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Abstract— Usage of Gigabit-capable passive optical network In the beginning state of MBH, the main links across MBH
(GPON) as mobile backhaul is described. Two clock recovery were primary multiplex signals known as E1 or T1 in US.
approaches for GPON-based mobile backhaul architecture for These signals bring a digitalized speech, but also they bring
2G / 3G GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) information about the main clock of the network. The quality
network are described and their performances are compared.
of recovery clock is very high in TDM based network. It is
Measurement of quality of recovered clock on real GPON is
performed and discussed. possible to get the accuracy of recovered clock close to 10-11.
In the final phase of the migration, operators are forced to use
Keywords-component; acces network, GPON, different techniques to transport E1 signal over Packet
Switched Network for the connection backlog 2G GSM BS.
I. INTRODUCTION The most popular protocol for Packet Switched Network is
Mobile data traffic surpassed voice in Q4 2009 and became Ethernet. The Ethernet protocol is based on using packets of
double that of voice traffic for the first time in Q1 2011 [1]. As variable length. As a consequence, it is difficult to predict the
a consequence, the mobile back haul (MBH) migrates from time of propagation, what leads to the appearance of the Jitter
TDM (Time Division Multiplex) to Packet Switched Network and Wander. It degrades the quality of the recovered clock in
(PSN) [2]. The migration path is shown on Figure 1, 2 and 3. reconstructed TDM signal (E1 from Ethernet in the BS).
Bandwidth that is required for the 3G BS (Base station) in the Different solutions of BSs synchronization with the rest of
direction from the network to the base station (Downstream), network are described in [4]. Adaptive Clock Recover - ACR,
is in the range of 21, 42, 84 and 168 Mb/s [3]. In the reverse differential Clock Recover - DCR and external devices such as
direction (Upstream), the speeds are about twice less. GPS (Global Position System) are commonly applied methods
in practice. ACR [5] has advantages over other methods
2G BS because it does not require a new clock source or additional
TDM devices in the BS.
SDH mobile backhaul 2G BS
It should be noted that are many methods for
BSC
or SONET (PDH, SDH, MiniLink..) synchronization of the whole network, such as [3]: Precision
2G BS
Time Protocol (PTP) - IEEE 1588, Network Time Protocol
(NTP), Simple Network Time Protocol (SNTP), etc. In general,
Figure 1. Beginning state, MBH based on TDM links
synchronization of the entire network is a better solution than
3 or 4 G BS ACR or DCR, but it requires complex implementation
BSC Data core PSN procedures and a great investment.
network mobile backhaul
2 and 2/3 G BS
TDM II. IMPACT OF RECOVERY CLOCK TO MOBILE NETWORK
3G SDH mobile backhaul
2G BS The required levels of accuracy of the recovered clock for
typical applications in mobile networks are given in Table 1
Figure 2. Transition state, parallel MBH [6, 7].
2/3 G BS Table 1. The required levels of accuracy of the recovered clock
BSC CORE or
2 and
PSN Application Required accuracy
Backbone mobile backha ul 3 or 4 G BS
(ppm)
3G
3 or 4 BS 1 E1 link 50
Figure 3. Final state, Packet-based MBH 2 Radio interface and handover 0,1 – 0,05
3 MBH 0,016
Frequency slips occur if the E1 link has a frequency
978-1-4673-2017-7/12/$31.00 ©2012 IEEE accuracy less than required (Table 1). These slips can cause
