Table of Contents

Front Page……………………………………………………………………………………..1
Certificate Page………………………………………………………………………………..2
ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………………...3
ACKNOWLEGDEMENT……………………………………………………………………..4
Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………………5
Chapter-01-Introduction……………………………………………………………………….6
1.1 What is smoke detector………………………………………………..…………………..6
1.2 Types of Smoke Detector……...………………………………………………..…………6
1.3 Importance of Smoke Detectors…………...................................................………………6
1.4 How Smoke Detectors Work……………………………………………………….……...6
1.5 Organization of the Project………………………………………………………….…......6
Chapter-02-Optical Smoke Detector…………………………………..……….……………..7
2.1 How optical smoke detectors work………………………………..……….…………......7
Chapter-03-Circuit Elements………………………………………………………………….8
3.1LightDependentResistor………………………….....……………………………………..8
3.2 Example of a light sensor circuit…………………..……………………………………...8
3.3 LM7809 FIXED VOLTAGE REGULATOR (POSITIVE)…………...…………………….....9
3.4 3-TERMINAL 1A POSITIVE VOLTAGE REGULATORS………………………………….9
of 7809 3.5 FEATURES…………………………………….……………………...……… ……..9
3.6 Block Diagram……..………………………………………...……….….……………………10
3.8 Transistor BC547……………..……………………………………………………………….10
3.9 Pin Diagram………………………………………..…....…………………………………….11
3.10 Transistor C1815Y…………………..…….……………..………………………………….12
3.11 Description……………………………...….….…………………………………………….13
3.12 Applications…………………………………………..……………….…………………….13
3.13 Features……………………..……………………………………..…………….…………..13
3.14 Basics of measuring resistance……………………………..…………….………………....13.
3.15 How to measure resistance with an analogue multimeter……..…………...………………14
3.16 How to measure resistance with an digital multimeter, DMM…………....………….........15
3.17 General precautions when measuring resistance……………………...….…………………16
3.18 How Light Emitting Diodes Work…………………………………….……...…………….16
3.19 How Speakers Work……...……………………………………………….………………...16
3.20 How Capacitors Work……………………………………………………….………………16
Chapter-04-Power Supply & Fire Alarm Circuit …………………………………….………….17
4.1 Power supply for the circuit….…………………………………….…...………………………………………………..17
4.2 Fire alarm circuit……………...……………………………………..…………………………………………………………18
4.3 Figure of Capacitor .01μf,Transformer 230-12V, Transistor BC547……….….………………………..19
Chapter-05-Conclusion&FuturePlan…………………………………………………………………………………………20
5.1Conclusion…..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..20

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 Chapter -01
Introduction
1.1 What is smoke detector:

A smoke detector is a device that detects smoke, typically as an indicator of fire. Commercial, industrial,
and mass residential devices issue a signal to a fire alarm system, while household detectors, known as
smoke alarms, generally issue a local audible or visual alarm from the detector itself.

1.2 Types of Smoke Detector:

There are two main kinds of smoke detectors. Such as-

(i) Photoelectric smoke detectors and

(ii) Ionization smoke detectors.

1.3 Importance of Smoke Detectors:

A smoke detector's purpose is a simple one, to give you ample notification in case of a fire in your
house. Without a smoke detector, by the time you realize that there is a fire, your house could be so
badly engulfed that you cannot find a safe exit or the smoke can be so overwhelming that you suffocate
trying to get out. The National Fire Protection Association reports that while 75 percent of homes have
at least one working smoke alarm, between 2003 and 2006, 66 percent of fire deaths happened in homes
with no working smoke alarm.

1.4 How Smoke Detectors Work: Photoelectric sensors generate a beam of light focused on a light-
sensitive cell, enclosed in the alarm. If the light beam is interrupted from smoke entering the detector,
the alarm goes off. Ionization sensors work by having a small piece of radioactive material create an
electric current between two plates. If smoke or hot air enters the chamber, the reaction is changed and
the current is disrupted, causing the alarm to go off. Photoelectric smoke detectors work best with slow,
smoky fires and ionization detectors work best with quick, hot fires.

