Report of Drilling Results-Wlenchiti BH02

WELENCHITI TOWN WATER SUPPLY
AND SANITATION PROJECT
_____
WATER WELL DRILLING FOR THE WATER

SUPPLY OF WELENCHITI TOWN &
SATELLITE VILLAGE (DENGORO TIYO)
WELENCHITI TOWN BOREHOLE NO.2
DRILLING RESULTS REPORT
Client: Oromia Water, Energy & Mineral

Resources Development Bureau
Contractor: GTB Engineering in JV with EMU General
Importer PLC and TAM Geo-Engineering
PLC
Supervisor: A Consortium of Salomon and YGRY
Consulting Engineers PLC
March 2017
TAM GEO-ENGINEERING PLC.

Tel. 251-(0)911211792 (0)911517411/12 P.O.Box 4661, e-mail tam-geo@ethionet.et
Welenchiti Town & Satellite Village Water Supply and Sanitation Project Water well Drilling Results Report
Table of Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................................. 1

1 GENERAL BACKGROUND ................................................................................... 3
1.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE WORK AREA ........................................................................ 3
1.2 GEOLOGY ............................................................................................................ 5
2 DRILLING RESULTS ............................................................................................. 6
2.1 DRILLED GEOLOGICAL FORMATION ..................................................................... 6
2.1.1 Well Casings and Screens ............................................................................... 7
2.2 TEST PUMPING..................................................................................................... 8
2.2.1 Test Pumping of Welenchiti BH-02.................................................................. 8
2.2.2 Provisional Test Pumping of Welenchiti BH-02............................................... 8
2.2.3 Step Drawdown Test of Welenchiti BH-02 ....................................................... 8
2.2.4 Constant Discharge Test of Welenchiti BH-02............................................... 11
2.2.5 Recommended pumping rate of Welenchiti BH-01 Alternative ....................... 15
2.2.6 Water quality of Welenchiti BH-02 ................................................................ 17
3 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION...................................................... 20
3.1 CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................... 20
3.2 RECOMMENDATION............................................................................................ 21
List of Tables
TABLE 0:1.SUMMARY OF TEST DRILLING RESULTS ......................................................................................................1
TABLE 0:2. SUMMARY OF PUMP TEST RESULT ...........................................................................................................1
TABLE 1:1. LOCATION OF WELENCHITI TOWN & DENGORO TIYO SATELLITE VILLAGE BOREHOLES ..........................................3
TABLE 2:1. FORMATIONS DRILLED AT WELENCHITI BH02............................................................................................6
TABLE 2:2. SUMMARY OF WELL CONSTRUCTION FOR WELENCHITI BH02 .......................................................................7
TABLE 2:3 WELENCHITI BH02 SUMMARY OF STEP TEST RESULT....................................................................................9
TABLE 2:4. STEP DRAWDOWN TEST RESULT WELENCHITI BH02 ................................................................................. 10
TABLE 2:5 SUMMARY OF CONSTANT TEST RESULT OF WELENCHITI BH02 ..................................................................... 15
TABLE 2:6 EXTRAPOLATED PUMPING RATE OF WELENCHITI BH02BASED ON STEP TEST RESULT ........................................... 16
TABLE 3:1.SUMMARY OF TEST DRILLING RESULTS AT WELENCHITI BH02 ...................................................................... 20
TABLE 3:2. WELENCHITI BH02 SUMMARY OF PUMP TEST RESULT ............................................................................... 20
List of Figures
FIGURE 1. LOCATION OF WELENCHITI & DENGORO TIYO BOREHOLES .............................................................................4
FIGURE 2. WELENCHITI BH02 STEP DRAWDOWN TEST RESULT .....................................................................................9
FIGURE 3. WELENCHITI BH02 DRAW-DOWN (M) VERSUS DISCHARGE (M3/DAY) ............................................................ 10
FIGURE 4. WELENCHITI BH02 HANTUSH-BIERSCHENK WELL LOSS .............................................................................. 11
FIGURE 5. WELENCHITI BH02 SEMI-LOGARITHMIC TIME DRAWDOWN PLOT OF CONSTANT DISCHARGE TEST........................... 12
FIGURE 6. WELENCHITI BH02 LOGARITHMIC TIME DRAWDOWN PLOT OF CONSTANT DISCHARGE TEST .................................. 12
FIGURE 7. WELENCHITI BH02 SEMI-LOGARITHMIC TIME-RECOVERY PLOT OF CONSTANT DISCHARGE TEST .............................. 13
FIGURE 8. WELENCHITI BH02 RESULTS FROM COOPER JACOB TIME DRAWDOWN METHOD................................................ 14
FIGURE 9. WELENCHITI BH02 RESULTS FROM THEIS RECOVERY ANALYSIS METHOD .......................................................... 14
FIGURE 10. WELENCHITI BH02 WELL DEPTH VS PUMPING RATE. DEPTH TO WATER LEVEL FOR DIFFERENT PUMPING RATES....... 16
FIGURE 11. EC CHANGE WITH PUMP TEST TIME FOR THE GROUNDWATER OF WELENCHITI BH02 ........................................ 17
Tel. 251-(0)911211792 251-(0)911517411-(0)911517412, P.O.Box 4661, e-mail tam-geo@ethionet.et
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FIGURE 12. PH & TEMPERATURE CHANGES WITH PUMP TEST TIME FOR THE GROUNDWATER OF WELENCHITI BH02 ................ 18
FIGURE 11. PIPER DIAGRAM FOR THE GROUNDWATER OF WELENCHITI BH02 ................................................................ 19
FIGURE 14. SCHOELLER DIAGRAM FOR THE GROUNDWATER OF WELENCHITI BH02.......................................................... 19
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A – PROFILE OF WELLS COMPLETED WITH CASING
APPENDIX B – TEST PUMPING DATA
APPENDIX C – WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS LABORATORY RESULT

