1. General Surgery A Wounds and Wound Healing Wounds 1; Classification of Wounds 1; Wound Healing 5; Compartment Syndrome 8; Crush Injury 9; Crush Syndrome 10; Degloving Injuries 10; Keloid 11; Hypertrophic Scar 12; Problems with Wound Healing. 13, Ulcer Uleer 14; Granulation Tissue 17; Investigations for an Ulcer 19; Traumatic Ulcer 20; Trophic Ulcer (Pressure Sore/ Decubitus Ulcer) 21; Ulcerdue to Chilblains 23; Ulcer due to Frostbite 23; Martorells Ulcer 23; Arteral/Ischaemic Ulcer 23; Bairnsdale Ulcer 23; Carcinomatous Ulcer (Epithelioma, Squamous Cell Carcinoma) 24; Marjolin's Ulcer 24; Rodent Ulcer 24; Melanotic Ulcer 24; Diabetic Ulcer 25; Meleney's Ulcer (Postoperative Synergistic Gangrene) 26; Lupus Vulgaris (Lupus'—Wolf) 26; Tuberculous Ulcer 27; Bazins Disease (ErythrocyanosisFrigiday Erythema Induratum) 27; Tropical Ulcer 27; Venous Ulcer (Gravitational Ulcer) 28; Syphiltc Ulcer 28; Soft Chancre/ Soft Sore/ Ductey'sUlcer/Chancroid/Bubo 28; Climatic Bubo/Tropical Bubo 29; Clinical Examination of an Ulcer 29 Sinus and Fistula Sinus 30; Fistula 30; Median Mental Sinus 33; Sequestrum 34; Preauricular Sinus 35 FE Surgical Infection 36; Cellulitis 37; Erysipelas 38; Erysipelotd Disease 39; Lymphangitis 39; Abscess 40; Bacteraemia 45; Septicaemia 45; Pyaemia 45; Metastatic and Pyaemic Abscess 46; Boi (Furuncle) 46; Hidrad- fenitis Suppurativa 46; Carouncle 47; Potts Puffy Tumour 48; Pyogenic Granuloma (Granuloma Pyogenicum) 49; Impetigo 49; Scrum Pox 49; Tetanus 49; Gas Gangrene $2; Tuberculosis 54; Leprosy 55; Syphilis (Great Pox) (French Disease) 56; Actinomycosis 56; Madura Foot (Mycetoma Pedis) 57; Rabies (Hydrophobia) 58; Rabies in Dogs 60; Anthrax 61; Nosocomial and Opportunistic Infections 61; HIV Infection and AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) 62; Necrotising Fascitis 65; Acute Pyomyosits 67; Surgical Site Infection (SI) 67 Swellings Lipoma 71; Cysts 74; Dermoids 75; Sebaceous Cyst (Wen, Epidermoid Cyst) 79; Glomus Tumour 82; Papilloma 83; Wants 84; Fibroma 84; Bursae 85; Semimembranosus Bursa 86; Morrant Baker’ Cyst 87; Lymph Cyst (lymphatic Cyst) 88; Lymphangioma 88; Calcinosis Cutis 89; Neuroma 89; Neurofibroma 90; Neurilemmome (Schwan- noma) 92; Ganglion 93; Chordoma 93; Epignathus 93 Electrolyte and Nutrition Normal Physiology 95; Water Loss (Volume Loss) 95; Water Excess (ECF Volume Excess) 95; ECF Loss 96; ECF Excess 96; Hyponatraemia 96; Hypernatraemia 97; Hypokalaemla 97; Hyperkalaemia 98; Hyoermagne- saemia 98; Hypomagnesaemia 98; Acid-Base Balance 98; Metabolic Alkalosis 99; Respiratory Alkaosis 99; Metabolic ‘Acidosis 99; Respiratory Acidosis 100; Anion Gap 100; FuidTherapy 100; Nutition 101; Gastrostomy 103; Jejunos- tomy 104; TotalParenteral Nutrition (TPN) 104; Refeeding Syndrome 106; Obesityand Morbid Obesity 106; Different Surgeries 107 . Shock Shock 111; Stages of Shock 112; Effects of Shock 112; Clinical Features of Shock 115; Investigations in Shock 115; Central Venous Pressure (CVP) 116; Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure (PCWP) 116; Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) 117; Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome (MODS) 117; Oxygen Therapy 116; Topical O,-Therapy 118; Cardiac Arest 118 |. Haemorthage and Blood Transfusion Haemorthage 121; Blood Transfusion 124; Blood Substitutes 126; Massive Blood Transfusion 126; Autologous Blood Transfusion 127; Artificial Blood 127; Erythropoietin 127; Tourniquets 127; Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) 128; Mechanism of Blood Coagulation (Haemostasis) 129 Burns Burns 1320; Management of Burns 134; Eschar 126; Contracture in Burn Wound 137; Electrical Burns 139; Inhalation Injury 141; Chemical Burns 141 4 30 n a2 130‘SRB's Manual of Surgery B Trauma Triage 143; Spinal injury 145; Neck Injuries 146; Bullet injuries 146; Blast Injuries 147; Penetrating Inju- fies 148; AbdominalTrauma 148; BlintTrauma of Abdomen 150; Duodenal Injury 152; PancreaticInjury 153; Small Bowel Injury 153; Colonic Injury 154; Liver