Name __________ Date___________

academic Biology Final Study Guide

Directions: This packet contains an extensive study guide that will help you prepare for the upcoming
Final Exam. Pace yourself and be prepared to work on part of it on your own time. This study guide
covers the majority of the material that will appear on your Final. Topics: Chapter 2 Chemistry Chapter
7 Cells (include notes on microscopes) Chapter 8 Photosynthesis Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration Chapter
10 Cell Growth and Division Chapter 11 Introduction to Genetics Chapter 12 DNA and RNA Chapter 13
Genetic Engineering

Study Suggestions: ● Create a concept map (or other graphic organizer) to summarize all of the
important information in a chapter. Explain your concept maps to classmates or family members. ●
Work in a small study group and assign different study tasks to different people then share all of the
information. ● Write a summary of all of the important information in each Chapter. ● Write a summary
of all of the important information in each section of class notes. Do not just recopy the notes,
summarize the information into an easy to understand paragraph. Include important vocabulary. ●
Write a short paragraph to summarize each handout or worksheet you received in class. ● Answer the
questions on the chapter assessments at the end of each chapter.

Chapter 2 Chemistry Vocab:

Atom- basic unit of matter

Nucleus- the center of the atom which contains the protons and neutrons; in cells, structure that
contains the cell's genetic material (DNA) and controls the cell's activities
Electron- negatively charged particle; located outside the atomic nucleus
Element- substance consisting entirely of one type of atom
Isotope- atom of an element that has a number of neutrons different from that of other atoms of the
same element
Compound- substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite
proportions
chemical bond- link that holds together atoms in compounds
ionic bond- bond formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another
ion- atom that has a positive or negative charge
covalent bond- bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms
molecule- smallest unit of most compounds
van der Waals forces- a slight attraction that develops between the oppositely charged regions of
nearby molecules
1. Draw and label the atomic structure. Include proton, neutron, nucleus and electrons.

2. What is atomic number? Mass number? What are the atomic number and mass number of Carbon?

The atomic number is the number of protons in an atom of an element. The mass number is the total
number of protons and neutrons. The atomic number of carbon is 6 and the mass number of carbon is
12, 6 protons and 6 neutrons.

3. If an atom has an atomic number of 15, how many protons does it have? Electrons?

It has 15 protons and electrons

4. If an atom has 8 protons in its nucleus, what is its atomic number? How many electrons does it have?

It has 8 protons and electrons.

5. If an atom has 8 protons and a mass number of 16, how many neutrons does it have?

8 neutrons

6. What is an isotope?

Atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons they contain.

7. Carbon-12 and Carbon-14 are isotopes. Do they have the same number of neutrons? Protons?

Yes

8. What is the definition of a chemical compound?

A substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions.

9. What is an element?

It is a pure substance that consists entirely of one type of atom.

10. Sodium (Na) has one electron in its outer shell. What will its charge be when it becomes and ion?

11. Oxygen (O) has six electrons in its outer shell. What will its charge be when it becomes and ion?

12. What is the difference between an ionic and a covalent bond?

An ionic bond is formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another. A
covalent bond is formed when electrons are shared between atoms.
13. What does it mean if 2 atoms are in the same group (column)?

They have the same amount of valence electrons.

14. What is cohesion? Adhesion?

Cohesion is an attraction between molecules of the same substance. Adhesion is an attraction between
molecules of different substances.

15. What does it mean that water is ‘polar’?

Water is "polar" molecule, this means that there is an uneven distribution of electron density.

16. What is an organic compound?

Large class of chemical compounds in which one or more atoms of carbon are covalently linked to
atoms of other elements.

17. Where does the energy come from in carbohydrates?

It comes from a diet that provides a lot of carbohydrates that gets converted them to glucose and your
body runs on glucose.

18. What polysaccharide do plants use to store excess sugar? What do animals use?

Animals store excess sugar in polysaccharides called glycogen, plants use plant starch to store excess
sugar.

19. What is the subunit of proteins?

Single protein – amino acids

20. What are the roles of proteins?

They are required for the structure, function, and regulation of body tissues and organs

21. Explain how enzymes work.

They are catalysts that increase the rate of virtually all the chemical reactions within cells
22. What are the roles of lipids?

They help with energy production and storage, insulation and protection, digestion and absorption, cell
wall structure, and hormone production.

23. What are the 2 parts of lipids?

Glycerol head and fatty acid tails

24. What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated lipids?

Saturated are solid at room temp and unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature.

25. What do nucleic acids do?

Carry genetic information that is passed down from parent to child; they combine with the proteins to
become ribosomes.

26. What are the 2 kinds of nucleic acids?

DNA and RNA

Chapter 7: Cells and Plasma Membrane Vocabulary:

Cell- collection of living matter enclosed by a barrier that separates the cell from its surroundings: basic
unit of all forms of life

cell theory- idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are basic units of structure and function
in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells

Nucleus- the center of the atom which contains the protons and neutrons; in cells, structure that
contains the cell's genetic material (DNA) and controls the cell's activities

Eukaryote- organism whose cells contain nuclei

Prokaryote- unicellular organism lacking a nucleus

1. What is resolution?

Ability to distinguish two points as separate structures rather than a single dot
2. Compare and contrast how compound light microscopes and electron microscopes work.

Compound microscopes use lenses and light to see organisms up close while electron microscopes send
electrons through dead organisms to look at their structure up close

3. What kind of image does a TEM produce? An SEM?

4. Describe the main difference and 2 similarities between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. (Hint: “They are
both cells,” or “they are both alive,” are not acceptable answers.)

Eukaryotes have a nucleus while prokaryotes do not;

5. What do the terms ‘prokaryote’ and ‘eukaryote’ mean?

Prokaryote: Cells that do not enclose DNA in nuclei

Eukaryote: cells that enclose their DNA in nuclei

6. What did each of the following scientists do to contribute to the Cell Theory? Leeuwenhoek,
Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow, Hooke

Hooke – he discovered that all organisms are made up of cells

Schleiden – he discovered plants were made up of cells

Schwann – discovered that all animals are made up of cells

Virchow – proves that all cells are made up of existing cells

7. Write the 3 parts of the cell theory.

• All living things are made of cells

• Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things
• New cells came from existing cells

8. What are 3 differences and 3 similarities between plant and animal cells? (Hint: “They are both cells,”
or “they are both alive,” are not acceptable answers.)

Plant cells have cell walls while animal cells do not; plant cells have large vacuoles while plant cells have
small ones; plants have chloroplasts, animals do not
9. Write a short description of the function of each of the following organelles. Cell Membrane, Cell
Wall, Nucleus, Nucleolus, Cytoplasm, Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), Ribosome, Cytoskeleton,
Mitochondria, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosome, Vacuole, Plastid, Chloroplast, Cilia, Flagella. Be able to
identify the organelles in cell diagram.

• Cell membrane – controls what exits and enters the cell

• Cell wall – protects the insides of the cells
• Nucleus – contains DNA of the cell
• Nucleolus – creates ribosomes for the cell
• Cytoplasm – contains all organelles of the cell
• Endoplasmic reticulum -- (rough) moves ribosomes (smooth) contains enzymes and creates
lipids
• Ribosome – makes and transfers proteins for the cell
• Cytoskeleton – holds all organelles of the cell in plac
• Mitochondria – it powers the cell with ATP
• Golgi apparatus – modifies and sorts proteins
• Lysosome – breaks waste and molecules down into energy
• Vacuole – stores waste (water, salts, proteins)
• Plastid --
• Chloroplast – creates energy for the cell in plant cells
• Cilia – helps feed and move the cell
• Flagella – moves the cell

10. What are the 5 levels of cell organization, in order?

Cells, tissues, organs, organ system, organism

11. What does it mean that cells in multicellular organisms are specialized? Why aren’t the cells of
unicellular organisms specialized?

The cells of multicellular organisms are specialized with different cell types playing different roles.

12. What is the Endosymbiotic Theory?

Explains how Eukaryotes cells may have evolved from prokaryotic cells

13. Define homeostasis.

Reality constant internal physical and chemical condition

14. What 2 compounds make up the plasma membrane?

Proteins and lipids

15. Draw a phospholipid. Label phosphate head and fatty acid tails. Which is hydrophilic and which is
hydrophobic?

16. How does the presence of cholesterol affect the plasma membrane?

Cholesterol makes the plasms membrane more solid and less liquid-like

17. How does the presence of unsaturated phospholipids affect the plasma membrane

18. What is the Fluid Mosaic Model? Be sure to address both words, ‘fluid’ and ‘mosaic’.

Called a “fluid mosaic” because the proteins embedded in the lipid bilayer can move around and “float”
among the lipids, and because so many different kinds of molecules make up the cell membrane.

19. Define diffusion. On what 2 concepts is diffusion based?

Particles move away from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration

20. What is a concentration gradient?

the gradual difference in concentration of a dissolved substance in a solution between a region of high
density and one of lower density.

21. What is dynamic equilibrium?

22. What is a hypotonic solution? What happens to cells placed in it?

the solution has a lower solute concentration than the cell

- A net movement of water molecules into the cell

- Water tends to move quickly into a cell, causing it to swell

- eventually, the cell may burst

23. What is a hypertonic solution? What happens to cells placed in it?

the solution has a higher concentration than the cell

– A net movement of water molecules out of the cell causes the cell to shrink

24. What is an isotonic solution? What happens to cells placed in it?

concentration of solutes is the same inside and outside the cell.

- Water molecules move equally in both directions

- neither gain nor loss of water

25. What is turgor pressure? In what kind of solution must a plant cell be placed to increase turgor
pressure?

Turgor pressure pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall of plant, bacteria, and fungi
cells as well as those protist cells which have cell walls. If a plant cell is placed in a hypertonic
solution, the plant cell loses water and hence turgor pressure by plasmolysis: pressure decreases
to the point where the protoplasm of the cell peels away from the cell wall, leaving gaps between
the cell wall and the membrane and making the plant cell shrink and crumple.

26. What organelle keeps a plant cell from bursting with too much water?

Plasma membrane

27. How does being placed in a hypertonic solution affect a plant?

If a plant cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, the plant cell loses water

28. What is plasmolysis? What does the inside of a plant cell look like that has undergone plasmolysis?

plasmolysis: pressure decreases to the point where the protoplasm of the cell peels away from
the cell wall, leaving gaps between the cell wall and the membrane and making the plant cell
shrink and crumple.
29. Which kind of transport requires a cell to expend energy, active or passive?

Active transport

30. Channel and Carrier Proteins are both involved in which kind of transport, active or passive?

31. Define endocytosis and list two examples.

The process of taking material into the cell by means of infoldings, or pockets, of the cell membrane.

Two examples of endocytosis are phagocytosis and pinocytosis.

32. Define exocytosis. Is it an example of active or passive transport?

Defined: the release large amounts of material from the cell

the membrane of the vacuole surrounding the material fuses with the cell membrane, forcing the
contents out of the cell

33. Draw 3 beakers each containing a large cell floating in a hypertonic solution, a hypotonic solution
and an isotonic solution. Include which direction the water would flow.

Chapter 8 Photosynthesis Vocabulary:

Autotroph- organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own
food from inorganic compounds; also called a producer

Heterotroph- organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes; also called a consumer

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)- one of the principal chemical compounds that living things use to store
and release energy

1. What are autotrophs? Give an example.

Organisms that gain energy through sunlight or chemicals

Eg. Plants bacteria in the sea

2. What are heterotrophs? Give an example.

Organisms that get their energy from consuming other organisms

Eg. People, dogs, most animals

3. What is ATP? What is its role in the cell?

ATP carries energy throughout the cell to power different parts of the cell

4. What is photosynthesis (definition)?

5. List the 4 things required for photosynthesis to take place.

Sunlight, air, water

6. How are chloroplasts, thylakoids, stroma, grana and chlorophyll related?

7. Write the equation for photosynthesis. Under the equation, write the words for each symbol.

6𝐶𝑂 2 +

8. What is the “purpose” of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis? Explain each step in the
light-dependent reactions, including light absorption, electron transport, oxygen production (water
splitting) and the formation of the energy-containing molecules.
9. What is ATP Synthase? What does it do in photosynthesis?

10. Why are the light-dependent reactions important to the light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle)?
What is produced from the Calvin Cycle?

Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration Vocab

Calorie- amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius

Glycolysis- first step in releasing the energy of glucose, in which a molecule of glucose is broken into two
molecules of pyruvic acid

cellular respiration- process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in
the presence of oxygen

NAD+- electron carrier involved in glycolysis

Fermentation- process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen

Anaerobic- process that does not require oxygen

Aerobic- process that requires oxygen

Krebs cycle- second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon
dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions

electron transport chain- a series of proteins in which the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle
are used to convert ADP into ATP

1. Write the equation for cellular respiration. Under the equation, write the words for each symbol.
ADP + P+ C6H12O6 + 6O2 ---> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy

2. Cellular respiration has three main steps, Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and electron transport. Explain what
goes on during these steps and how they each relate to the “purpose” of cellular respiration.

3. What is ATP Synthase? What does it do in cellular respiration?

An enzyme that produces the storage molecule ATP

4. After glycolysis, if oxygen is present, what process occurs next? If no oxygen is present, what process
will occur?

5. What is fermentation? Why is it called anaerobic?

Anaerobic process that converts sugars to acids

6. What is the purpose of lactic acid fermentation, in general? How does it do that?

7. What is the purpose of alcoholic fermentation, in general? How does it do that?

8. How does yeast make bread rise?

9. In the end, how many molecules of ATP are produced from all parts of cellular respiration?

38

10. Which organisms use photosynthesis? Which organisms use cellular respiration?

Autotrophs that rely on sunlight use photosynthesis, while most heterotrophs use cellular respiration

11. Compare and contrast photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Include at least 2 similarities and 3
differences.

12. Find your diagrams of photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Write a paragraph describing both
cycles in detail.

Chapter 10 Cell Cycle Vocab:

cell division- process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells

Mitosis- part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides

Cytokinesis- division of the cytoplasm during cell division

Chromatid- one of two identical “sister” parts of a duplicated chromosome

Centromere- area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached

Interphase- period of the cell cycle between cell divisions

cell cycle- series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide

Prophase- first and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the
centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus

Centriole- one of two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope

Spindle- fanlike microtubule structure that helps separate the chromosomes during mitosis
Metaphase- second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the
cell

Anaphase- the third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward
opposite poles

Telophase- fourth and final phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes begin to disperse into a
tangle of dense material

Cyclin- one of a family of closely related proteins that regulate the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells

cancer- disorder in which some of the body's own cells lose the ability to control growth

1. During most of a cell’s life cycle, chromosomes exist as uncoiled _____________________. 2. Before a
cell begins to divide, chromatin begins to _____________________, forming tightly packed
__________________. 3. Sister Chromatids are attached to each other by a
__________________________. 4. _____________________________ occurs when cells stop growing
because they are touching each other.

5. The ____________________________ is the cage-like structure that helps pull chromosomes apart
during mitosis. 6. DNA is replicated during the ______________________ stage of interphase. 7. During
metaphase, the fibers of the spindle are anchored at the ends by the ______________. 8.
_________________________ is the period of non division and growth during the cell cycle. 9.
_____________________ may occur as a result of a loss of control of the cell cycle. 10. What are the 3
parts of the cell cycle? What occurs during each part?

11. What is the main function of mitosis?

Grow and repair

12. What is cytokinesis?

Cytokinesis is the process during cell division in which the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell is divided
to form two daughter cells.

13. What are sister chromatids?

Exact replicas of the parent cell

14. Describe the 3 parts of Interphase.

15. What is the role of the spindle during mitosis?

16. What are Cyclins and what do they do?

17. What is cancer?

Cancer is a mutation of cells that keep growing and do not stop

18. What causes cancer?

Chapter 11 Genetics Vocab:

Genetics- scientific study of heredity

Fertilization- process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a
new cell

true-breeding- term used to describe organisms that produce offspring identical to themselves if
allowed to self-pollinate

Trait- specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another

Hybrid- offspring of crosses between parents with different traits

Gene- sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait

Allele-one of a number of different forms of a gene

Segregation- separation of alleles during gamete formation

Gamete- specialized cell involved in sexual reproduction

Probability- likelihood that a particular event will occur

Punnett square- diagram showing the gene combinations that might result from a genetic cross

Homozygous- term used to refer to an organism that has two identical alleles for a particular trait

Heterozygous- term used to refer to an organism that has two different alleles for the same trait

Phenotype- physical characteristics of an organism

Genotype- genetic makeup of an organism

independent assortment- independent segregation of genes during the formation of gametes

incomplete dominance- situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another

Codominance- situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism

multiple alleles- three or more alleles of the same gene

polygenetic traits- trait controlled by two or more genes

Homologous- term used to refer to chromosomes that each have a corresponding chromosome from
the opposite-sex parent

Diploid- term used to refer to a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes

Haploid- term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes and therefore only a
single set of genes

Meiosis- process by which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of
homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell

Tetrad- structure containing 4 chromatids that forms during meiosis

crossing-over- process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids

during meiosis

gene map

1. For flower color, purple (P) is dominant over white (p). Cross a heterozygous purple flower with a
white flower.

2. Cross a heterozygous purple flower with a heterozygous purple flower.

3. In some zebras, the allele for floppy ears (F) is dominant over the allele for rigid ears (f), and the allele
for black hooves (B) is dominant over the allele for brown hooves (b). Predict the results of a cross
between a parent of the genotype FfBB and a parent of the genotype ffBb.

4. Now cross two doubly heterozygous zebras (FfBb x FfBb).

5. What is a testcross? When is it used? Create an example of how it would be used.

6. List 2 differences between mitosis and meiosis.

7. How many chromosomes do human cells contain?

23

8. What is a zygote?
9. What does it mean if a cell is haploid? Give an example of a haploid cell.

10. What does it mean if a cell is diploid? Give an example of a diploid cell.

11. Explain crossing over. When does it occur?

12. Describe oogenesis and how it differs from spermatogenesis.

Chapter 12 DNA and RNA Vocab

Transformation- process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another
strain of bacteria

Bacteriaphage- virus that infects bacteria

Nucleotide- monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a
nitrogenous base

base pairing- principle that bonds in DNA can form only between adenine and thymine and between
guanine and cytosine

Chromatin- granular material visible within the nucleus; consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins

Histone- protein molecule around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin

replication-copying process by which a cell duplicates its DNA

DNA polymerase gene messenger-enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides
to produce a DNA molecule

RNA ribosomal- type of RNA that makes up the major part of ribosomes

RNA transfer- type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis

RNA transcription- process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a
complementary sequence in RNA

RNA polymerase- enzyme similar to DNA polymerase that binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands
during transcription

Promoter- region of DNA that indicates to an enzyme where to bind to make RNA
intron- sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein

exon codon- expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein

translation anticodon- decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain

Mutation- change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information

point mutation- gene mutation involving changes in one or a few nucleotides

frameshift mutation- mutation that shifts the “reading” frame of the genetic message by inserting or
deleting a nucleotide

Polyploidy- condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes

Operon- group of genes operating together

operator- region of chromosome in an operon to which the repressor binds when the operon is “turned
off”

Differentiation- process in which cells become specialized in structure and function

hox gene- series of genes that controls the differentiation of cells and tissues in an embryo

1. What technique did Rosalind Franklin use to get information about the structure of DNA?

2. Describe Watson and Cricks model of DNA.

3. What are the three basic parts of a nucleotide?

A sugar, a phosphate, and one base (A, G, T, C)

4. What are the two parts that make up the backbone of DNA?

5. What are Chargaff’s rules with regards to base pairing?

6. Where is the DNA of eukaryotes located?

Inside the nucleus

7. List the steps of replication.

8. Name and describe the functions of the three types of RNA.

9. Explain the process of going from DNA to RNA to protein.

10. What would be the complimentary strand of DNA for the following sequence? ATTCGCA

TTAGCGT

11. Complete the following sequence given the following DNA code. DNA: ATG CTC ACT TTA mRNA:

UAC GAG UGA AAU

12. Compare and Contrast

DNA mRNA tRNA

Is it double or single stranded? What type of sugar is used? List all nitrogen bases it has. Which
nitrogen base is missing? Where is it located in the cell?

Chapter 13 Genetic Engineering vocab selective breeding hybridization inbreeding genetic engineering
restriction enzyme gel electrophoresis recombinant DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) plasmid
genetic marker transgenic clone

1. What is meant by selective breeding?

Humans using plant and animal breeding to get a desired trait

2. Circle the letter of each organism that has been produced by selective breeding

: a. Horses b. Dogs c. Cats d. Potatoes

3. Complete the table describing the types of selective breeding:

Type of Breeding Description Examples

Crossing dissimilar individuals
to bring together the best of
both organisms

The continued breeding of

individuals with similar
characteristics

4. True or False: Hybrids are often hardier than either of the parents.

true

5. True or False: To maintain the desired characteristics of a line of organisms, breeders often use
hybridization.

6. What are the risks of inbreeding?

The gene pool is smaller, so there is a greater possibility that the new organism will have genetic issues
that lead to different types of diseases

7. Circle the letter of an inheritable change in DNA: a. Variation b. Trait c. Mutation d. Genotype

8. True or False: Mutations cannot occur spontaneously.

false
10. Name 2 methods used by breeders to increase the rate of mutation. a.___________________ b.
______________________

11. True or False: Scientists have produced bacteria that can digest oil.

true

12. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about polyploidy: a.Polyploid plants have many sets of
chromosomes. b.Polyploidy is usually fatal in animals. c.Polyploidy produces new species of plants that
are weaker and smaller than their diploid d.relatives. e.Bananas and some citrus fruits are polyploid.

13. What is genetic engineering?

14. True or False: Making changes to the DNA code is similar to changing the code of a computer
program.

true

15. Biologists use _____________________________ to cut DNA molecules at a specific sequence of

nucleotides to make smaller fragments.

16. Circle the letter of the process by which DNA fragments are separated and analyzed: Gel
electrophoresis b. extraction c. transformation d. restriction

17. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about gel electrophoresis: a.An electric voltage applied
to the gel separates the DNA fragments. b.DNA molecules are positively charged. c.Gel electrophoresis is
used to compare the genomes of different organisms. d.Gel electrophoresis can be used to locate and
identify one particular gene in an individual’s genome.

18. True or False: The pattern of colored band on a gel tells the exact sequence of bases in DNA.

true

19. Enzymes that splice DNA together can also be used to join _______________ DNA sequences to
natural DNA sequences.

20. How is recombinant DNA produced?

21. What is polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?

A technology used to get a single or few exact copies of DNA

22. What occurs during transformation?

23. True or False: Griffith’s extract of heat-killed bacteria contained DNA fragments.

true

24. Give 2 reasons why a plasmid is useful for DNA transfer.

25. Describe what occurs in a successful transformation of cells.

26. True or False: The DNA molecules used for transformation of animal cells do not require marker
genes.

27. True or False: Gene replacement has made it possible to identify the specific functions of genes in
many organisms.

true

28. What is a transgenic organism?

29. Describe how to make a transgenic organism.

30. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about transgenic microorganisms: a.Transgenic bacteria
will never produce useful substances for health and industry. b.Transgenic bacteria produce human
proteins cheaply and in great abundance. c.People with insulin-dependent diabetes are now treated
with pure human insulin. d.In the future, transgenic organisms may produce the raw materials for
plastics.

31. List 4 ways in which transgenic animals have been used.

32. Many transgenic plants contain genes that produce a natural _____________, so the crops do not
have to be sprayed with pesticides.

33. What is a clone?

An identical genetic copy of an organism that did not need a second parent

34. True or False: All cloned animals are also transgenic.