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Welenchiti Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project included drilling and test
pumping of four boreholes, for Welenchiti Town (three boreholes) & Dengoro Tiyo (one
Borehole) in Oromia Regional State in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia.
Welenchiti BH01 Alternative was drilled as part of this program.
Welenchiti BH01 Alternative the drilling commenced on January 14th 2017 and
completed at a depth of 252m on March 18th 2017.
The borehole is drilled to a depth of 252 m. The well was drilled with a diameter of 17 ½
inches for surface casing and 14 ¼ inches diameter for the main drilling. Steel surface
casing of 14 inches diameter installed to a depth of 6 m and the annular space is grouted
with cement.
In this well production casings of mild steel casings and screens with 7mm wall thickness
with inner diameter 203mm are installed. The annular space has been packed with gravel
from 145m up to 252 and the top part filled with clay and grouted with cement.
Table 0:1.Summary of test drilling Results

Inner Screen position
Drilled Casing
BH Casing
Depth Depth
No Dia. 1st 2nd 3rd 4th
(m) (m)
(mm)
BH02 252 252 203 169m – 175.14m 180.86m – 186.64m 215.3m – 209.52m 232.46m - 249.8m
The aquifer used for production in this well is mainly the fractured and weathered basalts
and sand deposits.
The test pumping result shows that the wells has good yield. BH02 is pumped with
discharge rate of 11.0 l/s for 72 hours and the resulting drawdown was 10.85m. The
aquifer has Transmissivity values of about 174 m2/day.
Table 0:2. Summary of pump test result

Test Draw Specific Transmissivity
Constant Duration SWL DWL Down capacity (m2/day)
BH No test (l/s) (hrs) (m) (m) (m) (m2/day)
BH01 11.0 72 103.6 114.45 10.85 87 174

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The fluoride content (2.76 mg/l) of the groundwater from this well is higher than the
maximum allowable limit (1.5mg/l). All other analyzed chemicals are within the
allowable limits of the WHO and the Ethiopian Standard Agency guidelines.
The fluoride concentration in the water supply can be reduced by mixing proportionally
the groundwater from this well with the nearby wells. Based on the pumping test analysis
result and the well construction this well can be pumped up to 15 l/s with pump position
between 160m and 165m. However, the pumping rate from this well depends on the
pumping from the nearby wells to reduce the concentration of the fluoride content. The
temperature of the water is less than 38oC, thus cold-water submersible pumps with
operating temperature range of up to 40oC recommended.

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1 GENERAL BACKGROUND
Wlenchiti Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project included drilling of 4 boreholes
(three boreholes for Welenchiti Town and one borehole for Dengoro Tiyo Satellite
village). The major scope of work included drilling with 17 ½ inch diameter for
installation of 14 inches surface casing, drilling with 12 ¼ inch diameter and installation
of 8 inches uPVC casings & screens, gravel packing, development and testing in
accordance to the specification. However, as a result of difficulties encountered in
installation of uPVC casing in 12 ¼ inch diameter, 8 inches mild steel casing was
installed for Welenchiti BH02. This report includes the drilling results for Welenchiti
BH02. At this borehole the drilling commenced on January 14th 2017 and completed at a
depth of 252m on March 18th 2017.
1.1 Description of the work area

The drilling sites are situated in Oromia Region East Shewa Zone around Welenchiti
Town. Welenchiti Town is located at about 120km from Addis Ababa, whereas the
drilling sites are situated 5 km south west (before) Welenchiti town by the right side of
the main highway. The area is situated within the Awash River catchment within the
Main Ethiopian Rift Valley. The location of the boreholes is shown on the following
table and the map in figure 1.
Table 1:1. Location of Welenchiti Town & Dengoro Tiyo Satellite village Boreholes
BH No Coordinate (WGS84) Altitude (m)
Wlenchiti BH01 Alternative 1459
(WTBH-01Alt) 545884 955018
Wlenchiti BH02 (WTBH-02) 546255 954669 1460 Not Drilled
Wlenchiti New BH02 544997 955055 1459
(WTBH-02New)
Wlenchiti BH03 546115 954121 1462 Not drilled
Dengoro Tiyo BH04a 545930 953650 1464 Drilled but not used
Dengoro Tiyo BH04b 544227 954143 1461
(DTBH-04b)

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Figure 1. Location of Welenchiti & Dengoro Tiyo Boreholes

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1.2 Geology
Welenchiti is situated in the Main Ethiopian Rift Valley on an alluvial plain with basalt
flows and spatter cones bounded from the east by Dino Formation Volcanics and from
the west by the Nazareth Series. The alluvial sediment is of quaternary to recent in age
and composed of alluvial and lacustrine deposits, sands, silts and clays. Dino Formation
is Pleistocene in age composed of Ignimbrites, tuffs, coarse pumice, water lain
pyroclastic deposits and with rare intercalations of lacustrine deposits. Nazareth Series is
mainly composed of mildly alkaline basalts with subordinate alkaline and peralkaline
silicics. Quaternary Rhyolite volcanic centres with obsidian, pumice, ignimbrite and
trachyte flows also occur in plains.
The drilling for the groundwater of Welenchiti and Dengoro Tiyo has targeted the
alluvial and lacustrine deposits for lower values of fluoride content as it was observed
from the result of the test well. At Welenchiti BH02, the drilling encountered the alluvial
and lacustrine sediment at the top 162m and followed by volcanic deposits and layers of
alluvial and lacustrine deposits.