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 Chapter-02

Optical Smoke Detector

2.1 How optical smoke detectors works:
The answer to that question is really two answers, because there are two quite different kinds of smoke
detectors. One is a kind of electronic eye; the other's a sort of electronic nose. The eye type of detector is
more properly called an optical smoke detector (or photocell smoke detector) and it works a bit like Tom
Cruise in Mission Impossible. Remember the scene when Tom dangles from the ceiling trying to avoid
all those light-detecting burglar beams? An optical smoke detector is just like that inside. Let's take a
look.
The detector must be screwed to your ceiling because that's where smoke heads for when something
starts to burn. Fire generates hot gases and because these are less dense (thinner—or weigh less per unit
of volume) than ordinary air they rise upward, swirling tiny smoke particles up too. The detector is
designed with a large opening in the bottom (1), shown upper right in our top photo, that leads to the
detection chamber up above.

An invisible, infrared light beam, similar to the ones that Tom Cruise dodged, shoots across the chamber
from a light-emitting diode or LED (2) to a photocell (3). The photocell is an electronic light detector
that generates electricity for as long as light falls on it. Normally, when there is no smoke about, the
light beam shoots constantly between the LED and the detector. An electronic circuit (4) detects that all
is well and nothing happens. The alarm (5) remains silent. But if a fire breaks out, smoke enters the
chamber (6) and interrupts the beam (7). Because no light is falling on the photocell, it does not generate
an electric current anymore. The circuit spots this straight away (8), realizes something's amiss, and
triggers the shrill and nasty alarm (9) that wakes you up and saves your life.

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 Chapter-03

Circuit Elements
3.1 Light Dependent Resistor:
LDRs or Light Dependent Resistors are very useful especially in light/dark sensor circuits.
Normally the resistance of an LDR is very high, sometimes as high as 1000 000 ohms, but
when they are illuminated with light resistance drops dramatically.

The animation opposite shows that when the torch is turned on, the resistance of the LDR falls, allowing
current to pass through it. Circuit Wizard software has been used to display, the range of values of a
ORP12, LDR . When a light level of 1000 lux (bright light) is directed towards it, the resistance is
400(ohms).

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3.2 Example of a light sensor circuit: When the light level is low the resistance of the LDR is high.
This prevents current from flowing to the base of the transistors.Consequently the LED does not light.
However, when light shines onto the LDR its resistance falls and current flows into the base of the first
transistor and then the second transistor. The LED lights.

3.3 LM78XX (KA78XX, MC78XX) FIXED VOLTAGE REGULATOR

(POSITIVE:-

LM7809 (Voltage Regulator)

3.4 3-TERMINAL 1A POSITIVE VOLTAGE REGULATORS:-
The LM78XX series of three-terminal positive regulators are available in the TO-220/D-PAK package
and with several fixed output voltages, making them useful in a wide range of applications. Each type
employs internal current limiting, thermal shut-down and safe area protection, making it essentially

5
indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can Deliver over 1A output current. Although
designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with external components
toobtain adjustable voltages and currents.
3.5 FEATURES:- ·
Output Current up to 1A ·
Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 18, 24V ·
Thermal Overload Protection ·
Short Circuit Protection ·
Output Transistor
SOA Protection
3.6 Block Diagram:-

3.7 Instructions of 7809 IC:-

7809 is a voltage regulator integrated circuit (IC) which is widely used in electronic circuits. Voltage
regulator circuit can be manually built using parts available in the market but it will take a lot of time to
assemble those parts on a PCB. Secondly, the cost of those parts is almost equal to the price of 7809
itself so professionals usually prefer to use 7809 IC instead of making a voltage regulator circuit from
scratch. Before you start using 7809, you will need to know about the pin structure of IC 7809.
Apparently, it looks like a transistor. It has three pins. For a better understanding, I have given an image
of 7809 bellow. Please take a look. You can easily see the V in and V out pins as well as the ground pin.
It is really easy to use 7809 for voltage regulation purposes. I have also included a circuit diagram of
7809 so that you may learn how to use it in a circuit diagram.

