Journal for Studies in Management and Planning ISSN: 2395-0463

Available at http://edupediapublications.org/journals/index.php/JSMaP/ Volume 04 Issue 01

January 2018

Reducing Unemployment in Nigeria:

an Evaluation of the Entrepreneurship
Programmers in Ondo State
Oloruntoba Jamiyu Matthew & Akinfolarin Akinwale Victor

1. Department of Guidance and Counselling, University of Ibadan, Ibadan Oyo State,

Nigeria. Email: mathewtoba@gmail.com
2. Department of Educational Management and Policy, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka,
Anambra State, Nigeria. Email: akinfolarinav@gmail.com

Abstract Counselling (Assessment and Testing Unit),

The study evaluated the entrepreneurship
programme in Ondo State. Descriptive
survey research design was adopted for the
study and was conducted in Ondo State.
Three research questions guided the study.
The target population of the study comprised
individuals within three local governments:
Akoko North East, Akure North and
Okitipupa, in Ondo State, Nigeria. Stratified
sampling technique was used within the
three local governments which differ by their
languages. Thereafter, while using a
purposive sampling technique, a total
number of five hundred (500) respondents
were engaged in the study. Respondents were
chosen from Akoko North-East, Akure North
and Okitipupa. The number of respondents in
each of the sampled local government
include: Akoko North East (200)
respondents, Akure North (150) respondents;
and Okitipupa (150) respondents. In total,
264 men and 209 women were engaged.The
researchers' developed instruments titled
‘‘Evaluation of Entrepreneurship Programme
Questionnaire’’ (EEPQ) was used for data
collection. The face validation of the
instrument was established by three experts,
two in the Department of Guidance and
University of Ibadan and one in the
Department of Educational Management and
Policy, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.
Test retest was used to determine the
reliability of the instrument and the overall
scale was conducted for the interval of three
weeks. The reliability coefficient of 0.78 was
obtained. The researchers with the help of
the community heads in each of the town
collected data for the study. Out of the five
hundred questionnaires administered, four
hundred and seventy three (473) were
returned in good state and were therefore
subjected to analysis. Data collected on the
study were analyzed using frequency count,
percentage, and mean. The findings of the
study revealed among others that
respondents were aware of the government
and non-governmental entrepreneurship
programs for poverty reduction. The study
concluded among others that Ondo State
people do not possess adequate
entrepreneurial skills for reducing
unemployment. Recommendations were
made.
Keywords: Unemployment, evaluation,
entrepreneurship, entrepreneur

