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CASHEW NUT OIL DERIVATIVE: AN ALTERNATIVE CORROSION INHIBITOR

FOR MILD STEEL

Conference Paper · December 2011

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 Proceedings of the
International Conference on Chemical Engineering 2011
ICChE2011, 29-30 December, Dhaka, Bangladesh

CASHEW NUT OIL DERIVATIVE: AN ALTERNATIVE

CORROSION INHIBITOR FOR MILD STEEL

Khalida Binte Harun* and Tahrima Binte Rouf

Department of Chemical Engineering, BUET, Dhaka

Dr. Waliuzzaman
Visiting Faculty, Dept. of Chem. Engg., BUET, Dhaka-1000

Chairman of Bangladesh Council of Science and Industrial Research (BCSIR)

Cashew nut oil and its derivatives have been known for producing effective corrosion inhibitors. Cashew nut
oil phenoxy carboxylic acetic acid derivative has been tested as a corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 3%
aqueous NaCl solution using weight loss method. It was found that cashew nut oil phenoxy carboxylic acetic
acid derivative reduces the electrochemical processes taking place on mild steel undergoing corrosion to a
great extent. This indicates that Cashew nut oil is a potential corrosion inhibitor for mild steels in aqueous
solutions.

1. INTRODUCTION preparation of the corrosion inhibitor, it is necessary

Corrosion is a surface phenomenon known as the
attack of metals or alloys by their environment as air,
water or soil in chemical or electrochemical reaction
to form more stable compounds. It is felt necessary to
devote more attention to metallic corrosion now a
day than before. The protection of metals or alloys
against corrosion can be achieved either by special
treatment of the medium to depress its aggressiveness
or by introducing into it small amounts of special
substances called corrosion inhibitors. A number of
organic and synthetic compounds showed a good
anticorrosive activity, most of them are highly toxic
to both human and environment. These toxic effects
have led to the use of natural products as
anticorrosion agents which are eco-friendly and
harmless. Cashew nut oil contains phenolic resins,
which after some treatment shows a good corrosion
resistivity.
Cashew nut oil was extracted by soxhlet extractor. It
also can be extracted using pressurized oil extraction
machine. Potassium hydroxide was added to cashew
nut oil. Then chloro acetic acid was added which
separated potassium ion and produced phenolic acetic
acid derivative for Cashew nut oil. After the
*
Corresponding Author: Khalida Binte Harun,
E-mail: khalidabinte_harun@yahoo.com
to examine the corrosion resistant characteristics.
Different methods are available for this experiment.
ASTM and NACE method, electrochemical method,
mixed flowing gas environment testing,
Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy etc.
Weight loss measuring method however, is the
easiest method. So, this method was used here. For
corrosion on metal surface, the weight of the metal
sheet or bar decreases gradually. The weight loss
depends on the nature of corrosion environment,
concentration of environmental fluid, structure and
weight of the metallic substance. 3% sodium chloride
solution was used here as aqueous solution or
environment. The weight loss of the mild steel bar
was measured with time. The corrosion inhibitor
production method for cashew nut, is a very delicate
method, hence each step of the procedure needs to be
carried out with utmost precaution, specially the
xylene separation. These types of corrosion inhibitor
are most widely used for heavy duty equipments such
as boiler, furnace where high temperature involved
and in alkaline and salt environment. These inhibitors
can be used for different types of carbon steel. Here
mild steel was used as metallic material.
2. EXPERIMENTAL 2.2 Preparation of Cashew nut oil Corrosion
Inhibitor
2.1. Cashew nut oil Composition
The cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) is an The cashew that served as sample for preparation of
evergreen species native to Brazil and contains 47% the corrosion inhibitor was at first thoroughly
oil (w/w). Other components of cashew nuts include cleaned, dried and crushed using mortar and pestle.
carbohydrate (27.1%), protein (18.2%), water (5.2%),
and ash (2.5%) (6) 2.2.1 Oil extraction procedure: The extraction of
cashew nut oil was carried out using a Soxhlet
Table 1. Fatty Acids composition in Cashew nut oil(6) extractor and n-hexane as solvent. Three hundred and
fifty milliliters (350ml) of hexane was charged into
Palmitic acid C16:0 9.0 % the round bottom flask of soxhlet apparatus.
Palmitoleic acid C16:1 0.3 % Subsequently, 20g of crushed cashew nut kernel was
Margaric acid C17:0 0.1 % charged into the thimble and fitted into the soxhlet
Stearic acid C18:0 9.0 % extractor. The apparatus was assembled. The solvent
in the set-up was heated to 68oC and the vapor
Oleic acid C18:1 57.01%
produced was subsequently condensed by water
Linoleic acid C18:2 w6 22.5%
flowing in and out of the extraction set-up. This
Alpha-linolenic acid C18:3 w3 1.3%
process of heating and cooling continued until a
Arachidonic acid C20:0 0.6% sufficient quantity of Cashew nut oil was obtained.
Gadoleic acid C20:1 0.1% Finally, the set-up was then re-assembled and heated
to recover the solvent from the oil. This process was
repeated 30 times until the desired amount of oil
Table 2. Phytosterol compositions of cashew nut oil
(300g) was extracted.(8)
in milligrams per 100g of product:(6)

