically ranges from 100 to 320
watts.
Page no. 7
1.1 History:
The term "photovoltaic" comes from the Greek φῶς (phōs) meaning
"light", and "voltaic", meaning electric, from the name of the Italian
physicist Volta, after whom a unit of electro-motive force, the volt, is
named. The term "photo-voltaic" has been in use in English since 1849.
The photovoltaic effect was first recognized in 1839 by French
physicist A. E. Becquerel. However, it was not until 1883 that the first
solar cell was built, by Charles Fritts, who coated the semiconductor
selenium with an extremely thin layer of gold to form the junctions. The
device was only around 1% efficient. Subsequently Russian physicist
Aleksandra Stoletov built the first solar cell based on the outer
photoelectric effect (discovered by Heinrich Hertz earlier in 1887).
Albert Einstein explained the photoelectric effect in 1905 for which he
received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921. Russell Ohl patented the
modern junction semiconductor solar cell in 1946, which was
discovered while working on the series of advances that would lead to
the transistor. The highly efficient solar cell was first developed by
Chapin, Fuller and Pearson in 1954 using a diffused silicon p-n
junction. In the past four decades, remarkable progress has been made,
with Megawatt solar power generating plants having now been built.
A solar panel (photovoltaic module or photovoltaic panel) is a packaged
interconnected assembly of solar cell, also known as photovoltaic cell.
The solar panel is used as a component in a larger photovoltaic system
to offer electricity for commercial and residential applications. Because
a single solar panel can only produce a limited amount of power, many
installations contain several panels. This is known as a photovoltaic
Page no. 8
array. A photovoltaic installation typically includes an array of solar
panels, an inverter, batteries and interconnection wiring.
Solar cells are often electrically connected and encapsulated as a
module. Photovoltaic modules often have a sheet of glass on the front
(sun up) side, allowing light to pass while protecting the
Semiconductor wafers from the elements (rain, hail, etc.). Solar cells
are also usually connected in series in modules, creating an additive
voltage. Connecting cells in parallel will yield a higher current.
Modules are then interconnected, in series or parallel, or both, to create
an array with the desired peak DC voltage and current.
The power output of a solar array is measured in watts or kilowatts. In
order to calculate the typical energy needs of the application, a
measurement in watt-hours, kilowatt-hours or kilowatt-hours per day is
often used. A common rule of thumb is that average power is equal to
20% of peak power, so that each peak kilowatt of solar array output
power corresponds to energy production of 4.8 kWh per day (24 hours x
1 kW x 20% = 4.8 kWh).
To make practical use of the solar-generated energy, the electricity is
most often fed into the electricity grid using inverters (grid-connected
photovoltaic systems); in stand-alone systems, batteries are used to
store the energy that is not needed immediately.
Solar cells can also be applied to other electronics devices to make it
self-power sustainable in the sun. There are solar cell phone chargers,
solar bike light and solar camping lanterns that people can adopt for
daily use.
Page no. 9
Page no. 10
pair and sometimes heat, depending on the band structure.
When a photon is absorbed, its energy is given to an electron in
the crystal lattice. Usually this electron is in the valence band, and is
tightly bound in covalent bonds between neighbouring atoms, and
hence unable to move far. The energy given to it by the photon
"excites" it into the conduction band, where it is free to move around
within the semiconductor. The covalent bond that the electron was
previously a part of now has one fewer electron — this is known as a
hole. The presence of a missing covalent bond allows the bonded
electrons of neighbouring atoms to move into the "hole," leaving
another hole behind, and in this way a hole can move through the
lattice. Thus, it can be said that photons absorbed in the semiconductor
create mobile electron-hole pairs.
A photon need only have greater energy than that of the band gap in
order to excite an electron from the valence band into the conduction
band. However, the solar frequency spectrum approximates a black
body spectrum at ~6000 K, and as such, much of the solar radiation
reaching the Earth is composed of photons with energies greater than
the band gap of silicon. These higher energy photons will be absorbed
by the solar cell, but the difference in energy between these photons and
the silicon band gap is converted into heat (via lattice vibrations —
called phonons) rather than into usable electrical energy.
1.5 Theory:
Solar panels use light energy (photons) from the sun to generate
electricity through the photovoltaic effect (this is the photo-electric
effect). The structural (load carrying) member of a module can either be
the top layer (superstrate) or the back layer (substrate). The majority of
modules use wafer-based crystalline silicon cells or a thin-film cell
based on cadmium telluride or silicon. Crystalline silicon, which is
commonly used in the wafer form in photovoltaic (PV) modules, is
derived from silicon, a commonly used semi-conductor. With a pencil,
try this example to know the two types of energy. Put the pencil at the
edge of the desk and push it off to the floor. The moving pencil uses
kinetic energy. Now, pick up the pencil and put it back on the desk. You
used your own energy to lift and move the pencil. Moving it higher than
the floor adds energy to it. As it rests on the desk, the pencil has
potential energy. The higher it is, the further it could fall. That means
the pencil has more potential energy.
Page no. 13
Fig: Solar panel 12V,5W
In order to use the cells in practical applications, they must be :
Connected electrically to one another and to the rest of the system
Protected from mechanical damage during manufacture, transport,
installation and use (in particular against hail impact, wind and snow
loads). This is especially important for wafer-based silicon cells which
are brittle.
Protected from moisture, which corrodes metal contacts and
interconnects, (and for thin-film cells the transparent conductive oxide
layer) thus decreasing performance and lifetime. Most modules are
usually rigid, but there are some flexible modules available, based on
thin-film cells.
Electrical connections are made in series to achieve a desired output
voltage and/or in parallel to provide a desired amount of current source
capability. Diodes are included to avoid overheating of cells in case of
partial shading. Since cell heating reduces the operating efficiency it is
desirable to minimize the heating. Very few modules incorporate any
design features to decrease temperature; however installers try to
Page no. 14
provide good ventilation behind the module.
New designs of module include concentrator modules in which the light
is concentrated by an array of lenses or mirrors onto an array of small
cells. This allows the use of cells with a very high-cost per unit area in a
cost-competitive way.
Depending on construction, the photovoltaic can cover a range of
frequencies of light and can produce electricity from them, but
sometimes cannot cover the entire solar spectrum (specifically,
ultraviolet, infrared and low or diffused light). Hence much of incident
sunlight energy is wasted when used for solar panels, although they can
give far higher efficiencies if illuminated with monochromatic light.
Another design concept is to split the light into different wavelength
ranges and direct the beams onto different cells tuned to the appropriate
wavelength ranges. This is projected to raise efficiency by 50%. Also,
the use of infrared photovoltaic cells can increase the efficiencies,
producing power at night. To make sure we have plenty of energy in
the future, it's up to all of us to use energy wisely.
We must all conserve energy and use it efficiently. It's also up to those
who will create the new energy technologies of the future.
All energy sources have an impact on the environment. Concerns about
the greenhouse effect and global warming, air pollution, and energy
security have led to increasing interest and more development in
renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, geothermal, wave power
and hydrogen but we'll need to continue to use fossil fuels and nuclear
energy until new, cleaner technologies can replace them. One of you
who is reading this might be another Albert Einstein or Marie Curie and
find a new source of energy. Until then, it's up to all of us.
Page no. 15
The future is ours, but we need energy to get there. Energy causes
things to happen around us. Look out the window.
During the day, the sun gives out light and heat energy. At night, street
lamps use electrical energy to light our way. When a car drives by, it is
being powered by gasoline, a type of stored energy. The food we eat
contains energy. We use that energy to work and play.