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It is wise to use two .1uF capacitors on both input and output sides to filter any ripple or distortion in
voltage but it is not necessary. In the image, you can see that 12V are being supplied on the input side of
7809 but the out put side of 7809 is outputting Regulated 9V. As long as the input voltage remains
above 9V, output voltage of 7809 will remain smooth and regulated. Please note that input voltage of
7809 can be up to 23V but under my experience, it is wise to avoid input over 15V. 7809 is claimed to
output 9V and almost 1.5A Current but again, I have experienced that we should not put a load over 9V
and 1A on it. Since we are using it in power supply, the transfer of power will result in heat output. We
will need to use a heat sink with 7809 otherwise this heat can damage it. It is advised to use a 1A fuse on
the output side of 7809 and a 1.5A fuse on the input side of 7809 to avoid damage in case of short
circuit.

3.8 Transistor BC547:-

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BC547 is an NPN bi-polar junction transistor. A transistor, stands for transfer of resistance, is commonly
used to amplify current. A small current at its base controls a larger current at collector & emitter
terminals. BC547 is mainly used for amplification and switching purposes. It has a maximum current
gain of 800. Its equivalent transistors are BC548 and BC549. 16The transistor terminals require a fixed
DC voltage to operate in the desired region of its characteristic curves. This is known as the biasing. For
amplification applications, the transistor is biased such that it is partly on for all input conditions. The input
signal at base is amplified and taken at the emitter. BC547 is used in common emitter configuration for
amplifiers. The voltage divider is the commonly used biasing mode. For switching applications, transistor is
biased so that it remains fully on if there is a signal at its base. In the absence of base signal, it gets
completely off.
3.9 Pin Diagram:-

3.10 Transistor C1815Y:-

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3.11 Description:-
Enhanced performance, new generation, high-voltage, high-speed switching npn transistor with an
integrated damper diode in a plastic full-pack envelope intended for use in horizontal deflection circuits
of colour television receivers. Features exceptional tolerance to base drive and collector current load
variations resulting in a very low worst case dissipation
3.12 Applications:
96 Outputs Plasma Display Driver 90V Absolute Maximum Rating Reduced EMI (Electro Magnetic
Interference) 3.3V / 5V Compatible Logic -40 / 30 mA Source / Sink Output Mos 6 Bit Data Bus (40
MHz) BCD Process Packaging Adapted to Customer Request (DICE, COB, COF, TAB).
3.13 Features:
The C1815Y is assembled using a 0.062" thick laminate board with three sets of connector interface
pads to accommodate analog and digital isolation. Analog Devices recommends using the FSI-110-03-
G-D-AD-K-TR connector from Samtec: The overall card fits a 2.2 " 2.8" PCB specified from 0C to 70C.
3.14 Basics of measuring resistance: When measuring resistance, all musltimeters use exactly
the same principle whether they are analogue multimeters or digital multimeters. In fact other forms of
test equipment that measure resistance also use the same basic principle. The basic idea is that the
multimeter places a voltage at the two probes and this will cause a current to flow in the item for which
the resistance is being measured. By measuring the resistance it is possible to determine the resistance
between the two probes of the multimeter, or other item of test equipment.
3.15 How to measure resistance with an analogue:-
Analogue multimeters are good at measuring resistance, although they are a few points to note about the
way in which it is done. The first point to note is that as the meter itself responds to current flowing
through the component under test, a high resistance which corresponds to a low current appears on the
left hand side of the dial, and a low resistance which corresponds to a higher current appears on the right
hand side of the dial as shown below. It will also be noticed that the calibrations become much closer
together as the resistance becomes higher, i.e. on the left hand side of the dial.

The calibrations on an analogue meter face

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Another aspect of using an analogue multimeter for measuring resistance is that the meter needs to be
"zero'ed" before making a measurement. This is done by connecting the two probes together so that
there is a short circuit, and then using the "zero" control to give full scale deflection on the meter, i.e.
zero ohms. Each time the range is changed, the meter needs to be zero'ed as the position may change
from one range to the next. The meter needs to be zero'ed because the full scale deflection will change
according to aspects such as the state of the battery. There are a few simple steps required to make a
resistance measurement with an analogue multimeter:
1. Select the item to be measured: This may be anything where the resistance needs to be measured and
estimate what the resistance may be.

2. Insert the probes into the required sockets Often a multimeter will have several sockets for the test probes.
Insert these or check they are already in the correct sockets. Typically these might be labeled COM for
common and the other where the ohms sign is visible. This is normally combined with the voltage
measurement socket.