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2 DRILLING RESULTS
The borehole was drilled to a depth of 252 m below ground surface. The top 6m was
drilled with 17 ½ inches for installation of 14 inches surface casing. The remaining depth
was drilled with 12 ¼ inches diameter. The drilling method was mud circulation
throughout the depth.
2.1 Drilled Geological Formation

The major geological formations penetrated are volcanic rocks mainly alluvial and
lacustrine deposits, basalt and pyroclastic deposits. There was no drilling problem, except
slow drilling in the basalt formation and the loss of circulation below 236m depth.
Upon completion of the drilling, electrical logging was done using Terrameter SAS-300C
in order to complement the lithological logs. The electrical logging result shows distinct
difference in the resistivity of the sediments and fractured volcanic rocks. The following
table shows the lithological logging result based on recovered samples and electrical
logging.
Table 2:1. Formations drilled at Welenchiti BH02

Geologic Log
Depth (m) Geology Geologic Description
From To
0m 2m Clay:- Black in colour
2m 4m Sediment Clay:- black sandy clay
4m 6m Clay:- brownish clay
6m 12 m Pumice:- pumice deposit
12 m 20 m Trachyte:-
Volcanic
20 m 22 m Clay:-
22 m 32 m Trachyte:-
32 m 60 m Clay:-
60 m 100 m Clay:- Sandy clay
100 m 126 m Sediment Clay:- Brownish clay
126 m 144 m Sand:-
144 m 162 m Clay:- Brownish clay
162 m 178 m Volcanic Basalt:- fractured basalt
178 m 180 m Clay:- Reddish clay
180 m 184 m Sediment Sand:- coarse grained
184 m 210 m Clay:- black clay

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Geologic Log
Depth (m) Geology Geologic Description
From To
210 m 214 m Basalt:- fractured trachy basalt
214 m 222 m Clay:- light brown clay
222 m 230 m Volcanic Pumice:- weathered
230 m 232 m Clay:- light brown clay
232 m 234 m Basalt:- highly weathered
234 m 252 m Sand:-
2.1.1 Well Casings and Screens
The well was drilled 252 m depth. The up to 252 m it is lined with steel casings and
screens with nominal diameter of 8 inches. The screens are slotted with 2-mm slot size.
The casing has 217mm outside and 203mm inner diameter with wall thickness of 7mm.
Observation pipe of ¾ inches GS pipe installed up to the depth of 200 m. A steel surface
casing of 6 m length and 14 inches diameter installed in the well.
Rounded river gravel of basaltic origin has been emplaced in annular space up to 145m
below ground. A total of 7 m3 gravel has been used. After the emplacement of gravel, the
well has been developed with compressed air for 12 hours using Ingersoll-Rand (IR)
compressor of capacity 25 bar mounted on the rig.
The annular space has been grouted for 12m below the ground surface and above the
gravel level. Finally a wellhead of 1 m by 1 m by 0.75 m is constructed around the 14
inches surface casing. The details of casing and screen positions are provided in the
following table.
Table 2:2. Summary of Well Construction for Welenchiti BH02

Item From (m) To (m) Total (m) Diameter in inch
1. Drilling 0 6 6 17 ½
6 252 246 12 ¼
2. Steel Surface Casing +0.8 6 6.8 16
Blind Total (m)
From (m) To (m) Diameter in inch
3. 8 inches steel 7mm thick Casing
+0.7 169.36 170.06 8
installed with outer diameter of
217mm and inner diameter 203mm 175 180.86 5.86 8
186.64 209.52 22.88 8
215.3 232.46 17.16 8
249.8 252.8 3
Total blind Casing 218.96 8

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4. uPVC heavy duty 13mm thick Diameter in

screens installed Screen Total (m) inches
From (m) To (m)
169 175.14 6.14 8
180.86 186.64 5.78 8
215.3 209.52 5.78 8
249.8 232.46 17.34 8
Total Screen Casing 35.04
5. Observation pipe +0.7 200 ¾
2.2 Test Pumping

2.2.1 Test Pumping of Welenchiti BH-02
The test pumping was conducted between 10/03/2017 and 14/03/2017. It was done
using 200 KVA generator, 55 KW submersible pumps, 4 inches riser pipe, 90 o weir
(V-notch), stopwatch and water level measuring tape (deep-meter).
2.2.2 Provisional Test Pumping of Welenchiti BH-02

Before starting the proper pumping test, provisional test was conducted on the well to
estimate the well yield, to check the draw down, and to decide on the pump position
and the type of pumping test to be conducted.
This test was carried out with 11 l/s for one hour with the pump intake situated at 140
m depth below the top of casing, which was 0.5m above ground level. The static water
level at the beginning of the test has been measured 103.8 m from the same reference
point. At the end of the test the pumping level reached 113.27 m.
2.2.3 Step Drawdown Test of Welenchiti BH-02

Based on the result obtained from provisional pumping test, Step drawdown test was
carried out to determine some characteristics of the well such as well performance,
well efficiency, specific capacity of the well, to calculate aquifer and well loss and to
determine a suitable discharge rate for the constant discharge test. The test was
conducted for a total of four hours and consisted of four steps, where each step lasted
for one hour. The well was pumped successively with 6.5 l/s, 8.0l/s, 9.5 l/s and 11.0 l/s
by positioning the pump at a depth of 140 m below the reference point. The total draw
down of the step-wise test was 6.14 m, 7.44 m, 9.08 m and 9.34 m respectively. With
the increase of discharge from 6.5 l/s to 9.34 l/s the specific capacity of the well did

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not show any significant decline and rather it increased at 11 l/s. Summary of the step
test result is shown on the following table and figure.
Table 2:3 Welenchiti BH02 summary of step test result

l/s m3/day DD l/s/m m2/day SC %
6.5 561.6 6.14 1.06 91.47 100%
8 691.2 7.44 1.08 92.90 102%
9.5 820.8 9.08 1.05 90.40 99%
11 950.4 9.34 1.18 101.76 111%
l/s m3/day DD l/s/m m2/day SC %

7.2 622.08 3.25 2.22 191.41 100%
8.7 751.68 4.11 2.12 182.89 96%
10.2 881.28 4.92 2.07 179.12 94%
11.7 1010.88 5.06 2.31 199.78 104%
Figure 2. Welenchiti BH02 Step Drawdown test result

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Figure 3. Welenchiti BH02 Draw-Down (m) versus discharge (m3/day)

The step test result is analysed using the following conventional method;
s = BQ + CQ2
Where s = Drawdown
B = Aquifer loss (d/m2)
C = Well loss coefficient
Q = Discharge (m3/d)
Well efficiency = 100*BQ / (BQ+CQ2)

The result shows that the major drawdown in the well is as a result of the aquifer loss.
The results of the step test are shown in the following tables and figures.
Table 2:4. Step Drawdown test result Welenchiti BH02
Specific Specific
Qn DD, Sw Capacity Draw down 100*BQn /
3
(l/s) Qn (m /d) (m) (m2/d) Sw/Qn (d/m2) B (d/m2) C B*Qn CQn2 Swn = B*Qn + CQn
2
(BQ+CQn2)
6.5 561.60 6.14 91.47 0.011 9.13E-03 2.64E-06 5.13 0.83 5.96 86.03
8 691.20 7.44 92.90 0.011 9.13E-03 2.64E-06 6.31 1.26 7.57 83.34
9.5 820.80 9.08 90.40 0.011 9.13E-03 2.64E-06 7.49 1.78 9.27 80.82
11 950.40 9.34 101.76 0.010 9.13E-03 2.64E-06 8.68 2.38 11.06 78.44

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Figure 4. Welenchiti BH02 Hantush-Bierschenk Well Loss
2.2.4 Constant Discharge Test of Welenchiti BH-02
72 hours constant rate test was carried out at the same pumping position and discharge
rate of 11 l/s.
The water level at the beginning of the test was 104.19 m. During the pumping period
the maximum drawdown attained was 10.26 m. The recovery of the well was fast and
91% recovered within 4 hours duration.
The aquifers are situated within the volcanic rock formation such as basalt and
sediments mainly sand (probably reworked volcano-clastic deposit). The time-
drawdown curve shows semi-confined aquifer characteristic with gradual increase in
drawdown.

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Figure 5. Welenchiti BH02 Semi-Logarithmic time drawdown plot of constant discharge test
Figure 6. Welenchiti BH02 Logarithmic time drawdown plot of constant discharge test

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Figure 7. Welenchiti BH02 Semi-Logarithmic time-recovery plot of constant discharge test
The specific capacity of the well is about 186m2/day. The transmissivity (m2/day) of the
aquifer has been calculated using Cooper-Jacob time-drawdown method and the Theis
recovery methods; where,
T = 0.183*Q/Δs ----------- (for Drawdown)
T = 0.183*Q/Δs’ ---------- (for Recovery)
Where T = Transmissivity (m2/day)
Q = Pumping rate (m3/day)
Δs = Drawdown difference per log cycle (m) time-drawdown graph
Δs’ = Drawdown difference per log cycle (m) of recovery graph
In addition the Theis’s analysis method for time-drawdown was used, where both have
given equivalent results. The transmissivity of the aquifer is about 174m2/day. The results
are shown on the following figures. The summary of the test result is shown in the
following table.

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Figure 8. Welenchiti BH02 results from Cooper Jacob Time drawdown method
Figure 9. Welenchiti BH02 results from Theis Recovery analysis method

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Table 2:5 Summary of Constant Test Result of Welenchiti BH02

Pumping rate (m3/day) 950.4
Pumping test length (hrs) 72
Static Water Level Below ground (m) 103.6
Pumping water level (m) 114.45
Drawdown (m) 10.85
Specific Capacity (M3/day/m) 87.59
Transmissivity from time drawdown plot (m2/d) 163.00
Transmissivity from constant rate pumping
recovery (m2/d) 185.00
Transmissivity from step test recovery (m2/d)
Average transmissivity of aquifer (m2/d) 174.00
Hydraulic Conductivity m/d (Transmissivity
divided by screen length) 5.02
2.2.5 Recommended pumping rate of Welenchiti BH-01 Alternative
The well was test pumped for 72 hours at 11.0 l/s and has 10.65 m of drawdown. The
static water level before commencement of test was at 103.8 m and dynamic water
level for 11.0 l/s pumping was at 114.45m. The screen in this well is deep below 169m
depth. Taking into account the pump position at about 160m, there will be an available
drawdown of about 56m. Taking into account the step test result along with constant
test result and by extrapolating this well can be pumped 15 l/s without any problem.
At 15 l/s the estimated drawdown is below 20m, which means, the dynamic water
level will be below 124m depth. Thus, from the pumping test analysis it is
recommended to pump this well up to 15 l/s with pump position at about 160 and
165m.
The temperature of the water measured at the site range between 32oC and 38 oC. The
normal operating range of cold water pumps range up to 40oC, thus cold water pump
with temperature range up to 40 oC is recommended.

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Table 2:6 Extrapolated pumping rate of Welenchiti BH02based on step test result
Qn S
Qn (l/s) (m3/d) B (d/m2) C BQn CQn2 (Drawdown)
8.00 691.2 9.13E-03 2.64E-06 6.31 1.26 7.57
9.00 777.6 9.13E-03 2.64E-06 7.10 1.60 8.70
10.00 864 9.13E-03 2.64E-06 7.89 1.97 9.86
11.00 950.4 9.13E-03 2.64E-06 8.68 2.38 11.06
12.00 1036.8 9.13E-03 2.64E-06 9.47 2.84 12.30
13.00 1123.2 9.13E-03 2.64E-06 10.25 3.33 13.59
14.00 1209.6 9.13E-03 2.64E-06 11.04 3.86 14.91
15.00 1296 9.13E-03 2.64E-06 11.83 4.43 16.27
Figure 10. Welenchiti BH02 Well depth Vs pumping rate. Depth to Water level for different
pumping rates

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2.2.6 Water quality of Welenchiti BH-02
For the purpose of checking changes in water quality characteristic the electrical
conductivity (EC), pH and temperature and fluoride has been monitored throughout the
pumping test. The EC value range between 960 μS/cm and 506 μS/cm and the
temperature between 38 oC and 32oC. The EC value has shown three different ranges
within the 72 hours test. The first is up to 18 hours pumping in which the EC value was
between 960 μS/cm and 825 μS/cm. After 18 hours of pumping, between 18 hrs and 46
hrs the EC and temperature have shown significant decline. The EC value declined within
the ranges of 675μS/cm and 670 μS/cm and the temperature between 32.2 oC and 33 oC.
The third is from 47 hrs up to 72 hours. In this period the EC value declined, but the
temperature have shown rising trend. The EC value ranges 506μS/cm and 632 μS/cm
and the temperature between 32. oC and 37 oC. This indicates the presence of aquifers
having cold and warm water with different EC values. The pH varies within small range
between pH values of 7. and 7.3.
Figure 11. EC change with pump test time for the groundwater of Welenchiti BH02

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Figure 12. pH & temperature changes with pump test time for the groundwater of Welenchiti
BH02
At the end of the test pumping water sample was collected and submitted to the Water
Works Design & Supervision Enterprise Laboratory for analysis. The groundwater
analysed from BH02 is Na-HCO3 type. Except for fluoride, all the analysed parameters
are within the allowable limits of the guideline set by the WHO and the Ethiopian
Standard Agency. The groundwater has low TDS (380mg/l), pH of 7.42 and low
hardness (64mg/l). The analysis result of Aluminium, Chromium and boron have values
less than 0.1 mg/l.
The analysis result has shown that the fluoride content is about 2.76mg/l which is higher
than the allowable maximum value of 1.5 mg/l. Thus this water has to be blended with
water from the nearby wells with lower fluoride content in order to reduce the fluoride
concentration in the water to be supplied.

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Figure 13. Piper diagram for the groundwater of Welenchiti BH02
Figure 14. Schoeller diagram for the groundwater of Welenchiti BH02

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3 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

3.1 Conclusion
The depth of the well below ground where casing is installed is 252m. The well has been
drilled with a diameter 17 ½ inches (444.5mm) diameter for surface casing and 12 ¼
inches (311.15mm) diameter for the well casing. Well casings and screens are made of
mild steel with nominal diameter of 8 inches and wall thickness of 7mm. After
installation of casing the annular space has been packed with gravel up to 145 m below
ground. The remaining part is filled with clay and the top 12 m grouted with cement.
Table 3:1.Summary of test drilling Results at Welenchiti BH02

Inner Screen position
Drilled Casing
BH Casing
Depth Depth
No Dia. 1st 2nd 3rd 4th
(m) (m)
(mm)
BH02 252 252 203 169m – 175.14m 180.86m – 186.64m 215.3m – 209.52m 232.46m - 249.8m
The aquifer used for production in this well is mainly the fractured and weathered basalts
& and sand deposit. The aquifers in the volcanic ash and trachyte are sealed with clay and
blind casing as a result of their higher values of fluoride content. The aquifer situated
below 160m is used for production with screen position indicted in the above table.
The test pumping result shows that the wells has good yield. BH02 is pumped with
discharge rate of 11.0 l/s for 72 hours and the resulting drawdown was 10.85m. The
aquifer has Transmissivity values of about 174 m2/day. The following table shows the
summary of test pumping result.
Table 3:2. Welenchiti BH02 Summary of pump test result

Test Draw Specific Transmissivity
Constant Duration SWL DWL Down capacity (m2/day)
BH No test (l/s) (hrs) (m) (m) (m) (m2/day)
BH01 11.0 72 103.6 114.45 10.85 87 174
The chemical quality of the groundwater for the analysed parameters except its high
fluoride content (2.76 mg/l) is within the allowable limits of the WHO and the Ethiopian
Standard Agency guidelines. The groundwater is Na-HCO3 type. It has low TDS
(380mg/l), pH of 7.42 and low hardness (64mg/l). The analysis result for Aluminium,
Chromium and boron shows that they have values less than 0.1 mg/l.
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3.2 Recommendation
The screen in this well is deep below 169m depth. Taking into account the pump position
at about 160m, there will be an available drawdown of about 56m. Combining the
constant and the step test results show at 15 l/s the drawdown in this well does not exceed
20m with dynamic water level of 124m. Thus, from the pumping test analysis it is
recommended to pump this well up to 15 l/s with pump position between 160m and
165m. However, the pumping rate has to be decided based on the pumping rates of the
nearby wells to be used to reduce the fluoride concentration.
The temperature of the water from this well ranges between 32 oC and 38 oC. Thus cold
water pumps with operational temperature range of over 38 oC are recommended.

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References
1. Mengesha Tefera, Tadiwos Chernet and Workineh Haro; The Geological Map of
Ethiopia, 2nd edition. Geological Survey of Ethiopia, 1990
2. Mengesha Tefera, Tadiwos Chernet and Workineh Haro; Explanation of the
Geological Map of Ethiopia, 2nd edition. Geological Survey of Ethiopia, 1996

P a g e | 22
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A – PROFILE OF WELLS COMPLETED WITH CASING
APPENDIX B – TEST PUMPING DATA

P a g e | 23
APPENDIX A. – PROFILE OF WELLS COMPLETED WITH CASING

P a g e | 24
Tel. 251-(0)11-6181521/499/518, 0911211792 Fax (0)11-6181520, P.O.Box 4661, e-mail tam-geo@ethionet.et

P a g e | 25
APPENDIX B –PUMPING TEST DATA

P a g e | 26
Project Name: Welenchiti Town Water Supply and Sanitation Project

Client:- Oromiya Mineral, Water and Energy Bureau
Date of Start:- 10/03/2017
Date of Completion:- 14/03/2017
Site Name: New BH-02
REFERENCES
Known Benchmark Data:- X=___________ Y=__________ Z=__________ Top of observation pipe 0.5m
above ground
GPS Reading:- X= ___________ Y=___________ Z=__________
Step Drawdown Test
1st 2nd 3rd 4th
Discharge L/s 6.5 Discharge L/s 8 Discharge L/s 9.5 Discharge L/s 11
Water Draw Water Draw Water Draw Water Draw
Time Level down Time Level Down Time Level down Time Level Down
(Min) (m) (m) (min) (m) (m) (min) (m) (m) (min) (m) (m)
0 103.6 0.00 60.5 109.82 6.22 120.5 111.14 7.54 180.5 112.69 9.09
0.5 105.25 1.65 61 109.9 6.30 121 111.23 7.63 181 112.69 9.09
1 105.6 2.00 61.5 109.95 6.35 121.5 111.27 7.67 181.5 112.70 9.10
1.5 105.7 2.10 62 109.99 6.39 122 111.29 7.69 182 112.71 9.11
2 105.9 2.30 62.5 110.02 6.42 122.5 111.3 7.70 182.5 112.71 9.11
2.5 106 2.40 63 110.1 6.50 123 111.35 7.75 183 112.71 9.11
3 106.07 2.47 63.5 110.13 6.53 123.5 111.47 7.88 183.5 112.72 9.12
3.5 106.25 2.65 64 110.18 6.58 124 111.54 7.94 184 112.72 9.12
4 106.32 2.72 64.5 110.21 6.61 124.5 111.6 8.00 184.5 112.73 9.13
4.5 106.54 2.94 65 110.27 6.67 125 111.65 8.05 185 112.74 9.14
5 106.63 3.03 66 110.35 6.75 126 111.72 8.12 186 112.74 9.14
6 106.8 3.20 67 110.43 6.83 127 111.81 8.21 187 112.74 9.14
7 107 3.40 68 110.5 6.90 128 111.9 8.30 188 112.75 9.15
8 107.27 3.67 69 110.57 6.97 129 111.98 8.38 189 112.75 9.15
9 108.4 4.80 70 110.62 7.02 130 112.06 8.46 190 112.75 9.15
10 108.72 5.12 72 110.63 7.03 132 112.2 8.60 192 112.76 9.16
12 108.95 5.35 74 110.65 7.05 134 112.31 8.71 194 112.76 9.16
14 109 5.40 76 110.66 7.06 136 112.4 8.80 196 112.76 9.16
16 109.03 5.43 78 110.7 7.10 138 112.4 8.80 198 112.78 9.18
18 109.15 5.55 80 110.7 7.10 140 112.42 8.82 200 112.79 9.19
20 109.2 5.60 85 110.74 7.14 145 112.47 8.87 205 112.80 9.20
25 109.3 5.70 90 110.8 7.20 150 112.5 8.90 210 112.85 9.25
30 109.42 5.82 95 110.8 7.20 155 112.52 8.92 215 112.85 9.25
35 109.45 5.85 100 110.86 7.26 160 112.55 8.95 220 112.87 9.27
40 109.56 5.96 105 110.89 7.29 165 112.64 9.04 225 112.89 9.29
45 109.56 5.96 110 110.98 7.38 170 112.68 9.08 230 112.92 9.32
50 109.63 6.03 115 111.02 7.42 175 112.68 9.08 235 112.92 9.32
55 109.65 6.05 120 111.04 7.44 180 112.68 9.08 240 112.94 9.34
60 109.74 6.14

P a g e | 27

REFERENCES
GPS Reading:- X= ___________ Y=___________ Z=____________
Constant Discharge Test

SWL 104.19 (m) Discharge 11.0 (l/s) Pump Position 140 (m)
Time Water Draw Time Water Draw Time Water Draw
Hour Min Level (m) down Hour Min Level (m) down (m) Hour Min Level (m) down
(m) (m)
0 104.19 0.00 35 112.17 7.98 600 113.60 9.41
0.5 109.80 5.61 40 112.20 8.01 660 113.74 9.55
1 110.40 6.21 45 112.22 8.03 720 113.86 9.67
1.5 110.70 6.51 50 112.35 8.16 780 113.86 9.67
2 110.87 6.68 55 112.37 8.18 840 113.86 9.67
2.5 111.00 6.81 60 112.44 8.25 900 113.90 9.71
3 111.10 6.91 70 112.47 8.28 960 113.93 9.74
3.5 111.20 7.01 80 112.47 8.28 1020 113.93 9.74
4 111.29 7.10 90 112.50 8.31 1080 113.94 9.75
4.5 111.37 7.18 100 112.58 8.39 1140 113.94 9.75
5 111.45 7.26 120 112.65 8.46 1200 113.95 9.76
6 111.50 7.31 140 112.80 8.61 1260 114.05 9.86
7 111.59 7.40 160 112.85 8.66 1320 114.05 9.86
8 111.64 7.45 180 112.93 8.74 1380 114.06 9.87
9 111.69 7.50 210 113.05 8.86 1440 114.08 9.89
10 111.70 7.51 240 113.08 8.89 1500 114.10 9.91
12 111.73 7.54 270 113.10 8.91 1560 114.22 10.03
14 111.79 7.60 300 113.23 9.04 1620 114.22 10.03
16 111.81 7.62 330 113.28 9.09 1680 114.23 10.04
18 111.85 7.66 360 113.33 9.14 1740 114.27 10.08
20 111.90 7.71 420 113.33 9.14 1800 114.31 10.12
25 111.98 7.79 480 113.40 9.21 1860 114.37 10.18
30 112.06 7.87 540 113.54 9.35 1920 114.39 10.20