Page no. 16
MICRO CONTROLLER
A microcontroller is a single chip that contains the processor, non-
volatile memory for the program, volatile memory for input and output,
a clock and an I/O control unit also called a computer on a chip, billions
of microcontroller units are embedded each year in a myriad of products
from toys to appliances to automobiles. For example, a single vehicle
can use 70 or more microcontrollers. The following picture describes a
general block diagram of microcontroller.
Page no. 17
10MΩ, when they are illuminated with light resistance drops
dramatically.
A Light Dependent Resistor is a resistor that changes in value according
to the light falling on it. A commonly used device, the ORP-12, has a
high resistance in the dark, and a low resistance in the light. Connecting
the LDR to the microcontroller is very straight forward, but some
software ‘calibrating’ is required. It should be remembered that the LDR
response is not linear, and so the readings will not change in exactly the
same way as with a potentiometer. In general there is a larger resistance
change at brighter light levels. This can be compensated for in the
software by using a smaller range at darker light levels.
PHOTO DIODE
Photodiode is a light sensor which has a high speed and high sensitive
silicon PIN photodiode in a miniature flat plastic package. A photodiode
Page no. 18
is designed to be responsive to optical input. Due to its water clear
epoxy the device is sensitive to visible and infrared radiation. The large
active area combined with a flat case gives a high sensitivity at a wide
viewing angle. Photodiodes can be used in either zero bias or reverse
bias. In zero bias, light falling on the diode causes a voltage to develop
across the device, leading to a current in the forward bias direction. This
is called the photovoltaic effect, and is the basis for solar cells - in fact a
solar cell is just a large number of big, cheap photodiodes. Diodes
usually have extremely high resistance when reverse biased. This
resistance is reduced when light of an appropriate frequency shines on
the junction. Hence, a reverse biased diode can be used as a detector by
monitoring the current running through it. Circuits based on this effect
are more sensitive to light than ones based on the photovoltaic effect.
Stepper Motor
Features
Linear speed control of stepper motor
Control of acceleration, deceleration, max speed and number of
steps to move
Driven by one timer interrupt
Full - or half-stepping driving mode
Supports all AVR devices with 16bit timer.
Introduction
This application note describes how to implement an exact linear speed
controller for stepper motors. The stepper motor is an electromagnetic
device that converts digital pulses into mechanical shaft rotation. Many
advantages are achieved using this kind of motors, such as higher
simplicity, since no brushes or contacts are present, low cost, high
reliability, high torque at low speeds, and high accuracy of motion.
Many systems with stepper motors need to control the
acceleration/deceleration when changing the speed. This application
Page no. 20
note presents a driver with a demo application, capable of controlling
acceleration as well as position and speed.
Stepper Motor
Page no. 21
its polarity: this side should be connected to ground. This side usually
also has a shorter leg. In order to prevent too much current flowing
through an LED and damaging it, it should be connected in series with a
resistor.
RESISTOR
A resistor is a component of a circuit that resists the flow of electrical
current. It has two terminals across which electricity must pass, and it is
designed to drop the voltage of the current as it flows from one terminal
to the other. Resistors are primarily used to create and maintain known
safe currents within electrical components. Resistance is measured in
ohms, after Ohm's law. This law states that electrical resistance is equal
to the drop in voltage across the terminals of the resistor divided by the
current being applied. A high ohm rating indicates a high resistance to
current. This rating can be written in a number of different ways - for
example, 81R represents 81 ohms, while 81K represents 81,000 ohms.
Page no. 22
Materials in general have a characteristic behavior of opposing the flow
of electric charge. This opposition is due to the collisions between
electrons that make up the materials. This physical property, or ability to
resist current, is known as resistance and is represented by the symbol R.
Resistance is expressed in ohms which is symbolized by the capital
Greek letter omega.
Page no. 23
metal wire wrapped around clay, plastic, or fibre glass tubing, offers
resistance at higher power levels. Those used for applications that must
withstand high temperatures are typically made of materials such as
cermet’s, a ceramic-metal composite, or tantalum, a rare metal, so that
they can endure the heat.