Source of E1
III. MBH BASED ON GPON Sync Int.
(Cesium)
BERT
In the urban area, MBH overlaps with broadband access
PRC
network (AN). The base stations are often placed on the top of
residential buildings whose residents already have access to
E1
broadband services over certain access technology such as
ADSL2 +, VDSL, FTTH, etc. Considering the speed required IP/MPLS
SDH
by BSs [3], we note that only FTTH technologies can be used
for MBH. Figure 4 shows the usage of GPON technology for
E1
simultaneous connection of resident users and 2/3G BS. nc
E1
GPON Sy
SyncC
G_MAC
Eth. OLT MC
2,5/1,25
CESoP AS (CESoP)
E1 client
2/3 G BS GE
PRC ONT
(Cesium)
two n
ne ibut io
Residentall users
k
di s Clo c
network
tr
SDH
Backbone
Service layer
AS
525
PONs are synchronized using master slave principle where Interfaces 4x E1, 4xFE, 1x GE 4x E1, 4xFE, 1x GE
OLT is the master and ONTs are slaves. Levels of Clock ACR From PCR over OLT
synchronization between the OLT and ONU are defined by
Recommendation [12]. There are three modes: The main difference between two measurement setups is in the
clock of GPON chasse. In the first configuration, the free
• when OLT and the end office [ONT] are in their normal
mode was used. In second configuration, the clock is provided
state then clock accuracy is 10-11, which corresponds to the from PRC over SDH.
Stratum -1 level by ANSI;
B. The measurment results and discusion
• when the end office is in free mode then the accuracy falls
to 4.6 x10-6 (Stratum 3) and MTIE and normalized frequency error (∆F/F) for two
configurations were measured.
• when OLT and the end office are in free mode then the
Values for MTIE after 1000 seconds are shown from the
accuracy is 3.2 x 10-5 (Stratum 4) figure 8 and 9. On these diagrams, the acceptable border
defined by Recommendation G.8261 Case 2A for CES 2048
125 micro secund
Payload
kb/s is plotted by dashes line. From the Figure 8 and 9, it is
possible to see limits for the stricter conditions (G.2861 Case 1
and PDH limit), but MBH doesn’t require that..
Psync
Psync
PCBd ATM segment GEM segme nt PCBd
Maximum Time Interval Error (M TIE )
Network limit CES 20148 Case 2A G.8261
Figure 6. Structure of GPON frame
Network limit CES 20148 Case 1 G.8261
GPON indicate possibilities to get a large bandwidth and high
level of accuracy of the recovered clock [12, 13]. The
expected value of the accuracy of the recovered clock is
between Stratum-1 and Stratum-2 levels (0.0016 to 0.00001
ppm).
IV. THE MEASURMENT OF MTIE AND FRQUENCY
ACCURANCY
OLT
Residental
users
1/8
½
ONT Figure 9 MTIE in the second configuration
E1 loop
1/8 Table 3. Calculated values for accuracy from MTIE
Figure 7. Residential users and E1 service on the common GPON MTIE
Configuration Accuracy by (1)
port After 1000 s
1 (Figure 8) 1.1x10-5 s 0,011 ppm
Table 2. The measurement parameters 2 (Figure 9) 3x10-7 s 0,0003 ppm
Network Configuration 1 Configuration 2
element Measured value for MTIE and calculated values for frequency
Media Converter accuracy by (1) are given in Table 3. It can be concluded that
Type CESoP CESoP the required accuracy meets the requirements from Table 1 in
Plenght 250 B 250 B both configurations. The accuracy in the second configuration
Clock E1 (BERT) E1 (BERT) is almost two orders of magnitude better.
OLT Normalized frequency error for measurement configuration
Bit rate 2,5/1,25 Gbps 2,5/1,25 Gbps 1 is showed on Figure 10 and for second configuration on
Clock Local From PRC over SDH Figure 11. Averaged values of the error correspond to the
ONT required accuracy (Table 1).
526
The maximum and minimum values of frequency errors from need a slightly more than 50% of downstream bandwidth. It
Figures 10 and 11 are summarized in Table 4. also means that it is possible to a GPON port at the same time
By observing the measurement results from table 4, it can connect 64 users and 6 -7 3G BS.
be concluded that the measured values exceed the allowed It is possible to further increase the use of GPON ports by
limit in configuration 1, while in configuration 2 stay within using mechanisms such as the best effort, multicast, etc,.
allowable limits. Therefore, the channel noise and dropped
calls during handover can occur in the first configuration. V. CONCLUSION
Migration from TDM-MBH in packet networks is an
inevitable process.
In urban areas, with a large number of base stations it is
economically feasible to use a common solution for AN and
MBH.
