Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Electrical Faults
• Phase to phase
• Phase to ground
• Phase to
to ph
phase to
to phase
• Phase
hase to phas
phasee to
to pha
phase
se to gro
groun
und
d
Purpose of Protection System
• Minimize damage
• Leave unaffected equipment in-service
• Maintain equipment operating limits
• Maintain electrical system stability
Requirements of a Protection
System
• Speed
• Reliability
• Security
• Sensitivity
Some terms
• Over-current
• Overload
• Inverse time
Protection Zones
Simple Zone
Double Protection
Circuit Circuit
Breaker Breaker
Bus Zone X Y
CT CT CT CT Bus CT CT CT CT
1 2 3 4 4 3 2 1
Bus Zone H1
Bus x Y Bus
H2 Bus H1 H3
Zone
T1 Transformer
Zone T1
SST1
Protection
A Protection B Protection
Logic
• Over-current
• Differential
• Back-up
• Under voltage
Over-current Relay
CT 2000/5 A
I 1P
I 1S
Differential Protection
I = 1P
I = 2P
I
I 1S I 2S
I = 1S
I = 2S
I
Fault Conditions
Fault
I 1S I 2S
I1S I 2S
X Bus Y
CT 2000/5 A CT 2000/5 A
H1
I 1P I 2P
I 3P
I 1S I 2S
I 3S
CT 2000/5 A
T1
I3S
I 1S I 2S
Bus Protection Scheme
Bus Differential Backup
X Zone L1
T1
Load
Bus L1
S
Y Zone L2
Load
L2
Back-up relay
Over Current
Backup Relay Differential
Relay
X
T1
Load
Bus L1
S
Y
Load
L2
Bus Under Voltage Protection
Armature shown in the non-energized (trip) position
Normally
Open
Contacts
To Potential
Transformer
Bus Protection
• Over-current
• Differential
• Back-up
• Under voltage
Transformer Protection
Transformer Protection
• Instantaneous
• Differential
• Gas
• Thermal Overload
• Ground
Transformer Characteristics
T1 Zone
T1
CT CT CT CT CT CT CT CT
1 2 3 4 4 3 2 1
"B" Transformer Protection
CT1 CT2
I 1P I 2P
I 1S Restraint Restraint I 2S
Coil Coil
I 1S Operate
I 2S
Coil
I = 1S
I = 2S
I
Gas Relay
Winding Temperature
Ground Fault Protection
T1
CT2
CT1
IN
IF
CT3 Differential
Relay
Transformer
Star Point
Ground Ground
CT Backup
IN
Transformer Protection
• Instantaneous
• Differential
• Gas
• Thermal Overload
• Ground
Motor Protection
Service Factor
• Instantaneous Over-current
• Stall
• Thermal Overload
• Phase Unbalance
• Ground
Inverse
Time
Relay
Overload
Ground Fault Protection
Single Phase to Ground
Protection
Stalls
Thermal Overload & Phase
Unbalance
Diagram of the Unit
Actuating Bimetal
Shaft
Heat Shield
Motor Protection Summary
• Instantaneous Over-current
• Stall
• Thermal Overload
• Phase Unbalance
• Ground
Generator Protection
Classes of TG trips
• Class A
– Trip generator breaker, field breaker and
turbine
– Electrical trips before the output breakers
breakers
• Class B
– Trip generator output but leave it supplying
station service
– Electrical faults in the switchyard
switchyard
Classes of TG trips
• Class C
– Over excitation high V/Hz
– Only used when generator is isolated
isolated from grid
• Class D
– Trip turbine
turbine
– Trip Generator after motoring
motoring is detected
– Mechanical type turbine trips high
high condenser
condenser pressure
Generator Protection
• Over-current
• Overload
• Differential
• Split phase differential
• Ground
• Rotor ground
• Phase Unbalance
• Low field
• Under frequency
• Out of Step
• Reverse power
Gene rato r Terminals
R W B
Differential
Relay
Protection
Zones
Neutral Connection
to Gro und
I 2P
I 1S Restraint Restraint
I 2S
Coil Coil
Operate
I 1S I 2S
Coil
Is = I1S = I2S
Ground Fault Protection
T1
G1
GT1
Stator Ground
Relay
IF
Rotor Ground Fault
Other Protections
• Phase Unbalance
• Loss of field
• Under frequency
• Out of Step
Reverse Power
V.T.
Reverse
Power
Realy
Generator Protection
• Over-current
• Overload
• Differential
• Split phase differential
• Ground
• Rotor ground
• Phase Unbalance
• Low field
• Under frequency
• Out of Step
• Reverse power