3. Select the required range The analogue multimeter needs on and the required range selected. The
range selected should be such that the best reading can be obtained. Normally the multimeter function
switch will be labeled with the maximum resistance reading. Choose the one where the estimated value
of resistance will be under but close to the maximum of the range. In this way the most accurate
resistance measurement can be made.

4. Zero the meter: The meter needs to be zero'ed. This is done by firmly placing the two probes together
to give a short circuit and then adjusting the zero control to give a zero ohms (full scale deflection)
reading. This process needs to be repeated if the range is changed.

5. Make the measurement with the multimeter ready to make the measurement the probes can be applied to
the item that needs to be measured. The range can be adjusted if necessary.

6. Turn off the multimeter Once the resistance measurement has been made, it is wise to turn the function
switch to a high voltage range. In this way if the multimeter is used to again for another type of reading then
no damage will be caused if it is inadvertently used without selecting the correct range and function.
Analogue

10
Analogue multimeters are ideal pieces of test equipment for measuring resistance. They are relatively cheap
and they offer a reasonably good level of accuracy and general performance. They normally provide a level
of accuracy that is more than sufficient for most jobs.
3.16 How to measure resistance with an digital multimeter, DMM:-
Measuring resistance with a digital multimeter is easier and faster than making a resistance measurement
with an analogue multimeter as there is no need to zero the meter. As the digital multimeter gives a
direct reading of the resistance measurement, there is also no equivalent of the reverse reading found on
the analogue multimeters. There are a few simple steps required to make a resistance measurement with
a digital multimeter:
1. Select the item to be measured: This may be anything where the resistance needs to be measured and
estimate what the resistance may be.

2. Insert the probes into the required sockets Often a digital multimeter will have several sockets for the
test probes. Insert these or check they are already in the correct sockets. Typically these might be
labelled COM for common and the other where the ohms sign is visible. This is normally combined with
the voltage measurement socket.

3. Turn on the multimeter.

4. Select the required range The digital multimeter needs on and the required range selected. The range
selected should be such that the best reading can be obtained. Normally the multimeter function switch
will be labelled with the maximum resistance reading.
maximum of the range. In this way the most accurate resistance measurement can be made. Choose the
one where the estimated value of resistance will be under but close to the
5. Make the measurement With the multimeter ready to make the measurement the probes can be
applied to the item that needs to be measured. The range can be adjusted if necessary.

6. Turn off the multimeter Once the resistance measurement has been made, the multimeter can be
turned off to preserve the batteries. It is also wise to turn the function switch to a high voltage range. In
this way if the multimeter is used to again for another type of reading then no damage will be caused if it
is inadvertently used without selecting the correct range and function.
Digital multimeters are ideal pieces of test equipment for measuring resistance. They are relatively
cheap and they offer a high level of accuracy and general performance.
3.17 General precautions when measuring resistance:-
As with any measurement, when measuring resistance, there are some precautions to observe. In this
way damage to the multimeter can be prevented, and more accurate measurements can be made.
Measure resistance when components are not connected in a circuit: It is always advisable not to
measure the resistance of an item that is in a circuit. It is always best to make the measurement of the
component on its own out of the circuit.

If a measurement is made in-circuit, then all the other components around it will have an effect. Any
other
paths that will allow current to pass will affect the readings, making them inaccurate to some degree.
Remember to ensure the circuit under test is not powered on Under some circumstances it is
necessary to measure resistance values actually on a circuit. When doing this it is very important to

11
ensure the circuit is not powered on. Not only will any current flowing in the circuit invalidate any
readings, but should the voltage be high enough, the current resulting could damage the multimeter.

Ensure capacitors in a circuit under test are discharged.Again when measuring resistance values in a
circuit, it is necessary to ensure that any capacitors in the circuit are discharged. Any current that flows
as a result of them will cause the meter reading to be altered. Also any capacitors in the circuit that are
discharged may charge up as a result of the current from the multimeter and as a result it may take a
short while for the reading to settle.