Injury 154; Splenic Injury 154; Renal Injury 154; Urinary Bladder Injury 154; Abdominal Compartment Syndrome 154; Seatbelt Injuries 155. . Hand and Foot Hand 156; Hand Infections 157; Acute Paronychia 160; Chronic Paronychia 161; Apical Subungual Infec- tion 161; Terminal Pulp Space Infection (Felon) 161; Infection of Web Spaces 162; Deep Palmar Space Infection’ 162; Space of Parona Infection 164; Acute Suppurative Tenosynovitis 164; Compound Palmar Ganglion 165; Orf 166; Miker’sNodes 166; Handinjuries 166; Dupuytrens Contracture 168; Volkmann’sischaemic Contracture 188; Syadactyly 168; Mallet Finger (Base Ball Finger) 170; Heberden’s Nodes 170; Spina Ventosa 170; Foot 170; Callsity 170; Corn 171; Plantar Fascitis Policeman's Heel) 172; Ingrowing Toe Nall 172; Onychogryph- ‘sis 172; Onychomycosis 172; Athletes Foot 172; HalluxValgus 173 Arterial Disease: Surgical Anatomy of Thoracic Outlet 174; Arteries of Upper Limb 175; Arteries of Lower Limb 175; Arterial Diseases 175; intermittent Claudication 175; Rest Pain 176; Limb lschaemia 176; Pregangrene 177; Gangrene 177; Different Levels of Arterial Obstruction 178; Other Features of Poor Circulation 178; Investigations for Arterial Diseases. 179; Diseases of the Arteries 182; Atherosclerosis 182; Thromboangitis Oblterans (TAO) Syn. Buerger’s Disease 184; Takayasu's Pulseless Artertis 188; Raynaud's Phenomenon 188; Temporal Artertis 190; Treatment ‘of Arterial Diseases. 190; Subclavian Steal Syndrome 196; Acute Arterial Occlusion 196; Traumatic Acute Arterial ‘Occlusion 197; Embolism 197; Reperfusion Injury 199; Saddle Embolus 200; Embolectomy 200; Fat Embo- lism 201; AirEmbolism 201; TherapeuticEmbolisation 201; Caisson Disease or Decompression Disease 202; Ane rysm 202; Mycotic Aneurysm 203; Abdominal Aneurysm 203; Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm 204; Peripheral ‘Aneurysm 208; Carotid Artery Aneurysm (Extracranial) 209; Dissecting Aneurysm 209; Erythromelalgia/ Enythralgia 210; Livedo Reticularis 210; Polyartertis Nodosa 210; Sclerodermay/systemic Sclerosis 211; Acto- ‘cyanosis (Crurum Puellarum Frigidurn) 211; Gangrene 211; Diabetic Foot and Diabetic Gangrene 213; Trophic Uleer 214; Bedsores (Decubitus Ulcer) (Pressure Sores) 214; Frostbite 215; Ainhum 215; Endovascular Surgeries 215; Upper Limb schaemia 216; Arterial Substitutes 220 |. Vascular Lesions and Hamartoma Vascular Anomalies 221; Haemangioma 221; Vascular Malformations 225; Cirsoid Aneurysm 225; Arteriovenous Fistula (AVE) 225; Campbell de Morgan Spots 228; Parry-Romberg Disease 229; Hamartomata 229 |. Venous Diseases Anatomy of Veins of Lower Limb 230; Physiology of Venous Blood Flow in Lower Limb 231; Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) 231; Varicose Veins 235; Venous Ulcer (Gravitational Ulcer) 249; Compression Therapy for Varicose Veins 251; Thrombophlebitis 251; Kligpel-Trenauny Syndrome 252; Anticoagulants 252; Heparin 252; Low Molecular Weight Heparin (LMWH) 252; Oral Anticoagulants 253; Warfarin 253; Direct Thrombin Inhibitors 253; Antiplatelet Drugs 253; Pulmonary Embolism 254 . Lymphaties Surgical Anatomy 255; Lymphangiography 257; Isotope Lymphoscintigraphy 257; Lymphoe- ‘dema 257; Lymphomas 264; HodgkinsLymphoma (Hl) 265; Non-HodgkinsLymphoma(NHL) 269; Maltlymphoma (Maitoma) 270; Burkitt's Lymphoma (Malignant Lymphoma of Afica) 270; CutaneousTCelllymphoma 270; Chylous ‘Ascites 271; Chylothorax 271; Chylutia 271; Sarcoidosis 272 Peripheral Nerves Peripheral Nerve injuries 273; Tinel’s Sign 275; Brachial Plexus Injuries 275; Causalgia 275; Median Nerve Injury 276; Carpal Tunnel Syndrome 276; Ulnar Nerve Injury 278; Claw Hand 278; Radial Nerve Injury 279; ‘Common Peroneal Nerve Injury 280; Foot Drop 280; Medial Popliteal Nerve Injury 281; Axillary Nerve injury 287; Long Thoracic Nerve Injury (Nerve of Bell) 281; Meralgia Paraesthetica 281 Neoplasm Definition 282; Dysplasia 283; Carcinoma In Situ 284; Aetiologic Factors 284; Spread of Malignant ‘Tumours 284; Grading of Tumour 285; Staging of the Tumour 285; Paraneoplastic Syndromes 286; Investigations for Neoplasm 286; Management Strategy for Cancers 291 Skin Tumours ‘Anatomy 293; Classification of Skin Tumours 293; Skin Adnexal Tumours 294; Dermatofibroma (Sclerosing Angioma ‘or Subepithelal Benign Nodular Fibrosis) 286; Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans 296; Keratoacanthoma Moluscum Sebaceum) 296; Rhinophyma (Potato Nose) (Bottle Nose} 297; Seborrheic Keratosis (Seborthoeic Wart, Basal ell Paplloma) 298; Squamous Cell Carcinoma (Epthelioma) (Khangri Cancer) (Chimney Cancer) 298; Marlins Ulcer 302; Basal Cell Carcinoma (Rodent Ulcer) 303; Turban Tumour 306; Naevi 306; Melanoma 308 143 156 174 221 230 255 273 282 293S. Sarcomas a8 Sarcoma 318; Liposarcoma 325; Fibrosarcoma 326; Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma (MFH) 326; Lelomyo- sarcoma 327; Rhabdomyosarcoma 327; Chondrosarcoma 327; Haemangiosarcoma 328; Lymphangiosar- coma 328; Synovial Sarcoma 328; Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumour (MPNST) 328; Kapos's Sarcoma 328 T. Amputations 330 Amputation 330; Complications of Amputations 337; Prosthesis 339 U. Reconstruction 340 Graft 340; Skin Grafts 340; Flaps 344; Tendon 351; TendonRepair 351; Tendon Transfer 352; Tendon Graft 352 V. Transplantation 353 Preoperative Evaluation 353; Organ Procurement 354; Renal Transplantation 354; Immunosuppressive ‘Agents 355; Liver Transplantation 357; Sone Marrow Transplantation 359; Pancreatic Transplantation 359; Small Bowel Transplantation 359; Dialysis 355; Cimino Fistula (Cimino-Bresca) 360 W. Stings and Bites 362 Snake Bue 362, Spider Bite 362; Bee dite 363; Mammalian Bite 363 Pi 364 Gate Contol theory 368 . Faciomaxillary Diseases 367 y > » DiseasesofthePalate 367; Orthopantomogram (OP) 367; CleftLipandCleftPalate 368; Marilofciallnjuries 372; Primary Care (arly Care)in Maxillofacial Injuries 374; Fracture Middle Third Area 375; ZygomaticComplexFracture 376; Fracture 1eMandible 378; Dislocation ofthe Mandible 380; PreauricularSinus 380; Jaw Tumours 381; Epulis(Greek—Means Upon Gum) 382; Ameloblastoma (Adamantinoma Eve's Disease Multilocular Cystic Disease ofthe Jaw) 383; Dentigerouscyst (Follicular Odontome) 384; Dental Cyst (Radicular Cyst, Periapical Cyst) 385; Osteomyelitis of Jaw 385; Alveolar Abscess (Dental Abscess) 386; Fibrous Dysplasia of Bone/Jaw 386; Cherubism (Cherub—Angelic Being) 38% Oral Cavity 389 Ranula 389; Sublingual Dermoids 290; Stomatitis 390; Cancrumn Oris (Noma) 391; SyphliticLesions ofOralCavity 392; Leukoplakia 392; Erythroplakla 393; Oral Submucosal Fibrosis 393; Premalignant Conditions of Oral Cavity 394 Oral and Upper Aerodigestive Cancers 394; Cheek 396; Carcinoma Cheek/Buccal Mucosa 396; Lip 408; Neoplasm of Lip 410; Carcinoma Lip 410; Tongue 414; Tongue Ulcers 415; Benign Tumours of Tongue 416; Tongue Fissure 416; Glossitis 416; Tongue Tie 417; Carcinoma Tongue 417; Carcinoma of Posterior One-Third/Base of the Tongue 422; Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma 423; Maxillary Tumours 424; Malignant Tumours of Tonsil 426; Carcinoma Hard Palate 427; Laryngeal Tumours 427; Malignant Tumours of Larynx 427; Tismus 430 Salivary Glands 431 Anatomy 431; Saliva 434; Sialography 434; Salivary Calculusand Sialadenitis 435; Sialosis 437; Sialectasis 437; Recur- rent Childhood Parottis 438; Parotid Abscess (SuppurativeParcttis) 438; Parotid Fistula 438; Sjogrer’s Syndrome 439; IMikulicz Disease 440; Salivary Neoplasms 440; Pleomorphic Adenoma (Mixed Salivary Tumour) 441; Adenolym- ‘phoma (Warthin’s Tumour, Papillary Cystadenolymphomatosum} 444; Oncocytoma (Oxyphil Adenoma) 445; Basal Cell Adenoma 445; Mucoepidermoid Tumour 445; Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma (10% of Salivary Tumours) 446; Acinic Cell Tumour 446; Malignant Mixed Tumour(MMT) 486; Adenocarcinoma of Salivary Glands 446; Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Salivary Glands 447; Submandibula Salivary Gland Tumours 447; Management of Malignant Salivary Tumours 447; Minor Salivary Gland Turmours 450; Parotid Lymphoma 451; Parotidectomy 451; Frey’s Syndrome (Auriculotemporal Syndrome Gustatory Sweating);(LucieFrey—Pol'sh Surgeon—1932) 452; Facial Nerve Injury (Lower Motor NervelLesion, Surgically Related) 453 Neck 455 [Anatomy of Lymphatics of Head and Neck 455; Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS) 456; Cervical Rib 457; Branchial Cyst 459; Branchial Fistula 460; Pharyngeal Pouch 462; Laryngocele 483; Cystic Hygroma (Cavernous Lymphang- loma) 464; Ludwig's Angina 465; Parapharyngeal Abscess 466; Retropharyngeal Abscess 466; Subhyoid Bursitis 467; Carotid Body Tumour (Potato Tumour, Chemedectoma, Nonchromaffin Paraganglioma) 468; Torticlls (Wry Neck) 469; Stenomastoid Tumour 469; Tuberculous lymphadenitis 470; Cold Abscess 474; Secondaries in Neck Lymph Nodes 475; Chemotherapy for Head and Neck Cancers 482 Thyroid 484 Development 484; Anatomy 484; Physiology 486; Congenital Anomalies 486; Thyroid Function Tests 489; FNAC of ‘Thyroid 488; Classification ofGoitre 490; DiffuseHyperplasticGoitre 491; MultinodulerGoitre NG) 491; Discrete Thyroid Nodule 494; Solitary Thyroid Nodule 494; RetrosternalGoitre 497; ThyrotoxicosisandHyperthyroicism 498; Radioactive 3 g 3= S 5 a = s z 5 = @ & GB ™ 5 12. 13. lodine $08; ThyroidNeoplasms 508; Differentiated ThyroidCarcinoma(DTC) 509; Papillary Carcinomnacf Thyroid(PCT) $10; Follicular Carcinoma of Thyroid (FCT) 512; Anaplastic Carcinoma of Thyroid $15; Medullary Carcinoma of Thyroid (MCT) 518; MalignantLymphoma 519; Hashimoto's Thyroiditis (Struma Lymphomatosa) 519; De-Quervain’ Subacute Granulomatous Thyroiditis $19; Riedel’s Thyroiditis (0.5% Common) $20; Thyroid Incidentaloma 520; Thyroidectomy 521; Emil Theodor Kocher 526; Kocher’ Test 526; Hypothyroidism 526; Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Palsy 527 Parathyroids and Adrenals 531 Anatomy 531; Calcium 531; Hyperparathyroidism (HPT) 532; Parathyroidectomy 534; MEN Syndrome (MEA Syndrome) 536; Apudomas 536; Hypoparathyroidism 537; Tetany 537; Adrenals 538; Adrenal Cortical Tumours $38; Adrenocortical Carcinoma 539; Cushing's Syndrome 539; Conn’s Syndrome 540; Vilsing Syndrome or Adrenogenital Syndrome 540; Neuroblastoma $40; Pheachromocytoma 542 Breast 544 ‘Anatomy 544; Mammography 547; Aberration of Normal Development and nvolution (ANDI) ofthe Breast 548; Fbroad- enoma 548; Fibrocystadenosis (Fibracystic Disease of the Breast/Mammary Dysplasia/Cyclical Mastalgia with Nodularity) 551; Sclerosing Adenosis $52; Phyllodes Tumour (Cystosarcoma Phyllodes/Serocystic Disease of Brodie) 552; Mastalgia ("Pain in the Breast”) $53; Traumatic Fat Necrosis 554; Galactocele 554; Masts 555; Ant bioma $58; Duct Ectasia 558; Mondor’ Disease $58; Tuberculosis of the Breast 559; Breast Cysts 559; Galactor- rhoea 560; Gynaecomastia (Greek—Women Breast) $60; Duct Papilloma $62; Zuska-Atkins Disease $63; Mammary Fistula of Atkins 563; Carcinoma Breast 563; Management of Early Carcinoma Breast 586; Advanced Carcinoma Breast 590; Prognostic Factors in Carcinoma Breast 592; Prophylactic Mastectomy 593; Carcinoma of Male Breast 593; Breast Reconstruction 594; Breast Implants 596; Nipple Retraction 597 . Peritoneum 599 Anatomy 599; Physiology 599; Acute Peritonitis 600; Primary Peritonitis 600; Secondary Peritonitis 600; Tertiary Peritontis 600; Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis (SBP) 605; Sclerosing Pertonitis 606; Biliary Peritontis 606; Post- ‘operative Peritonitis 606; Other Forms of Peritonitis 607; Pelvic Abscess 607; Subphrenic Spaces and Subphrenic Abscess 608; Mesenteric Cysts 611; Mesenteric Pannicultis 612; Acute Mesenteric Lymphadenitis 612; Mesen- teric Malignancy 612; Mesenteric Trauma $13; Peritoneal Malignancy 613; Omental Cyst 614; Omental Torsion 614; Omental Tumour 614 Abdominal Tuberculosis 615 Abdominal Tuberculosis 615; leocaecal Tuberculosis 616; lleal Tuberculosis 621; Peritoneal Tuberculosis 621; Tuber- culous Mesenteric Lymphadenitis 624; Ano-Recto-Sigmoidal Tuberculosis 626; Tuberculosis ofthe Omentum 626 Liver 627 Surgical Anatomy of Liver 627; Liver Function Tests (LFT) 628; Alfa-Feto Protein (AFP) 628; Liver Biopsy 629; Liver Injury 628; infections of Liver 631; Liver Tumours 642; Liver Cysts 649; Portal Hypertension 651; Oesophageal Varices 654; Portal Hypertensive Gastropathy 661; Ascites 661; Ascites in Portal Hypertension 663; Budd-Chiar'’s Syndrome 664; Hepatic Fallure 664; Hepatic Encephalopathy 665; Hepatorenal Syndrome 665; Hepatic Rese tion 665; Portal Billopathy 668 Gallbladder 669 Surgical Anatomy 669; Oral Cholecystogram (OCG; Graham-Cole Test) 670; IV Cholangiogram 671; Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP) 671; Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiography (PTC) 672; Magnetic Resonance Cholangio-pancreatography (MRCP) 673; Radioisotope Scan Study 673; Peroperative Cholangiogram 673; Postoperative T-Tube Cholangiogram 673; Congenital Anomalies of Gallbladder 673; Choledochal Cysts 675; Carol's Disease 677; Biliary Atresia 677; Gallstones 679; Acute Cholecystitis 684; Acute Acalculous Cholecystitis 686; Empyema Gallbladder 687; Mucocele of the Gallbladder 688; Chronic Cholecystitis 688; Cholecystoses 689; Dissolution Therapy for Gallstones 690; Choledacholithiasis 690; Sump Syndrome 694; Courvoisier’s Law 694; Surgical Jaundice (Obstructive Jaundice) 695; CBD Strictures (Biliary Strictures) 687; Sclerosing Cholangitis 688; Gallbladder Polyp 699; Benign Biliary Papilloma 699; Carcinoma Gallbladder 699; Cholangiocarcinoma (Bile Duct Carcinoma) 702; Klatskin Tumour 702; Biliary Fistulas 703; Galstonelleus 703; Hemobila 704; WhiteBile 705; Cholecystectomy 705; LaparoscopicCholecystectomy 706; Single Incision Laparoscopic Surgery (SILS) in Cholecystectomy 708; Bile Duct Injuries 708; Post-cholecystectomy Syndrome 709; Biliary Dyskinesia 710 Spleen 711 Surgical Anatomy 711; Functions of the Spleen 71; Splenunculi 712; Splenic Injury (Rupture Spleen) 712; Spleno- megaly 716; Hereditary Spherocytosis 716; Immune Haemolytc Anaemia 717; Thalassaernia (Mediterranean Anaeria/ Cooley's Anaemia/Erythroblastic Target Cell Anaemia) 718; Sickle Cell Disease 718; Idiopathic (immune) Thrombocyto-14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. ppenic Purpura (ITP) 718; Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) 720; Splenectomy 720; Overwhelming Post- splenectomy Infection (OPSI) 722; Splenic Artery Aneurysm 722: Splenic Abscess 723; Hypersplenism 723; Splenic cyst 724 Pancreas 725 Anatomy 725; Serum Amylase 726; Magnetic Resonance Cholangio-pancreatography (MRCP) 727; Pancrea- tis 727; Acute Pancreatitis 727; Complications of Acute Pancreatitis 732; Pseudocyst ofPancreas 734; Chronic Pancres- tis 738; Pancreatic Tumours 746; Exocrine Pancreatic Turnouts 746; Carcinoma Pancreas 747; Endocrine Pancreatic Tumours 755; Insulinomas 756; Gastrinomas 757; Glucagonomas 758; Zollinger-Elison Syndrome 758; Cystic Fibrosis 758; Annular Pancreas 759; Ectopic (Accessory) Pancreatic Tissue 759; Pancreatic Divisum 759; Pancreatic Calculus 760; Pancreatic Ascites 760; Pancreatic Fistulae 760; Pancreatic Abscess 761; PancreaticNecrosis 761; Pancre- aticTrauma 762; Cystic Lesions of Pancreas 763; Exocrine Pancreatic Disease 763 Retroperitoneal Space 764 Anatomy of Retroperitoneurm 764; Retroperitoneal Fibrosis 764; Retroperitoneal Swelings 765; Retroperitoneal Tumours 766; Psoas Abscess 769 Differential Diagnosis of Mass Abdomen 771 'Mass in the Right Hypochondrium 773; Mass in the Epigastrium 775; Mass in the Left Hypochondrium 778; Mass in the Lumbar Region 778; Mass in the Umbilical Region 780; Mass in the Right liac Fossa 780; Mass in the Left liac Fossa 781; Massin the Hypogastrium 781 Abdominal Wall and Umbilicus 784 Diseasesofthe Umbilcus 784; Omphalis 784; Umbilical Granuloma 786; Anomalies of VitellointestinalDuct 786; Umbil- iealSinus 787; Umbilical Adenoma Raspberry Tumour) 787; UmbilcalFistula 788; Patent Urachus 788; Burst Abdomen (Abdominal Dehiscence) (Acute Wound Failure) 788; Abdominal WallTumours 791; Desmoid Tumour 791; Exomphalos (Omphalocele) 782; Gastroschisis (Belly Cleft) 793; Rectus Sheath Haematoma 794; Abdominal Wall Abscess 794; Meleney’s Progressive Synergistic Bacterial Gangrene of Abdominal Wall 795; Diverication of RectiDiastasis Rect) 796 Hernia 797 Hernia 797; Aetiology 797; Parts of Hernia 798; Classification of Hernia 799; Inguinal Hernia £00; Surgical Anatomy of Inguinal Canal 800; Classification of Inguinal Hernia (Earlier) 802; Newer Classification of Hernia 803; Indirect (Oblique) Inguinal Hernia 803; Direct Hemnia 811; Malgaigne Bulging 817; Incarcerated Hernia 817; Strangulated Hernia 817; Sliding Hernia (Hernia-En-Glissade) 820; Pantaloon Hernia (Double Hernia, Saddle Hernia, Romberg Hernia) 821; Infantile Hernia 821; Femoral Hernia 822; Ventral Hernia 824; Incisional Hernia 825; Umbilical Hernia 829; Paraumbilical Hernia (Supra- and Infraumbilical Hernia) 8317; Epigastric Hema (Fatty Hernia of Linea Alba) 831; Spigelian Hernia 833; Obturator Hernia 834; Richter's Hernia 834; Lumbar Hernia 835; Phantom Hemia 835; Sciatic Hernia 836; Complications of Hernia Surgery 836; Parastomal Hernia 836; Different Types of Hernia 837 Oesophagus 838 Anatomy 838; Lower Oesophageal Sphincter(LOS) 829; Dysphagia 840; Contrast Study of esophagus 841; Oesophago- scopy 842; Oesophageal Endosonography 842; Gastro-oesophageal Reflux Disease (GORD/GERD) 842; Hiatus Hernia 847; Rolling Hernia (Paraoesophageal Hernia) 848; Reflux Oesophagitis 848; Barrett's Oesophagus (Norman, Barrett, British, 1950) 849; Barrett's Ulcer 849; Oesophageal Motility Disorders 849; Achalasia Cardia (Cardios- ppasm) 850; Plummer-Vinson Syndrome (Paterson-Kell Syndrome) 853; Corrosive Stricture of esophagus 854; Schatzkis Rings 856; Boeshaaves Syndrome 856; Mallory-Weiss Syndrome 856; Tracheo-oesophagealFistula 857; Oesophageal Diverticulum 857; Carcinoma Oesophagus 858; Benign Tumours of the esophagus 866; Oesophageal Perfora- tion 867; Foreign Body Oesophagus 867 Stomach 869 ‘Anatomy 869; Blood Supply of Stomach 870; Nerve Supply of Stomach 870; Histology 870; Lymphatic Drainage of Stomach 871; Duodenum 871; Gastric Physiology 871; Gastric Function Tests 872; Gastrin 873; Barium Meal Study 873; Gastroscopy 874; Helicobacter Pylori 875; Congenital Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis 876; Gastritis 877; Acute Peptic Ulcer (Duodenal or Gastric Ulcer) 878; Gastric Ulcer 879; Duodenal Ulcer 882; Pyloric Stenosis due to Chronic Quodenal Ulcer 885; Perforated Peptic Ulcer 887; Bleeding Peptic Ulcer 891; Haematemesis 893; Complications of Gastric Surgery 894; Trichobezoar (Rapunzel Syndrome) 898; Chronic Ouedenal lleus (Wilkie’s Syndrome) 898; DutbansSyndrome 899; Acute Gastric Dilatation 900; GastrcVolvulus 900; GasticPolyp 901; Menetiers Disease 901; Duodenal iverticula 902; Carcinoma Stomach 902; Gastriclymphoma 915; Gastric Sarcomas 916; Gastro Intestinal Stromal Tumours (Gist) 917; Pyloroplasty 918; Gastrostomy 918; Gastrectomy 919; Gastrojejunostomy (@) 920; Retrograde Jejunogastric intussusception 920; Vagotomy 920 xix ‘syuajuoy,‘SRB's Manual of Surgery 21. Small Intestine 922 Anatomy 922; Meckel’s Diverticulum 923; Regional Enteritis (Crohn's Disease) 925; Surgical Complications of Typhoid 928; Surgical Complications of Roundworm (Ascaris Lumbricoides) 929, Preumatosis Cystoides Intest- nalis 931; MesentericVessellschaemia 931; NecrotisingEnterocolitis 934; Small BowelTumours 935; Benign Tumours ‘of Small Bowel 936; Malignant Tumours of Small Bowel 937; Carcinoid Tumour 939; Short Bowel Syndrome (Short Gut Syndrome) 941; Massive Bowel Resection 9:41; Small Bowel Enema (Enteroclysis) 942; Capsule Endoscopy 942; ‘Small Bowel Enteroscopy 943; Enteri/Gastrointestinal Fistula 943 22. Large Intestine 948 Anatomy 948; Hirschsprung’s Disease (Congenital Megacolon) 949; Diverticular Disease of the Colon 951; Ulcera- tive Colitis 954; Ischaemic Colitis 958; Pseudomembranous Colitis 960; Surgical Complications of intestinal Amoebi- asis 960; TumoursefColon 961; Benign Tumours/Polyp ofthe Colon 961; Juvenile Polyps 961; MetaplasticMyperplastic Polyp 961; Peutz-Jegher’s Polyp 962; Adenoma of Colon 962; Familial Adenomatous Polyp (FAP) 963; Gardner's Syndrome 964; Carcinoma olon 964; Angiodysplasia of Colon 974; Ogibe's Syndrome 974; Colostomy 975; Stoma Care 977; Stoma Appliances 978; Faecal Fistula 979; Preparation of Large Bowel for Surgery 980; Surgical Pouches 980; Barium Enema 987 23. Intestinal Obstruction 983 Intestinal Obstruction: Types 983; Oynamic Obstruction 984; Duodenal Atresia 989; Small Intestine Atresia (Intestinal Atresia) 990; Malrotation 991; Meconium lleus 992; Intussusception (15S) 994; Volvulus 997; Sigmoid Volvalus (Wolvulusf PebicColon) 997; Paralticlleus (AdynamicIntestinal Obstruction) 1000; Adhesions and Bands 1000; Internal Hernias 1003, Appendix 1005 Surgical Anatomy 1005; Duplication of Appendix Wallbridge Classification) 1005; Acute Appendicitis 1006; Incidental Appendicectomy 1013; Appendicular Mass (Perlappendicular Phlegmon) 1014; Appendicular Abscess 1015; Faecal Fistula After Appendicectomy 1016; Mucocele of Appendix 1016; Neoplasms of the Appendix 1017; Laparoscopic Appendicectomy 1017 25. Rectum and Anal Canal 1020 ‘Anatomy 1020; Per-rectal Examination (Digital Examination of the Rectum) 1021; Proctoscopy (Kellys) 1022; Sigmor- doscopy 1022; Colonoscopy 1022; Carcinoma Rectum 1023; Solitary Ulcer Syndrome 1029; Rectal Prolapse 1030; Anorectal Malformations (ARM) 1034; Pilonial Sinus/Disease (Jeep Bottorn Drivers Bottom) 1036; Piles! Haemorthoids 1038; Anal Fissure (Fissure-In-Ano) 1046; Anorectal Abscess 1049; Fistula-In-Ano 1051; Anorectal Strictures 1056; Condyloma Acuminata 1057; Anal intraepithelial Neoplasia (AIN) 1057; Malignant Tumours of Anal ‘Area 1057; AnalMargin Tumours 1058; SacrococcygealTeratoma 1058; Analincontinence 1059; Descending Perineal Syndrome’ 1059; Proctitis 1060; Proctalgia Fugax 1060; Hidradenitis Suppurativa of Anal Region 1060; Pruritus [Ani 1060; Gastrointestinal Haemorthage (GI Bleed) 1061 26. Urology 1065 A. Kidney 1065 ‘Anatomy of Kidney and Ureter 1065; Kidney—Anatomy 1065; Ureter—Anatomy 1066; Plain X-ray—Kidney, Ureter and Bladder (KUB) 1066; Intravenous Urogram (IVU) 1067; Retrograde Pyelography (RGP) 1068; Renal Angiogram 1069; Micturating Cystourethrography (MCU) 1068; Ascending Urethrogram 1089; Isotope Renog- raphy 1070; Cystoscopy 1071; Catheters 1071; Foley's Catheter (Fredrick Eugene Basil Foley—American Urolo- ‘gist) 1072; Malecor’s Catheter 1073; Red Rubber Catheter 1073; Nephrostomy 1074; Suprapubic Cystostomy (SPC) 1074; Haematuria 1075; Horseshoe Kidney 1076; Cystic Diseases ofthe Kidney 1076; Polycystic Kidney Disease (PCKD) 1077; Duplication of Renal Pelvis and Ureter 1078; Retrocaval Ureter 1079; Ureterocele 1080; Injuries to Kidney 1080; Renal Tuberculosis 1081; Hydronephrosis (HN) 1084; Pyonephros's 1088; Carbuncle of Kidney (Renal Carbuncle) 1088; Perinephric Abscess. 1089; Renal Calculus 1089; Ureteric Calcul 1094; Staghorn Calculus 1097; Benign Tumours of Kidney 1098; Wilms Tumour (Nephroblastoma) 1099; Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) 1100; Approaches to Kidney (Surgical) 1108 B. Urinary Bladder 1105 Anatomy 1105; Ectopia Vesicae (Extrophy of the Bladder) 1106; Urachal Anomalies 1106; Vesical Calculus 1106; Cystitis 1110; Recurrent Cysts 1110; Interstitial Cystits (Hunners Ulcer Elusive Ulcer) 1110; Schis- tosoma Haematobium (Endemic Haematuria, Urinary Bilharziasis) (Swimmers Itch) 1111; Thimble or Systolic Bladder 1117; BladderTumours 1112; TansitionalCellCarcinoma TCC) 1112; Ureterosigmoidostomy 1115; Rupture Bladder (Bladder Injury) 1115; Residual Urine 1116; Malakoplakia 1116; Neurogenic Bladder 1117; Vesicoureteric Reflux 1117; Bladder Divertcula 1118; Urinary Diversion 1119; Urinary Fistulas 1120 2427, 28. 29. 30. 31. ©. Prostate 21 ‘Anatomy 1121; Acid Phosphatase 1121; Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) 1121; Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (@PH) 1122; Prostatitis 1125; Bladder Outle: Obstruction (800) 1125; Carcinoma Prostate 1126 D. Urethra 129 ‘Anatomy 1128; Urethral Injury 1129; Rupture of Membranous Urethra and/or Prostatic Urethra (Posterior Urethra) 1129; Rupture of Bulbous Urethra (Anterior Urethra) 1130; Stricture Urethra 1131; Hypospa- dias 1132; Epispacias 1133; Posterior Urethral Valve 1133; Urethra Calculi 1134; Urethrits 1135; Extavasation ‘of Urine 1135; Retention of Urine 1136 E. Penis 138 Phimosis 1138; Paraphimosis 1139; Circumcision 1140; Balanoposthitis 1141; Chordee (Cordee) 1141; Pria- pism 1141; Peyronie Disease induratic-PenisPlastica) 1141; Ram'sHomPenis 1142; CarcinomaPenis 1142; Buschke- Lowenstein Tumour 1147 F. Scrotum 148 ‘Anatomy 1148; Fournier’s Gangrene 1148; Hydrocele 1149; Primary Vaginal Hydrocele 1150; Secondary Hydro- cele 1151; Haematocele 1154; Pyocele 1155; Cyst of Epididymis 1155; Spermatocele 1156; Varicocele 1157 G. Testis 1160 Anatomy 1160; Undescended Testis 1161; Ectopic Testis 1163; Retractile Testis 1164; Torsion of the Testis 1164; Testicular Tumours 1165; Paratesticlar Tumours 1170; Orchitis 1170; Epididymitis 1171 Neurosurgery 1172 Head Injuries 1172; Extradural Haematoma 1177; Subdural Haematoma 1178; Subarachnoid Haemorthage (SAH) 1179; Depressed Skull Fracture 1180; Hydrocephalus 1181; Intracranial Abscess 1182; Intracranial Aneu- rysms 1182; Intracranial Tumours 1183; Pituitary Tumours 1186; Craniopharyngiomas 1187; Spinal Dysra- phism 1187; Meningocele 1188; Spina Bifida 1188; Intervertebral Disc Prolapse (IVDP) 1189; Tuberculosis of Spine (Caries Spine) 1190; Spinal Tumours 1193. Thorax 1194 Chest injuries 1194; Fracture Ribs 1195; Flall Chest and Stove in Chest 1196; Preumothorax 1197; Tension Pneu- mothorax 1197; Haemothorax 1198; PleuralTap 1198; Bronchoscopy 1199; Empyema Thoracls 1199; Empyema Necessitans 1200; Lung Abscess 1201; Intercostal Tube Drainage 1202; Shock Lung (Stiff Lung) 1203; Pulmo- nary Embolism (PE) 1203; Surgical Emshysema 1204; Lung Cysts 1204; Mediastinal Tumours 1205; Thymomas 1207; Pancoast Tumours (Superior Sulcus Tumour) 1208; Chest Wall Tumours 1208; Pericarditis 1209; Acute Pericarditis 1209; Chronic Constrictive Pericarditis (Pick’s Disease) 1210; Pericardial Tap 1210; Cardiac ‘Tamponade 1210; DiaphragmaticHernia 1211; Pulmonary Complications during Postoperative Period 1213; Surgical ‘Management of Pulmonary Tuberculosis 1214; Video Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery (VATS) 1214 Cardiac Surgery 1215 ‘Anatomy 1215; Preoperative Assessment and Preparation of the Cardiac Patient 1216; Cardiopulmonary Bypass 1217; Congenital Heart Diseases 1217; Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)—10% 1217; Coarctation of ‘Aorta—5% 1218; Atrial Septal Defect (ASD}—7% 1218; Ventricular Septal Defect (VSO)—158% 1219; Pulmonary Stenosis 1219; Transposition of Great Vessels 1219; Tetralogy of Falot 1220; Acquired Heart Disease 1220; Mitral Regurgitation 1221; AorticStenosis 1221; AorticRegurgitation 1221; ValveReplacement Surgery 1222; Ischaemic Heart Disease IHD) 1222; Cardiac Pacemakers 1223; Postoperative Care 1223 Adjuvant Therapy 1224 Radiotherapy 1224; Chemotherapy 1227; Cll Cycle 1227; Antimalignancy Orugs 1227; Hormone Therapy in Cancer 1227; nmunosuppresson 1223; Immunotherapy 1229; Hybridoma 1225; Gene Therapy. 1230 Anaesthesia 1231 Preoperative Assessment 1231; General Anaesthesia 1232; Anaesthetic Agents 1232; Oxygen 1232: Muscle Relaxants 1232; Reversal Agents 1232; Instruments in Anaesthesia 1232; Complications of General Anaes- thesia 1234; Postoperative Care 1234; Monitoring the Postoperative Patient 1234; Regional Anaesthesia 1235; Topical Anaesthesia 1235; Infiltration Block 1235; Field Black 1235; Nerve Black 1235; Intravenous Regional Anaesthesia Bie's Block) 1235; Spinal Anaesthesia 1235; Saddle Block 1236; Epidural Anaesthesia 1236; Caudal Anaesthesia 1237 Advanced Imaging Methods 1238 Utrasound 1238; Doppler 1240; CTScan 1240; MagneticResonanceimaging (MRI 1242; Ragionucelmaging 1243; Postrom Emission Tomography (PET San} 1243 wi ‘syuajuoy,