It was shown that GPON can serve as an excellent solution
of a new generation of MBH.
Figure 10. Normalized frequency error, configuration 1
GPON, in terms of clock, can be viewed as an effective
means of transmission of Ethernet traffic in access
(configuration 1), and as such can provide a satisfactory
quality of the recovered clock. But this system has a very
small margin, so small disruptions in the network can cause
the channel noise and interruption during the handover.
It has been shown to achieve better results in terms of
reconstruction clock when GPON chassis synchronizes with
Figure 11. Normalized frequency error, configuration 2 PRC (Configuration 2).
Table 4. The peak values for accuracy obtained by measurement VI. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Configuration Min value of ∆F/F Max value of ∆F/F This study could not have been done without the assistance of
- 2,05x10-8 7.8 x 10 -8 staff of BH Telecom: Mehmedalija Hadžialić, Slađan Zlatar i
1
(0,020 ppm), (0,078 ppm) Faruk Selmanović, and staff of Telnet Ltd. Sarajevo: Ismir
- 1,0x10-10 7,4 x 10-10 (0,00074 Panjeta and Amir Dervisevic.
2
(0,0001 ppm) ppm)
LITERATURA:
MTIE value in the first configuration shows that the 1. Ericsson, „TRAFFIC AND Market data report“, Market report, ,
system meets the requirements from Table 1. However, the Novembar , 2011;
value of MTIE and corresponding frequency accuracy is very 2. Ethernity Networks, „Mobile Backhaul Evolution“, White Paper, 2010;
close to the allowed limit. In this case, the system operates 3. “GSM/3G Market/Technology Update“, Global mobile Suppliers
Association, Januar 24, 2011
with low margins. Small disturbances in the network can lead 4. Sarath Kumar and Vinod Kumar „Synchronization in Packet Switched
the system parameters to be outside of the allowed limits. Networks, A survey of Existing Techniques“, White paper, Tejas
The telecom operators have primary clock source, usually Networks;
based on Cesium standard. CO (central Office) usually has a 5. Shuai Zhu at al„The Study and Analysis of Joint Adaptive Clock
Recovery Mechanism for TDMoIP“, IEEE International Conference on
connection to a clock distribution network. Therefore, the Networking, Sensing and Control, Hainan, China, April 2008;
connection of GPON to the primary clock source does not 6. Metro Ethernet Forum, draft „Synchronization for Mobile Backhaul“,
require large investments and efforts. Decembar 2010;
The OLT can be connected with PRC on two ways: over 7. A. Zhou, X. Duan, “Requirements and viewpoints for backhaul
synchronization,” IETF TICTOC WG, Mar, 2008;
separate synchronization network or over SDH network. The 8. Andre Giard, „FTTx PON Technology and Testing“, EXFO Expertise
quality of clock over SDH is high, but slightly lower than the Reaching Out, September 2005;
clock over separate synchronization network. 9. Yongjun Zhang at al „A PWE3 Design for TDM over Transport
In the configuration 2, GPON chassis was connected to MPLS“, proceseeding of 1st International Conference on Information
Science and Engineering (ICISE), december, 2009;
PRC over SDH network. So it is realistic to expect better 10. Sayeed Rashid, „Beyond bandwidth: QoS and service differentiation in
results when GPON chassis is connected to the PRC via GPON“, Lightwave, December, 2005;
separate synchronization network. 11. Bruce Ernhofer and Doron Tal, „Enabling TDM Business Services
The 3G BSs require significant bandwidth (up to 168 Across GPON Access Networks“, White paper, ZARLINK
SEMICONDUCTOR, August 2006;
Mbps). A simple calculation can show that 64 triple-play users 12. ITU-T Recomendation G.984.2.
take (64 x 20) 1280 Mb/s. Here is assumed that a triple play 13. Faruk Selmanovic and Edvin Skaljo, „GPON in Telecommunication
user uses 20 MB/s download. This means that all 64 users Network, Procesiding of ICUM2010, p:1-4, Moscow, October 2010;