Remember diodes in a circuit will cause different readings in either direction When measuring
resistance in a circuit that includes diodes the value measured will be different if the connections are
reversed. This is because the diodes only conduct in one direction.
3.18 How Light Emitting Diodes Work: -

Light emitting diodes, commonly called LEDs, are real unsung heroes in the electronics world. They do
dozens of different jobs and are found in all kinds of devices. Among other things, they form numbers
on digital clocks, transmit information from remote controls, light up watches and tell you when your
appliances are turned on. Collected together, they can form images on a jumbo television screen or
illuminate a traffic light. LEDs are just tiny light bulbs that fit easily into an electrical circuit. But unlike
ordinary incandescent bulbs, they don't have a filament that will burn out, and they don't get especially
hot. They are illuminated solely by the movement of electrons in a semiconductor material, and they last
just as long as a standard transistor.

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 Chapter-04
Power Supply & Fire Alarm Circuit
4.1 Power supply for the circuit:-
A well regulated power supply is essential for this circuit because even slight variations in the supply
voltage could alter the biasing of the transistor used in the fire sensing section and this could seriously
affect the circuit’s performance.

A regulated 9V/500mA power supply that can be used for powering the basic fire alarm circuit and its
modified versions is shown above. Transformer T1 is a 230V primary, 12V secondary, 500mA step
down transformer. D1 is a 1A bridge which performs the job of rectification. Capacitor C1 filters the
rectifier output and C2 is the AC by-pass capacitor. IC1 (7809) is a 9V fixed positive voltage regulator.
The output of the rectifier+filter section is connected to the input of 7805 and a regulated steady 9V is
obtained at its output. S1 is the ON/OFF switch. F1 is a 500mA safety fuse.
4.2 Fire alarm circuit:-

13
Normally, led are high lighting & then LDR resistance are very low. Then the transistor Q1 off &
collector current of Q1 flowing to the base of transistor Q2 & it on. Then collector current of Q1 flowing
to the emitter. Then transistor Q3 off. The collector current of Q3 pass to the base of Q4 transistor & it
on. The current are passing from collector to emitter. Then transistor Q5 off & Speaker no alarm. But
when fire breakout LDR resistance increased & transistor Q1 on, current are flowing collector to
emitter. Then transistor Q2 off. The collector current of Q2 flowing to the base of the Q3 transistor. This
current on transistor Q3 & current flowing collector to emitter. Then transistor Q4 off. The collector
current of Q4 flowing to the base of transistor Q5 & it on. Then current flowing collector to emitter &
speaker alarming.
4.3 Figure of Capacitor.01μf,Transformer230-12V,TransistorBC547:-

14
4.4 Figure of Transistor C1815Y,Power supply with fire alarm
circuit,7809IC,Capacitor: 1000μf: -

15
 Chapter-05
Conclusion & Future Plan
5.1 Conclusion:
Smoke detectors are devices created and designed to alarm by voice signals when Lighting energy
reduce safe levels. They are supposed to alert people if there is a danger of fire, and they are required in
public places, especially ones where fire accidents are more likely to happen, such as kitchens.

5.2 Future plan: 1.We implemented smoke detect, but we want to thief detect before any stolen. 2.To
make the circuit complex free and less expensive. 3.To implement the circuit by applying latest version of
the renown software. 4.Minimising the transistor. 5.To protect our home, office, University, industry etc.
automatically without any person when fire occurred.

References:-
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_detector
http://www.ehow.com/info_7983696_introduction-smoke-detectors.html
http://www.explainthatstuff.com/smokedetector.html
htt http://www.technologystudent.com/elec1/ldr1.htm
http://www.123eng.com/projects/microcontroller_based_home_security_project.h
http://www.researchcell.com/general/7809-pin-and-circuit-diagram/
http://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-components/transistor-bc547-datasheet
http://www.exchangeic.com/Data/C1815Y.html
http://www.howstuffworks.com/led.htm
http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/capacitor.htm
http://www.howstuffworks.com/speaker.htm http://www.electronics-radio.com/articles/test-
methods/meters/multimeter-resistance-measurement.php
http://fpietronics.net/product.php?id_product=291 http://www.circuitstoday.com/fire-alarm-circuit
http://www.ehow.com/how_7845177_write-report-heat-detectors.html#ixzz1ozH96N1G

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