Page no. 24
From top to bottom: W, W, and 1-W resistor
Page no. 25
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
BLOCK DAIGRAM-
Sun tracking solar panel –
Page no. 26
The block diagram for sun tracking is shown in the figure. Solar panel is
connected to the stepper motor. Solar panel consists of photovoltaic cells
arranged in an order. Light dependent resistors are the resistors whose
resisting values depend upon the intensity
intensity of the light. As the intensity of
light falling on the LDR increases, resistance value decreases. In dark,
LDR will have maximum resistance. LDR will output an analogue value
which should be converted to digital. This can be done using analogue to
digital converter.ATMEGA16 has analogue to digital converter
internally. Stepper motor rotates the panel in a stepwise angle. To drive
this motor a driver IC is used.
Circuit Diagram
Page no. 27
MEASURING SYSTEM –
Measuring system
The measuring system shown in figure. In this voltage and current
sensor is used in parallel way and Pic micro controller used in the series
and connected with the crystal display and power source. Here the 5 volt
power supply source used and source is chargeable using solar power.
Page no. 28
DETERMINATION OF POWER CONSUMPTION
First step involved in designing of solar panel is to find out the consumption of
total energy per day of all loads that need to be supplied by the Solar PV Systems.
There are 2 bathroom set in every floor. And there are 4 floors .So, for
total energy consumptions, it will be multiplied by 8.
Page no. 29
PER BATHROOM POWER CONSUMPTION (W.hr/day)
Serial Equipment Quantity Rating Running time Total Power
no. name (hours/ 24hours)
1. Tube light 6 28W 14/24 98
2. Led bulb 14 14W 14/24 115
(Wipro)
3. Exhaust fan 2 20W 18/24 30
Total = 243 W
Hence, Total power consumption = 243*8 = 1,944 W.hr/day
Total = 285W.hr/day
Page no. 30
PER CORRIDOR (4*4=16)
8Serial Equipment Quantity Rating Running time Total Power
no. name (hours/ 24hours)
1. Two compact 75 18W 12/24 675
fluorescent
lamp
2. Large tubelight 16 28W 12/24 224
(bathroom
side)
Total = 899 W.hr/day
Hence, Total power consumption in corridor = 899*16 = 9,584W.hr/day
Page no. 31
MESS EQUIPMENT ENERGY CONSUMPTION
1. Roti making machine - 4-5 W * (5hr/day)
2. Weight Machine - 100 W* (18hr/day)
3. Motor Pump - 746 W* (13hr/day)
Total 480 W-hr/day
Total power consumption = ∑energy consumption (W-hr/day)
= ∑ (12,221.33 + 1944 + 285 + 9584
+ 480 + 8365 )
= 32,879 W ≈ 33 kW-hr/day
Hence,
2.1 ) Total Wp of PV panel = 42.9 kW-hr/day / 4.32
capacity needed
≈ 9930.56 Wp
2.2 ) Number of PV panels of
= 9930.56/ 100
100W needed
≈ 100 modules
So, power needed = 42.9 kW-hr/day.
But solar collection in Bhopal annually is approx 5.61kWh/m^2.
Page no. 33
Mono Crystalline 100 Wp Solar panel Specifications
Maximum power (Wp) 100Wp
Maximum Voltage 17.6V
Maximum System Voltage 1000V
Maximum current (Imp) 5.68A
Open circuit Voltage (Voc) 21.8V
Short circuit current (Isc) 5.06A
Size 1250*808*35 mm^3
Weight 12.5kg
Page no. 34
Below displayed are the images of solar irradiation data which we have
collected from the Bhopal irradiation data available online.
Page no. 35
Actually we have determined the free place in our hostel. We have gone
through the free place covered by the roof location. Below is the image
of calculated free space in our hostel.
Page no. 36
Total area required for installment
of Solar Panel
• Mono crystalline captured space = 1250*808 mm^2
= 10,10,000 mm^2
= 1.01 m^2
Total area for mono crystalline panel = 100*1.01
= 101 m^2
• Poly crystalline captured space =1145*665 mm^2
= 0.76 mm ^2
Total area for poly crystalline panel = 100*0.76
= 76 m^2
Space for installing mono and poly crystalline panels
= 1343.53 m^2 & 1675.01 m^2 respectively
Page no. 37
How to collect more sunlight on
panels
We have calculated the total installment cost of solar modules for the
total energy consumption of hostel no. 10 to compare it with the
ordinary method without tracking mode and to determine the payback
period.
It consisted of the cost of equipment used for the production of 43 kW of
energy produced by solar panels. It has also included service cost, labour
cost plus electrical peripheral cost. Total cost is found to be
5,61,250/-.
Page no. 38
Total cost for installation of panels in
Hostel no. 10
Serial Equipment No of Rate Total cost
no. name items
1. Solar 100 3500- 3,75,000/-
modules 4000
Page no. 39
3.Electrical peripheral cost
Electrical peripheral cost = 2000/KW
Total electrical peripheral cost = 2000*43/24 =
3,583.66/-
• Total cost for solar = (Total installation cost + Total
Labor cost
+ Peripheral cost)
= 5,50,500 + 7,166.67+3,583.66
= 5,61,250/-
Page no. 40
Programming used for Automated Tracking
of Solar Panel
#include <Servo.h>
//defining Servos
Servo servohori;
int servoh = 0;
int servohLimitHigh = 160;
int servohLimitLow = 20;
Servo servoverti;
int servov = 0;
int servovLimitHigh = 160;
int servovLimitLow = 20;
//Assigning LDRs
int ldrtopl = 2; //top left LDR green
int ldrtopr = 1; //top right LDR yellow
int ldrbotl = 3; // bottom left LDR blue
int ldrbotr = 0; // bottom right LDR orange
void setup ()
{
servohori.attach(10);
servohori.write(0);
servoverti.attach(9);
servoverti.write(0);
delay(500);
}
void loop( )
{
servoh = servohori.read();
servov = servoverti.read();
Page no. 41
//capturing analog values of each LDR
int topl = analogRead(ldrtopl);
int topr = analogRead(ldrtopr);
int botl = analogRead(ldrbotl);
int botr = analogRead(ldrbotr);
// calculating average
int avgtop = (topl + topr) / 2; //average of top LDRs
int avgbot = (botl + botr) / 2; //average of bottom LDRs
int avgleft = (topl + botl) / 2; //average of left LDRs
int avgright = (topr + botr) / 2; //average of right LDRs
Page no. 42
if (avgleft > avgright)
{
servohori.write(servoh +1);
if (servoh > servohLimitHigh)
{
servoh = servohLimitHigh;
}
delay(10);
}
else if (avgright > avgleft)
{
servohori.write(servoh -1);
if (servoh < servohLimitLow)
{
servoh = servohLimitLow;
}
delay(10);
}
else
{
servohori.write(servoh);
}
delay(50);
}
Page no. 43
Solar tracker advantage
• The solar energy can be reused and this also saves money.
• After achieving the payback lifetime period of our device, the
operational costs turn out to be almost bupkis.
• By using this we can collect more power at a particular time
References:-
• Wikipedia
• Electronic hub
• "First Breakthrough In Solar Photovoltaic Module Recycling,
Experts Say". European Photovoltaic Industry Association
• Solar-tracking.com
• http://www.ezysolare.com/
• http://www.dummies.com
• http://www.electronicshub.org
• http://www.gaisma.com/en/location/bhopal.html
• http://www.roboversity.com/
• https://www.engineersgarage.com
• https://www.engineersgarage.com
• http://robokits.co.in/motors/stepper-motors/stepper-motor-5v-
unipolar-arduino-compatible?gclid=CLe-
nKm739ICFVQWaAodh2cH8A&zenid=51ugf8a1kkngr43j12s4e9
g763
Page no. 44