P a g e | 28
Constant Discharge Test

Time Water Draw Time Water Draw Time Water Draw
Hour Min Level (m) down Hour Min Level (m) down Hour Min Level down
(m) (m) (m) (m)
1980 114.43 10.24 3300 114.40 10.21
2040 114.45 10.26 3360 114.44 10.25
2100 114.46 10.27 3420 114.43 10.24
2160 114.49 10.30 3480 114.47 10.28
2220 114.49 10.30 3540 114.48 10.29
2280 114.49 10.30 3600 114.52 10.33
2340 114.49 10.30 3660 114.51 10.32
2400 114.49 10.30 3720 114.51 10.32
2460 114.49 10.30 3780 114.52 10.33
2520 114.50 10.31 3840 114.51 10.32
2580 114.50 10.31 3900 114.53 10.34
2640 114.52 10.33 3960 114.52 10.33
2700 114.52 10.33 4020 114.48 10.29
2760 114.52 10.33 4080 114.50 10.31
2820 114.47 10.28 4140 114.49 10.30
2880 114.43 10.24 4200 114.45 10.26
2940 114.55 10.36 4260 114.44 10.25
3000 114.55 10.36 4320 114.45 10.26
3060 114.25 10.06
3120 114.26 10.07
3180 114.30 10.11
3240 114.36 10.17

P a g e | 29

REFERENCES
GPS Reading:- X= ___________ Y=___________ Z=____________
Constant Discharge Test Recovery

Time Since Time Time Water Residual Time Since Time Time Water Residual
Pumping since Ratio Level Drawdo Pumping since Ratio Level Drawdown
Stopped (t’) pumping (t/t’) (s) wn (s’) Stopped (t’) pumping (t/t’) (s) (m) (s’) (m)
(min) started (t) (m) (m) (min) started (t)
Hour Min (min) Hour Min (min)
0 4320 114.45 57.21 35 4355.0 124 106.71 2.52
0.5 4320.5 8641 111.6 51.10 40 4360.0 109 106.63 2.44
1 4321.0 4321 111.1 48.40 45 4365.0 97 105.9 1.71
1.5 4321.5 2881 110.4 47.25 50 4370.0 87 105.85 1.66
2 4322.0 2161 110.39 47.62 55 4375.0 80 105.8 1.61
2.5 4322.5 1729 110.3 47.80 60 4380.0 73 105.76 1.57
3 4323.0 1441 109.59 47.70 70 4390.0 63 105.71 1.52
3.5 4323.5 1235 109.49 47.51 80 4400.0 55 105.62 1.43
4 4324.0 1081 108.55 47.37 90 4410.0 49 105.6 1.41
4.5 4324.5 961 107.67 47.24 100 4420.0 44 105.54 1.35
5 4325.0 865 107.55 47.13 120 4440.0 37 105.43 1.24
6 4326.0 721 107.52 47.00 140 4460.0 32 105.33 1.14
7 4327.0 618 107.59 46.75 160 4480.0 28 105.33 1.14
8 4328.0 541 107.44 46.53 180 4500.0 25 105.29 1.10
9 4329.0 481 107.4 46.32 200 4520.0 23 105.22 1.03
10 4330.0 433 107.37 46.16 220 4540.0 21 105.1 0.91
12 4332.0 361 107.31 45.67
14 4334.0 310 107.25 45.50
16 4336.0 271 107.2 45.16
18 4338.0 241 107.21 44.84
20 4340.0 217 107.17 44.48
25 4345.0 174 107.1 44.08

P a g e | 30

P a g e | 31
EC, pH and Temperature result during test pumping
Elapsed Time, EC pH Temp.

[t]
(hour) (min) (µS/m) (℃)
1 797 7.1 37
2 856 7.2 38
3 825 7.1 37.1
4 960 7.1 37.4
5 953 7.2 37.4
6 950 7.1 37.4
7 949 7.1 37.3
8 952 7.2 37.2
9 948 7.1 37.2
10 945 7 37
11 920 7.1 37.1
12 911 7.1 37.2
13 902 7.1 37.2
14 896 7.1 37.1
15 890 7.1 37.2
16 895 7.2 37.4
17 886 7.1 37.1
18 879 7.3 37
19 670 7.2 32.5
20 670 7.1 32.4
21 675 7.2 32.4
22 672 7.1 32.4
23 675 7.2 32.4
24 670 7.2 32.3
25 673 7.1 32.2
26 674 7.2 32.4
27 671 7.3 32.3
28 674 7.2 32.3
29 675 7.1 32.3
30 673 7.2 32.2
31 670 7.1 32.3
32 673 7.2 32.3
33 672 7.2 32.4
34 672 7.3 32.3
35 671 7.2 32.3
36 672 7.4 32.3

P a g e | 32
Elapsed Time, EC pH Temp.

