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Electronics Engineering (ERTEE-2018) | March 2018
e-ISSN: 2455-5703
Abstract
This paper gives the idea about stability issue that mobile robot facing and a stable balancing robot that balance itself on a pair of
wheels. To found out a solution for this issue ;we have designed a self-balancing robot based on the principle of Inverted pendulum,
which is a two wheel vehicle which balances itself up in the vertical position with reference to the ground. It consist both hardware
and software implementation. The mechanical model is based on the state space design of the cart, pendulum system. A Segway-
type vehicle is a classic inverted pendulum control problem that is solvable in two degrees of freedom for the simplest models.
The vehicle attempts to correct for an induced lean angle by moving forward or backward, and the goal is to return itself to vertical.
Or at least not fall over.
Keyword- Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), Digital Motion Processor™ (DMP), Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs)
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I. INTRODUCTION
In today’s scenario, Robots are inevitable in mass production industries compact robotic structure, that is more efficient and have
even faster processing with wide range of applications from home based appliances to industrial CNC machines and from war-
crafts to intelligent surveillance robots. Due to their agility and efficient performance as cannot be imagined a few decades earlier.
Modern era of robotics comprises of more Robots have been widely used in automobile industries by the end of late 20th century
for precise cutting, welding, placing and carrying purposes. Robotics has achieved its greatest success to date in the world of
industrial manufacturing. Robot arms, or manipulators, comprise a 2 billion dollar industry. Bolted at its shoulder to a specific
position in the assembly line, the robot arm can move with great speed and accuracy to perform repetitive tasks such as spot
welding and painting. In the electronics industry, manipulators place surface-mounted components with superhuman precision,
making the portable telephone and laptop computer possible. Yet, for all of their successes, these commercial robots suffer from a
fundamental disadvantage: lack of mobility. A fixed manipulator has a limited range of motion that depends on the location where
it is bolted down. In contrast, a mobile robot would be able to travel throughout the manufacturing plant, flexibly applying its
talent.
Wherever it is most effective. Conducting initial review research is very critical in understanding self balancing platform
control techniques. The review of research about related literature conducted in this project summarizes some of topics related to
the 21 techniques used for the balancing of platform based on Dc motor position. Comparisons between the present project and the
related topics of existing information will also be discussed. The methodologies and the techniques used by other researchers
around the globe on the balancing platform topic will also be reviewed. The following are the research works done by various
researchers around the world.
correspondily digital output is given to motor driver .Depending up on the driver input motor moves forward and backward and
balances vehicle in two wheels.
A. Components
In this section the specific components that were utilized during the experimentation and testing process are described with their
principles of operation in the same order they were tested.
1) Arduino UNO R3
Arduino is a brand that produces development boards, kits and opens source software for the small and commercial projects. It is
used widely around the Globe. We selected Arduino to meet our low cost requirement with reusability and market trust as major
factors. There are other project boards available in market like Raspberrypi, STM development kits, TI Cortex M3/M4 boards
having more IO’s than Arduino Uno board we used, but since we don’t require that much large number or IO’s for our project and
this was more cost effective than the rest with variety of libraries and codes available at its community forums, providing us more
ease to complete this project, Arduino was our foremost choice. Looking at the board from the top down, this is an outline of what
you will see (parts of the board you might interact with in the course of normal use are highlighted):
Fig. 2: Arduino Board Elaborative Model Starting clockwise from the top centre
3) L298N IC
The L298 is an integrated monolithic circuit in a 15- lead Multiwatt and PowerSO20 packages. It is a high voltage, high current
dual full-bridge driver designed to accept standard TTL logic levels and drive inductive loads such as relays, solenoids, DC and
stepping motors. Two enable inputs are provided to enable or disable the device independently of the input signals. The emitters
of the lower transistors of each bridge are connected together and the corresponding external terminal can be used for the connection
of an external sensing resistor. An additional supply input is provided so that the logic works at a lower voltage. Most of the
microcontrollers operate on very low voltage (5v) and current while the motors require higher voltages and current So, the
microcontrollers cannot provide them such higher current. For this purpose we use motor driver ICs. Motor driver is a little current
amplifier. It takes a low current signal and gives out a high current signal which can drive a motor. It can also control the direction
of motor. Motor drives are of many kind depending upon the maximum supply voltage, maximum output current, rated power
dissipation, load voltage and number outputs etc. Here we are going to discuss motor driver L298N. It is used in dc motor speed
control project and you can interface dc motor easy with microcontroller using this motor driver. And also in Bluetooth controlled
robot using pic microcontroller. You can check line follower robot for more about its application.
4) Geared DC Motors
This motor is small, works well using a 3 or 4 AA battery pack, and is very reliable provided you don’t overload it.
a) Electrical Characteristics
Voltage 9Volt DC
Maximum speed 25 rpm
No load free speed 40 rpm
No load current 0.17 amps
Stall torque 20 kg-cm
Stall current 1.5 amps
Maximumoutput
10.7 watts
power
Gear ratio 1:52
Table 2: Electrical Characteristics of geared DC motors
b) Operating Conditions
Rated load 0.8 kgf.cm
Operating
-10~+60 ̊ C
Temperature
Storage
-30~+85 ̊ C
Temperature
Motor Type 130
Table 3: Operating Conditions of geared DC motors
c) Mechanical Characteristics
PARAMETER SPECIFICATION
Typical Capacity 7800mAh
Minimum capacity 1000mAh
Nominal voltage 3.7V
CC/CV,0.2C5A, 4.2
Standard Charge
0V
CC,0.2C5A, 3.0V-
Standard Discharge
4.2V
End-of-
4.20V±0.05V
charge Voltage
End-of- 0.01C5A (At CV mo
charge Current de)
End-of-
3.00 V
discharge Voltage
6.0hours(standard ch
Charging Time
arge)
Quick Charge Curre 2000mA (1.0C5rate)
nt 1C
Quick Discharge Cur 20000mA (10.0C5rat
rent e) 10C
30000mA (20.0C5rat
Max Discharge Current
e) 20C
Max: Less than 50
Initial Impedance
Ohm
Weight Approx :50±2g
Operating temperature Charging: 0 ~45 Discharging:20 ~60
Storage temperature -5 ~35
Storage Humidity ≤75% RH
Without scratch, distortion,
Appearance
contamination and leakage
Temperature 2
3±5
Standard environmental condition Humidity : 45-75%RH
Atmospheric Pressure : 86-106 KPA
Table 4: Mechanical Characteristics of geared DC motors
5) Batteries
The various parameters of Ultrafire 18650 3.7v 7800mah Li ion Battery are tabulated below.
Output mode 2 sides
Gear ratio 1:48 1:120
Table 5: Specifications of BRC 18650 7800mAh Batteries
– Can be rapidly charged with any quick charger, smart chargers, and plug in charger or universal charger
VII. CONCLUSION
We mainly selected this project for various applications of self balancing requirements. Self balancing is of great importance today,
mainly in balancing the load transportation in railway platforms and such similar applications.
REFERENCES
[1] Mr. Andrew Blake, Dr. Grahm Winstanley, Dr. William Wilkinson, “Deriving Displacement from a 3-Axis Accelerometer,”
University of Birghton CMIS, Watts Building, Lewes Road, Brighton, vol. 1, p. 6, 2010.
[2] R. C. Ooi, “Balancing a two wheeled Autonomous Robot,” The University of Western Australia, School of Mechanical
Engineering, NedLands, WA, 2003.
[3] F. T. Christian Sundin, “Autonomous balancing Robot,” Department of Signals and Systems, Chalmers University of
Technology, Gotebrog, Sweden, 2012.
[4] N. G. P. N. Brian Bonafilia, “Self- Balancing Two-Wheeled Robot,” Imperical College, London, London, UK, 2012.
[5] K. A. O. I. A. H. M. Q. A. Umar Adeel,
[6] “Autonomous Dual Wheel Robot based on Microcontroller,” Journal of basic and applied scientific research, vol. 1, no. ISSN-
2090- 4304, p. 6, 2013.
[7] M. B. M. Ali, “Development of Self- Balancing Platform on Mobile Robot using PID Controller,” Faculty of Electrical and
Electronic Engineering, Universiti tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Malay, Malaysia, June,2013.
[8] A. Castro, “Modeling and Dynamic Analysis of Two Wheeled Inverted Pendulum,” George W. Woodruff School of
Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Georgia, US, Aug, 2012
[9] https://www.instructables.com/i d/Self-Balancing-Robot/
[10] https://create.arduino.cc/project hub/s r-tronics/self-balancing-robot- using-mpu-6050-accelerometer- 74d57d