.

erte briefly on necessity of proper ventilation and lavatory block in public

placo [WBUT 2014] Answer: 1" Part: Ventilation is the change of air in a room. For living healthy
In a room, more sunlight,

less overcrowding and fresh air are necessary. Hence good ventilation Is an important factor for
comfort In a building.

Requirement of s I ace and air re-uired

SPACEm Air m Adult ' 8.50 20-30 Child 5.67 20-30

The main functions of ventilation are

(i) To maintain the quality of air inside the building at certain level.

(ii) To provide the thermal environment which will aspect in maintaining the heat balance of the
body.

(iii) To maintain cool environment when the inside room temperature is above outside
temperature.

(iv) To remove toXic gases, body odour, bacteria smoke from the mom.

Two types of [ventilation

(i) Natural ventilation through doors and windows . (ii) Mechanical ventilationAir condition, Fans ‘
''

" Part: Lavatory block in public places should be ventilated to

i) remove toxic gases, body odour,‘ bacteria from the lavatory,

ii) provide healthy environment in and around the lavatory.

iii) prevent spreading of various diseases around the areas. It should be provided with a window
or ventilator opening to Shaft or open space’of area . not less than 0.3‘ m2 with side not less
than 0.3 m.

.4

4-:
, a) What are building bye-laws? [WBUT 2008] b) What are the various aspects governed by
building bye-laws?

Answer: . . _ a) Building bye-laws: The construction of any building, certain restrictions are laid
down

by Municipal bodies, urban development authorities and other govt. departments as town
planning trusts to clear open spaces to be left round the building.

b) Aspects governed by building bye-laws:

i) Allows disciplined and systematic growth of buildings and towns and prevent haphazard
devel0pment

ii) Protect safety of public against fire, noise, health hazards and structural failures.

iii) Provide proper utilization of space. Hence, maximum efficiency in planning can be derived
from these bye-laws. '

iv) They give guidelines to the architect or an engineer in effective planning and useful in
preplanning the building activates. '

v) They provide health, safety and comfort to the people who live in buildings.

vi) Due to these by-laws, each building will have proper approaches, light, air and ventilation
which are essential for health, safety and comfort.

.IGive the rules regarding provision of side and rear open spaces around building as per the
National Building Code of India or any other metropolitan authority governing building rules.
[WBUT 2008]

OR, '

Kolkata Building Rule provisions for side and rear open spaces for dwelling units. * [WBUT
2015]

Qpen space around the buildings:

1) No building shall at any time be erected on any open space prescribed Under rules for a
building and forming part of the site thereof, nor shall such open space between into account in
determining the area of any open space required under these

rules for any other building. ii) For the purpose of this rule, the back of a building shall be
deemed to be that face of

the building which is furthest from any means of access to the site.

iii) Every building shall have exterior open spaces comprising front open space, rear open space
and side Open space as mentioned in rule 62 to rule 69. The minimum

width prescribed for front open space, rear open space and side open spaces shall be provided
along the entire front, rear and side faces of the building respectively.

iv) Every open space requiredto be provided under these rules shall ‘be kept open to sky and no
roof, weather shed or cornice more than 0.6m in width shall over hang or project over the said
open space.

Minimum 0 . en s naces for Residential buildin;

"5.1“ Of buildin; O . en 3 race on side-l O . en s ace on side-2 Rear 0 en s . ace Ucto 7.0m 1.2 m
_ 1.2m . 2-0 m

Above 7.0 m upto 1.2m 1.2m 3.0 m .

10.0 m _ _

Above 60.0m upto 15% of the height of 15% of the height of 12.0 m

80.0m buildin; building

Above 80.0m ' 15% of the height of the l5°o of the height ‘of 14.0 m

buildin; ‘ building ‘

etermine the following: Carpet area

‘ [WBUT 2013, 2016]

Floor area rat 0 [WBUT 2013, 2015, 2016]

”Means of 800088 [WBUT 2013, 2016] Ground coverage

[WBUT 2013, 2016] Answer: ‘

a) Carpet Area: Carpet area is the lloor area less area of the following portions: (i) Verandah

(ii) corridor and passage

(iii) entrance hall and porch “

(iv) staircase and stair-cover (mumty) t

(V) bathroom and lavatory, and unusable areas for living (vi) kitchen and pantry

(vii) store . ,

(viii) canteen . . ,

(x) shah and machine room for lift

(xi) air-conditioning duct and plant room and . (xii) shaft for sanitary piping. '

f .4

b) Floor Area Ratio: ‘ 1

Floor Area Ratio or the letters “F:A.R.’? mean the quotient obtained by dividing the total

floor area on all floors of a building by the area of the plot including the area of water bodies, if
any within the plot ' i

F.A.R_=W . Area of the plot K

The maximum floor area ratio for building in'Govemment approved schemes shall be‘

1.75 and for small scale industries in industrial estates approved by Government shall be 1.5. ' ‘.
‘*

) Means of access: h The way by which a land can be accessed is called Means of Access.
Land may ave

access by other means, i.e. navigable harbours, rivers, canals, railway stations etc. This

factor also affects land values. An easy access would normally tend to increase the unit

value of land.

(1) No building shall be constructed on a plot if the width of the means of access to the site is
less than l.2m . ”
(2) No building exceeding 8.0 m in height shall be allowed on a plot if the width of the means of
access to the size is less than 3.5m.

d) Ground Coverage:

Ground coverage area is the ground area covered by the building immediately above the

plinth level. The area covered by the following in the open spaces is excluded from

covered area: . ‘

(i) Watch men’s booth, pump house, garbage shait, electric cabin

(ii) Uncovered staircase, ramps, area covered by chajja andthe like, compound wall, gate,
un~storied porch and portico, slide, swing. '

(iii) (jar-den, rocking,well and well structures, plant nursery, water pool, swimming pool (if
uncovered), platform round a tree, tank, fountain, bench and the like

(iv) Drainageculvert, conduit, catch-pit, gully pit, chamber, gutter and the like. Any such other
utility structures meant for the services of the building under consideration.

) Means of access: h The way by which a land can be accessed is called Means of Access.
Land may ave

access by other means, i.e. navigable harbours, rivers, canals, railway stations etc. This

factor also affects land values. An easy access would normally tend to increase the unit

value of land.

(1) No building shall be constructed on a plot if the width of the means of access to the site is
less than l.2m . ”

(2) No building exceeding 8.0 m in height shall be allowed on a plot if the width of the means of
access to the size is less than 3.5m.

d) Ground Coverage:

Ground coverage area is the ground area covered by the building immediately above the
plinth level. The area covered by the following in the open spaces is excluded from

covered area: . ‘

(i) Watch men’s booth, pump house, garbage shait, electric cabin

(ii) Uncovered staircase, ramps, area covered by chajja andthe like, compound wall, gate,
un~storied porch and portico, slide, swing. '

(iii) (jar-den, rocking,well and well structures, plant nursery, water pool, swimming pool (if
uncovered), platform round a tree, tank, fountain, bench and the like

(iv) Drainageculvert, conduit, catch-pit, gully pit, chamber, gutter and the like. Any such other
utility structures meant for the services of the building under consideration.

.b) The plot area of a building is 1200 sqm. The front width of theroad is 10 m. F.A.R=2. Ground
coverage of the building is 50%. Determine the bmlt up area and

height of the building. ) 1 [WBUT 2014] Answer: ' Given F.A.R. = 20 Ground coverage of the
building: 50% Plot Area of building = 1200 sqm. Maximum of 1200x 2.0 = 2400 sqm. in total will
'be permitted to, bQ-constructed in all floor of the building putting together ground coverage
permissible :450° 0' =’ 50 . _ . . . 100 x 1200 600 sq.m\.

No. of floor which can be constructed with 600 sqm. each.

“319-9-24nos.

'7 600 Assuming height of each Hoor 3m.

Then tetal height of building 2 3 x 21 =12 m.

“319-9-24nos.

'7 600 Assuming height of each Hoor 3m.

Then tetal height of building 2 3 x 21 =12 m.

. Write a brief detail on fire precautions at -[WBUT 2014] a) High rise building b) In industries
Answer: a) High rise building i) All materials of constructions in load bearing elements, stairways
and corridors
and facades shall be non-combustible. ii) The interior finish materials shall not have a flame
spreadability rating exceeding

class-l. iii) The internal walls or staircase shall be of brick or reinforced concrete with a

minimum of 2h fire rating. iv) The staircase shall be ventilated to the atmosphere at each
landing and a vent at the top Glazing or glass bricks shall not be used in the staircase

b) In industries i) All Industrial buildings shall satisfy certain requirements, which contribute
individually and collectively, to the safety of life from fire, smoke, fumes and panic arising from
similar causes 1 ii) Every Industrial building meant for human occupancy shall be provided with

exits sufficient to permit safe escape of occupants, in case of fire or other emergency. >

iii) Minimum width of Industrial staircase is 1.5 m. At least two staircases should be provided on
two side of industrial building.

iv) Rooms containing high-pressure boilers, refrigerating machines transformers, or other

service equipments subjected to possible explosion shall not be located

directly under or adjacent to exits. All such rooms shall be effectively cut off from other parts of
buildings.

. ire protection provisions in tall buildings. . [WBUT 2015] Answer: 5) Every building for
residential uses of fifteen and half metres and above in height,

and buildings with basement shall be provided with adequate means of exit and all arrangement
for protection in case of fire.

ii) Exit may be both horizontal and vertical and shall be free from any obstruction. iii) All exists
shall be properly illuminated

iv) Fire fighting equipments shall, where provided along exists.

v) Alarm devices shall be installed to ensure prompt eVacuation

vi) ‘ Lifts and escalators shall not be considered as exists.

vii) All basements shall have a minimum of two exists.

viii) Floors have sprinklers and fire hydrants at suitable place. ix) Under no circumstances, the
number of staircases shall be less 'than two in case of

building of more than 20m in height and one of them being on the external face of
the building and shall be enclosed by type as per requirement of West Bengal Fire Services Act,
1950.

x) For residential bu1ding not having-more than-three tenements or 500 sq.m. per
floor(whichever is less) one staircase of 1.5m of width may be permitted up to a

building height of 20m. 3. Define the following term in context to fire protection (i) Travel
distance (ii) Venting Fire. . [MODEL QUESTION] Answer: ‘ i

(i) Travel distance: The distance to be travelled from a point in a building to a protected escape
route external escape route or final exit is called travel distance.

(ii) Venting Fire: The process of inducing heat and smoke to leave a building as quickly

as possible by such a path that lateral spread of tire and heat is checked, fire fighting operations
are facilitated and minimum fire damage is caused.

4. What are the factors on which the numbers and designation of fire zones

depends? . [MODEL QUESTION] Answer:

The number of fire zones in a city or area under the jurisdiction of the authority depends upon

(i) the existing layout . (ii) types of building construction

In forced harmonic motion, if the frequency of forcing is near the resonance frequency of the
oscillator, the amplitude of vibration is larger than that of the forcing function. The ratio is called
the magnification factor. In an undamped system, the magnification factor becomes infinite at
the resonance frequency. In a damped system, it becomes large but remains finite. The general
formula in the case of simple harmonic motion is: