Playing by

the Rules Of
Grammar
 Author : Alexis Michelle Gamboa

Grammar
Alexis Michelle Gamboa
December 2017

Hit a Homerun with these

grammar rules!!!
Table of Contents
1.) Introduction & About the Author……Pg.4

2.) Section 1: Parts of speech…...…….Pg.5-11

3.) Section 2: Phrases…….…………....Pg.11-13

4.) Section 3: Clauses……………….....Pg.13

5.) Section 4:sentence ……………….....Pg.14-16

6.) Section 5: Paragraphs …….……….Pg.16-17

7.) Section 6: Essay…………………....Pg.

8.) Section 7: Capitalization………......Pg.

9.) Section 8: Punctuation………..…...Pg.

10.) Section 9: Commonly

used, misused word…………......Pg.

11.) Quizzes and answer key……..Pg.

12.) Sources ……………………......Pg.

Intro:

This book had been made to help you and be your guide when in need of proper
grammar. This book will be your key to success. It’ll cover topics that are as simple as
punctuation, or capitalization. It will also cover topics like clauses and paraphrases.
Examples will be provided to help you understand the true meaning and how to use it.
They’re are also quizzes toward the end of the book. So help yourself and HELP
YOURSELF.

About the Author​:

Alexis Michelle Gamboa was born in 2001. Alexis was born in the golden state,
California. Alexis began writing her own book in the 11th grade when her teacher
assigned the, “Grammar Book Project.” She enjoys playing softball, hanging out with
friends and watching her favorite teams play their sports on the big screen. She also
enjoys reading and listening to music. She devotes her hours to practicing softball with
her teams or sometimes even alone. Since 2015 she attended Francisco Bravo Medical
Magnet High School and is still attending it today. She will graduate in the year 2019
and go straight to college to pursue her dream of becoming a pediatrician.

About the subject​:

Softball has been a big part of Alexis Gamboa’s life. She grew up playing baseball
with her younger brother, but as she grew older she changed sports and joined a
softball team. She was about 12 when she fell in love with the game. She later joined a
travel ball team and had started to play in different areas. Playing softball did lead to
many of her lifetime injuries, like when she : broke her left foot, sprained her left foot,
got hit in the neck and had it get bruised up, sprained her right pinky, and also left a
forever bump on her left knee. But despite all that she kept on going and playing the
game. Softball became her motivation, she decided the day she enters high school
she’ll play softball for her high school. And she did, she is now in the 11th grade
representing her school as a pitcher on the varsity team. Her next goal is to be playing
softball for her future college. She love and plays softball with a passion and that is the
reason she made it her topic in her Grammar book.
 Sectioctin 1: PARTS OF SPEECH

I. Nouns

A.​Types of nouns​:
There are many types of nouns one is common nouns like ball, glove, bat,
gloves, dirt. The second one is proper nouns like UCLA, LSU, USC, and Dodger
Stadium. The third one is compound nouns like homerun, softball, baseball, and
walkways. The fourth one is concrete nouns like food, love, soap. The fifth one is
abstract nouns like nervousness, pressure, joy, fear, and enjoyment.

B. ​Noun identifiers​:
1.)​To identify a noun you should focus on the ending. Some of the nouns with
noun endings are adorableness, affection, realism, fantism, culture, university,
intelligence, development, attitude, adjuster, respiratory, cheer, acceptance, and
neighborhood.
2.)​Following a noun maker (NM): a, all, an, both, each, every, her, his, my, our,
several, some, that, there, these, one, two, three, etc. Embroidered words are pronouns
that function as noun makers only when they act as adjectives. ​Some ​boxes are square
(“some” acts as an adjective, so it’s a noun maker.) ​Some​ are square (“some” acts as a
noun so it’s not a noun maker.)

NM N
The ​softball team​ is diverse.

NM N
The Distinct ​softball team​ has different races united as one.

3.) ​Plural form: “bats” or “softballs”

4.)​ Possessive form ex: “team’s victory” plan or “teams’ victory”
5.)​ Following a preposition.
EX:
NM N ADV V PREP NM N V NM N
The pitcher quickly ran​ along​ the fence to catch the ball.
 Some common prepositions are about, against, as far as, from around, from
under, above , forward, over, past, on top of, down from, behind, off of, aboard, instead
of, underneath, until, ect. But sometimes these words can be used as adverbs. For
example in the sentence, the player slid under the tag, “under” is the adverb.
C.) ​The functions on how nouns are used​:
1.) So the subject comes before the noun like in when saying. For example, The
catcher quickly dominated the championship, the final score was 16 to 3. Or The softball
team quickly dominated the championship. So the subjects catcher, and team came
before the nouns.

2.) Direct objects comes after the verb to and answer what or whom. For example
when saying :The impatient coach hit a softball at his players throughout practice.
Softball -direct object came after the verb which was hit. Another example is when
saying : the amazing softball team was given the trophy for winning the championship.
So winning comes after given.

3.) Indirect objects answer to who or whom. For example the the dedicated coach
gave his players a certificate for good athleticism. The in sentence the indirect object
(plyers) show who.

4.) Adverbial object comes after the verb and answers when.
Example: The softball team practices weekdays and weekends.
AO= weekdays V= practices
Example #2: The team arrived before the game to warm up
AO= before V= arrived

5.) Object of the preposition follows a preposition.

For example The team went to the party and set up the tables
S Prep. O.Prep
Ex #2: The team invited their parents for the state finals.
S Prep. OPrep

6.) Subject complement follows a linking verb.

EX: Alexis is the mvp of the year

7.) Object complement follows a direct object and renames it.

Example: The team selected Alexis as the mvp of the year
S V DO OC
8.) Appositives rename nouns and separate them by commas.
Ex: Pablo, the coach, taught me how to dive back to a base.
9.) Adjective describes nouns following it. 10.)Noun in direct address ex: Coach,
what time is practice. N
11.) Object of the gerund nouns that follow a gerund.
Ex: Winning every game brought pride.
G OG
12.) Object of the particle, nouns that follow a particle.
13.)Object f the infinitive is a noun that follows an infinitive.
Ex: The whole school wanted the team to win the finals.

II. Pronouns
1.) Personal
Nominative objective
I/we me/us
you/you your/yours
His, hers, its, one’s him, her, it. One’s

2.)​ Possessive
My/mine our/ours
your/yours your/yours
His,her,it’s,ones Their/theirs

3.)Interrogative: who, which, what, whatever, whoever

4.)Reflexive ; personal pronouns plus the suffix -self or -selves
5.)Demonstrative:this, these,that , those.
6.) Indefinite :
All, another, anybody, anyone, neither, nobody, much, few, everywhere, someone, such
none, no one, nothing.
Ex: Everyone who plays softball wishes to play softball with a full scholarship for their
college.

III. Verbs
A.)​ How are verbs identified?
1.) Verbs end with -s, -es, -ed, -ing
2.) Tense verbs indicate time via tensa
● Past: studied
● Past perfect: had not researched
 ● Past progressive :reading
● Simple present: thinks
● Present: sleeps
● Present perfect: will write
● Present perfect progressive : have been cramming
● Future: will have spent

3.) Forms:
A. ​Forms of “to be” : am, are, is , was, were, be, been being.These verbs can be
used as helping verbs or main verbs.
B.​ Forms of “to do”: do, does, did, done , doing. These verbs can be used as
helping verbs or main verbs.
C.​Forms of “to have”:have, has, had, having. These verbs can be used as main
verbs or helping verbs.
4.) Types:
A. auxiliary verbs (helping verbs)
B. Linking verbs (verbs that do not describe action)
C. Lexical verbs (main verbs)
D. Dynamic verbs (indicate action)
E. Stative verbs (describing a condition)
F. Infinitive verbs ( indicate tense)
G. Non finite verbs ( infinitive or participles)
H. Regular verbs (weak verbs)
I. Irregular verbs (strong verbs)
J. Transitive verbs verbs (verbs followed by direct object)
K. Intransitive verbs (verbs that do not take direct objects)

5.) Voice: voice is the Form of the verb that indicates how it relates or interacts with
the action. There are two types, Active and Passive.

6.) verbals: (verb forms not used as verbs)

A.​Gerund​: word ending in “ing” used as a noun
B.​participle​:word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective
C.​infinitive​:verb preceded by the word “to” (to go, to jump) used as nouns.
adjectives, or adverbs

V. Averbs
Adverbs modify verbs adjectives, and other adverbs.
 A. Endings:
-ly, primarily -wards,akwards -wise, taxwise
B. ​Conversions
Words can be converted into adverbs by adding -ly to the end of word
Es: from quick to quickly
Ex: from happy to happily
Ex: from easy to easily

C.​types
a.) an adverb of time tells us with something is dome or happens. It is used in the
beginning or at the end of a sentence. Adverbs of time: afterwards, Already, always,
immediately,last month. Soon, the, and yesterday.

b.) An adverb of place tells us where something is done or happens. It is used after the
verb, object or the end of a sentence.

c.)An adverb of manner tells us how something is done or happens. Most adverbs of
manner end in -ly such ads badly, happily, sadly, and quickly

D. ​Intensifiers
Adverbs often have words called intensifiers that denote or describe the quality of the
action. Words as certainly, obviously, really, simply, literally, ect.
Ex: She simply caught the ball and got an easy out.
Ex: The team really needed to switch pitchers after she kept walking everyone.

E. ​Comparatives/ Superlatives
i.) There are usually short adverbs and so they normally have comparative and
superlative forms with ​-er ​and​ -est​.
a.) With adverbs endings in -ly, you must use more to form the comparative
EX: The profesor reviewed the chapter more quickly before the test before the test
began in 20 minutes.
b.) with adverbs ending in -ly, you must use most to form the superlative.
EX: The most quickest running got us to win the game.
Example types :
Manner- The players ran to the field ​quickly.
Time- The game will start ​promptly.
Place- Practice was held ​in​ the school’s field.
Degree- They ​hardly​ took time to warm up, instead they went straight to playing the
game
Frequency- The team had practice ​everyday ​.

VI.​ ​Conjugations
A.​Coordinating: a conjugation places between words, phrases, clauses, or sentences
:for, and, but, or, yet, so

Example: Andrea got her first homerun,so she will be receiving money from her mom
,but until the game is over.

B. ​Correlative coordinating conjunctions that pair up with other word to connect in a

sentence.
C​. Subordinate : is introduced a subordinate clause, after though as,asking what
D​. Relative pronouns : often introduces dependent clauses in sentences

VII. Preposition

Prepositions are never followed by verbs ! Aboard, about, above ,because of , beyond ,
across, away from , outside, up , until, are all very common.

VIII interjections

Some examples and their meanings are

Ahem - The sound of someone clearing their throat and means “attention” or “listen”
Aah - This is used as a call for help or when someone is scared
Boo - Used to scare someone or to voice disapproval
Eh - This is used when you didn’t hear or understand what someone said
Eww - Ahows dislike or disgust
Hmm - This can mean you are thinking or hesitating
Jeez - Could mean you can’t believe something, or you are exasperated
Ooh-la-la - A slightly comical way to refer to something as fancy or special
Oops - An exclamation people use when they accidentally do something
Phew - This expresses relief or that you are glad something is over
Whoa - This can show surprise or amazement
Yahoo - Expresses joy or happiness
Yeah - This shows a very strong affirmation or approval
Yoo-hoo - This is used to get someone’s attention and is usually used by women
Zing - This is similar to a rim shot used in comic acts and emphasizes a clever
statement or comeback
Key associated yearns for parts of speech

Direct speech repeats, or quotes, the exact words spoken. When we use direct speech
in writing, we place the words spoken between quotation marks (" ") and there is no
change in these words. We may be reporting something that's being said NOW (for
example a telephone conversation), or telling someone later about a previous
conversation.

Exapmles:
She says, "What time will you be home?"
She said, "What time will you be home?" and I said, "I don't know! "
"There's a fly in my soup!" screamed Simone.
John said, "There's an elephant outside the window."

