Power System Analysis

Introductory Lecture

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 Simple Power System
•Every power system has three major components:
–generation: source of power, ideally with a specified
voltage and frequency
–load or demand: consumes power; ideally with a constant
resistive value
–transmission system: transmits power; ideally as a perfect
conductor
•Additional components include:
–distribution system: local reticulation of power,
–control equipment: coordinate supply with load.

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 Complications
•No ideal voltage sources exist.
•Loads are seldom constant and are typically not entirely
resistive.
•Transmission system has resistance, inductance, capacitance
and flow limitations.
•Simple system has no redundancy so power system will not
work if any component fails.

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 Instrument Transformers
Potential Transformer (PT) & Current Transformer (CT) are known as instrument
transformers. They are used to measure voltage and current in the power lines.

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 Current Transformer (CT)

CT’s can be used to supply information for measuring power flows and the electrical
inputs for the operation of protective relays associated with the transmission and
distribution circuits or for power transformers. These current transformers have the
primary winding connected in series with the conductor carrying the current to be
measured or controlled.

The secondary winding is thus insulated from the high voltage and can then be connected
to low-voltage metering circuits.

If the current transformer has primary to secondary current ratio (I1/I2) of 100:5, then it
steps up the voltage 20 times whereas it steps down the current to (1/20) th of its actual
value. EEE4103 5
 Current Transformer (CT)
One of the most commonly used current
transformer is the one known clamp-type or
clip-on type.

Since the ammeter resistance is very low, the

current transformer normally works short
circuited.

The secondary of a current transformer should

never be left open under any circumstances.
If this not done, then due top the absence of
counter amp-turns of the secondary, the
unopposed primary mmf will set up an
abnormally high flux in the core which will
produce excessive core loss with subsequent 400 kV current transformer
heating and a high voltage across the secondary
terminals.

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Potential Transformer (PT)
Potential Transformer or Voltage Transformer are
used in electrical power system for stepping down
the system voltage to a safe value which can be fed
to low ratings meters and relays.

Used with low-range voltmeter to measure high

voltage in high-voltage ac circuit
Step down the voltage
Step up the current

For safety, the secondary should be completely

insulated from the high-voltage primary and
should be, in addition, grounded for affording
protection to the operator.

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Metering current transformers

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Equivalent circuit of Practical
Transformer

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Equivalent circuit of Practical
Transformer

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Transmission line models

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Transmission line models

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Symbols of Apparatus/Equipments

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 One line diagram
The purpose of the one line diagram is to supply the significant
Information about the electric power system in concise form.
Here, not all the parts of the power system is presented. The
components parts are represented by the standard symbols
rather than by their equivalent circuits. In the diagram, the ratings
of different components of the circuit are often given.

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 One line → Impedance Diagram

Impedance diagram: It is the equivalent representation of the one line diagram.

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Fig: Impedance Diagram 15
 Impedance → Simplified Impedance Diagram

In the transmission line and synchronous machineries, inductance is much more higher
than the resistance. Very low current flows through the capacitor. So, the simplified impedance
Diagram will be as such:

Fig: Simplified Impedance Diagram

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 Reactance Diagram
Excluding the resistances, we finally have the reactance diagram.

Fig: Reactance Diagram

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 During fault
If a fault occurs in the transmission line, then load will be disconnected.

This simplification applies to fault calculation only. Not to load flow study.

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Example Problems

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 References
[1] William D. Stevenson, Elements of Power System Analysis, Fourth Edition,
McGraw-Hill International Editions, Civil Engineering Series, McGraw-Hill Inc.

[2] J. Duncan Glover, Mulukutla S. Sharma, Thomas J. Overbye, Power System

Analysis and Design, Fouth Edition (India Edition), Course Technology Cengage Learning

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