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 Journal for Studies in Management and Planning
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Introduction
The challenges of fighting the rising
state of unemployment in Nigeria are the
major task of policy makers and economic
managers. The International Labour
Organisation (ILO) (2007), defined
unemployed workers as those who are
currently not working but are willing and
able to work for pay, currently available to
work and have actively searched for work. In
the view of Hornby (2010), unemployment is
“the facts of a number of people not having a
job; the number of people without a job; the
state of not having a job”. In the context of
this study, unemployment is a general
phenomenon of joblessness due to inability
of capable and willing individual(s) to get
job. Unemployment rate in most developing
nations including Nigeria is on the increase
and threatening. Functional education goes
beyond mere acquisition of knowledge in a
formal setting. In the view of Onyali and
Akinfolarin (2017), education is an
indispensable means of transmitting the
skills and knowledge that are required by
individuals to fully participate and contribute
to the development of economic, social and
political activities of any country. Functional
education is more of applied and productive
education aimed at acquiring the appropriate
knowledge and skills needed to attend to the
realities of the society. The National policy
on education (Federal Government of
Nigeria, 2004) noted that for functional
education to be relevant, practical acquisition
of appropriate skills and development of
competencies are required for the individual
to live and contribute to the development of
his society. In effect, graduates need
competencies to exercise their talents and be
able to transform their skills into wealth.
This will amount to drastic reduction in
unemployment rate trough job creation for
self reliance.
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Entrepreneurship is the driver of
economic growth and development in many
developing economies. Since its inception, it
has grown greatly due to many opportunities
it presents to creative and business oriented
individuals. Shepherd and Douglas cited in
Akanwa and Akpanabia (2012) observed that
entrepreneurship development is the ability
to envision and chart a course for a new
business venture by combining information
from the functional disciplines and from the
external environment in the context of the
extraordinary uncertainty and ambiguity
which faces a new business venture. A
greater percentage of jobs are created by
entrepreneurs who started with small
businesses. Enu (2012) believed that people
in entrepreneurship have more opportunity to
exercise freedom, higher self esteem and
overall sense of control over their own lives.
It is believed that nurturing a robust
entrepreneurial culture will ignite individual,
collective and social success on a local,
national and global magnitude. Based on
this, the national standards for
entrepreneurship education were developed
to prepare youths and adults to succeed in an
entrepreneurial economy. Entrepreneurship
in the context of this study is the process of
bringing together creative and innovative
ideas and combining them with management
strategies and functions in order to meet
identified needs thereby creating wealth. It is
a sole activity that brings productive
resources together to create an output whose
value is hoped to exceed the cost of all the
productive resources. It is important to note
that entrepreneurship involves the issue of
planning, organizing and managing of
resources regarding a business stands out
clearly as functions of the entrepreneur.
An entrepreneur is an opportunist and
risk-taker who is considered to be the main
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factor of production without which the other
factors cannot be effective. In the view of
Deakins and freel (2009), an entrepreneur is
an innovator, and one that introduces new
technologies into the work place or market,
increasing efficiency, productivity or
generating new products and services. He
contributes his own initiative and skills in
planning, organizing and managing the
enterprise and also incurs the loss and gain
resulting from unforeseen and uncontrollable
situations. An entrepreneur is one who
undertakes an enterprise, acting as
conciliator between capital and labour in
order to produce goods and services.
Creativity and innovation are important
techniques that help the entrepreneur to see
things in a different perspective and initiate
new approaches to the business. Hisrich and
Peters (2002) stated that creativity is the act
of thinking new things and coming up with
new ideas. It is also concerned with new
ways of looking at opportunities and
approaches to solving problems while
innovation is the execution of newly created
ideas. Indeed, innovation, the act of
introducing something new is one of the
most difficult tasks for administrators. It
takes the ability to understand all the forces
at work environment.
Entrepreneurs continue to
complement their knowledge through
reading of books, trade journals, attending
seminars or taking refresher courses in order
to strengthen their weaknesses. Generally,
skills that need to be acquired through
seminars or courses include creativity,
financing, controlling, opportunity
identification, venture evaluation and general
organizational management. As
entrepreneurship is gaining grounds all over
the world, government at all levels are taking
steps towards promoting its continuation.
Individuals are encouraged to form new
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businesses and are provided incentives to aid
the process. People need to be fully aware
and educated, equipped, and well prepared to
face the challenges and opportunities in
businesses. Adamu (2005) noted that Nigeria
educational system failed to lay the
foundation of economic freedom, manual
skills and expertise necessary for successful
industrial and agricultural development.
Nigerian governments had put in place
various programmes and measures ranging
from Operation Feed the Nation (OFN) to
programmes such as Mass Mobilization for
Self Reliance and Economic Recovery
(MAMSER), Structural Adjustment
Programme (SAP), and National Directorate
of Employment (NDE), and National
Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP)
which is still in operation in the country to
address the problem of graduate
unemployment but all the programmes have
not brought about the expected outcomes.
Similarly, Ekankumo and Kemebaradikumo
(2011) concluded that all the programmes
and measures put in place by successive
governments so far have proved to be grossly
ineffective in solving the problem of
graduate employment in Nigeria. Also, the
Skill Acquisition and Entrepreneurship
Development (SAED) training by the
National Youth Service Corps seem not to be
effective. To support this, Akinfolarin (2015)
asserted that many youth corps members
seem to the Skill Acquisition and
Entrepreneurship Development (SAED)
program as a waste of their time while some
see it as a means of acquiring additional
certification and only a few key into it in
order get hold of the intended vocational
skills to be self-reliance. Also, the N-Power
program was introduced by President
Muhammadu Buhari in 2016 to reduce the
increasing rate of youth unemployment in
Nigeria. Many still question the effectiveness
of the N-Power program to be beneficial to
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the increasing population of unemployed
youths as unemployment rate keep rising on
a daily basis in Nigeria. The stipends paid to
for the program is relatively low to take
home as graduates see themselves being
under employed. Underemployment involves
assigning jobs with less remuneration that
are below the qualifications of the individual
worker. The minimum wages for Nigeria
workers is very low compare to their
counterparts in other countries. Wages and
salaries should be in accordance to job
specification and economic situations for
employees’ sustainability.
To make up for the curricula
inadequacies in meeting employment
problem, the Nigerian Universities
Commission (NUC), in line with education
policy, directed all universities in the country
to establish entrepreneurial centers and that
entrepreneurial training should be given to
all Nigerian undergraduates to prepare them
for the wider world of opportunities to create
jobs and ultimately become employers of
labour (Ekankumo & Kemebaradikumo,
2011). The entrepreneurship education in
Nigeria was designed to change the
orientation and attitude of the recipients and
the process to equip them with necessary
skills and knowledge to enable them respond
positively to the environment to explore its
potentials in the process of conserving,
starting and managing a business enterprise
(Agu, 2006; Emeratom, 2008).
Entrepreneurship education is therefore that
education which assists students to develop
positive attitudes, innovation and skills for
self reliance, rather than depending on the
government for employment. It is an
orientation towards different ways of
identifying and recognizing opportunities.
Entrepreneurs must acquire skills and
training in the areas of business
establishment and development. For any
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meaningful training to take place, there must
be adequate facilities and equipments to
practice with. Trainers must be able to adapt
to the trend and development in technology
world. Information, Communication and
Technology (ICT) should be incorporated
into various entrepreneurship education
programmes to fit into the global trend in the
education industry. In the view of
Akinfolarin and Rufai (2017), ICT is a term
used to refer to technologies that are used in
creating, accumulating, storing, editing and
disseminating information in various forms.
There must be adequate financial provision
for entrepreneurship education and
development in the country’s national budget
for every year. Unfortunately, Akinfolarin
(2017) expressed that the federal government
of Nigeria budgetary allocation to education
sector is below twenty percent (20%) which
is relatively low to promote quality
education. Modern apparatus should be
adopted by investors at all levels in order to
ease production process and for better
outputs. With the acquisition and utilization
of various vocational skills, individuals will
be financially autonomous. Unemployment
is an hindrance to nation’s development.
Meaningful programmes should not only be
initiated but must be well monitored and
funded by government and private investors
in order to yield the intended outcomes.
Statement of the Problem
There have not been practically self-
administered programme put in place to
curtail the growth of poverty and its
consequences. Poverty and unemployment
have hindered the optimization of human
capital development resulting in a low
capacity utilization of scarce resources in
Nigeria, especially in Ondo State. Changes
in government in Nigeria over the years have
led to the emergence of different poverty
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alleviation programmes as well as
complementary policies. The pervasiveness
of poverty and unemployment in Nigeria is
disturbing, but what is more frightening is
the obvious shortage of effective schemes to
address the issue of poverty reduction on a
sustainable manner. The increasing rate of
poverty and low standard of living of the
people in Ondo State may be as a result of
ineffective entrepreneurship programmes in
the State. It is in view of this problem that
this study evaluated the entrepreneurship
programme in Ondo State.
Purpose of the Study
The main purpose of this study is to evaluate
the entrepreneurship programme in Ondo
State.
Specifically, this study sought to
evaluate the:
1. Level of awareness of poverty-
reduction initiative programmes
among the people in Ondo State
2. Entrepreneurial skills possessed by
the people in Ondo State
3. Problems associated with the
acquisition of entrepreneurial skills
among the people in Ondo State
Research Questions
1. What is the level of awareness of
poverty-reduction initiative
programmes among the people in
Ondo State?
2. What are the entrepreneurial skills
possessed by the people in Ondo
State?
3. What are the problems associated
with the acquisition of
entrepreneurial skills among the
people in Ondo State?
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ISSN: 2395-0463
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Method
The study adopted a descriptive
survey research design and was conducted in
Ondo State. The target population of the
study comprised individuals within three
local governments: Akoko North East, Akure
North and Okitipupa, in Ondo State, Nigeria.
The three local governments represented the
three senatorial districts: Ondo North, Ondo
Central and Ondo South respectively.
Stratified sampling technique was used
within the three local governments which
differ by their languages. Thereafter, while
using a purposive sampling technique, a total
number of five hundred (500) participants
were engaged in the study. Respondents
were chosen from Akoko North-East, Akure
North and Okitipupa. The number of
respondents in each of the sampled local
government include: Akoko North East (200)
respondents, Akure North (150) respondents;
and Okitipupa (150) respondents. In total,
264 men and 209 women were engaged. The
researchers' developed instruments titled
‘‘Evaluation of Entrepreneurship Programme
Questionnaire’’ (EEPQ) was used for data
collection. The instrument was structured on
a three rating scale of Not Aware (NA),
Aware (A), and Most Aware (MA) for
section A, while section B has Less
Possessed (LP), Possessed (P), and Highly
Possessed (HP). Also, section C has Not
Challenging (NC), Challenging (C), and
Most Challenging (MC). The face validation
of the instrument was established by three
experts, two in the Department of Guidance
and Counselling (Assessment and Testing
Unit), University of Ibadan and one in the
Department of Educational Management and
Policy, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.
Test retest was used to determine the
reliability of the instrument and the overall
scale was conducted for the interval of three
weeks. The reliability coefficient of 0.78 was
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January 2018

obtained. The researchers with the help of
the community heads in each of the town
collected data for the study. Out of the five
hundred questionnaires administered, four
hundred and seventy three (473) were
returned in good state and were therefore
subjected to analysis. Data collected on the
study were analyzed using frequency count,
percentage, and mean.

Results

Research Question One: What is the level of awareness of poverty-reduction initiative

programmes among the people in Ondo State?

Table 1: Respondents mean rating of awareness of Poverty-reduction Initiative programmes

NA A MA Mean
(%) (%) (%)
Small and Medium Enterprises Development Agency of 164 309 - 1.65
Nigeria (34.7) (65.3) (0)

National Directorate of Employment 184 289 - 1.61

(38.9) (61.1) (0)

United Nation Development Program 169 304 - 1.64

(35.7) (64.3) (0)

You-Win 170 285 18 1.68

(35.9) (60.3) (3.8)
Nigerian Agricultural Cooperative Rural Development 173 300 - 1.63
Bank (36.6) (63.4) (0)
Microfinance Bank 30 443 - 1.94
(6.3) (93.7) (0)

Table 1 presents various programme Nigeria (Mean = 1.65); United Nation

initiatives to reduce poverty among the
populace. In hierarchy of recognition,
respondents’ awareness of the programmes
includes: Microfinance Bank (Mean = 1.94);
You-Win (Mean = 1.68); Small and Medium
Enterprises (SMEs) Development Agency of
Development Program (Mean = 1.64);
Nigerian Agricultural Cooperative Rural
Development Bank (Mean = 1.63); National
Directorate of Employment (NDE) (Mean =
1.61).

Research Question Two: What are the entrepreneurial skills possessed by the people in Ondo
State?

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January 2018

Table 2: Respondents mean rating of entrepreneurial skills possessed by the people in Ondo
State
VARIABLE LP P HP MEAN
(%) (%) (%)

Technical Skills Electrical engineering 443 16 14 1.09

(93.7) (3.4) (3.0)
Electronics repairing 459 14 - 1.03
(97.0) (3.0) (0)
Cell phone repairing 473 - - 1.00
100.0 0 0
Car rewiring 16 1.07
457 - (3.4)
(96.6) (0)

Mechanic - 1.00
473 - 0
(100.0) 0
Machine operating 449 - - 1.07
(94.9) 0 0
Printing press 473 - - 1.00
(100.0) 0 0
Trade (Buying & 413 17 59 1.29
Marketing
Selling) (87.3) (3.6) (12.5)
397 17 59 1.25
Importation & Exportation
(83.9) (3.6) (12.5)
Vocational Fish farming 427 - 46 1.19
Skills (90.3) (0) (9.7)
Events decoration 444 - 29 1.12
(93.9) (0) (6.1)
Poultry farming 457 - 16 1.07
(96.6) (0) (3.4)
Beads making 442 - 31 1.13
(93.4) (0) (6.6)
Tiling 473 - - 1.00
(100.0) (0) (0)
Shoe making 444 - 29 1.12
(93.9) (0) (6.1)
Sliding windows making 29 15 - 1.03
(6.1) (3.2) (0)
Tailoring 455 - 18 1.08
(96.2) (0) (3.8)
Welding 439 - 34 1.14
(92.8) (0) (7.2)
Furniture making 473 - - 1.00
(100.0) (0) (0)
Hair dressing 418 - 55 1.23
(88.4) (0) (11.6)
Brick laying 425 48 - 1.10
(89.9) (10.1) (0)

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Carpentry 423 30 20 1.15

(89.4) (6.3) (4.2)
Plaster of Paris design (POP) 424 15 34 1.18
(89.6) (3.2) (7.2)
Table 2 is divided into three: Technical, Trading and Vocational activities.
Technical Skills, Trade Skills and Vocational Moreover, a more critical look also shows
Skills, with each unit further divided into that respondents’ inclination toward
various sub-sections. From the table, it is technical skills is low compared to trading
clear that majority of the respondents and vocations.
possess minimal skills in all the three areas:

Research Question Three: What are the problems associated with the acquisition of
entrepreneurial skills among the people in Ondo State?

Table 3: Respondents perception of problems associated with the acquisition of entrepreneurial

skills among the people in Ondo State
NC C MC Mean
(%) (%) (%)
Lack of awareness of the existence of such 76 383 14 1.87
entrepreneurship development programme (16.1) (81.0) (3.0)
Lack of technical knowledge 44 429 - 1.91
(9.3) (90.7) (0)
Poor level of education to cope with the technical skills 80 393 - 1.83
required by the programmes (16.9) (83.1) (0)
Cultural indifference 66 391 16 1.89
(14.0) (82.7) (3.4)
Lack of resources 65 358 50 1.97
(13.7) (75.7) (10.6)
Tax and Levies 60 383 30 1.94
(12.7) (81.0) (6.3)
Poor learning environment 77 304 92 2.03
(16.3) (64.3) (19.5)
Poor market for products and services 83 288 102 2.04
(17.5) (60.9) (21.6)
Poor Social Amenities 52 253 253 2.24
(11.0) (53.5) (53.5)
Poor entrepreneurship Training 86 265 122 2.08
(18.2) (56.0) (25.8)
Socio-religious Barriers 58 58 102 2.09
(12.3) (12.3) (21.6)
Interest on Loan and poor with collateral 24 364 85 2.13
(5.1) (77.0) (18.0)
Data analysis on Table 3 indicates to cope with the technical skills required by
the following means; poor level of education the programmes (Mean = 1.13). Lack of

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awareness of the existence of such
entrepreneurship development programme
(Mean = 1.13) Cultural differences (Mean =
1.89); Lack of technical knowledge (Mean =
1.91); Tax and Levies (Mean = 1.94); Lack
of resources, (Mean = 1.97); Poor learning
environment (Mean = 1.99); Poor market for
products and services (Mean = 2.04); Poor
entrepreneurship training (Mean = 2.08) etc
Discussion
Based on the question one raised on
the respondents’ level of awareness of
government and non-governmental
entrepreneurship programs, it was obtained
that respondents were aware of the
government and non-governmental
entrepreneurship programs for poverty
reduction. This was due to the wide
publication of the programmes by the media
houses i.e radio stations, television stations,
etc within the state. The findings of the
study is similar to the finding of Yaqoub
(2006) who observed that a large number of
entrepreneurs are aware of poverty reduction
initiatives but cannot take advantage of
some of its provisions. Ugwu (2012) also
reported that the government and NGOs are
encouraging self-reliance through the
provision of entrepreneurship awareness and
competencies geared toward self-reliance for
sustainable economic growth and
development.
On Table 2, it was obtained that the
three stated categories of entrepreneurial
skills were less possessed by the
respondents. These include: technical skills,
buying and selling and vocational skills
(event decoration, brick laying, marketing,
painting, hair dressing etc). This is contrary
to the findings of Akinyemi (2014) who
observed that people acquired different
skills among Ondo state indigene which are
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necessary for self-employment through
poverty reduction program. It is important
for people and unemployed to acquire
different entrepreneurial skills to earn a
better living.
It was obtained on Table 3 that lack
of awareness of the existence of
entrepreneurship development programme,
lack of technical knowledge, poor level of
education to cope with the technical skills
required by the programmes, cultural
indifference, lack of resources, tax and
levies, poor learning environment, poor
market for products and services, poor social
amenities, poor entrepreneurship training,
socio-religious barriers, poor interest on loan
with collateral are problems associated with
the acquisition of entrepreneurial skills
among the people in Ondo State. This
finding is in agreement with the finding of
Nwachukwu (2012) who reported that the
major problems which have contributed to
the poor performance of Small and Medium
Enterprises. The persistence call for
graduate youths to acquire knowledge and
skills to enable them engage in small and
medium scale enterprises is not enough
where there is deficit in infrastructure that
will enable small businesses to thrive. There
must be adequate resources for any
enterprise to effectively actualized it action
plan.
Conclusion
The consequences of growing
unemployment rates are uncomplimentary
that no economy can afford to despise. Such
implications are glaring in the economy of
Nigeria where many negative developments
are traceable to the non-availability of jobs
for the teaming population of energetic
youths. However, based on the findings of
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the study, it was concluded that respondents entrepreneurship in a contemporary society.

were aware of the government and non-
governmental entrepreneurship programs for
poverty reduction. The study concluded that
Ondo State people do not possess adequate
entrepreneurial skills to reduce
unemployment. Also, that numerous
challenges are associated with the
acquisition of entrepreneurial skills among
the people in Ondo State.
Recommendations
Based on the findings of the study, the
following recommendations were made:
1. Sufficient financial, physical, human
and time resources should be
provided by various stakeholders for
potential entrepreneurs to acquire
various skills including technical
skills, buying and selling and
vocational skills.
2. Government should strive to reduce
the cost of doing business in Nigeria,
to the benefit of both entrepreneurial
firms and other small businesses.
3. Government must also exigently
attend to the nagging issue of
infrastructural deficits in the country
especially that of power supply. The
national economy need a strategic
diversification from oil and gas to
agriculture, aviation, tourism,
manufacturing and these should
become the real engine of growth of
the economy.
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