Indirect speech
Reported or indirect speech is usually used to talk about the past, so we normally
change the tense of the words spoken. We use reporting verbs like 'say', 'tell', 'ask', and
we may use the word 'that' to introduce the reported words. Inverted commas are not
used.

Example:
She said, "I saw him.") = She said that she had seen him. (indirect speech)

The eight parts of speech are nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs,
conjunctions, prepositions, and interjections. Noun – A noun is generally defined as a
person, place, or thing; however, ideas are also nouns.

Section 2 : Phrases
Phrases​ - group of words that function as a part of speech
A. Prepositional -​ A group of words that begin with a preposition and ends with a
noun or pronoun.

Examples:
(Basic )In spite of the crowds l, we managed to focus on the game.
(Advanced) In spite of the loud rooting crowds, we managed to focus on hw game.

B. Appositive -​ group of words that include all the words or phrases that modify an
appositive

Examples:
(Basic) Alexis, The pitcher , was injured.
(Advanced) Alexis, the left handed pitcher, had pulled her left arm so she wasn’t able to
pitch in the game.

C.verbal​ - are verbals and any of the verb forms , modifiers, objects or complements.

1.) gerund- will be ong with a gerund, as ong word will include other. Modifiers or
objects.

Examples:
(Basic) Running toward the field, we were able to claim our side.
(Advanced) Running toward the 3rd base dugout , we were able to be the home team
so we got last at bats.

2.) Particle- consist of participle and modifier, object and / or complement.

Examples:
(Basic) excited to play the game, we warmed up with music
(Advanced) Excited to play our final game of the season we warmed up by catching and
throwing, we played music to keep us hyped.

3.) Infinitive- is the for. Of a verb plus any complements and modifiers.

Examples:
(Basic) They might make a new field in 2018
(Advanced) They might replace the old field with the new field so the duel will actually
feel like dirt and not like sand
Section 3: Clauses
Clauses - ​group of words with a subject and a verb
A. Independent​ - can stand alone as a complete sentence, known as a simple
sentence pattern

Examples:
(Basic) Hazards field was closed yesterday
(Advanced) hazards baseball field was closed due to the huge puddles left bc of the rain

B. Subordinate (dependent )- ​can not stand alone as a complete sentence and must
begin with a subordinate conjunction.

1.) noun clause -used as the noun clause in a sentence and may function as a
subject and a predicate noun a direct object, and object of preposition,and
indirect object or in a positive.

Examples:
We really don’t know what will happen when the park closes
We really don’t know what happened on the lights go out in the park closes at midnight

2.) adjective- clause used to modify a noun in independent clause

3.) adverb clause- used modify verbs adjectives and adverbs an independent clause
and introduced by a subordinating conjunction and used to indicate time please cause
per busy result condition and or concession

4.) relative clauses - dependent clause it begins with a relative pronoun

5.) elliptical clauses- adverb clause in which part of clause is omitted

6.) essential clauses - clauses necessary to the meaning of the sentence

7.) nonsensical clauses - clauses that are not necessary to the meaning of the sentence
Section 5, paragraphs

I. Introductory paragraph ​- The introductory paragraph introduces the whole

essay.

A.​Hook (lead)
I. Anecdotal Brief story of the mood and the topic.

Example : Alexis was born in Boyle Heights but she “Lincoln Heights and went to school
over there most of her life and is till going to One now

B.thesis statement
Purpose of the piece of writing is usually one sentence long
Sources
www.dictionary.com/browse/gerund

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerund

grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/gerunds.htm

https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/english/verb/verbals-gerunds-infinitives-and-p
articiples​.

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/infinitive

www.chompchomp.com/terms/infinitive.htm

https://study.com/academy/lesson/infinitive-verb-form-definition-examples-quiz.html

www.softschools.com › Examples › Grammar Examples

examples.yourdictionary.com › Reference › Examples › Examples of Infinitive Verbs

www.ef.edu/english-resources/english-grammar/infinitive/