β-Sitosterol 112.6
Stigmasterol <1.2
Campesterol 8.9
Sitostanol <1.2
Δ5-Avenasterol 13.7
Campestanol 2
Total phytosterols 150

From the tables above it is evident that the

predominant Phytosterol component present in
cashew nut oil is β-Sitosterol. In the series of
reactions that take place to produce corrosion
inhibitor from cashew nut oil, this component of
cashew nut oil reacts with KOH.

Fig.2: (a) Soxhlet extractor, (b) Carrying out

extraction process

2.2.2 Corrosion inhibitor producing process:

Fig. 1: Structure of β-Sitosterol(7)
Cashew nut oil corrosion inhibitor was prepared by
charging 300g of cashew nut oil and 500 ml of
xylene to a 2 liters reactor equipped with agitator and
condenser. The contents were warmed to 40 degree
Celsius. Subsequently 168 g of potassium hydroxide
was added to the reactor and stirred for 40 minutes.
Later 94g of chloro acetic acid was added slowly in
30 minutes. After the completion of addition of
reactants, the reaction mixture was refluxed for 6
hours. On completion of the reaction, the solvent was
removed and contents taken in water and acidified
with dilute sulfuric acid. The mixture was extracted
with hexane to yield semi solid cashew nut oil
phenoxy acetic acid.(3)
 2.3. Weight Loss Measurements
The samples of mild steel was suspended by nylon
strings and kept about 3cm under the test solution in
a plastic vessel. After specified period of time each
sample was taken out rinsed with distilled water,
dried between two filter papers and weighed using a
digital balance. The corrosion rate was determined
using the relation:
Rcorr= … … … … (i)
Here,ΔW = weight loss, g/cm2
A =area, cm2
t =immersion time, day
Rcorr= Corrosion Rate, g/cm2.day.
The percentage efficiency of inhibitors is taken as:
IE%= ] ×100… … … … (ii)
Fig. 3: Stirring and heating of Cashew oil and KOH
Here, Rfree = corrosion rate of sample mild steel
mixture
without Inhibitor, g/cm2.day
Rinh =corrosion rate of sample mild steel with
corrosion inhibitor, g/cm2.day

3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Fig. 4: Set up for Xylene recovery
2.2. Specimen Preparation
Mild steel specimens were used for the experiment.
Two large coupons (coupon A and coupon C) were
cut into 10×7.5×0.2 cm dimensions and two small
coupons (coupon B and coupon D) were cut into
7.5×5.1×0.1 cm dimensions for weight loss
measurements. Corrosion inhibitor was applied only
on coupons C and D. The weights of the coupons at
the beginning of the experiment are given in the table
below.
Table 3. Weights of mild steel Coupons A and B
3.1. Effect of Time on Corrosion
In this part the rate of weight loss vs. time of mild
steel sample in 3%aqueous solution was plotted. The
corrosion rate was calculated from the slope of the
straight line obtained. The data of weight-loss are
shown in Table 5, 6, 7 and 8 and represented
graphically in Figures 6 and 7. Inspection of these
plots show that, the weight loss increases with time,
along a period of 21 days (immersion time). This
attributed to presence of water, air and H+, salt, Na+,
Cl- which accelerate the corrosion process. This
indicates that the corrosion rate of mild steel is a
function of immersion time. This observation agrees
with the fact that the rate of a chemical reaction
increases with increasing time.

Coupons Weights of
Coupons(g)
A 172.928
B 44.129
Table 4. Weights of mild steel Coupons C and D

coupons Weights of coupons (g)

Without corrosion With corrosion
inhibitor inhibitor
C 166.525 195.271
D 42.197 59.454
Fig. 5: Mild steel Specimen immersed in aqueous
About 3% aqueous solution was prepared by adding
solution without any corrosion inhibitor (corrosion is
618g sodium Chloride with 20Liters of distilled
clearly visible)
water.
Table 5. Data of weight loss of mild steel coupon A Table 8. Data of weight loss of mild steel coupon D
in 3%aqueous solution in the absence of cashew nut in 3%aqueous solution with Cashew nut oil
oil corrosion inhibitor Corrosion Inhibitor

Time Weight of Weight Rcorr Time Weight of Weight Rcorr

(day) Sample(g) Loss(g/cm2) (g/cm2.day) (day) Sample(g) Loss(g/cm2) (g/cm2.day)
0 172.928 0 0 0 59.454 0 0
7 172.66 0.268 0.328876 7 59.454 0 0
14 172.375 0.553 0.164167 14 59.454 0 0
21 172.112 0.816 0.109277 21 59.454 0 0

Table 6. Data of weight loss of mild steel coupon C

Weight Loss vs. Immersion Time
in 3% aqueous solution with cashew nut oil corrosion
inhibitor 0.5
y = 0.0191x + 0.0271

Weight Loss(g/cm2)
Time Weight of Weight Rcorr 0.4
(day) Sample(g) Loss(g/cm2) (g/cm2.day)
0 195.271 0 0 0.3 without
7 195.271 0 0 inhibitor
0.2
14 195.271 0 0 with
21 195.271 0 0 0.1 inhibitor

0
Weight Loss vs. Immersion Time 0 10 20 30
0.9 Immersion Time(day)
0.8 y = 0.039x - 0.0007
0.7
Weight Loss(g/cm2)

Fig. 7: Weight loss-time plots for mild steel coupon

0.6 without
B in 3% aqueous solution in the absence of cashew
0.5 inhibitor
nut oil corrosion inhibitor
0.4
0.3 with
inhibitor 4.2. Effect of Inhibitors
0.2
0.1 The effect of adding the Cashew nut oil corrosion
0 inhibitor on the weight-loss of mild steel samples in
-0.1 0 10 20 30 3% aqueous solution as corrosive media was studied
Immersion Time(day) at 30 ºC. Figures 5 and 6 represent the weight loss vs
time plots for mild steel sample.
Fig. 6: Weight loss-time plots for mild steel coupon
A in 3% aqueous solution in the absence of cashew
nut oil corrosion inhibitor

Table 7. Data of weight loss of mild steel coupon B

in 3%aqueous solution in the absence of corrosion
inhibitor

Time Weight of Weight Rcorr

(day) Sample(g) Loss(g/cm2) (g/cm2.day)
0 44.219 0 0
7 44.0 0.219 0.000818
14 43.96 0.259 0.000484
21 43.787 0.432 0.000538
Fig. 8: Mild steel specimen immersed in 3% aqueous
solution with cashew nut oil corrosion inhibitor (no
sign of corrosion is visible)
From equation (ii) the inhibition efficiency of
cashew nut oil corrosion inhibitor for mild steel is
100%. But this corrosion inhibitor sample is tested .
only through 3 weeks. So, to achieve full results of
inhibitor efficiency a few weeks more are required.

5. CONCLUSION
Electrochemical corrosion on metallic material is
the common anxiety of engineers, especially
chemical and process engineers. Environment
concern is a very important aspect. So, eco-friendly
corrosion inhibitor is the best choice for protection
of metallic materials. The application of cashew nut
is not so wide, yet with more work it can be the
future hope of process engineers.

6. REFERENCE
1. Ahmed, Nooruddin and Mahmud, Iqbal,(2009),
'Corrosion Engineering An Introductory Text',
Bangladesh
2. Buchweishaija J, Mkayula LL and Philip JYN,
'Cashew Nut Shell Liquid as an Alternative
Corrosion Inhibitor for Carbone Steels' M. Sc
thesis, Department of Chemistry, University of
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
3. Bhatnagar Kumar Akhilesh, Dohhen Chand
Khem, 'Process for producing rust corrosion
inhibitor from cashew nut shell liquid',
Publication number: US 2003/0050198 A1,
Patent number: US6548459 (Issue date Apr 15,
2003)
4. Fontana Mars G.,(1986), ' Corrosion
Engineering', McGraw-Hill, USA
5. Noha Mosa Al-Qasmi 'Natural Products as
Corrosion Inhibitors of Some Metals in
Aqueous Media' Submitted in Partial
Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master
Degree in Physical Chemistry Faculty of
Applied Science for Girls Umm Al-Qura
University, Makkah Al-Mukarramah
6. Mathew Obichukwu EDOGA, Labake
FADIPE, Rita Ngozi EDOGA, 'Extraction of
Polyphenols from Cashew Nut Shell',
Submitted as in Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Master Degree in
Chemical Engineering Department, Federal
University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria.
7. Phytochemicals, viewed 2 October,2011,
<http://www.phytochemicals.info/phytochemic
als/beta-sitosterol.php>.
8. S. Azadmard-Damirchi, Sh. Emami, J. Hesari,
S.H. Peighambardoust, and M. Nemati, 'Nuts
Composition and their Health Benefits', World
Academy of Science, Engineering and
Technology 81 2011
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