[t]
(hour) (min) (µS/m) (℃)
37 668 7.3 32.4
38 674 7.3 32.4
39 665 7.2 33
40 664 7.2 32.8
41 663 7.2 32.4
42 665 7.2 32.4
43 660 7.3 32.2
44 649 7.2 32.5
45 652 7.3 32.4
46 698 7.2 32.4
47 506 7.2 32
48 516 7.1 32.2
49 523 7.1 32.2
50 525 7.1 33
51 530 7.2 32.4
52 531 7.1 32.4
53 531 7.1 32.4
54 530 7 32.3
55 542 7.1 32.3
56 556 7 32.1
57 550 7 32.1
58 554 7 32.3
59 560 7.1 32.3
60 580 7.1 32.5
61 590 7.2 32.5
62 600 7.2 33.1
63 618 7.2 33.6
64 620 7.3 33.9
65 615 7.3 34.1
66 623 7.3 34.9
67 626 7.2 36.9
68 608 7.2 36.8
69 614 7.1 36.5
70 620 7.1 36.6
71 625 7.2 35.9
72 632 7.1 36.3

P a g e | 33

P a g e | 34

Report of Drilling Results-Wlenchiti BH02

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WELENCHITI TOWN WATER SUPPLY

AND SANITATION PROJECT

WATER WELL DRILLING FOR THE WATER

Client: Oromia Water, Energy & Mineral

TAM GEO-ENGINEERING PLC.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................................. 1

APPENDIX A – PROFILE OF WELLS COMPLETED WITH CASING

APPENDIX B – TEST PUMPING DATA

APPENDIX C – WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS LABORATORY RESULT

Tel. 251-(0)911211792 251-(0)911517411-(0)911517412, P.O.Box 4661, e-mail tam-geo@ethionet.et

Table 0:1.Summary of test drilling Results

Table 0:2. Summary of pump test result

Tel. 251-(0)911211792 251-(0)911517411-(0)911517412, P.O.Box 4661, e-mail tam-geo@ethionet.et

Tel. 251-(0)911211792 251-(0)911517411-(0)911517412, P.O.Box 4661, e-mail tam-geo@ethionet.et

1.1 Description of the work area

Tel. 251-(0)911211792 251-(0)911517411-(0)911517412, P.O.Box 4661, e-mail tam-geo@ethionet.et

Figure 1. Location of Welenchiti & Dengoro Tiyo Boreholes

Tel. 251-(0)911211792 251-(0)911517411-(0)911517412, P.O.Box 4661, e-mail tam-geo@ethionet.et

Tel. 251-(0)911211792 251-(0)911517411-(0)911517412, P.O.Box 4661, e-mail tam-geo@ethionet.et

2.1 Drilled Geological Formation

Table 2:1. Formations drilled at Welenchiti BH02

Tel. 251-(0)911211792 251-(0)911517411-(0)911517412, P.O.Box 4661, e-mail tam-geo@ethionet.et

2.1.1 Well Casings and Screens

Table 2:2. Summary of Well Construction for Welenchiti BH02

Tel. 251-(0)911211792 251-(0)911517411-(0)911517412, P.O.Box 4661, e-mail tam-geo@ethionet.et

4. uPVC heavy duty 13mm thick Diameter in

2.2 Test Pumping

2.2.2 Provisional Test Pumping of Welenchiti BH-02

2.2.3 Step Drawdown Test of Welenchiti BH-02

Tel. 251-(0)911211792 251-(0)911517411-(0)911517412, P.O.Box 4661, e-mail tam-geo@ethionet.et

Table 2:3 Welenchiti BH02 summary of step test result

l/s m3/day DD l/s/m m2/day SC %

Figure 2. Welenchiti BH02 Step Drawdown test result

Tel. 251-(0)911211792 251-(0)911517411-(0)911517412, P.O.Box 4661, e-mail tam-geo@ethionet.et

Figure 3. Welenchiti BH02 Draw-Down (m) versus discharge (m3/day)

Well efficiency = 100*BQ / (BQ+CQ2)

Table 2:4. Step Drawdown test result Welenchiti BH02

Tel. 251-(0)911211792 251-(0)911517411-(0)911517412, P.O.Box 4661, e-mail tam-geo@ethionet.et

Figure 4. Welenchiti BH02 Hantush-Bierschenk Well Loss

2.2.4 Constant Discharge Test of Welenchiti BH-02

Tel. 251-(0)911211792 251-(0)911517411-(0)911517412, P.O.Box 4661, e-mail tam-geo@ethionet.et

Tel. 251-(0)911211792 251-(0)911517411-(0)911517412, P.O.Box 4661, e-mail tam-geo@ethionet.et

Figure 7. Welenchiti BH02 Semi-Logarithmic time-recovery plot of constant discharge test

T = 0.183*Q/Δs ----------- (for Drawdown)

T = 0.183*Q/Δs’ ---------- (for Recovery)

Where T = Transmissivity (m2/day)

Q = Pumping rate (m3/day)

Δs = Drawdown difference per log cycle (m) time-drawdown graph

Δs’ = Drawdown difference per log cycle (m) of recovery graph

Tel. 251-(0)911211792 251-(0)911517411-(0)911517412, P.O.Box 4661, e-mail tam-geo@ethionet.et

Figure 9. Welenchiti BH02 results from Theis Recovery analysis method

Tel. 251-(0)911211792 251-(0)911517411-(0)911517412, P.O.Box 4661, e-mail tam-geo@ethionet.et

Table 2:5 Summary of Constant Test Result of Welenchiti BH02

2.2.5 Recommended pumping rate of Welenchiti BH-01 Alternative

Tel. 251-(0)911211792 251-(0)911517411-(0)911517412, P.O.Box 4661, e-mail tam-geo@ethionet.et

Tel. 251-(0)911211792 251-(0)911517411-(0)911517412, P.O.Box 4661, e-mail tam-geo@ethionet.et

2.2.6 Water quality of Welenchiti BH-02

Tel. 251-(0)911211792 251-(0)911517411-(0)911517412, P.O.Box 4661, e-mail tam-geo@ethionet.et

Tel. 251-(0)911211792 251-(0)911517411-(0)911517412, P.O.Box 4661, e-mail tam-geo@ethionet.et

Figure 13. Piper diagram for the groundwater of Welenchiti BH02

Figure 14. Schoeller diagram for the groundwater of Welenchiti BH02

Tel. 251-(0)911211792 251-(0)911517411-(0)911517412, P.O.Box 4661, e-mail tam-geo@ethionet.et

3 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION