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This study examines the design of surface storm drainages in HARGEISA LOCAL
MARKET and also the primary objectives of this study are to manage floods during
the rainy season in the SHIRAQLE MARKET. And this chapter deals with the
following sub-titles such as: Background, Statement of the problem, purpose of
the study, objectives, research questions, research hypothesis, and scope of the
study and significance of the study
BACKGROUND
Drainages are being used as prevention for the accumulation of water that can lead
to flooding. It is designed to drain excess rain water and ground water from
impermeable surfaces such as paved streets, car parks, parking lots, footpaths,
sidewalks, and roofs. Solid wastes carried off by the rain water are one of the
major problems that cause clogging of the drainage. Drainage of surface water is
all the more important in hill roads. Apart from the drainage of water from the road
formation, the efficient diversion and disposal of water flowing down the hill slope
of XUSBIGA AREA across or along the roads and from numerous cross streams is
an important part of hill road construction.
General objectives: The main objectives of this study are to relate the design
drainage and storm water in SHIRAQLE HARGEISA. The goal of this research
project is to design drainage with crumb rubber tires as filter for the
advancement of Storm Water Management. In addition, this research will help
the environment to reduce the accumulated waste produced by the scrap rubber
tires. It specifically aims the following:
This study will present the effective drainage system in the residence of
SHIRAQLE market. The result of this study will be beneficial to the following:
Local Government. The study will serve as cooperation in sustaining the city
robust and industrial growth and development.
Community. The result of this study will provide the people within the
SHIRAQLE market an adequate drainage system.
Researchers. The result of this study will serve as a basis for the future
researchers for the improvement of the water treatment system.
Contractor. This study will provide information to the contractor to execute a
design and to be able to do budget proposal
Research question
This study focuses to answer the flowing question
Conceptual frame-work
Lack of drainage in the market storm floods
TYPES OF DRAINGE
There are two types of drainage applied to the highways that is;
o Subsurface drainage
o Surface drainage
Sub-surface drainage is concerned with the interception and removal of water from
within the pavement. Some of the sources of subsurface water include; infiltration
through the surface cracks, seepage from the sides of the pavement to mention but
a few.
Application of side slopes on the road surface, installing of drainage beds in the
pavement and use of transverse drains are some of the measures of the effecting
subsurface drainage.
Surface drainage deals with arrangements for quickly and effectively leading away
the water that collects on the surface of the pavement, shoulders, and slopes of
embankment.
The water collected is led into natural channels or artificial channels so that it does
not interfere with the proper functioning of any part of the highway
The main source of surface water in most places in precipitation in form of rain.
When precipitation falls on an area, some of the water infiltrates in to the ground
while a considerable amount remains on top of the surface as surface run off.
Surface drainage must provide to drain the precipitation away from the pavement
structure. This can be done through the use of shoulders, ditches and culverts.
Surface drainage design includes the prediction of runoff and infiltration as well as
open channel analysis and culvert design for movement of surface water to the
convenient locations or naturally occurring paths. So, the surface drainage study
can be conveniently divided into two parts namely.
Hydrological study – which is concerned with the determination of water
reaching the inlet of the drainage ditch or culvert.
Hydraulic study- it is concerned with design of facilities needed to handle the
water arriving at the inlet.
HYDROLOGICAL STUDY
These deals mainly with precipitations and run offs in the area of interest. When
rainfall, which is the main source of water, falls onto an area some of the water
infiltrates in the soil while the remaining portion either evaporates or run off.
The portion that remains as runoff is the one of major importance in the design of
surface drainage facilities.
DETERMINATION OF RUNOFF
Runoff at particular point is determined with respect to a given catchment area and
depends on a number of factors such as; type and condition of the soil in the
catchment, kind and extent of vegetation or cultivation, length and steepness of the
slopes and developments on the area among others.
The following formula known as the rational formula is used for calculation of
runoff.