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AN D PR O F E SS O R O F H IS TO RY I N T H E U N I V E R S I T Y O F E D I N BU R GH .

THE CO L O NIZ ATIO N O F A FRICA .

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q fr o m a bo u t
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or tw o c a se s t/z e s to ry wi ll c o m m e nc e a t a n e a r l i e r da te : i n tk e
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ly beg i n l a te r . Tb e ki s to r i e s
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se l i ke tk a t of t/z e
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y of k i s to r i c a l de ve l op
m e n t m o re c l e a r ly di sp l aye d .

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o a ll pe r s o ns a nx i o u s to
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c o nte m po r a ry e ve n ts c a nn o t be g r a spe d u n le ss t/z e ki s to r i c a l c a u s es

w ki c lz lz a ve l e d to tke m a r e kn o w n . Tb e p l a n a do p te d m a ke s
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o t/z e l a st fo u r c e n tu r i e s in
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o

m o de r n r es ea rc /z . t is k ope d tker cfo r e tka t tlz e se r i e s wi l l

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tlz o s e w ko w i s k to c a r ry t/z e i r s tu di es fu r t/z e r , t/z e bi bl i og rap ky

a pp ended to e a c lz vo l u m e wi l l a ct a s g u i de to o r ig i n a l s o u r c e s
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of i nfo r m a ti o n a nd w o r ks m o r e de ta i l e d a nd a u t/z o r i ta ti ve .

C o ns i de r a bl e a tte n ti o nw i l l be p a i d to p o li ti c a l g e og r ap /zy,
a nd e a c k vo l u me w i l l be fu r n i s ke d w i t/z s u c k m aps a nd p l a n s
as m ay be re
q u i s i te fo r t/z e i l l u s tr a ti o n of t/z e te xt .

G W . . PR O T H E R O .
 PR E F A T O RY N O TE .

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t h i s littl e work o n th e H istory o f A fri c a n Colon i z a tio n 3 oth e r
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t a sk w h ich u n til I h a d comm e n c e d it a pp e a r e d to m e a n a c t
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o f sup e re rog a tio n i n th e p re s e n c e o f suc h a dmir a bl e e xisti n g

works o n A frica n h istory a s t h os e of Mr M C a ll T h e a l D r

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m a d e to summ a ris e a n d r e vi e w i n a si ngl e b ook th e ge n e ra l
h isto ry of th e a tt e mp ts o f A si a a nd Europ e to colo ni z e A fric a
dur i ng th e historica l p e riod I a dmitt e d t h a t t h e r e mig h t b e
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room a n d u s e ful n e ss fo r suc h a work a n d h a v e si n c e a tt e mpt e d

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to fulfil th e t a sk to th e b e st o f my a bility Furt h e r pr e fa ce

.

would ov e rlo a d t h is u npr e t e n di ng compil a tio n ; but tur ni ng ,

a w a y from th e pu b lic , I s h o u ld li k e to d e dic a t e my work i n

p e rso na l fri e n dli n e ss a n d a dmira tio n to four m e n sp e ci a lly
disti nguis h e d a mo n g m a n y o t h e rs by th e ir s e rvice s i n th e
c a us e of Europ e a n civili z a tio n i n A fric a : S I R G E O R G E T A U B
MA N G O L D I E w h o h a s risk e d life a nd fortu n e t h ro u g h tw e n ty
,

y e a rs i n fou n di ng Nig e ri a a s a Britis h domi nio n which som e ,

da y i n e xt e n t popul a tio n a nd w e a lt h m a y riva l I ndi a ; L O R D

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K I T C H E N E R of K HA R T UM wh o fo r t h irt e e n y e a rs h a s c h e rish e d
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p l i s h e d th e t a sk o f r e co n qu e r i n g from b a rb a ri sm th e Egypti a n
 P r efa to ry N o te .

S u d a n ; MO N S I E U R R E N E MI LL E T , Fr e n c h R e sid e nt G e ne ra l
i n T u n i s , who h a s show n h ow w e ll a F r e n chm a n c a n a dm i n

i st e r a gre a t d e p e n d e n cy wh e n a llow e d lib e rty of a c t io n ; a n d

MAJ O R H E R MA N N VO N WI S S MA N N , G e rm a n I mp e ri a l Com
missio n e r i n A fric a wh o fo u n d e d th e St a t e o f G e r m a n E a s t
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e st a b lish a n d uphol d th e p r e s tig e o f th a t g r e a t n a tio n i n th e

d a rk e st p a rts o f th e D a rk Co n t i ne n t .

H . H .
J O H N ST O N .

TUNIS , N o ve m be r , I 8 98 .
 C O N T E N TS .

C HA PT E R I .

M E D I T E R R AN E AN M A L AY A N D M U H A MMA D AN IN V A D E R S
, , .

Th e o rigi n o f A fric a n m a n— Dist r ibu ti o n o f na tiv e r a c e s thr e e t h o u s a nd

y e a rs a g o — Ba nt u i nva si o n o f S o u t h Afric a —T h e P ho e n ici a n s
C a r t ha g e — Ha nno s v o y a ge — G re e ks i n C y re na ic a a nd Egypt — Pe
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si a n s i n Egypt —R o m e re p l a c e s C a rt h a g e — Ma la y i nva si o n s o f Ma da
ga s e ar—V a nda l s i n N o rth A fric a — Byz a n tine G re e ks —Mu h a mm adan
i nva si o n s o f N o rt h A fric a i n th e s e ve n t h c e n t u ry — B e be r dy n asti e s
r

wh ic h a o se t he re fr o m — R e n e w e d A ra b i nv a si o n s —T h e A l m o ra vi de
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dy na sty fro m th e N ige r— s u cc e e de d by th e A l m o h a de s — C o u n t e r a tt a cks

o f P o r tu g l a n d S p a i n—Mo o ris h c o n q u e sts i n N i e ri a — T u r kis h i n t e r
a
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v e n ti o n i n N o r t h A f ic a — A ra b s e tt l e m e n ts o n Z a n ib a r c o a st
r z I

C H A PT E R II .

T HE P O RT U G U E S E I N A F R I C A .

O rigi n o f th e S t a t e o f P o rtu ga l—P ri n c e H e nry th e N a viga t o r— P o rt u gu e s e

e xp l o ra ti o n s o f W e st A f ic a n c o a st — R o u n di ng o f C a p e o f G o o d H o p e
r

— E a st A fri c a n c o n q u e sts — P o rt u gu e s e i n Abyssi n i a —i n th e C o ngo

Ki ngdo m —i n An go l a— P a u l o Di a —Th e b e ne fits th e P o tu gu e s e c o n
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a

D e l a g o a Ba y— B e i ra — Mo u i nh o de A l bu q u e rq u e —Mo c a mbiq u e C o m
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p a ny 2 7
 C o n te nts .

C HA PT E R III .

S PAN I S H A F R I C A .

S p a i n s N o rt h Afric a n e st a b l is h m e n ts i n th e 1 6 th c e n t u ry—Th e Mo o ris h

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Pi ra t e s— G ra d a l l o ss o f S p a n is h p o ss e ssi o n s i n Al g e ria a nd Tu n is
u

C a n a ry I s l a nds— F e rn a n do Po a nd C o risc o

C HA PT E R IV .

T H E D UT C H I N A F R I C A .

D u tc h t a de r s o n th e We st C o a st —
r D u tc h s e tt l e a t th e C a p e o f G o o d H o p e
S t H e l e n a — Ma u r iti u s— T h e N e t h e l a n d E a st I ndi a C o — Hu gu e n o t
r .

c o l o nists— G o v e rno r Tu lb a gh—e xt e n si o n s o f D u tc h i n fl u e nc e — F i st r

h o sti l e B ritish e xp e diti o n u nde C o mm o do re J o hn st o n e —F i rst D tch

r u

w a wit h th e K a fii rs — F i st B ritis h o cc u p a ti o n o f th e C a p e o f G o o d
r r

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r r

—Th e i r ru l e r s c o m e i n t o c o nfl ict w it h th e s e ntim e nts o f th e D u tc h

c o l o nists ( B o e rs ) Th e B o e r Tre ks — O rigi n o f T ra n sva a l a nd O ra nge
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F re e S t a t e re p u b l ics—A nne x a ti o n a nd re vo l t o f T ra nsva a l— S i r

C ha rl e s Wa e n s e xp e diti o n — J o h a nn e sbu g O u t lande rs a nd

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T H E S L AV E T RAD E .

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r r ,

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r

th e e xp l o it a ti o n o f Am e ric a — E ng l is h s l a ve t ra de r s — E ng l is h A n ti

S l a v e ry m o v e m e n t— A u t h o s o wn e xp e r i e n c e s o f s l a v e t a de — S t e ps
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t a k e n by v ari o u s Eu ro p e a n c o u n t r i e s to a b o l is h S la ve Tr de —By a

Gre a t B rit ai n i n p a rtic u l a r— R e v S W K o e ll e —Z anz iba r s la ve t a de

. . . r

Et hics o f sl a v e ry — A w o rd o f w a ni ng to th e N e gro r
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C HA PT E R VI .

TH E BR I T I S H I N A F R I C A , I .

( Wies t C o a s t, Mo r o c c o , N o r t/
i - C e n tr a l .
)
Th e E ng l ish i n We st A fr ic a—Th e G a mbi a —S i e rra L e o ne —G o l d C o ast
L a g o s—N ig e r D e l t a —Mr E H H e w e tt—N ige ri a — S i r G Ta u bm a n
. . .

G o l di e —G re a t B rit a i n a nd Trip o l i —and Mo ro cc o 10

3
 C o n te n ts .

C HA PT E R VI I .

T H E F R E N C H I N W E S T A N D N O R T H A F R IC A .

Th e Di e pp e a dv e n tu re rs—J anne q u i n de Ro c h e fo rt a n d th e S e ne g a l —Brii e

a n d th e fo u n da ti o n o f th e c o l o n y o f S e n e ga l — C a m a g n o n—P ro gr e ss o f
p
F re n c h ru l e o v e r S e n e ga mbi a — A dv a n c e to th e N ig e r—S a m o r i an d
A h m a du —T imbu kt u —Bi ng e r a nd th e I vo ry C o a st— S a mo r i— T im
hu kt u de fi n it e l y o cc u pi e d— Bu sa a n d th e A ngl o F re n c h C o nv e n ti o n -

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r

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F re nc h de sig ns o n N i l e l a nd— T h e c o nv e n ti o n wit h Abyssi n i a—O b o k

a nd S o m a l i l a n d 1 2 2

C H A PT E R V III .

C H R IS T I AN M I SS I O N S .

The i r wo r k th e a n tit he sis to th e s l a ve t ra de — P o rt u gu e s e m issi o n s to

C o n g o l a nd to th e Z a mb e i to Abyssi n i a —F i st P r o t e st a n t missi o n s
,
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a n d Am e r ic a n Missi o n s —Li ngu istic w o r k o f la tt e r— U n iv e rsiti e s ’

Missi o n — P l ym o u t h B re t h re n — B a ptists— N o rt h Afric a n Missi o n

Z a mb e z i I ndu st ri a l Missi o n— Abyssi ni a n C h ristia nity 14 6

C HA PT E R IX .

T H E BR I T I S H I N A FR I CA , II .

(S o u tlz a nd S o u th C e n tr a l
-
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m e n t t h e re — Ab o l iti o n o f s l a ve ry—D u tc h gr i e v a n c e s— K a fii r Wa rs
Lo rd G le ne l g a nd in t e rv e n ti o n o f D o wn i ng S t re e t— B o e r Tre ks
R e sp o n sib l e g o v e rn m e n t i n C a p e C o l o n y — K a ffir de l u si o n s a s to
e xp e ct e d e su rre cti o n o f t h e i r fo re fa t h e r s a n d e xp u l si o n o f E ng l is h
r

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r
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a r r

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l a nd — Z a mbe z i a —N y a sa l nd— B ritish C e nt ra l A f ic a —Afric a n T ra n s

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ra r

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u a r

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r 1 60 r

C HA PT E R X .

GRE AT E X PL O R E R S .

O l d tim e
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u r r

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r u r r

th e G a mbi a — F e n c h o n th e S e ne ga l —J a m e s B
r c e a nd th e B l u e N i l e ru

— T imb u kt u — Mu ng o P k a n d th e N ig e — S o u t h Afri c a n e xp l o ra ti o n s
ar r

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m o u t h— B art h a nd th e We st e rn S u da n—th e J e wi s h e xp l o e r Mo r r

do k h a i — K a p f R e bm a nn a n d th e S n o w Mo u n t i n s —Livi n gst o n e
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r n d th e t We ll e —N i le e xp l o re r s
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C HA PT E R XI .

BE L G I AN A FR I CA .

C o mit é d E tu de s du H au
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t C o ng o — Mr H M S t a nl e y fo u nds th e C o ngo . .

F re e S t a t e —its su bs e qu e n t h ist o ry — L o ng st ru ggl e wit h th e A a bs r

Li e u t D h a n is — Ru m o u e d a t o citi e s —K a t a nga ~—
. r r Ext e n si o n to th e
Wh it e N i l e —Mu rde r o f Mr S t o k e s —R a i l w a y to S t a nl e y P o o l — F u t u e r

o f C o n go F re e S t a t e 2 2 5
 C o n te n ts .

C HA PT E R X II .

T HE BR I T I S H I N A F R I CA , I II .

( n pt a nd
) E a s te r n A fr i c a .

E ngl a nd w r e sts Egypt fro m th e F re nc h—R ise o f Mu ha mm a d A li —S u e z

C a n a l— A ra bi s r e b e ll i o n —T e l e l K e bi r — Ma hdi s re v o l t — G o rdo n s
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de a t h— L o rd C ro m e r— L o rd Kitc he ne r a n d th e re c o n q u e st o f th e
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Ki l im a nj a ro — B ritish E a st A frica n C o mp a ny— C o l o n e l L u g a rd a nd
Uga nda— S i r G e ra ld P o r t a l R o ddy O w e n —Z a nz ib a r a dmi n ist r a
ti o n—Disso lu ti o n o f B ritish E a st A f ic a r C o mp an y 2
31

C HA PT E R X II I .

T H E I T A L I AN S I N A F R I C A .

I t a l i a n c o mm e r ci a l i n t e r c o u s e wit h N o r t h A fric a du ri ng C ru s a de s a nd
r

R e n a iss a n c e —I t a l y i n Tu n is a n d T r ip o l i — Ass a b Ba y—Abyssi n i a

rE it re a —I ta l i a n r e v e s e a t A du a —I t a l y i n S o m a l i l an d
r 2 4 3

C HA PT E R X I V .

G E RMAN A F R IC A .

Th e B rande nbu g t ra de rs a nd th e We st C o a st— G e rm a n a spi ra ti o n s a ft e r

r

c o l o n i e s i n th e 4 o s a nd 6o s — G e rm a n mi ssi o na i e s i n S o u t h
’ ” ’
r

\Ve st A fric a— H e rr Lu de rit z —A n g a P e qu e n a— B ritish i nde cisi o n

r

G e rm an S o u t h We st A fric a P ro t e ct o ra t e fo u nde d— G e rma n y i n th e

-

C a m e ro o n s—i n E a st A fric a —A n g l o G e r m an p a titi o n o f th e S u l t a n o f

-
r

Z an ib ar s do mi ni o n s—p o sp e cts o f G e r m a n ru le i n A fr c a— G e m a n
z
’
r i r

S o u t h We st A fric a —T o go l a nd
-
2 4 9

C HA PT E R X V .

T H E F R E N C H I N M A D A G A SC A R .

F i rst ru m o u r s o f th e e xist e n c e o f Ma da g a sc a r— C o nfu si o n wit h Z a n ib a r z

a n d th e C o m o ro I s l a n ds — P o t u g u e s e disc o v e ry — F re n c h C o mp a n y o f
r

th e E a st fo u n de d to c o l o ni z e th e I sl a n d— F o r t D au p h i n— Pro ni s th e ,

imm o ra l go v e rno r—Va c h e de R o c he lle Ki n g C o n s o rt o f a Ma l aga sy

r ,
-

Qu e e n—F e n c h E a st I ndi a C o mp a n y fo u n de d Il e de B o u b o n
r . r

c o l o n i e d—Th e Ma d gasca r Pi r t e s— F re n c h fo u n d s e tt l e m e n t o f S t
z a a

Ma ri e de Ma da ga sc a r— S e n d sci e n tific e xp e diti o n s to Ma da ga sc a r

xi i C o n te nts .

w h ic h fi rst m a k e k no wn its p e c u l i a r fa u na —Be nyo wski th e P o lis h ,

a dv e n t u re r—Th e Ma l a g a sy —T h e H o v s
— E ngl is h c a pt u re Mau iti u s
a r

a n d B o u rb o n a nd t u n th e F e n c h o t o f Ma dag a sc a r
r r — F re n c h r e g a i n
u

B o u rb o n a n d r e o cc u py S t Mari e de Ma da ga sc a r—F i st missi o n a ri e s o f

-
r

th e L o n do n Missi o n ar y S o ci e ty a rri v e i n Ma da g a sc a r ( 1 8 1 8 ) — R is e o f

R a da m a a n d th e H o v a p o w e r—F e n c h r e p u l s e i n I 8 2 9—Th e s h ip
r

w re ck e d sa i lo r L a b o rde — Q u e e n R a n a va l o na a nd p e rs e cu ti o n s o f th e
,

C h risti a n s —T h e S a k a l a v as — P i n c e R a k o t o a n d L a mb e t s f u str a t e d
’
r r r

c o u p d e t a t —Acc e ssi o n o f R a k o t o ( Ra dam a I I ) —D e p o siti o n a nd

’ ’

de a t h— F re n c h c o n c e ssi o n re p u di a t e d an d i nde m n ity p a i d—Th e

La b o rde s u cc e ssi o n— Q u a rre l with F ran c e i n I 8 8 3—T h e S h a w i n
c i de nt— G e n e ra l Wi ll o u gh by — E ng l a n d e c o gn i e s F re n c h p ro t e ct o ra t e r z

o e r Ma da g a sca — fin a l i n v a si o n
v r c o n qu e st and a nne x a ti o n o f th e
,

I s l an d by th e F re n c h 2 6I

C HA PT E R X VI .

CO N CL U S I O N .

Thre e c l a ss e s i n t o wh ic h A f ic fall s f o m c o l o n i a ti o n st a ndp o i n t

r a r z

H e a l t h y A fric a — Y e l l o w A f ic a —B l ck Af ic a — P ro gn o stic a ti o n s as to
r a r

fu t u re a c e m o v e m e nts — P e do mi n a n t E u o p e a n ra c e s i n th e fu tu r e
r r r

T h e s e v e n g e a t l ngu a ge s o f N e w A fric a — P a g a n ism wi ll dis a pp e ar

r a

Mu h a mm a da n e a l wi ll e v e n t u ll y de c a y—Th e N e gr o wi ll b e c o m e
z a

i de ntifi e d i n n a ti o n a l i n t e e sts wit h h i s div e rs e Eu ro p e an ru l e s a n d

r r ,

wi ll no t u n it e to fo rm a u ni ve rs a l N e gro na ti o n wit h th e c ry o f A fric a ‘

fo r th e A frica n s
’
2 77

Su pp l e m e nt a ry N o e t s
App e n dix I . N o t a bl e e ve nts a nd da te s i n th e hist o ry o f Africa n c o l o n i
z a ti o n 2 89

App e ndix II . Bib l i o g ra p h y

I nde x
 L I ST O F MA PS .

Ma p of A fric a k n o wn to th e A n ci e n ts ; sho w i n
as g

n a tiv e ra c e s a nd l i n e s o f B a n t u i nv a si o n

Mu ha mm a da n A fric a
Th e P o r tu gu e se in A fr ic a
Th e S l a v e Tra de
Th e F re nc h i n A fric a
Th e B ritis h i n A f ic a r

Th e C o l o ni z a bi l ity o f A fric a

P o l it i c a l Ma p o f Afric a i n 1 8 98

N o te . sp e ll ing o f A frica n na m e s a do pt e d t h ro u g h o u t t h is b o o k is
Th e
th e syst e m s an cti o n e d by th e R o y a l G e o gra p hi ca l S o ci e ty b y w h ic h a l l
h

c o ns o nants a re p ro no u nc e d a s i n E ng l ish a nd all v o we l s as i n I t a li an .

N n re p re s e nts th e n a sa l s o u n d o f ng i n ri ng i ng
,
‘
s o ng a s distin
’ ‘
,
’ ‘
,
’

g u i sh e d f o m th e i n a n ge r N o c o n s o na nts a re do u b l e d u n l e ss
‘ ’ ‘ ’
r ng .

p ro n o u n c e d t wic e i n s cc e ssi o n t hu s Ma sso w ah is p o p e rl y wr itt e n

u :
‘ ’
r

Mas a w a Bu t w h e e o l d e st ab l ishe d c u st o m h as s an cti o ne d a s p e ll i ng

. r

div e rgi ng fro m t h e s e ru l e s th e o fii c i a l sp e ll i n g o f th e n a m e is a do pt e d

’
.

Thu s Mo ga m b i q u e i n st e ad o f Ms a m b i k i ; Q u e l im an e i nst e a d o f K e li m an ;
:

Uganda i n st e a d o f th e m o re c o rr e ct B u ganda ; B o nn y i nst e a d o f O b ani .

 C H A PT E R I .

M E D IT E R RA N EA N M A L A Y A N D M U HA M M A D A N
, ,

I N VA D E R S

THE t h e m e of t h i s book o b v i ously d e a ls ra t h e r wit h th e

i nv a sio n a n d s e ttl e m e n t o f A fric a by for e ig n n a tio n s t h a n wit h
th e m ov e m e n ts of p e op l e i ndig e n ou s i n t h e ir p r e s e n t typ e s to

th e A fri c a n co n ti n e n t ; but n e v e rt h e l e ss i t m a y b e w e ll to
, ,

pr e c e d e this sk e tch of th e h isto ry o f A frica n colo ni z a tio n by a

fe w r e m a rks e xp l a i n i n g th e co n ditio n a n d i n h a bit a n ts o f th e
co n ti ne n t — s o fa r a s w e c a n d e duc e t h e m fr om i n dir e ct e vid e n c e
—b e for e it wa s subj e ct e d t o h isto r ic i n v a si o n s o f a li e n p e opl e s
‘

I n a ll prob a bility m a n first e n t e r e d A fr ic a fr om A si a i n ,

w h ic h co n ti n e n t h e a lm ost c e rt a i n ly o rigi n a t e d H e follow e d

.

i n th e footst e p s o f thos e l a rg e m a mm a ls w h ich n o w form th e

m ost s t riki ng fe a tur e s i n th e A fric a n fa u na b ut w h ic h w e r e
,

u n k n ow n i n t h a t co n ti n e n t b e for e th e e n d o f th e T e rti a ry
e poc h . L a t e r o n a n d still i n pr e h istoric tim e s t h e r e w e r e n o
, ,

d oub t migra tio n s o f Europ e a n m a n from th e n ort h e r n si d e o f

th e M e dit e rr a n e a n j ust a s prob a bly cou n t e r r a c e m ov e m e n ts
,

occurr e d from th e n ort h o f A fri c a i n to sout h e rn E u rop e But .

i t s e e m s m uch m or e lik e ly t h a t th e bulk o f A fric a n h um a n ity

i n its origi n a l typ e s p a ss e d from I n di a i n to A r a bi a a n d t h e n c e
,

i n to n ort h e a st e r n A fric a
-
‘

1
G e o l o g ists s e e m sti ll to b e divi de d i n o pi n i o n a s to th e e xist e n c e i n
T e rti a r y tim e s o f a l nd s u rfa c e c o nne cti ng s o u t he rn A fric a wit h s o u t h e rn
a

J . A .
2 T/ce C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R

E a rl y A fric a n m a n w a s o f a v e ry low n e gr o id typ e lik e th e ,

Bus h m en a n d H o tt e n tots a n d w a s a lso a ki n t o th e n e gr o id ,

p e opl e s still e xis t i n g i n south e rn A si a a n d O c e a n i a F r om t h is .

st o ck — e i t h e r i n its first p l a c e o f e xp a n sio n A ra bi a o r i n n o rt h , ,

e a s t A fric a — div e rg e d th e b l a ck N e g r o a n d th e y e llow H a mit e

1
,

a n d from t h is l a tt e r th e w h it e S e mit e ; i t is prob a bl e h ow

, ,

e v e r th a t th e div e rg e n c e o f th e H a m it e s a n d S e mit e s fro m th e

,

primi t iv e N e gro stock took pl a c e i n A ra b i a r a t h e r t h a n i n

A fric a thoug h fr om h isto r ic a l r e sults it i s b e tt e r t o a ssum e
,

t h a t th e H a mi t e i s a n A fric a n typ e a n d th e S e m it e a n A si a tic .

O n e br a n c h o f th e H a m i t e s i n v a di n g Eu r op e fr om n ort h w e st -

A fric a p ossibly cr e a t e d t h a t d a rk h a ir e d I b e r i a n r a c e w h ic h -

h a s so p e rm e a t e d south e r n a n d w e st e rn E u rop e A n ot h e r .

H a mit e d e v e lopm e n t i n th e v a ll e y of th e Nil e r e sul t e d i n t h a t

gre a t Egypti a n p e opl e with w h om th e d a w n o f w ri t t e n h i story
comm e n c e s a n d wh o th r e w for a tim e a n e ffulg e n t light o n
,

n orth e a st A fric a
-
B ut th e a n ci e n t Egypti a n s b e i n g r e ga rd e d
.
,

by m ost a u th ori t i e s a s e ss e n ti a lly a n A frica n p e opl e c a nn ot ,

com e wi thi n th e scop e of thi s b ook a s colo n ists th o u g h th e ir ,

wo n d e rfu l civili z a tio n did muc h to a tt ra ct A si a t ic a n d E u rop e a n

r a c e s to th e i n v a sio n of A frica .

A bout 3 0 0 0 y e a r s a g o — a mi n ut e i n th e dur a tio n o f th e .

h um a n g e n us — th e dist ributio n o f A fr ica n r a c e s wa s p rob a bly

a s follows z— Egyp t A byssi n i a S om a lil a nd th e n orth e rn p a rt
, , ,

o f th e Sa h a ra D e s e rt a n d a l l No rth A fric a w e r e p e opl e d by

, ,

Asi a . is t he re fo e m u ch m o re e a sy to a ss u m e th t th e sh a ll o w R e d S e a
It r a

w a s a t o n e tim e e d c e d to a s e ri e s o f s a l t l a k e s
r u a n d t h a t th e l nd , a

b e twe e n t h e m w s th e ro t e e l y m a n fo llo w e d H a d Le m u ri a e xist e d

a u ar .

i n l a t e r Te ti ry tim e s w h y do e s n o t its e l ic Ma da g a sc
r a re t a i n de sc e n d r , a r,

a n ts o f th e l ge A f ic a n m mm a l s w h ic h w o u ld ha ve m de t he i r way
ar r a a

a c o ss t h is
r o t e f o m I n di
r u to A f ic a !
r a r
1
N o t p e h a ps b l ck o igi n a ll y b u t a di ty y e ll o w b ro wn l ik e th e
r a r r -
,

B u sh m e n n d H o tt e n t o ts a nd n e w b o n n e gro i nf n ts ; th e distin cti o n o f

a -
r a
“

h a i is p e h ps th e b e st de fi niti o n o f t he s e a ll i e d ra c e s— th e wo o ll y h a i re d
r r a -

ne g ro th e c u l y h a i e d H a mit e a n d th e st ra igh t h a i re d S e mit e

,
r -
r ,
-
.
I .
] Me di te r r a ne a n a nd M u ka m m a da n .
3

H a mit e r a c e s wh o v a ri e d i n compl e xio n from d a rk brow n t o

,

y e llow wh it e T o th e sout h a n d e a st we re mix e d p e opl e s lik e

.
,

th e Nubi a n s T ibbus Ful a s M a n di n go e s w h o e ith e r r e pr e s e n t

, , , ,

sup e r ior o ffs h oots from th e n e groi d stock ( thoug h i n fe rior i n

upwa rd d e v e lop m e n t t o th e H a mit e ) o r th e r e sult o f i n t e r ,

br e e di n g b e tw e e n th e H a mit e s a n d t h e ir div e rg e n t r e l a tio n s th e

tru e N e gro e s T h e l a tt e r— th e bl a ck woolly h a ir e d N e gro e s
.
,
-

— str e tch e d rig h t a cross th e co n ti n e n t i n a gr e a t b e lt from

A byssi n i a to th e A tl a n tic O c e a n but w e r e a rr e st e d i n t h e ir
,

progr e ss sout h w a rds b y th e Co n go for e sts a n d som e ot h e r

.

obst a cl e s u nk n ow n to us w h ic h u n til r e l a tiv e ly r e c e n t tim e s

, , ,

pr e v e n t e d t h e ir occupyi ng th e sout h e r n h a lf o f A fric a T h roug h .

t h e s e e qu a to ri a l fo r e sts a nd b e yo n d t h e m to th e sout h e r n m ost

,

e xtr e mity o f A fric a r a n g e d a dwa rfis h p e op l e o f pigmy Bus h m a n

,

typ e to som e e xt e n t d e g e ne ra t e but o n th e wh ol e r e p re s e n ti ng

, ,

th e e a rli e st form o f th e N e gro sp e ci e s whic h i n v a d e d A fric a ,

a typ e t h a t p e rh a ps h a d ov e rru n a l l A fr ic a a n d h a d p e n e tr a t e d
‘

t h e n c e i n to M e dit e r ra n e a n E urop e but wh ic h h a d a t th e p e riod

,

I a m r e vi e wi n g b e e n i n a gr e a t m e a sur e e xtirp a t e d from a ll

A fric a n ort h o f th e C o n go b a si n Possibly i n th e e a st a n d w e st
.

co a st r e gio n s bl a ck N e gro e s h a d p e n e tr a t e d t o som e d e gre e s

sout h o f th e e qu a to r t h oug h n o furt h e r th a n th e l a titud e o f
,

Z a n z ib a r T h e r e w e r e n o for e ign s e ttl e rs t h e n i n A fri ca u n l e ss

.
,

a fe w w a n d e ri ng S e m it e s h a d s e ttl e d i n Egypt o r i n th e .

h ig h l a n ds of A byssi n i a a nd e xc e pt for pr e h istoric i n va sio n s

,

of M a urit a n i a by Europ e a n s a v a g e s .

A littl e l a t e r o n occurr e d th e gr e a t m ov e m e n t o f th e B a n tu
N e gro e s T h e a ctu a l c e n tr e o f A frica h a d by t h is t im e ( s a y
.

u n d e r 3 0 0 0 y e a rs a g o ) b e com e e xtr e m e ly p op ulous Wa n t .

o f sp a c e a n d p ossi b ly th e i n v a sio n o f stro ng e r r a c e s fr om th e

,

n ort h o r n o r t h e a st forc e d th e N e g r o trib e s sp e a ki n g th e B a n tu

-

m ot h e r l a ngu a g e — a sp e e c h di st a n t ly r e l a t e d to m a n y l a ngu ag e
group s i n th e low e r N ig e r b a si n a nd o n th e w e st co a st o f A fric a ,

a n d still m or e dist a n tly to oth e r li n guist i c fa m ili e s i n n ort h

c e n tr a l A fric a—to i n v a d e e n m a s se th e south e r n portio n o f th e

1 —2
4 T/i e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R

co n ti n e n t till t h e n i n h a bit e d o n ly by B ushm e n H ott e n t ots ,

‘
,

a n d suc h l ik e dwa rfis h t rib e s

-
S kirti ng th e d e n s e Co n go fo r e sts
.
,

t h e y took th e li n e o f l e a st r e sis t a nc e dow n th e e a st e r n sid e o f

th e co n ti n e n t a lo n g th e gr e a t l a k e s th e li n e by whic h t h e i r
, ,

m a i n body proc e e d e d du e south w h il e s e ctio n a ft e r s e c t io n ,

curl e d b a ck w e stw a rd i n to th e Co n go b a si n a n d e a stwa rd o n ,

to th e Z a nz i b a r a n d Mo ga m b i q u e co a sts S oo n th e s e bl a ck .

B a n tu N e gro e s w e r e th e m a st e r s o f sout h e r n A fric a a nd fe e bl e ,

r e m n a n ts of th e a b o rigi n a l dw a rf r a c e s li ng e r e d o n ly i n th e

C o ngo for e sts a n d i n th e so u th w e st co r n e r o f th e co n ti n e n t

-
.

S om e e vid e n c e i s a dduc e d t o sh ow t h a t M a d a g a sc a r wa s first

i n h a bit e d by a dwa rfis h r a c e o f Bushm e n stock k n ow n a s th e
Kim o I f this is th e c a s e a n d th e e vid e n c e o ffe r e d is v e ry
.
,

slig ht th e s e fi rst i nh a bit a n ts o f M a d a g a sc a r must h a v e b e e n

,

s u fii c i e n tl y civili z e d to h a v e b e e n a bl e t o t ra v e l i n c a n o e s from
‘

th e e a st co a st of A fric a by wa y of th e Com oro i sl a n ds to

M a d a g a sc a r H ow e v e r th a t m a y b e it is much m or e c e rt a i n
.
,

th a t a s e ctio n of th e B a n tu N e gro e s di d i nv a d e M a d a g a sca r

from th e e a st co a st of A fr ic a a t a p e riod a n t e c e d e n t t o th e
a rriv a l o f th e M a l a y r a c e s T h e s e w e r e k n ow n a s th e Ba Zimb a
.
-

o r Va Zimb a -
T h e y w e r e subs e qu e n tly a bso r b e d b y th e l a t e r
.

i n v a d e rs of M a l a y stock so t h a t a lo n g th e w e st a n d sout h
,

co a sts o f M a d a g a sc a r th e p e op l e a r e v e ry n e g roid i n a pp e a ra n c e .

A lmost coi n cid e n t with th e B a n tu r a c e mov e m e n t occ u rr e d

th e fi r st co n sci e n t S e mitic a tt e mp ts a t colo n i z i n g A fric a Th e .

e n t e r p risi n g Ph o e n ici a n s fou n d e d C a r th a g e a n d e st a blish e d

t ra di n g st a tio n s a lo n g th e n orth a n d n o rth w e st co a sts o f A fric a -
.

N e a rly a t th e s a m e tim e c a m e A r a bs from th e w e st co a st of

A r a b i a voy a gi n g dow n th e e a st co a st o f A fric a till th e y ul t i
m a t e ly s e t t l e d i n th e S o fa l a di strict sout h of th e Z a mb e z i a n d
g
,

1
Th e H o tt e n t o ts a r e t ho gh t by s o m e to re p e s e n t a c o ss b e tw e e n th e
u r r

b l ck N e g o e s a nd th e B sh m e n : b t it is m o re l ik e l y f o m l i n gu istic an d
a r u u r

o th e r r e a s o n s t h a t th e y e a n i n de p e n de n t o ffs h o o t o f th e o igi n l N e gro i d

ar r a

st o ck e l t e d to th e B sh m a n
r a u .

2
I n A a bic r :
“
Zu fa r .
I .
] Me di te r r a ne a n a nd Mu ka m m a a a n ’
.
5

p e n e tr a ti ng i n l a n d com m e n c e d to work th e gold m i ne s o f

,
-

m od e r n Rhod e si a l e a vi n g t h e r e a s wit n e ss e s o f th e ir p re s e n c e
,

th e s to n e forts a n d b u ildi ngs w h i c h w e h a v e r e c e n tly re

discov e r e d ‘
A S e m itic p e opl e a lso a bout th e s a m e tim e
.

b e ga n to s e ttl e i n A b ys s i n i a w h e r e i t h a s re m a i ne d th e
z
,

domi n a n t ra c e e v e r si n c e O t h e r P h o e nici a n s b e sid e s t h os e

.
,

w h o fou nd e d C a rt h a g e e xplor e d th e co a s ts o f A fric a e sp e ci a lly

, ,

th e e a st co a st wh e re t h e y fou n d e d st a tio n s a s fa r sout h a s

,

Mo g a m b i q u e possibly T h e y m a y h a v e e v e n r e a c h e d th e
,
.

gold b e a ri n g di s tri c ts o f th e Z a mb e z i a n d o ne e xp e diti o n u nd e r

-

Ph o e n ici a n n a vig a tors e m ploy e d by th e Egyp ti a n ki n g N e c h o , ,

i s s a id to h a v e ci r cum na vig a t e d A frica fro m th e R e d S e a to th e

M e di t e rr a n e a n ( a b out 6 0 0 BC ) .

O n th e wh ol e th e most fruit ful of th e p re Rom a n i n v a si o n s

,
-

o f A fr ic a ( a s it w a s a lm ost th e e a rli e st ) wa s th e fou n d a tio n o f

Utic a ( a b out 1 1 0 0 B C ) a n d C a rth a g e (a bout 2 8 0 y e a rs l a t e r )

. . .

T h e P h o e n ici a n s ( wh os e d e sc e n d a n ts h a v e b e com e k n ow n a s
th e C a rt h a gi n i a n s t h ough t o th e Ro m a n s t h e y w e r e a lw a ys th e
,

Po e n i o r P u n i ) i n th e m a i n fou n d e d t ra di n g st a tio n s r a th e r
t h a n colo n i e s ; but th e citi e s o f U t ic a C a rt h a g e H ippo a nd 3
, , ,

th e oth e r C a r th a gi n i a n p orts o n th e n ort h e a st co a st o f T u n is -

,

n a tur a lly u n d e r a c e n tr a li z e d gov e r n m e n t t o som e e xt e n t m a i n

ta i n e d duri n g c e n turi e s a domi n a tio n ov e r th e B e rb e r trib e s o f

w h a t i s n o w T u n isi a T h e r e a re tra c e s o f a C a rt h a gi n i a n
.

c a us e w a y r u nni n g u p th e v a ll e y o f th e Maje rda a nd sout h e a st -

tow a rds th e cou n try o f th e d a t e s a n d th e h ot sp r i ngs W h e n .

C a rth a g e wa s m ost V igorous n o d ou b t th e B e rb e r t rib e s withi n,

1 0 0 m il e s o f h e r stro ng e st s e t tl e m e n ts g a v e h e r t h e ir a ll e gi a n c e

i n a v a ryi n g d e gre e ; b u t a t th e l e a st w e a k e n i n g o f h e r pow e r

1
F ro m th e g a ve n re p re se n t a ti o n s o f th e n a tiv e s l e ft by t h e s e e a l y
r r

A a b S a b a e a n s e tt l e s w e k n o w t h a t t h e y b e l o nge d t h e n e xc lu sive l y to th e
r -
r

Ho tt e n t o t B u s h m a n typ e
-
.

2
S e mitic i n v a si o n s o f Egypt p ro b a b l y p re c e de d a ll th e e v e n ts I h e re
e nu m e a t e r .

3 In
t h is c a s e th e H ipp o Di a r h yt u s o f th e G re e ks an d R o m an s a nd
, r ,

th e Be n e rt o f m o de rn T u n is
z [L o w L a ti n H ipp o n e Z a ryt ]
. ,
-
.
6 Tke C o l o n i z a ti o n
f
o A fri ca .
[C HA R

t h e y w e re r e a dy to r e volt a n d t a k e p a rt wit h h e r e n e mi e s T h e .

troop s s h e e mploy e d w e r e a li e n to h e r r a c e a n d m e rc e na ri e s .

A l a rg e prop ortio n of t h e m w e r e r e c r uit e d i n B a rb a r y The y .

fr e qu e n tly muti n i e d a n d tur n e d a g a i n st th e i r S y r i a n e mploy e r s .

Ye t occ a sio n a lly C a rth a g e produc e d a m a n lik e H a n n i b a l wh o

could wi n th e co n fi de n c e of t h e s e B e r b e r soldi e rs a n d l e a d
t h e m to fig h t th e b a ttl e s o f C a rth a g e i n S p a i n S icily a nd , ,

I t a ly. I n th e outlyi n g dist ricts o f n ort h A fric a h ow e v e r , ,

e sp e ci a lly i n M orocco t ra di tio n st a t e s t h a t th e B e rb e r s occ a

,

s i o n a ll y ros e e n m a s s e a n d d e stroy e d th e C a rt h a gi n i a n s e ttl e

m e n ts T h e s e tra di ng st a tio n s w e r e d ot t e d ov e r th e n o rt h
.

co a st o f A frica to th e S tr a its o f Gibr a lt a r a n d dow n th e A t l a n tic,

co a st of M o rocco to a p oi n t a lmost wit h i n sigh t of th e C a na ry

I sl a n ds T h e r e h a s b e e n tr a n smitt e d to u s through th e dilig e n c e
.

o f a n ci e n t G r e e k g e og ra p h e rs th e Gr e e k v e rsio n o f wh a t i s
suppos e d t o b e th e o rigi na l d e scriptio n i n Pu n ic of th e voy a g e
o f H a n n o th e C a rth a gi n i a n T hi s P u n i c e xplor e r st a rt e d from
.

C a rt h a ge som e tim e i n th e sixt h c e n tu ry b e fo re C h rist ( p e rh a p s

a bout 5 2 0 R C ) wi t h a fl e e t o f 6 0 s h ips a n d a mul titud e o f m e n
.
,

a n d w om e n ( s a id to h a v e b e e n i n n umb e r) o n a voy a g e ,

o f discov e ry m a i n ly but a lso for th e p urp os e of r e pl e n is h i n g wi th

,

s e ttl e rs th e C a rt h a gi n i a n st a ti o n s a lo ng th e co a st o f M o r occo .

I n th e a cco u n t giv e n o f th e j our n e y it i s st a t e d th a t a ft e r p a ssi n g

th e S tr a its o f H e rcul e s a n d stoppi n g a t th e sit e of th e m od e r n
,

S e bu th e y rou n d e d C a p e C a n ti n a n d c a m e to a m a rs h i n w h ic h
,

a l a rg e n u m b e r of e l e ph a n ts w e r e disp orti ng t h e m s e lv e s 1

T h e y t h e n co n ti n u e d t h e ir j our n e y a lo ng th e c o a st till t h e y
ca m e to th e riv e r L i xu s w h ic h h a s b e e n id e n tifi e d with th e
,

1 Th is is a n i nt e e sti n g o bse va ti o n N o t o n l y do e s th e st a t e m e n t
r r .

re p e a t e dl y o cc u r i n th e w iti n gs o f a n ci e n t G re e k a n d R o m n g e o g a p h e s
r a r r

th a t th e Afric a n e l e p h a n t w a s fo n d wi l d i n M it n i a i n t h e s e tim e s b u t
u au r a ,

t h is an im a l is pict u e d i n th e e m rk a b l e ro ck sc l pt re s i n th e S s c o u n t y
r r a u u u r

i n th e e xt re m e s o u t h o f Mo r o cc o a n d i n th e R o m a n m o s a ics a n d fr e sc o e s
,

fo u nd i n th e i n t e r i o r o f T u n is a n d n o w to b e s e e n a t th e B a rdo M s e u m
, u

ne a r T u n is .
( S e e fo r t h is th e t ra v e l s o f th e Mo ro cc a n J e wis h R a bbi ,

Mo rdo kh a i ) .
I .
] Me di ter r a ne a n a nd Mu /i a i n m a a a n ’
.
7
'

riv e r Dr a a From h e r e t h e y co a st e d th e d e s e r t til l t h e y

.

r e a c h e d th e R i o d O u ro a n d o n a n i sl e t a t th e h e a d of th is
’
,

i n l e t t h e y fou n d e d th e com m e rci a l st a tio n o f K e r ri e F rom '

.

K e rri e th e y m a d e a n e xp e ditio n a s fa r sout h a s a riv e r w h ich

h a s b e e n id e n tifi e d as th e riv e r S e n e g a l ( h a vi n g firs t vi sit e d
th e L a goo n o f T e n i a h i r ) A g a i n s e tti n g o u t from K e r n e t h e y
.
,

p a ss e d C a p e V e rd e th e riv e r Ga mbi a a n d th e S i e rra L e o ne

, ,

co a st a s far a s th e S h e rb o ro i n l e t wh ic h wa s th e limit o f t h e ir ,

“
vo ya ge o f discov e ry H e r e t h e y e ncou n t e r e d wild m e n a nd
.

wom e n cov e r e d wi th h ai r — prob a bly th e c h imp a nz e e s w h ich

”
\ ,

a re fou n d t h e r e t o t h i s da a n d n o t th e gorill a w h ic h i s a n
‘

y , ,

s H ann o s
’
a p e (so fa r a s w e k n ow p e culi a r to th e G a boo n
) A .

“
i n t e rpr e t e r c a ll e d t h e s e cr e a tur e s go rill a t h a t na m e wa s lo n g ”

a ft e rw a rd s — I th i n k wro n gly — a pp li e d to th e h ug e a n t h rop oid

‘

a p e o f th e G a b o o n Wh e n t h is e xp e ditio n vi si t e d th e V ici nity

.

o f th e S e n e g a l riv e r t h e y w e r e a tt a ck e d by th e n a tiv e s wh o ,

“
w e r e d e scrib e d a s wild m e n w e a ri n g th e ski n s o f b e a sts a nd
d e fe n di ng t h e m s e lv e s wi th sto n e s S o fa r a s w e k n ow t h is
.
”
,

wa s th e first sig h t t h a t civili z e d m a n h a d o f h is wild brot h e r

si n c e th e tw o h a d p a rt e d comp a n y i n N e olit h ic tim e s e xce pt
, ,

for glimps e s o f th e Tr oglodyt e s w h om th e C a rth a gi n i a n s a pp e a r

,

to h a v e m e t wi t h i n th e v a ll e y o f th e r iv e r D ra a
‘
.

A t K e r n e a n d o t h e r t ra di ng st a tio n s o n th e co a st to th e
sou t h o f M orocco th e C a rth a gi n i a n s did no do u bt a littl e tra d e
,

wit h th e B e rb e r n a tiv e s i n th e produc e o f th e S ud a n sout h o f ,

th e S a h a ra b ut a fte r a tim e th e w e a k e n i n g o f th e pow e r o f

,

C a rt h a g e a n d th e a tta cks of th e n a tiv e s m ust h a v e de s t r oy e d

m ost o f t h e s e W e st A frican s e ttl e m e n ts ; for th e Rom a n s i n
r e pl a ci ng th e C a r th a gi n i a n s do n o t s e e m to h a v e go ne furt h e r
sout h th a n th e rive r Dra a .

1
I t do e s llo w h o w e ve r t h a t t h e se T ro gl o dyt e s w e re dwa rfs o r
no t fo , ,

N e gr o e s o r g re a t l y di ffe re n t i n ra c e fro m th e B e rb e r s Th e y m a y h a v e b e e n
, .

a ki n to th e T ro g l o dyt e s I h a v e r e c e n t l y s e e n i n th e T u n isi a n S ha ra a a ,

B e be r p e o p l e l ivi ng i n c a ve s w hic h a re e it h e r na t u r l h o ll o ws i n th e l im e
r , a

st o n e ro ck o r h a v e b e e n de l ibe ra t e l y e xc a v a t e d .
8 T/z e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R

Th e C a rt h a gi ni a ns d o no t s e e m to h a v e t a m e d th e i n di
g e n ous A fric a n e l e ph a n t ( w h ic h wa s c e rt a i nly still fou n d i n
M a urit a n i a ) but t h e y i n troduc e d a n d us e d th e I n di a n e l e p h an t
,
.

T h e y a lso s e e m t o h a v e imp o r t e d fro m A si a th e p e a cock still ,

v e r y com mo n a s a dom e stic bird i n T u n isi a Comp a re d with .

th e Rom a n s h ow e v e r t h e y did littl e t o op e n up th e cou n try

, , ,

a n d t h e ir t ra d e w a s r e strict e d by j e a lou s m o n opoli e s b ut t h e ir

r e ligi o n— th e worship o f B aa l a n d ot h e r S yri a n d e iti e s — sp re a d
to som e e xt e n t a m o ng th e B e rb e rs a nd th e p e culi a r S e m itic
,

i nflu e n c e e m a na ti ng from C a rt h a gi n i a n rul e s e e m s to h a v e

p a v e d th e w a y fo r th e J ud a i z i n g o f c e rt a i n B e r b e r t ri b e s b e for e
a n d a ft e r th e Rom a n Empir e a n d fo r th e Mu h a m m a da ni z i n
, g
o f th e s a m e a t a still l a t e r d a t e b e for e th e J e wish i n flu e n c e h a d

quit e di e d a wa y A mid a ll t h e ir wr a n gl e s B e r b e r a n d S e mit e

.
,

t h roughout a ll th e r e cord e d h istory o f N o r t h A fric a s e e m t o

h a ve u n co n sciously r e cog ni z e d t h a t by d e sc e n t a n d l a ngu a g e
t h e y w e r e mor e a ki n th a n e it h e r wa s wit h th e A ry a n p e opl e s .

T h e e a r li e st h istoric a l co nn e ctio n b e tw e e n Europ e a n d

A fr ic a w a s broug h t a bout by th e G re e ks comm e n ci n g som e ,

6 0 0 y e a rs b e fo re C h rist w h o s e ttl e d i n th e cou n t ry o f Cyr e n e

1
, ,

th e m od e rn provi n c e o f B a rc a A ft e r th e succ e ss ful r e puls e o f

.

th e P e rsi a n s th e re w a s a g re a t e xp a n sio n o f Gr e e c e Prior t o .

th e h is t oric a l e st a blis h m e n t o f s e ttl e m e n ts i n th e I o n i a n

I sl a n ds i n S icily a t M a rs e ill e s a n d o n th e e a st co a st of S p a i n
, , ,

Gr e e k s e a m e n h a d n o do u b t r a ng e d th e c o a s t s o f th e Me di te r
ra n e a n a n d fr om th e i r a d v e n tu re s w e r e e vo l v e d th e fa sci n a ti n g
,

sto ri e s o f th e A rgo n a uts a n d Ulyss e s Pr e histo ric s e ttl e m e n ts

.

o f Gr e e k s o n th e co a st o f T u n is a r e a rgu e d by m od e r n
Fr e n c h e th n ologists to h a v e t a k e n pl a ce o n th e str e ng th o f th e
,

w e ll m a rk e d Gr e e k typ e t o b e fou n d a m o ngst th e pre s e n t

-

popul a tio n fo r i n st a n c e i n th e C a p e Bo n p e n i n sul a ; but t h e s e

, ,

Gr e e k typ e s m a y b e m or e p rob a bly d e sc e n d e d from th e Byz a n

ti ne occ u p a tio n o f th e cou n try i n th e Ch risti a n e ra Th e .

1
Th e c o mp u t a ti o n give n by E s e bi u s w o u l d cc o di ng to th e l a t e S i r
u , a r

E H B u nb y p l a ce th e fo ndi ng o f th e c o l o n y i n B C 6 3 1
. . ur , u . . .
L ] Me di te r r a ne a n a nd Mu ka m i n a a a n ’
.
9

I sl a n d o f Loto s E a t e r s h ow e v e r o f Gr e e k myt h ology would

, , ,

s e e m wit h lik e li h ood to t a k e its o rigi n i n th e isl a n d of J e rb a ,

‘
wh e re th e d a t e p a lm i s i n dig e n ou s B ut a bout B C 6 3 1 a n . . .

e xp e ditio n o f D o r i a n s from th e isl a n d o f T h e ra fou n d e d 3

’

Cyr e n e o n th e n ort h co a st o f A fric a w h e r e t h a t co n ti n e n t ,

a ppro a c h e s cl o s e st to th e Gr e e k A rc h ip e l a go A rou n d Cyr e n e .

w e r e group e d four o th e r citi e s — B a rk e T e u c h e i ra E u e s p e ri de s , , ,

a n d A p ollo n i a T h is Gr e e k colo n y co n ti n u e d t o e xist wit h

.

v a ryi ng fortu n e s — t h r e a t e n e d a t t im e s with dissolutio n t h roug h

th e C ivil w a rs o f th e colo n ists a n d th e i n t e r mitt e n t a tt a cks o f

th e B e rb e rs — till i t c a m e u n d e r th e co n t r ol of Ro m e I 0 0 y e a rs

b e for e C h rist I t w a s occa sio n a lly domi n a t e d by th e Gr e e k

. .

dy na sty o f th e Ptol e mi e s i n Egypt Its civili z a tio n wa s fi na lly .

e xti n gui s h e d by th e dis a strous A r a b i n v a sio n i n th e s e v e n t h

c e n tu ry o f th e pr e s e n t e ra But i t h a d e xist e d u n d e r v a ri ou s
.

lords for 1 3 0 0 y e a rs a n d i t is cu rious t h a t duri ng t h is l o n g

,

p e ri od its Gr e e k s e ttl e rs s h ould h a v e m a d e n o a tt e m p ts t o

op e n up commu n ic a tio n wit h i nn e r A fric a T h e fa ct is t h a t .

th e Cyr e na ic a i s s e p a r a t e d fr om th e S ud a n by a mo r e com p l e t e
a n d a bsolut e str e tc h of d e s e rt t h a n i n t e rv e n e s b e tw e e n T ripoli ,

T u n is o r Morocco a n d th e r e gio n s o f th e Nig e r a n d La k e

,

C had .

I n th e a dj oi n i n g cou n try o f Egyp t th e Gr e e ks b e g a n t o

a pp e a r a s m e rc h a n ts a n d tr a v e ll e rs i n th e s e v e n t h c e n tury B C . .

A Ph a ra o h n a m e d Ps a m m e ti k h a d e mp l oy e d G r e e k m e rc e n a ri e s
to a ssis t h im i n e st a blis h i n g h i s cl a im s to th e t h ro n e of Egyp t .

H e r e w a rd e d th e ir s e rvic e s by a llowi n g th e ir cou n trym e n to

tr a d e wit h th e p ort s o f th e Nil e d e lt a Th e ci t y of N a ucra tis .

wa s fou n d e d n o t fa r from th e m od e r n Ros e tt a a n d b e c a m e ,

a lmost a G r e e k colo n y N e a rly 2 0 0 y e a rs l a t e r H e r odotus a

.
,

n a tiv e o f H a lic a r n a ssus

( a Gre e k s e ttl e m e n t i n A si a Mi n or) ,

1
T h e da te l m o st c e t a i n l y th e l o t o s o f th e a n ci e nts I t is m u c h
w as a r .

m o re l ik e l y to ha v e m a de a p ro fo u nd imp e ssi o n o n t he m by its ho ne y r

sw e e t p l p t h a n th e i n sipi d b e rri e s o f th e Zi yp hu s
u z .

2
Th e m o de n S a n t o i n o Th i a th e m o st s o u t h e rn o f th e C yc l a de s
r r r r , .
IO T/i e C o l o n i z a ti o n o f A f ica r
.
[C HA R

visit e d Egyp t a n d Cyr e n e I t is prob a bl e t h a t h e a sc e n d e d th e

.

Nil e a s fa r a s th e First C a t a ra ct H e fou n d his fe llow cou n t r y

.
-

m e n s e ttl e d a s m e rc h a n ts a n d m e c h a n ics a n d a lso a s soldi e rs

i n th e d e lt a o f th e Ni l e a n d h e r e cords th a t th e w h o l e co a st o f
,

Cyr e n a ic a b e tw e e n D e rn ah n e a r i h e bord e rs o f Egypt a n d Be n

, ,

gh a z i ( Eu e s p e ri de s ) wa s w h olly occup i e d b y Gr e e k s e ttl e m e n ts .

'

T hr ough H e rodotus a nd e v e n e a rl i e r Gr e e k writ e rs lik e ,

H e c a ta e u s ( w h o d e riv e d h is i nfo rm a tio n fro m th e P h o e n ici a n s ) ,

} ,

v a gu e ru mou r s r e a ch e d th e Gr e e k world of th e Nige r Ri v e r o f ,

o stric h e s th e dw a rf r a c e s of C e n t ra l A fr ic a ( th e n p e r h a ps
‘
,

li n g e r i n g a bo u t th e S a h a r a a n d th e s o ut h of M orocco ) a n d ,

b a boo n s d e sc rib e d a s m e n wi th dogs h e a ds

,
’

T h e gr e a t d e v e lop m e n t of th e P e rsi a n Empir e u n d e r Cyru s

broug h t t h a t pow e r i n t o e v e n tu a l co n fl ict with Egyp t ; a n d
u n d e r C a mbys e s th e P e r si a n s a c t u a lly co n qu e re d Egyp t (i n
52 5 b e sid e s th e n a n d subs e qu e n tly domi na ti ng th e
w e st e rn a n d sout h e r n p a rts o f A r a bi a fr om wh ich th e y o c ,

c a s i o n a ll y m e ddl e d wi t h Ethiopi a T h e P e rsi a n s w e r e follow e d

.

up m or e t h a n t wo hu n dr e d y e a rs l a t e r by th e i r gr e a t co n qu e ror ,

A l e x a n d e r o f M a c e do n i a w h o a dd e d Egypt to hi s e m pir e i n
,

3 3 2 a n d fou n d e d i n t h a t y e a r i n th e w e st e rn m ost re a c h of th e
,

Nil e d e lt a th a t gr e a t city whi ch b e a r s h is n a m e a n d which h a s ,

b e e n a t tim e s th e c a pit a l of Egyp t A l e x a n d e r s co n qu e st wa s.

’

succ e e d e d i n 3 2 3 by th e r ul e of h is g e n e r a l Pto l o m a e u s S ot e r , ,

w h o fou n d e d i n 3 0 8 th e fa mous G re e k M o n a rchy of th e Pto l e

m i e s ov e r Egyp t which l a st e d till n e a r th e comm e n c e m e n t o f th e
,

C h risti a n e ra wh e n i t wa s r e pl a c e d by th e domi n a tio n of Rom e

,
.

S ubs e qu e n t ly th e sc e p t r e p a ss e d fr om R om e to By z a n t ium ,

a n d Egypt a g a i n b e c a m e subj e ct to Gr e e k i n fl u e n c e D u ri n g th e .

Ptol e mi e s rul e a n d u n d e r th e By z a nti n e Empir e th e R e d S e a

’

a n d th e co a st o f S om a lil a n d w e r e to som e e xt e n t e xp lor e d a n d ,

it i s s a id th a t th e Gre e ks s e t tl e d o n th e isl a n d of S oco t ra From .

1
Th e c r n e s wit h w ho m th e pigmi e s fo gh t
‘ ’
a u .

2
O t h e e vi de nc e g o e s to Sh o w t h a t b ab o o n s w e re fo u nd w il d i n th e
r

s o u the rn p a ts o f M u it ni a i n n ci e n t d ys
r a r a a a .
 L l Me di te r r a ne a n a nd Mu ka m m a da n . 1 1

t h e s e Gr e e k e xplora ti o n s coup l e d wit h P h o e n ici a n t ra di t io n s

, ,

th e g e ogr a p hy of A fr ic a w a s hi n t e d a t a s fa r a s th e n e ighbour
h ood o f Z a nz ib a r a n d e v e n th e Comoro I sl a n ds ; w h il e th e
,

gre a t l a k e s fo rmi ng th e h e a d w a t e r s of th e Nil e w e r e first pl a c e d

o n th e m a p wi t h som e p ossibili ty o f t h is i n form a tio n b e i n g

b a s e d n o t o n m e r e g u e sswork but o n i n form a tio n tr a n s ,

m i tte d by th e n a tiv e s t o Gr e e k tr a d e rs .

C a rt h a g e fo u ght wit h Rom e a n d d re w t h a t p ow e r t o N orth

A fric a A ft e r d e stroyi n g C a rt h a g e ( i n 1 4 6
. Rom e s e ttl e d
i n h e r p l a ce S h e firs t a lli e d h e rs e lf wit h th e N u m
. idi a n a nd
M a urita n i a n k i ngs t h e n fough t with t h e m a n d e v e n tu a lly
, ,

a nn e x e d t h e i r cou n t ri e s T h e n a m e o f Rom e s first A fr ic a n

’
.

“
colo ny A fric a ,
h a s si n c e b e com e th e n a m e o f th e e n tir e
co n ti n e n t i n th e sp e e c h of ci vili z e d p e opl e s S oo n th e Rom a n .

co n qu e st spr e a d w e stw a rd from C a rt h a g e to th e A tl a n tic co a st

o f Morocco e a s tw a rd t o Cyr e n e a n d Egypt a n d sout h w a rd t o
, ,

th e v e ry h e a rt o f th e S a h a ra D e s e rt i n F e z z a n ( Ph a z a n i a ) .

Dir e ct Rom a n rul e h ow e v e r w a s c h i e fly obs e rv a b l e i n w h a t is

n o w th e R e g e n cy o f T u ni s a n d i n Egyp t T u n is fo r th e .

n umb e r a n d m a g n ific e n c e of its Rom a n r e m a i n s a lm ost sur

p a ss e s I t a ly A ltho u g h th e Rom a n s w e r e co n st a n tly w a rri n g

.

wi th th e B e rb e rs s t ill th e s e ttl e d portio n s o f th e cou n t ry

,

colo n i z e d by E u rop e a n immigr a n t s m ust h a v e b e e n r e m a rk a bly

prosp e rous to j udg e by th e hig h d e gr e e o f civili z a t i o n th e y
,

a t t a i n e d a n d th e v a st sum s t h e y w e r e a bl e t o sp e n d o n public
,

w o rks — e xp e n di t ur e o fte n du e to th e m u n i fic e nc e o f priva t e

citi z e n s T h e Rom a n colo ni z a tio n o f t his p a r t of Nort h A frica
.

wa s t h us a v e ry r e a l o n e L a ti n b e ca m e th e to ngu e m ost
.

comm o n ly spok e n a n d th e s e ttl e d p ortio n s of w h a t i s n o w th e

,

R e g e n cy o f T u ni s a n d e a st e rn A lge ri a b e c a m e m or e lik e I t a ly
i n th e ir buildi n gs m od e o f life l a ws m a nn e rs customs a n d
, , , , ,

r e li g io n th a n a ny p ortio n o f A lge ri a h a s ye t r e s e mbl e d Fra n c e .

1 Th is w o rd a f e r t
A ra b i nv a si o n o f Tu n is h a s s u rviv e d i n th e fo r m
th e
“
I t w as a l m o st u ndo u bt e dl y a B e rb e r w o rd i n o igi n w h ic h
”
of I f i k i ah
r . r ,

i n L a ti n m o t h s ss u m e d th e fo rm o f A f ic a
u a r .
12 T/i e C o l o n i z a ti o n of A fr i c a .
[C HA R

Bu t Ro m a n s i n th e i n t e rior dist ric t s s e e m to h a v e m a d e

th e
th e mis ta k e wh ich th e F r e n ch h a v e subs e qu e n t ly r e p e a t e d o f

r e g a rdi n g No r th A fric a wi th its fa i rly a bu n d a n t n a t iv e p o p u l a

tio n ( vigo ro u s w a rlik e a n d b ut littl e i n fe ri o r i n mi n d o r body
, ,

t o th e Eu ro p e a n i n va d e r s ) a s a colo n y ra t h e r t h a n a p rot e ct e d
st a t e T h e y t h e r e fo re a r ous e d a lm os t p e rp e tu a lly th e h ostility
.

of th e a bo rigi n e s wh o i n t h e ir h a t re d of fo re ig n ru l e w e lcom e d
,

a ny i n v a d e r a s a m e a n s o f r e ga i n i n g t h e ir i n d e p e n d e n c e .

T h r o ughou t 5 0 0 y e a r s of Rom a n rul e t h e r e w a s sc a rc e ly a

p e riod so lo n g a s s e v e n t y y e a r s which p a ss e d wi th o u t a B e rb e r
wa r .

We h a v e li t t l e e vid e n c e to e n titl e us to b e li e v e t h a t th e
Rom a n s b e c a m e w e ll a cqu a i n t e d wi t h tropic a l A fric a b e yo n d
th e S a h a r a D e s e r t t h o ugh a c e r t a i n t ra d e m ust h a v e sp ru n g
’
,

u p i n th e h a n ds of H a mi t e s wh o b r ought th e products o f ,

tropic a l A fric a a cr oss th e d e s e rt t o e xch a n g e with Rom a ni z e d

tr a d e r s fo r th e m a n u fa ct u r e s of th e M e dit e rra n e a n w o rld T h e .

Rom a n s (i n th e t im e of N e ro ) p u sh e d t h e ir e xplo ra tio n s up th e

Nil e v a ll e y b e yo n d th e j u n ctio n o f th e B a h r a l Gh a z a l a n d th e
Whi t e Nil e b u t w e r e s o o n discour a g e d
,
.

Whil e t h e s e e v e n t s w e r e t a ki ng pl a c e i n N o r t h e r n A fri ca ,

a n d p e r h a ps e v e n b e fo r e t h e y b e g a n p e opl e s o f M a l a y o r ,

Poly n e si a n s tock h a d b e e n d rifti ng a cross th e M a l a y a rchip e l a go

t o M a d a g a sc a r c a rr i e d thi t h e r b y p re v a ili n g c u r re n ts T h e s e
,
.

Ma l a ys — fo u n d pu re st i n th e m od e rn H ov a s — wr e s t e d M a d a
g a sc ar from th e bl a ck m a n w h om t h e y a bsorb e d o r e xt e rm i n a t e d, ,

1
Th e l y e c o de d i n st a n c e s o f n a pp e n t c o ssi ng o f th e S a h a a by
on r r a ar r r

a R o m a n e xp e diti o n e t h o s e cit e d by M
ar i n s T yri u s ( wh o w a s e di t e d by ar u

Pt o l e my th e A l e x n d i a n ) S e tti n g o u t f o m F e n ( wh ich th e R om a n s h a d
a r . r z z a

o cc u pi e d i n B C . a g e n e a l n a m e d S e ptim s F l a c o n s is s a i d to h v e
. r u a

e a c h e d th e B l a ck Ma n s c o u n t ry a c ro ss th e de s e t i n t h e e m o n th s m a r c h
’ ’
r r r

i ng . Thi s o cc re d a b o t th e b e gi n n i ng o f th e C h isti a n e a A fe w
u r u r r .

y e a s l a t e r J u l i u s M te rnu s st a ting f o m G a m a (s o th e n F e a n ) w it h
r a r r ar u r z z

th e ki n g o f th e G a ra m n te s e ch e d ( p o b ab l y K a ne m o r
“
A g i s ym b
a r a a r

B o n u ) ft e fo u r m o n t h s m a rc h n d fo u nd th e c o u n t ry sw rmi ng with
r a r
’
a a

r hi n o c e ro s e s ( w h ic h sti ll a b o u n d t h e e ) r .
L ] Me di te r r a ne a n a nd Mu lca m m a a a n ’
. I 3

a nd h e n c e fort h th e y r e m a i ne d a s th e domi na n t r a c e to be s u b ,

du e d l a tt e rly th o u gh n o t p e r h a ps to b e e xti n guish e d by o n e

, ,

o f Rom e s d a ug h t e r s
’
.

I n th e fifth c e n tu ry o f th e p r e s e n t e ra c a m e th e a brup t
i nv a sio n o f N o r t h A fric a by th e Va n d a ls a Got h ic p e op l e ,

suppos e d to b e n o t far o ff i n o rigi n from th e A n glo Sa xo n s -

.

Rom a n h old ov e r N ort h A fr ic a t h ough i n fi n it e ly m or e c o m

,

p l e te a n d e xt e n siv e t h a n t h a t o f C a r th a g e h a d n e v e r succ e e d e d
,

d u ri n g m or e t h a n fiv e c e n turi e s i n compl e t e ly s u bdui n g th e

B e r b e rs w h o still form e d th e bulk o f th e i n dig e n ou s p o pu l a
,

tio n T h e i n d e p e n d e n t B e rb e rs w e r e a l wa ys r e a dy to sid e
.

wi th th e e n e mi e s o f Rom e a n d t h e ir a dh e sio n m a d e th e
,

V a nd a l co n qu e st e a sy a nd r a pid ; j ust a s t h e ir subs e qu e n t

d e fe ctio n a ft e rw a rd s a ssist e d th e d e fe a t o f th e d e m o ra li z e d
V a n d a ls b y th e By z a n ti ne fo rc e s a ft e r a ll Nort h A fric a h a d
,

b e e n r u l e d by T e uto n ic ki n gs fo r s e v e n ty y e a rs .

T h e By z a n ti n e Empir e r e c o v e ri n g by d e gr e e s p ortio n s o f
,

th e W e st e r n Em pir e r e co n qu e r e d
, th e provi n c e of A fr ic a
a n d to som e e xt e n t domi n a t e d a ll th e n ort h
( m od e r n T u n is ) ,

A fr ic a n co a st u n til th e M u h a mm a d a n i n v a sio n .

W h e n th e first M u h a mm a d a n i n v a sio n took pl a c e i n th e

s e v e n th c e n tu ry th e B e rb e rs a t first sid e d with th e A r a bs a n d ,

a ssist e d i n th e d e fe a t o f th e By z a n ti n e forc e s through whic h ,

a ctio n th e y did u ltim a t e ly e n j oy a s a r a c e s e v e ra l c e n turi e s o f -

qu a si i n d e p e n d e n c e
-
.

T h e e ffe ct o n A fric a o f th e d e v e lop m e n t o f M uh a mm a d a n ism

w as a lmost m o r e m a rk e d i n i ts r e sults t h a n i n A si a Prior to .

th e Mu h a mm a d a n i n v a sio n s n ot h i n g wa s k n ow n o f A fric a
sout h of th e S a h a ra w h ic h could b e d e scri b e d a s c e rt a i n
k n owl e dg e A fe w v a gu e tr a ditio n s a n d s e mi fa b ul o us sto ri e s
.
-

o f N e g r o A fric a r e a c h e d a n d s a ti sfi e d Gr e e k a nd Rom a n

i n quir e rs B ut n orth o f th e t e n t h d e gr e e o f n orth l a titud e th e

.

A r a b i n v a d e rs a n d m issio n a ri e s cl e a r e d a r o ug h p a t h a cros s
A fric a l e tti n g i n a dubious ligh t o n its g e ogr a p h y a nd
,

h um an ity .
I4 T/ze C o lo n i z a t on i of A fr i c a .
[C HA R

In 64
.
0 i n v a d e d Egyp t from A ra bi a a n d
A m r bi n- -
al -
A si ,

h e o r h i s li e ut e n a n ts pus h e d th e n c e i n to T ripoli a n d ,

e ve n int o F e z z a n A li t tl e l a t e r ( 6 4 7. u n d e r A bd a ll a h
b i IL A b u Sa rh a n d A bd a ll a h b i n Zub e ir th e A r a b s i n va d e d
- - -
,

T rip oli a n d foug h t

,
wi t h a By z a nti ne gov e r n o r k n ow n
a s Gr e gory th e P a t r ici a n ( wh o h a d j ust b e fo r e r e b e ll e d from

By z a n tium a nd p r ocl a im e d h ims e lf Emp e ror o f A fric a with

, ,

h is s e a t o f gov e r n m e n t i n c e n t r a l T u n isi a ) T h e b a t tl e l a st e d .

fo r d a ys but G re go ry wa s ov e r m a st e r e d by a ru s e a n d kill e d
,
.

T h e A r a b s pursu e d hi s d e fe a t e d a r my i n to th e h e ar t o f T u n isi a ,

a n d e v e n i n t o A lg e ri a For a p a ym e n t of 3 0 0 qu i n t a ls of gold
.

t h e y a gr e e d to e v a cu a t e T u nisi a but th e y l e ft b e hi n d a n a g e n t ,

o r r e p r e s e n t a t iv e a t S u ffe t u l a ( th e m od e rn S b e i t l a ) w h ic h h a d ,

b e e n G r e gory s c a p i t a l ’
.

I n 6 6 1 th e fi r st diss e n ti n g s e ct o f I sl a m a ros e th e K h a r ij i ,
.

T h e s e schism a tics p r e a ch e d th e e qu a lity of a l l g o o d M osl e m s

a ki n d o f commu n ism A s th e y w e r e muc h p e rs e cut e d som e
.

of th e K h a rij i fl e d a t t his p e riod t o th e co as t o f T u n is a n d i n ,

th e isl a n d of J e rb a th e ir d e sc e n d a n ts r e m a i n to th is da y whil e ,

th e ir doc t ri n e s w e r e a dopt e d by th e bulk o f th e B e rb e r p o p u

l a t io n o f t h a t isl a n d ’
.

I n 6 6 9 th e A r a b i n v a sio n s o f No rt h A fr ic a w e r e r e s u m e d .

q a b i n N a fa ov e rr a n F e z z a n a n d w a s a pp oi n t e d by th e
- -

,
“
O m e i ya d Kh a lif gov e rn or o f I fri k i a h ( mod e r n T u n is ) Th e .

By z a n t i n e s w e r e d e fe a t e d i n s e v e r a l b a ttl e s a n d K a irwa n wa s ,
2

fou n d e d a s a M uh a mm a d a n c a pit a l a bout 6 7 3 q a wa s .

1
J e rb a u su a lly c a ll e d Me n i n x by th e a n ci e n ts is s u pp o s e d to h a v e
, ,

b e e n th e I s l a nd o f Lo t o s E a t e s o f G e e k myt ho l o gy r r .

2
Th e o igi n o f th e n m e K i w n h as b e e n m c h di sp u t e d
r a Whe n I
a r a u .

visit e d t his p l a c e I w a s t l d by a n A a b t h t th e w o d w a s th e A b n a m e
o r a r ra

fo r a sm a ll b st a d l ik e c o s e r ( bi d w h ic h th e F e n c h c ll e d P o l e de
u r -
u r a r r a u

K a i o n ) a n d th a t s e i n g t h is bi d i n l g e n mbe s— w he e it is sti ll to
r u a , e r ar u r r

b e fo n d— i n th e m a s h y p l i n o n w h ic h th e city w a s b i l t th e A a bs g a v e
u r a u r

its n m e to th e t o wn Ka i rw a n w s ch o s e n s th e sit e fo th e M ha mm a da n
a . a a r! u

c pit l by th e e a rl y A a b i nv de s b e c u s e it w as c o n si de e d s fli c i e ntl y fa r
a a r a r a r u

f o m th e s e a c o a st to b e b e y o n d th e r e a c h o f a tt a ck f o m a By n ti n e fl e e t
r -
r za .
I .
] [Me di te r ra ne a n a nd M u ka m m a da n . I 5

r e p l a c e d fo r a tim e by D i na r Bu l Mu h a jr wh o p li sh e d hi s ’
-
,

c o n qu e s t s a s fa r w e st a s T l e m s a n o n th e b o rd e rs o f m o d e r n ,

Morocco q a r e sum e d comm a n d i n 6 8 1 a n d a dv a n c e d

.
,

with h i s victo rious a rmy t o th e sh or e of th e A tl a n tic O c e a n ,

a n d r e c e iv e d a s o m e w h a t fri e n dly r e c e ptio n fr om C ou n t J uli a n

a t C e ut a ( S e pt a )
1
.

But n o w th e B e rb e rs b e g a n t o tur n a g a i n st th e A r a b
i nv a d e rs fi n di ng t h e m wo rs e fo r r a p a city th a n Rom a n o r
,

Gr e e k A quo n d a m a lly th e B e rb e r p ri n c e K u s e i la u n it e d
.
, ,

hi s forc e s with th e G re e k a n d Rom a n s e ttl e rs a n d i n flict e d ,

s u c h a s e v e re d e fe a t o n q a n e a r Biskra t h a t h e wa s e n a bl e d
a ft e rw a rds to rul e i n p e a c e a s ki n g ov e r M a u rit a n i a for fiv e

y e a rs b e i n g a cc e pt e d a s rul e r by th e E u ro p e a n s e ttl e rs
, .

K u s e i l a h ow e v e r w a s d e fe a t e d a n d kill e d b y a n ot h e r A r a b
i n v a sio n i n 6 8 8 th oug h th e s e s a m e i nv a d e rs subs e qu e n tly
,

r e ti r e d a n d su ffe r e d a d e fe a t a t th e h a n ds o f th e By z a n ti n e s i n

B a rk a Qu e e n D i b i a a l K a h i n a succ e e d e d h e r r e l a ti v e K u s e i l a
.
2 - -
.

T h e A r a b g e n e ra l H a ss a n b i n N um a n w as succ e ssful i n t a ki n g
,
- -
,

C a r t h a ge but a ft e rw a rds wa s d e fe a t e d a n d d r iv e n o u t o f
T u n isi a by Qu e e n K a b i na U n fortu na t e ly th is br a v e wom a n.

o rd e r e d a t e rribl e d e v a st a tio n o f th e fe r til e provi n c e o f Afric a ,

so th a t th e wa n t o f food supply m igh t d e t e r th e A r a b s from

r e tur ni n g ; a n d thi s a c t io n o n h e r p a rt w a s th e fi r st st e p i n th e
d e t e rior a tio n of th is m a g n ifi c e n t cou n try n o w k n ow n a s T u n is ,
’

Sh e w a s fi n a lly de fe a t e d a n d sl a i n by th e A r a bs u n d e r H a ss a n
b i n— Num a n i n 7 0 5 A ra b co n qu e sts t h e n o n c e m o re su rg e d
.

a h e ad u n d e r M u sa b i n N u s se ir T h e w hol e o f M o r occ o w a s
- -
.

co n qu e re d e xc e pt C e ut a wh e r e t h e y w e r e r e p e ll e d by Cou n t
,

Juli a n T o som e e xt e n t a lso M orocco w as Mu h a m m a da n i z e d;

.

a n d n o doub t t h r oug h a ll t h e s e i n v a si o n s th e A r a b s e xp e r i e n c e d

1
C ou n t J u li
pp e a s to h v e b e e n a By a n ti ne go ve n o o n th e c o as t
an a r a z r r

o f Mo ro cc o w h o a ft e r th e By a n ti n e do wn f ll to s o m e e xt e n t a tt c h e d
, z a a

h ims l f to th e R o m ni e d G o t h ic ki ng do m o f S p i n
e a z a .

Th is is th e A b e n de i n g o f h e r n a m e A l K a h i na m e an s “ th e
2
ra r r .
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wise w o m a n o r p o p h e t e ss
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r .
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littl e di fficulty i n co n v e rti n g th e B e rb e rs to I sl a m e v e n thoug h ,

t h e y m igh t s u b s e qu e ntly e nra g e t h e m by th e i r d e pr e d a tio n s .

B e for e th e a rriv a l o f th e A r a bs th e B e rb e rs i n m a n y distric t s

h a d stro n g l e a n i n gs tow a r ds Jud a ism A m o n gst th e B e rb e r
’
.

chi e fs co n v e r t e d to Mu h a mm a d a n ism by th e i n v a sio n o f M o

rocco wa s a m a n o f gr e a t g a ll a n t ry k n ow n a s T a rik wh o ,

b e c a m e a g e n e r a l i n th e A r a b a r my T a r ik wa s l e ft i n ch a rg e .

o f T a n gi e r s b y M us a a nd e n t e r e d i n to fr i e n dly r e l a tio n s wi th
,

C oun t J uli a n a t C e u t a Cou n t J uli a n h a vi n g qu a r re ll e d wit h

.

th e l a st Gothic ki n g of S p a i n u rg e d T a ri k to i n v a d e th a t cou n try .

A ft e r a r e co g n i z a n c e n e a r th e m od e r n T a r ifa T a rik i n v a d e d
S p a i n a t o r n e a r Gi b r a lt a r wit h B e rb e r s o fli c e re d by
2

3 0 0 A r a b s a n d w a s sh ortly a ft e rw a rds follow e d by M us a with

,

r e i nfo rc e m e n ts ; a n d Sp a i n wa s t h us co n qu e r e d .

For a fe w y e a rs lo n g e r a ll N orth A fric a r e m a i ne d loos e ly

co nn e ct e d wit h th e K h a lifs of B a gd a d t h e n I dri s a d e sc e n d a n t ,

o f A l i a n d co n s e qu e n t ly of Muh a m m a d e st a blish e d h im s e lf i n
, ,

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cl a im to b e K h a lif a n d I m a m A t h is d e a t h h e wa s succ e e d e d
.

by h is s o n I dri s I I a n d hi s blood is supp os e d to h a v e filt e r e d

,

dow n t h rough m a n y g e n e ra tio n s a n d d e viou s w a ys to th e

p r e s e n t r uli n g fa m ily i n M orocco D uri n g th e wh ol e o f th e .

n i n t h c e n tu ry T u n is w a s rul e d by a n i n d e p e n d e n t dy n a sty

k n ow n a s th e A ghl a bit e from A g h l a b a succ e ssful soldi e r wh o , ,

foun d e d i t T his a g a i n w a s succ e e d e d by th e A r a b Fa timit e

.

"
dy n a sty d e riv e d fr om th e F a ti mit e C a lip h a t e o f Egypt
,
A ll .

th is tim e th e A r a b e l e m e n t i n No r th Afric a wa s e xtr e m e ly

slig h t r e pr e s e nt e d by a fe w t h ous a n d bold r a p a cious w a rriors
, , ,

J e wish c l o n i e s b e ga n to s e tt le i n N o t h A f ic a s o o n a ft e r th e de
1 o r r

st ru cti o n o f J e ru s a l e m o e v e n as fa r b a ck a s th e Pt o le m a ic ru l e o v e
, r r

Egyp t
o cky p e ni n s u l a w h e re T a r ik l an de d w a s c a l e d by th e A ra bs
Th e r
l
J i b l l T rik a n m e w h ic h s u bs e q u e n t l y b e c m e c o rru pt e d by th e
-
a -
a , a a

S p a n i a rds i n t o G ib a l t a r r .

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u -
. .
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] Me di te r ra ne a n a nd Mu ka m m a da n . I 7

wh o h a d i n a m a rv e llous m a nn e r di fli c u l t t o e xpl a i n forc e d

, ,

t h e i r r e ligi o n a n d t o som e e xt e n t th e ir l a ngu a g e a n d rul e o n

,

s e v e r a l millio n s o f B e rb e rs a n d o n som e hu n dr e d s of t h ou
,

s a n ds o f R o m a n s Gr e e ks Goths a n d J e ws B ut i n th e
, , , .

e l e v e n th c e n tu ry to ok p l a c e t h os e A r a b i n v a sio n s o f N o r t h

A fric a wh ic h h a v e b e e n th e m a i n sourc e o f th e A r a b e l e m e n t
i n th e n o rt h e r n p a r t o f th e co n ti n e n t a n d with out w h ic h ,

M u h a m m a d a ni sm m igh t h a v e fa d e d a w a y a n d a s e ri e s o f ,

i n d e p e n d e n t B e rb e r st a t e s h a v e b e e n fo rm e d o n c e mor e u n d e r
Ch risti a n ru l e .

A b o u t 1 0 4 5 tw o A r a b t ri b e s th e B en i H il a l a n d th e B e n i
,
-

S ol e im ( o rigi n a lly fr o m C e n t ra l A r a bi a a n d d e p o r t e d t h e n c e ,

t o Upp e r Egyp t ) l e ft th e righ t b a n k o f th e Nil e to i n v a d e

,

B a rb a ry T h e y h a d m a d e t h e m s e lv e s troubl e som e i n Upp e r

.

Egyp t a n d th e w e a k e n e d rul e r s o f th a t cou n t ry to g e t rid of

,

t h e m h a d u rg e d th e m to i n v a d e n o rt h w e st e r n A fri c a A bout -
.

two o r t h re e h u n dr e d t h ous a n d cross e d th e d e s e rt a n d re a c h e d

th e fro n ti e rs o f T u n is a n d T ripol i T h e y d e fe a t e d th e B e rb e rs
.

a t th e b a ttl e o f H a i de ran a n d th e n s e ttl e d i n so u th e rn T u n is

,

a n d w e st e r n T r ipoli Ev e n t u a lly som e p o rtio n o f t h e m wa s

.

u n s e a t e d by th e B e rb e rs a n d driv e n w e stw a r d i n to M orocco .

Th e y w e r e succ e e d e d b y fr e sh dr a ft s from Egyp t a n d A r a bi a ,

but m a n y of t h e s e l a t e r i n v a d e rs s e ttl e d i n B a rk a a n d e a st e rn
T rip oli L a t e r o n oth e r A ra b trib e s l e ft th e W e s t co a st o f
.

A ra bi a a n d s e ttl e d o n th e c e n tra l Nil e ( a voidi n g th e A byssi n i a n

,

highl a n ds w h e re t h e y w e r e k e pt a t b a y by th e ir Ch r isti a n i z e d
,

r e l a tiv e s o f fa r e a rli e r i mm ig ra tio n s ) F rom th e upp e r Nil e .

th e y dir e ct e d m a n y a n d r e p e a t e d i nv a sio n s o f C e n t ra l a n d
W e st e r n A fric a T o thi s da y t r i b e s o f m o re o r l e ss pur e A r a b
.

d e sc e n t are fo u n d i n th e dist rict of L a k e C h a d i n D a rfur , ,

Wa d a i a n d i n th e w e s t e r n Sa h a r a n o r t h o f S e n e ga mbi a
,
.

A bout th e s a m e t im e b e g a n th e r e a l r e v iv a l o f th e R om a n
Em p ir e from th e o n sl a ugh t o f A r a bi a a n d th e p rior T e u t o n ic
i nv a sio n s T h e citi e s o f I t a ly formi n g th e ms e lv e s i n to re p u b
.
,

li e s w e r e t e m pt e d by t h e ir e xt e n di n g com m e rc e to i n t e rfe r e
,

2
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wi th No r th Afric a T h e V e n e ti a n s i n spit e o f th e h a r e br a i n e d
.
,
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c ru s a de s a nd th e d a m a g e t h a t th e y did by r e vivi ng Mu h a m
,

m a d a n fa na t icism b e g a n to Op e n u p th os e comm e rci a l r e l a

,

tio n s with Egyp t wh ich fo r four a n d a h a l f c e n t u ri e s ga v e

,

t h e m th e m o n opoly o f th e L e va n t a n d I n di a n t ra d e T h e .

No r m a n s wh o h a d co n qu e r e d th e S a r a c e n s o f S icily a n d
,

M a l t a a n d h a d fo u n d e d th e Ki ngdom o f N a pl e s com m e n c e d
‘
, ,

a s e ri e s o f bold a t t a cks o n th e co a sts of T u n is a n d T r ipoli ,

whic h did n o t h ow e v e r l e a d t o p e rm a n e n t occup a t io n T h e .

Pis a n s a n d G e n o e s e b e g a n a s e ri e s o f sh a rp r e pris a ls a g a i n st
th e Moo rish p i ra t e s a n d so i n sp ir e d som e r e sp e ct for I t a ly i n
,

th e mi n ds o f T u n isi a n s a n d A lg e r i a n s A fte rw a rds th e y w e r e .

e n a b l e d to op e n u p c o mm e rci a l r e l a tio n s e sp e ci a lly wi t h th e ,

n o r t h co a st of T u n is a n d th e s e t o th e a dv a n t a g e o f bo t h I t a ly
, ,

a n d B a r b a ry co n t i n u e d wit h fitfu l i n t e r r uptio n s u n til th e

, , ,

1 6 t h c e n tu r y .

I n th e r 1 th c e n t u ry a n o t h e r gr e a t B e rb e r mov e m e n t took
— “
pl a c e th e ris e o f th e A lm or a vi de s T h e n a m e o f t hi s s e ct .
”

o f Mu h a mm a da n r e fo r m e r s i s a S p a n i sh co rrup t io n o f A l

Mu r a bi ti n wh ich i s th e p l u r a l o f Ma r a bu t a n d Ma r a bu t i s
, ,
“
d e ri v e d from th e pl a c e na m e R i ba t m e a n i n g th e p e opl e
-

livi n g a t Ri b a t t h o u gh th e wo r d h a s si n c e com e to m e a n
,

i n North A fric a a n d e ls e wh e r e a Muh a mm a d a n s a i n t The .

A lmo ra vid e s ow e d t h e i r o rigi n to o n e o f th e fi r st o f th e A fr ic a n

Ma h dis o r Me ssi a h s o f w h o m th e t a l e h a s su b s e qu e n t ly b e e n
,

r e p e a t e d a n d r e p e a t e d with s u ch s e rvil e imi t a t i o n o f de t a il

th a t o n e c a n o n ly im a gi n e th e m a ss o f A fr ic a n Muh a mm a d a n s
to h a v e b e e n wi t hou t a ny p hilosop hi ca l r e fl e c t i o n s o n hi st o ry
o r a n y s e n s e of h u m o u r si n c e M a h di a ft e r M a hdi a r is e s a s a n
,

a sc e t ic s a i nt a nd di e s a lic e n t i o us mo n a rch w h os e p ow e r
, ,

p a ss e s i n t o th e h a n ds o f a li e ut e na n t who is th e fi rst i n th e ,

1
Ma l t a is s a i d to ha v e b e e n c o l o ni z e d by
P h o e n ici a n s a n d to h a v e th e

re t i n e d P h o e n ici n w o ds i n its di l e ct to th e p e sc h t d y
a a r a Th e n c m e r a . a

G e e ks S icil i n s R o m n s n d A bs—th e l st i n va de s l e vi n g th e i r
r , a ,
a a ra a r a

t o ngu e i n Ma l t a to b e sp o k e n to th is d y a .
 Me di te r r a ne a n a nd Mu ka m m a da n . 1 9

li n e of a slowly crumbli n g dy na s ty F a r a w a y a cr o ss th e .

S a h a ra D e s e r t a n d n e a r th e Nig e r wa s a t rib e o f T a wa re q
, ,

B e rb e rs k n ow n a s th e L a m t a o r L e m tu na wh o h a d b e e n ,

r e ce n tly co n v e r t e d t o M uh a m m a d a n i sm T h e c h i e f o f this .

trib e r e tu rn i n g from a pilgrim a g e t o M e cc a m e t a B e r b e r o f

, ,

S ou th Morocco k n ow n a s I b n Y a si n w h o o n hi s M e cc a n ,

p ilgrim a g e h a d a cquire d a gr e a t r e pu t a tio n fo r a us te r e h o li n e ss .

T h e c h i e f of th e L e m tu na i n vi te d I b n Y a si n t o h is cou r t a n d ,

th e l a tt e r a ft e r a rrivi n g i n th e Nig e r cou n t r i e s e s t a blis h e d h im

, ,

s e lf o n a n i sl a n d n a me d Rib a t o n th e upp e r Nig e r wh e r e h e

, ,

coll e ct e d a d h e r e n t s rou n d h im a n d prom ulg a te d his p u ri t a nic a l

r e fo r ms Gra d u a lly I b n Ya s i n s i n flu e n c e e x t e n d e d ov e r th e
.
’

whol e L a m ta o r L e m tu na trib e a nd h e urg e d t h e s e B e rb e r s

,

t ow a rds th e co n v e r sio n of S e n e ga m b i a I t wa s m a i n ly t h r oug h .

h is i n fl u e n c e th a t th e B e rb e r s w e r e c a rri e d by t h e ir co n qu e s ts
i n to S e n e ga mbi a a n d Nig e ri a T h e n h e l e d t h e m n o r t h w e st
.
-

a cross th e S a h a ra D e s e rt a n d th e y co n qu e r e d M orocco a nd ,

from t h e n c e i n v a d e d M uh a mm a d a n S p a i n By t his t im e I b n .

Ya si n th e t e a ch e r wa s d e a d bu t th e w a rrio r c h i e f of th e L a m t a
, , ,

trib e — Y ussuf b i n T a s h fin— h a d b e com e sov e r e ig n of M orocco

- -

a nd S p a i n a n d h a d a ssum e d th e ti t l e o f A mir a l Mu m e n i n
1 - -
.
,

A hu ndr e d y e a rs a ft e rw a rds a n ot h e r B e rb e r M a hdi a ros e i n th e

p e r so n o f I b n T u m e rt w h o wa s r u n by A bd a l Mu mi n o f
“
,
- -

T l e m sa n a n d th e pr o gr a m m e wa s th e s a m e — to st a rt wit h
,

p uri t a n ic a l r e fo r m a ft e rwa rds d e g e n e r a ti n g r a pidly i n to m e re

,

“
lus t of co n qu e st T h is sm a ll s e ct k n ow n b y u s a s th e A lm o
.

h d s ( rom A l Mu ah a di m o r Discip l e s of th e U n ity o f

a e f -
“

“
G o d ) a tt a ck e d th e d e c a yi n g pow e r o f th e A lmo ra vid e s .

I b n T u m e rt— a n e x a c t p a r a ll e l o f a ll th e M a h dis — di e d e a rly

“
i n th e st ruggl e b u t wa s succ e e d e d by th e m a n wh o ra n him
, ,

A b d— al Mumi n a s
-
Kh a lifa w h o p u rsu e d h is co n qu e s t s u n til
, ,
”

h e h a d brought u n d e r h i s p ow e r a l l N ort h A fr ic a a n d Mu h a m
m a d a n S p a i n a nd h a d fou n d e d th e g re a t e st B e rb e r e mp i re
,

1
P ri n c e o f th e Fa it hfu l .

2
F ro m th e A ra bic Wa k a d ,
“
Th e O ne .
2 0 T/ze C o lo n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
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t h a t e v e r e xist e d Co n curr e n tly h ow e v e r wit h th e sw a y o f his

.
, ,

ov e rlo rds h ip th e Ziri a n d H a m a di dy n a sti e s o f B e rb e r sult a n s

co n ti n u e d to e xist a t T u n is a n di n e a s t e rn A lg e ri a A ft e r ruli n g .

for a c e n tu ry th e A lm o h a d e e mpi re b r o k e up a n d wa s succ e e d e d ,

by i n d e p e n d e n t ru l e r s i n T u n i s a n d T r ip oli i n A lg e ri a a n d i n
, ,

M or o cco R e m a rk a bl e a m o n g t h e s e w a s th e H a fs dy n a sty
.
,

wh ich gov e r n e d T u n i s a n d p a rt o f T ripoli fo r 3 0 0 y e ar s a n d ,

prov e d th e m ost b e n e fic e n t of a ll Mu h a mm a d a n rul e rs i n

No r th A fr ic a A b u M uh a mm a d H a fsi w a s a B e rb e r gov e rn or
.

o f T u n is u n d e r o n e o f th e l a st o f th e A lm o h a d e e m p e rors a n d ,

e v e n tu a lly b e c a m e th e i n d e p e n d e n t sov e r e ig n of T u n i si a .

T h e A lm oh a d e ru l e r s tow a r d s th e e n d o f th e 1 2 th c e n tu ry h a d
t ra n spo rt e d m ost o f th e turbul e n t A ra b s of so u t h e r n a n d
c e n t ra l T u n isi a to M o rocco wh e r e for th e first tim e th e A ra b s
,

b e g an to fo rm a n a ppr e ci a bl e e l e m e n t i n th e pop u l a tio n .

A b out thi s t im e Kurdish a n d T urkish m e rc e n a ri e s c o mm e n c e d

fi n di n g e m p loym e n t i n T u n isi a a n d i n T rip oli u n d e r chi e fs
wh o r e b e ll e d a ga i n st th e A lm oh a d e e m pi re Co n c u rr e n t ly .

wit h th e H a fs i n T u n is th e d e sc e n d a n t s o f A b d a l W a di a n d - -

I b n M e ri n rul e d i n Mo r occo a n d i n w e st e rn A lg e r i a The y .

a lso w e r e A r a bi z e d B e r b e r s I n 1 2 7 0 th a t truly good b u t

.

e r r a tic m o n a r c h S t Loui s o f Fr a n c e de fl e c t e d a crus a d e i n

, ,

t e n d e d for th e L e v a n t to T u n i s a s b e i n g a Muh a mm a d a n
,

cou n try much n e a r e r a t h a n d a nd m o re a cc e ssibl e H e l a n d e d .

a t C a rth a g e ,but owi n g t o fa ili n g h e a l t h h is imp o si n g i n v a sio n

wa s follow e d by mili t a ry i n a cti o n H e di e d a t C a r t h a ge a n d
.
,

a c a pitul a tio n subs e q u e n tly took p l a c e by which th e C ru s a d e r s

r e ti re d from T u n isi a A ft e r th e ir d e p a r t u r e th e Muh a mm a d a n s

.

e n tir e ly d e stroy e d a ll th a t r e m a i n e d o f Rom a n C a r t h a g e as ,

th e buildi ngs h a d a fl o r de d to th e i n v a d e rs th e p r o t e c t io n o f
fortr e ss e s Up t ill t h a t t im e a good d e a l o f Rom a n civi li z a tio n
.

h a d li n g e r e d i n T u n i si a but n o w th e cou n t ry b e c a m e mo re
,

a n d m or e A r a b i z e d C h r isti a n b is h op s h ow e v e r co n ti n u e d
.
, ,

t o e xist a nd Ch r isti a n s w e r e n o t m u ch p e r s e cut e d t ill th e

,

1 6 t h c e n tu ry wh e n th e a t t a cks o f th e S p a n i a rds a n d th e
, ,
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u lca m m a a a n . 2 1

i n t e rv e n tio n of th e T u rks rous e d M u h a mm a d a n fa n a ticism to

a d e g r e e w h ic h o n ly b e g a n t o a b a t e with i n th e m e mo ry o f th e

pr e s e n t g e ne ra tio n .

D uri n g t his t im e S p a i n whic h h a d b e e n o n c e m or e riv e t e d

,

wit h M uh a mm a d a n fe t t e rs by th a t e xt ra ordi na ry i n c u rsio n o f

th e B e rb e rs wa s r a pidly r e tur n i n g to Christi a n rul e a n d i n
, ,

th e 1 sth c e n tury th e ki n gs o f S p a i n a n d Po r t u g a l fe lt t h e m
s e lv e s suffici e n tly s t ro ng to c a rry th e wa r i n to th e e ne my s ’

cou n t ry I n 1 4 1 5 th e Portugu e s e a rmy t o whic h wa s a tt a c h e d

.
,

P ri n c e H e n ry a ft e rw a rds k n ow n a s th e N a vig a to r c a ptur e d

, ,

th e M oo r is h cit a d e l of C e ut a o n th e M o r occo co a st a n d from ,

t his e pisod e st a r t e d th e m a g n ific e n t Por tu gu e s e discov e ri e s

i n iti a t e d by P ri n c e H e n ry w h ic h will b e d e sc ri b e d i n th e n e xt
ch a p te r Th e . P o r t u gu e s e s u bs e qu e n tly c a ptu re d Ta n gi e r ,

T e twa n a n d m os t o f th e p o rts a l o n g th e A tl a n tic c o a st of

,

M o rocco S p a i n b u rsti n g out a littl e l a t e r w h e n S h e h a d

.
, ,

co n qu e re d th e l a st Moorish ki n gdom o n S p a n ish soil ( Gra na d a ) ,

s e i z e d M e lill a i n 1 4 9 0 a nd o n o n e pr e t e xt o r a n oth e r p o r t
, , ,

a ft e r p o r t a lo n g th e co a sts of A lg e r i a a n d T u n is u n t il by 1 5 4 0 ,

s h e h a d e s t a blis h e d g a rr iso n s a t O r a n B u gi a B o na H u ne i n
, , , ,

a n d i n stig a t e d th e K n ig h ts o f M a l t a —
1
a n d Gol e tt a th e o u t
com e o f th e cr u s a d e s — to h old fo r a tim e th e tow n o f T r ipoli
i n B a rb a ry a n d th e T u n isi a n isl a n d of J e rb a
, T h e Por tugu e s e.

ki ngs by th e m iddl e of th e 1 6 t h c e n t u ry w e r e pra ctic a lly

su z e ra i n s of M o rocc o T h e p e n u ltim a t e rul e r of th e brilli a n t
.

H ous e o f A vis — y o u ng D o m S e b a s ti a O — d e t e rmi ne d i n 1 5 7 8 ,

soo n a fte r h is a cc e ssio n to th e thro ne o f Portug a l a t th e a g e of

2 3 t o th or o ugh ly co n qu e r M orocco
, H e l a n d e d wi th
.

m e n a t A c i la 2
t h e n m a rch e d i n l a n d a nd took up a p ositio n
,

b e hi n d th e We d a l Ma kh a z e n o n th e fa t a l fi e ld of K a s r a l K a b i r
- - - -
.

Bu t h e wa s ut te rly de fe a t e d by th e M oors u nd e r M u l a i A b d— al

M a l e k (w h o di e d du ri ng th e b a ttl e ) a n d A b u l A bb a s A hm a d ’

1
l s o l a te r o n l e ft t a c e s o f h e r t e mp o a y o cc u p a ti o n o n th e is l a nd
Sh e a r r r

o f J e rba w h e re a fin e S p a n is h fo r t re ss r e m i n s i n t a ct to t h is da y
, a .

A rz rl a .
2 2 T/z e C o l o n i z a ti o n f A fr i c a
o .
[C HA R

a l- M a n sur T h e l a tt e r b e c a m e S ult a n o f M o ro cco a ft e r th e

.

d e fe a t a nd d e a th o f th e u n fortu n a t e D om S e b a s ti aO N e v e r .

th e l e s s th e Po r tug u e s e r e t a i n e d m ost of th e i r fortifi e d p orts o n

,

th e A tl a n tic co a st o f M or o cco a n d a lso C e ut a Duri n g th e

, .

6 0 y e a r s o f th e a b e y a n c e of th e Portugu e s e mo na rchy th e s e
pl a c e s b e c a m e n om i n a lly S p a n ish but r e tur n e d to Po rtug a l ,

wit h th e r e sto ra tio n o f th e H o u s e o f Br a ga n ca th oug h C e ut a ,

a n d M e lill a w e r e subs e qu e n tly c e d e d to S p a i n a n d T a n gi e r to ,

E n gl a n d T hus e n d e d wh a t might v e ry w e ll h a v e b e e n b ut
.
,

fo r th e b a t t l e o f K a sr a l K a b i r th e Po r tugu e s e Empir e o f
- -
,

M o r occo .

A t th e e n d o f th e 1 3 th c e n tury c e r t a i n s k a r zfs o f Y a n b u
l
, ,

th e c o a st p or t o f th e h oly city of M e di n a i n A r a bi a who ,

profe ss e d t o b e d e sc e n d a n ts o f A l i th e s o n i n l a w o f th e ,
- -

P r op h e t followi n g r e t u rn i n g Moo ris h pilg r im s e st a b lish e d

, ,

th e m s e lv e s a t S iji l m a s s a or T a fila t i n S o u th Mo rocco a n d o n e ,

o f th e m H a s s a n b i n K a ss i m i n c re a si n g gre a tly i n p ow e r b e
,
~ ~
, ,

c a m e th e fo u n d e r of th e p re s e n t S h ari fia n dy n a sty o f Mo rocco ;

t h o u gh som e c e n t uri e s e l a p s e d b e fo re th e s e Sh a ri fia n s u l t a n s
succ e e d e d i n e sta bli shi n g u n iv e rs a l rul e A t th e cl o s e o f th e .

1 sth c e n t u r y a M u h a mm a d a n N e gro dy na sty h a d a ris e n On

th e upp e r Nig e r a nd i n th e w e st e r n S ud a n , O n e o f th e s e .

N e g ro ki ngs wh o m a d e a pilgrim a g e t o Me cc a obt a i n e d from

, ,

th e d e sc e n da n t o f th e A bb a sid e kh a lifs r e sidi n g a t C a i r o th e

“
titl e of Li e ut e na n t of th e Pri n c e o f B e li e v e rs i n th e Su d a n .
”

H e m a d e T imbuk t u h is c a pit a l a n d i t b e c a m e a p l a c e o f
’
,

gr e a t l e a rn i ng a n d flou rishi n g comm e r c e H is gra n dso n I sh a k .

,

b i n S oky a b e c a m e rich a n d p ow e r fu l a n d a t tr a c te d th e r a p a city

-
3
, ,

o f th e S h a ri fia n e m p e r o r o f M orocco ( A b u l A bb a s M a n sur
’
,

wh o h a d disti n g u ish e d him s e lf by wipi n g o u t th e Po r tug u e s e

u n d e r D om S e b a s ti a O a t th e b a ttl e o f K a s r a l K a b i r ) wh o h a d - -

1
p l u r S ko fa m e a n s i n A a bic “ n o bl y b o rn
S lz a r zf, . i ,
r .

2
T imbu kt u h a d b e e n fo u n de d by a T a w a e q ( Be rb e i ) t ribe r a bo u t
1 100 A . D .

3
or Aski a .
 Me di te r r a n e a n a nd Mu /i a m i n a da n . 2 3

r e c e n t ly e xt e nd e d hi s rul e a cross th e S a h a ra to th e o a sis of

T wa t T h e Moori sh e m p e ror a tt e mpt e d to pick a qu a r re l by
’
.

disp uti ng t his N e gro ki ng s righ t to th e titl e o f Li e ut e na n t of

’

th e Kh a lifs i n th e S ud a n d e m a n d e d hi s v a ss a l a g e a n d a ta x
, ,

o n th e S a h a r a s a l t mi n e s a lo n g th e rout e t o T imbuktu I sha k .

b i n S oky a r e fus e d w h e r e upo n a M oo r ish a rmy u n d e r J u de r

-

B a s h a wa s d e sp a tc h e d by A b u l A bb a s a l Ma n su r i n 1 5 9 0 to’
- -

co n qu e r th e S ud a n T hi s a rmy cross e d th e S a h a r a d e fe a t e d
.
,

I sh a k S ok y a a n d c a ptur e d T imbuk t u
, b u t r a i s e d th e si e g e o f ,

Ga g h u or G a o low e r d ow n th e Nig e r whit h e r I sh a k h a d fl e d

, ,
.

Bu t a m or e V igorous c o mm a n d e r M a h mud B a s h a compl e t e d , ,

th e Mooris h co n qu e st of th e S ud a n a co n qu e st w h ic h e xt e n d e d ,

i n it s e ffe cts to Bo rn u o n th e o n e h a n d a n d to S e n e g a mbi a o n

th e oth e r a n d o n ly fa d e d a w a y i n th e 1 8 t h c e n tu ry m a i nly
, ,

owi n g to th e upri s e o f th e F u l a a n d th e a tt a cks o f th e T awar e q

,
.

Gr a du a lly a l l Mo r occo w a s broug h t u n d e r S h a ri fia n r ul e a ll ,

Europ e a n h old ov e r th e cou n t ry w a s e ra dic a t e d a n d th e r e ign ,

o f culmi n a ti n g glo r y w a s t h a t o f th e e mp e ro r Mul a i I sm a il wh o ,

rul e d fo r
5 7 y e a r s a n d i s s a id t o h a v e l e ft livi n g childr e n to th e
,

e xt e n t of 5 4 8 boys a n d 3 4 0 girls M ul a i I sm a il di e d i n 1 7 2 7
. .

H e h a d a t t a i n e d to a n d m a i n t a i n e d h im s e lf i n supr e m e p ow e r
b y th e i n troductio n o f r e gim e n t s o f w e ll d r ill e d S ud a n N e gro e s -
.

O n c e m o r e i n fa ct i n A fri c a n hist ory th e bl a ck m a n o f th e

, ,

S ud a n w a s th e i n dir e ct m e a n s o f drivi n g b a ck th e civili z a t io n

of Europ e M e a n tim e th e B e rb e r a n d th e A ra b p ow e r wa s
.
,

w e a k e n i n g i n T u n is T rip oli a nd Egypt T h e T u rks wh o h a d

, ,
.
,

r e p l a c e d th e A r a bs o f M e sop ot a mi a S yri a a n d A si a M i n or a s , ,

M uh a mm a d a n rul e rs h a d c a ptur e d C o n st a n ti n opl e i n 1 4 5 3

, ,

a n d h a d s e i z e d Egyp t i n 1
5 1 7 a n d w e r e b e comi n g th e ri si n g
,

M uh a mm a d a n p ow e r W h e n th e Muh a m m a d a n s o f No rt h
.

A fr ic a a pp e a l e d to T urk e y for h e lp a ga i n s t th e a tt a cks of

th e C h risti a n S p a n i a r ds th e T urk s t ook a dv a n t a g e o f th e ir

1
N o w i n th e h i n t e rl a nd o f A l g e ri a , a nd p e rh a ps to b e o cc u pi e d s o m e
da y by th e F re n c h .
2 4 Tke C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R

i n t e rv e n tio n to e st a b lish th ro u gh th e T u rki s h C o rs a irs T urkis h

'
, ,

r e g e n ci e s i n A lg e ri a T u n is a n d T ripoli

whil e Egypt c a m e dir e c t ly u n d e r T urkish r ul e th roug h th e

h e t e rog e n e ous Ma mluk gu a rd whic h fu rn ish e d C irc a ssi a n m ili ,

t a ry rul e rs With th e e xc e p tio n o f M o rocco which still r e m a i n s

.
,

t o this da y a n i nd e p e nde n t B e rb e r st a t e T u rkis h co n t rol re ,

pl a c e d A r a b i nflu e n c e i n n orth e r n A fric a a n d e xt e n d e d by ,

d e gr e e s fa r i n to th e S a h a ra D e s e rt to th e old ki n gdo m o f
“
F e z z a n a nd a lo n g th e co a sts of th e R e d S e a
,
Pl u s 9a .

c h a n g e p lus c e st l a m e m e ch os e —n o m a t t e r wh e th e r T urk
,
’

Circ a ssi a n A l b a n i a n A r a b B e rb e r or A ra b i z e d N e gr o r u l e d
, , , , ,

M u h a mm a d a n i n flu e n c e a nd A r a b culture co n ti n u e d t o sp r e a d
ov e r a l l th e n orth e rn h a lf o f A fric a S om a lil a n d S e nnar Nubi a .
, , ,

Ko rd o fa n D a rfu r Wa d a i B o rn u H a us a l a nd a nd th e S a h a ra
, , , ,
-
, ,

m uc h o f S e ne g a mbi a a nd m ost o f th e cou n t ry withi n th e b e n d

,

o f th e Nig e r a n d a lo n g th e b a n ks o f th e upp e r Volt a w e r e c o n

v e rt e d to Muh a m m a d a n ism a n d b e c a m e fa mili a r wit h th e A ra b

,

to n gu e a s th e re ligio u s l a ngu a g e a n d wit h som e d e gr e e of ,

A ra b civili z a t i o n .

T h e p r e I sl a mic s e ttl e m e n ts o f sout h e r n A r a b s a lo n g th e

-

E a st co a st of A fric a w e r e r e viv e d by fre sh b a n ds of milit a nt

tr a d e rs a n d missio na r i e s o f I sl a m A ra bs e st a blish e d th e m .

s e lv e s o n c e mor e a t S ofa l a a t S e n a a nd Qu e lim a ne o n th e ,

low e r Z a m b e z i a t Mo ga m b i q u e Kilw a Z a n z i b a r Momb a s a

, , , , ,

a n d v a rious p orts o n th e S o m a li co a st A colo n y of Mu h a m .

m a da n i z e d P e rsi a n s j oi n e d th e m i n th e r o th c e n tury a t L a mu ,

a n d P e r si a n a s w e ll a s M u h a mm a d a n I n di a n i n fl u e n c e b e ga n

t o b e v e ry a pp a r e n t i n a rchit e c t u re o n th e E a st co a st of A fric a .

1 A l g e i a n d Tu n is w e re c o n q u e e d by Tu kis h pi a t e s q u it e a s mu c h
r a r r r ,

f o m th e mi l d B e b e dy n sti e s p o ss e ssi n g t h e m s f o m th e S p n is h e u
r r r a a r a

c o a c h m e n ts
r Trip o l i w a s t k e n f o m th e K n igh ts o f Ma l t
. a r G a du a ll y a. r

a l l t h e s e t h e e R e g e n ci e s de t c h e d t h e ms e l v e s fro m th e T u r kis h Empi re i n

r a

e v e yt h i n g b u t th e m e e a ck n o w l e dgm e n t o f s u e a i n ty ; b u t i n 1 8 3 5 th e
r r z r , ,

Tu rks b pt ly r e s u m e d th e di re ct c o nt ro l o f T rip o l i a nd B a rk a to wh ic h
a r u ,

t he y adde d F e a n i n 1 8 4 2z z .
I .
] 1 11 e di te r r a n e a n a nd M u lz a m m a a a n ’
. 2 5

Th e pow e rful S ul ta n a te o f Kilw a w a s fo u nd e d i n th e r o th

c e ntury a n d e x e rcis e d for som e tim e a domi n a ti n g i n flu e n c e
,

ov e r th e o th e r A ra b s e ttl e m e n ts o n th e E a st co a st o f A fric a .

A ra bs h a d a lso discov e r e d th e i sl a n d of M a d a g a sc a r whi c h ,

th e y first m a d e cl e a rly k n ow n to h i sto ry T h e y h a d s e ttl e d a s .

tr a d e rs o n its n o r t h a n d n ort h w e st co a sts w h il e th e a dj oi ni n g

-

“
Com oro I sl a n ds o r I sl a nds o f th e Full Moo n ( K o m r )
b e c a m e littl e A ra b s u l t a n a t e s p ra c tica lly i n th e h a n d s o f A r a b
i z e d N e gro e s U n til th e comi n g of th e Portugu e s e i n th e 1 6 t h
.

c e n tury th e s e A r a b E a st A frica n st a t e s w e r e sp a rs e ly colo n i z e d

by H imy a riti c or so u t h A r a bi a n A ra b s fro m th e H a d h ra m a ut
‘

Y a m a n a n d A d e n B ut a d e v e lop m e n t of p ow e r a nd e n t e r
,
.

pris e a m o ngst th e A ra bs o f M a sk a t wh i c h l e d to t h e i r d r ivi n g

,

a w a y th e Portugu e s e fr om th e i r o wn cou n try a n d subs e qu e n tly ,

a tt a cki n g t h e m o n th e E a st co a st o f A fri c a c a us e d th e Ma s ka t
l
,

A ra b to b e com e th e domi na n t typ e T h e M a sk a t A ra b s

.

fou n d e d th e m od e r n Z a nz ib a r sult a n a t e w h ic h quit e l a t e i n th e ,

pr e s e n t c e n tury w a s s e p a ra t e d by th e i n t e rv e n tio n o f th e
Briti s h Gov e r n m e n t fr om th e p a r e n t st a t e o f O m a n ’
.

A s th e r e sult o f th e M u h a mm a d a n i n v a si o n o f A fric a from

A ra bi a — o n ly j ust bro u ght t o a clos e a t th e e n d of th e 1 9 th
c e n tu ry— i t m a y b e st a t e d th a t A r a b i z e d B e r b e rs rul e d i n n ort h
a n d n orth w e st A fric a ; -
A r a bi z e d T u rks r ul e d i n n ort h a n d
n ort h e a st A fr ic a ; A r a bi z e d N e gro e s r u l e d o n th e Nig e r a n d
-
,

i n th e c e n t ra l S ud a n ; A r a bs rul e d m o re di re c tly o n th e Nil e ,

a n d o n th e Nubi a n co a st ; a n d th e A r a bs o f sout h A ra bi a a n d

of O m a n gov e r n e d th e Ea st A fric a n co a st a n d e v e n tu a lly

’
,

c a rri e d th e ir i n flu e n c e a n d to som e e xt e n t th e ir rul e i n l a n d

, ,

t o th e gre a t c e n tr a l A fric a n l a k e s a n d e v e n to th e upp e r ,

C o ngo .

Mu h a mm a d a n colo ni z a tio n o f A fric a wa s th e first s te p i n

th e bri n gi n g o f t h a t p a rt o f th e co n ti n e n t b e yo n d th e S a h a r a

1
O m a n Ma sk a t is th e c a pit a l o f th e p ri ncip a l ity o f O m a n (a wo rd
or
’
.
’

w h ic h is e a ll p ro n o u n c e d U m a n) i n E st A a bi a r l e d by a n I m a m o r
r y
’
a r
“
, u
”

l a ici e d de sc e nda n t o f a l i ne o f p re a che r ki n gs o r P r i n c e Bish o ps

z - .
”
2 6 T/z e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R 1 .

and upp e r Egyp t wit h i n th e cog n i z a n c e o f th e wo rld o f civili z a

tio n a nd his t ory T h e A ra b s b r oug h t with th e m from S yri a
.

a n d M e sopot a mi a th e ir a rchit e ctur e S a r a c e n ic —w h ich wa s

a n o ffs h o ot of th e By z a n ti n e
’
with a d a sh o f P e rsi a n o r I n di a n
,

i nflu e n c e T hi s a rchit e ctur e r e c e iv e d a t th e h an ds o f th e

.

B e rb e r s a nd Eg y pti a n s a n e xtr a ordi na rily b e a u t iful d e v e lop

m e n t a n d p e n e tra te d o n th e o n e h a n d i n to S p a i n a n d l e ss
, ,

dir e ctly i n to I t a ly a nd o n th e o th e r r e ach e d th e low e r Nig e r

, ,

th e upp e r Nil e th e V ici n ity o f th e Z a mb e z i a n d th e n o rt h

, ,

co a st of M a d a g a sc a r T h e y spr e a d a lso c e r t a i n i de a s o f Gre e k

.

m e dici n e a n d p h ilosophy a n d t a ught th e Ko ra n wh ic h ,

a dmi t t e d a ll t hos e B e rb e r a nd N e g ro p opul a tio n s i n to th a t

ci rcl e of civili z e d n a tio n s whic h h a s fou n d e d so mu ch of i ts
h op e s a n d phil o sophy a n d cul t ur e o n th e S e mitic S criptu re s .

A n d t h r o u gh t h e ir co n t a ct wi t h Eu r op e a n s A r a bs a n d A r a bi z e d ,

B e rb e r s first sk e tch e d o u t wi t h som e a ppro a c h t o corr e ct n e ss

th e g e ogr a p hy of i n n e r A fr ic a a nd o f th e A fric a n c o a s t s a n d
,

isl a n ds T h e di re ct a n d i mm e di a te r e sul t o f th is Mu h a m
.

m a d a n co n qu e s t o f A fric a w a s th e d ra wi n g i n to th a t co n t i ne n t
o f th e P o r t u gu e s e t h e m s e lv e s b u t r e c e n tly e m a n cip a t e d from
,

M uh a mm a d a n ru l e a nd s t ill r e t a i ni n g som e co nv e rs a n c e wi t h
,

A ra bic ; w h o th a nk s to th e i r i n t im a t e a cqu a i n t a n c e wi t h
,

Mu h a m m a d a n s a n d wi t h this fa r sp re a d l a n g u a g e us e d i n t h e ir
,
-

comm e rc e a n d re ligio n w e r e n o w a bl e to t a k e a s t e p furt h e r

,

i n th e colo n i z a t io n o f A fric a by sup e rio r r a c e s .

1
Th e ar ch it e ct
l styl e k n o wn a s S a ra c e n ic m a de its b e gi nn i n gs i n
u ra

I nn e r S y ri a a n d Me s o p o t a mi a c e n t u ry o r n e a l y s o b e fo re th e Mu
a r

h a m m a da n i n v a si o n ; a nd th e H o rs e s h o e A c h o th e a c h p o l o n g e d
“ ”
r r r r

fo r m o e t h a n h a l f a ci c l e w a s i n v e n t e d by H e ll e n i e d S y i a n s i n th e sixt h
r r z r

c e n t u y o f th is e ra Th e Ma hra b o f th e Mo sq e a nd s o m e o f th e do mi ng
r .
’
u

w e e a dde d by th e A ra bs an d a ctu a ll y de sc e nd f o m th e symb o l s o f p h a ll ic

r r

w o shipr .
MI L J N T

lm nt CB c "

EX P L A N A T O R Y N O T E

I t
n di c a e s a pp r o xi m t
a e a re a o v wh i h I
er c sl a m t i
i s th e do m i n a i ng re l i g o n a t th e p re s e nt da y
. . i l g
( N B Th e p r e s e n t a r e a s a r e r b
tl z a n i t h a s e v e r e e n i n th e pa s t)
l b
D o tte d sp o ts of c o o u r i l l u s tr a te s sp o r a di c e s ta l i s h m e n ts of Mu ka m n z a da n i s m
l e Bo u n da r i e s of m o s t i m po r ta n t Mu lta m m a a a n E m p i r e s w lz e n a t tlz e i r r e a te s t
’
g
ex te n t a r e s lz o w n in c o lo u re d Im e s
 C H A PT E R II .

THE P O R T UG UE S E IN AF R IC A .

T HE m oth e r Port u g a l wa s G a lici a th a t n ort h w e st e rn

of ,
-

p r ovi n c e o f th e pr e s e n t Ki ngdom of S p a i n I t wa s h e r e a t .

a ny r a t e t h a t th e Portug u e s e l a n gu a g e d e v e lop e d fr o m a di a l e ct

of provi nci a l L a ti n a n d h e n c e th a t th e first e xp e di tio n s s t a rt e d

,

to driv e th e M oors o u t of t h a t t e rritory whic h s u bs e qu e n t ly

b e c a m e th e Ki n gd o m of P o r tug a l A l a rg e e l e m e n t i n th e
.

p opul a tio n s o f G a lici a a n d o f th e n o r th e rn p a rts o f Po r tug a l

wa s Gothic T h e S u e vi s e t tl e d h e re i n co n sid e ra bl e n umb e rs
.
,

a n d th e ir d e sc e n d a n ts a t th e p r e s e n t da y sh ow th e fin e t a ll

figu re s fl a x e n o r r e d h a ir a n d blu e e y e s so ch a ra c t e ristic o f

, ,

th e n ort h e r n T e u to n C e n t r a l P or t ug a l i s m a i n ly o f L a ti n i z e d
.

I b e ri a n s t ock whil e sout h e r n Por t ug a l r e t a i n s to t his da y a

,

l a rg e e l e m e n t o f M oo ri sh blood T h e n ort h e r n p a rt o f .

Portug a l wa s first wr e st e d from th e M oo r s by a Fr e n c h

a dv e n tur e r ( H e n ry o f Bu rg u n dy ) i n th e s e rvic e o f th e ki n g o f

L e o n a nd t h is m a n s s o n b e c a m e th e fi rst ki ng o f Po rtug a l
,
’
.

Littl e by littl e th e M oors w e r e d riv e n southwa rd till a t l a st ,

th e sout h e r n m ost provi n c e o f A l g a rv e wa s co n qu e r e d a n d a t

l
,

th e cl o s e o f th e 1 2 th c e n tu ry th e M oors h a d c e a s e d to rul e
a n y lo n g e r i n th e Rom a n Lusit a n i a .

1
F ro m A bic A l g /z b th e w e st th e s u n s e t Th e tit l e o f
th e ra -
ar ,
‘
,
’ ‘
.
’

th e K g P t ga l is Ki ng o f P o t u g a l a n d th e A l g rv e s o n t h is si de
i n o f o r u
“
r a ,

a n d o n th e o t h e r si de o f th e s e a i n A f ic a e tc
”
r ,
.
2 8 T/z e C o l o n i z a ti o n o f A fr i c a .
[C HA R

But th e P o r t ugu e s e lik e th e S p a n i a r ds n o t co n t e n t wi t h

, ,

riddi n g th e P e n i n sul a o f th e Mo o rish i n v a d e r s a t te mpt e d t o ,

c a rry th e w a r i n t o th e e n e my s cou n try u rg e d th e r e to by th e

’
,

irrit a ti ng a t t a ck s of M o o ri sh p i ra t e s I n 1 4 1 5 a s a l re a dy .
,

r e l a t e d a Po r tugu e s e a rmy l a n d e d o n th e co a st of M o rocco

, ,

a n d c a p tu r e d th e cit a d e l o f C e u t a — th e R om a n S e p ta .

Bi t b y b it th e Por t ugu e s e c o n ti n u e d co n qu e ri n g th e
c o a st tow n s of Mo rocco or buildi n g n e w s e t tl e m e n t s — till
,

i n th e s e co n d h a lf of th e 1 6 t h c e n t u ry th e ki n g of Portuga l
w a s a lmost e n t itl e d t o th a t cl a im ov e r th e Empi r e o f Mo rocco
w h ich still a ss e r ts its e lf i n th e fo r m a l s e t t i n g forth of h is -

digni t i e s M ost o f t h e s e p osts w e re e i t h e r a b a n do n e d som e

.

y e a rs b e fo re or j u st a ft e r th e d e fe a t of th e y o u n g ki n g
S e b a s tra o o D e s e j a do —S e b a sti a n th e d e sir e d — w h o a t th e
”

a g e o f o n ly 2 3 w a s d e fe a t e d a n d sl a i n b y th e fou n d e r o f th e

S h a ri fia n dy n a s t y o f Morocco o n th e fa t a l fi e ld o f A l K a sr a l -

K a b i r i n 1 5 7 8 C e u t a w a s t a k e n ov e r by S p a i n i n 1 5 8 0 wa s
.
,

g a rriso n e d t h a t is by S p a n ish soldi e rs : th e two o r t h re e

, ,
1

ot h e r M orocco tow n s w h ic h re m a i n e d i n Port u g u e s e h a n ds

a ft e r th e b a ttl e of K a s r— al Ka b i r b e i ng g a rr iso n e d by Po r
-
,

tu g u e s e soldi e rs r e v e r t e d to th e s e p a ra t e d c row n o f P o r t u g a l i n
,

1 64 0 . O f th e s e T a ngi e r wa s c e d e d t o E ngla n d i n 1 6 6 2 S a fli ,

wa s giv e n up t o th e Moors i n 1 6 4 1 o t h e r poi n ts w e re s n a tch e d

,

by th e M oo r s i n 1 6 8 9 a nd M a z a g a n w a s fi na lly l o st i n 1 7 7 0
,
.

T h e s e co n d s o n of th e ki ng D o m J o a O I ( w h o r e ign e d
from 1 3 8 5 t o 1 4 3 3 ) a n d P hilipp a da ugh t e r o f th e E nglish ,

J oh n o f G a u n t w a s n a m e d H e n ry ( H e n r iq u e ) a n d wa s
, ,

“
subs e q u e n tl y k n ow n t o a l l tim e a s H e n ry th e N a vig a t o r ”

fr om th e i n te re st h e to o k i n m a ri t im e e xp lo ra tio n H e wa s .

p r e s e n t a t th e si e g e o f C e u t a i n 1 4 1 5 a n d a ft e r i ts c a p t u r e w a s
,

s a i d to h a v e i n qui re d w i t h m uc h i n t e r e st a s t o th e c o n di t io n o f
M o rocco a nd o f th e u nk n ow n A fric a n i n t e r ior a n d to h a v e ,

h e a rd from th e M oors o f T im b uk t u .

1
A nd w as fi n a ll y c e de d to S p a i n by P o t u g a l i n r 1 66 8 .
 T/z e Po r tu g u ese i n A fr i c a . 2 9

O nh i s r e tur n t o P ortuga l h e e st a blis h e d h ims e lf o n th e

rocky prom o n t ory o f Sa g re s a n d d e vot e d h i ms e lf t o th e
,

e n cour a g e m e n t of th e e xplo ra tio n o f th e co a sts o f A fric a .

U n d e r h is dir e ctio n e xp e diti o n a ft e r e xp e di t io n s e t o u t Fi r st .

C a p e Boj a dor to th e sou th o f th e M orocco co a st wa s doubl e d

by Gil Ba n ne s i n In 1 4 4 1 — 2 A n to n io G o n s a l v e z a n d

Nu n o T rist a m p a ss e d C a p e B l a n co o n th e S a h a ra co a st a n d ,

r e a ch e d th e Ri o d O u ro o r Riv e r of Gold fr om wh e n c e t h e y
’ 2
,

brought b a ck som e gold dust a n d te n sl a v e s T h e s e sl a v e s .

h a vi n g b e e n s e n t by Pri n c e H e n ry t o Pop e M a rti n V th e ,

l a tt e r co n fe rr e d up o n P ort u g a l th e rig h t o f p oss e ssio n a n d

sov e r e ig n ty ov e r a ll cou n tri e s th a t migh t b e discov e r e d b e tw e e n
C a p e Bl an co a n d I ndi a I n 1 4 4 5 a Port u gu e s e n a m e d J o a 6
.

F e r na n d e z m a d e th e fi r st ov e r l a n d e xplora tio n st a rti ng a lo n e

-

fr om th e m outh o f th e Rio d O u ro a n d t ra v e lli n g ov e r ’

,

s e v e n m o n t h s i n th e i n t e rio r I n th e followi ng y e a r th e riv e r

.

S e n e g a l wa s r e a ch e d a n d C a p e V e rd e w a s d oubl e d by D i n i z
,

D i a z a n d i n 1 4 4 8 th e co a st w a s e xplor e d a s fa r a s S i e rra
,

L e o n e I n 1 4 5 5 —6 C a da m o s to ( a V e n e t i a n i n P o r tugu e s e
.

s e rvic e ) discov e re d th e C a p e V e r d e I sl a n ds a nd visi t e d th e ,

riv e rs S e n e g a l a n d G a mbi a b ri n gi n g b a ck much i n form a ti o n i n

,

r e g a rd to T imbuktu th e tra d e i n gold a n d ivory wit h th e co a st

, ,

a n d th e ov e r l a n d t ra d e rou t e s from th e Nig e r to th e Me di te r

-

ra n e a n I t is a ss e rt e d by th e Portugu e s e th a t som e y e a r s l a te r
.

two Po rtugu e s e e n voys a ctu a lly r e a ch e d T imbuktu ; but th e

tr u th o f this a ss e rtio n i s som e wh a t probl e m a tic a l a s h a d t h e y ,

do n e so th e y would prob a bly h a v e dissip a t e d to som e e xt e n t

th e e xc e ssiv e e x a gg e ra ti o n s r e g a r di n g th e w e a lt h a n d imp o r t

a n ce o f tha t N e gro c a p i t a l I n 1 4 6 2 two y e a r s a ft e r th e

.
,

d e a th o f Pri n c e H e n ry P e dro D a Ci n tr a e xplor e d th e co a st a s

,

fa r a s m od e rn Lib e ri a By 1 4 7 1 th e w h ol e Gui n e a co a st h a d
.

1 Th o u gh it h a d b e e n k n o w n to I ta l i a n a nd N or m an na viga t o rs a

c e n t u ry e rl i e r
a .

2
O n l y a n i n l e t i n th e D e s e r t c o a st .
30 Tke C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C H A R

b e e n fo llow e d p a st th e Nig e r d e lt a a n d a s fa r south a s th e ,

O go we .

I n 1 4 4 8 u n d e r P ri n c e H e nry s dir e cti o n s a fo rt h a d b e e n

’

, ,

built o n th e Ba y o f A rgui n t o th e sout h of C a p e Bl a nco a n d

, ,

a fe w y e a r s l a t e r a Por tu gu e s e comp a n y w a s fo r m e d for c a rry

i n g o n a tr a d e with th e Gui n e a co a s t i n sl a v e s a n d gold Th e .

fi r s t e xp e ditio n s e n t o u t b y this comp a ny r e sult e d i n th e

d e sp a tch o f 2 0 0 N e gr o sl a v e s t o Po r tuga l a nd t h e n c e fo rwa rd ,

th e sl a v e t ra d e g re w a n d pr o sp e r e d a n d a t first r e s u lt e d i n ,

lit t l e o r n o mis e ry fo r th e sl a v e s wh o e xch a ng e d a h u n t e d , ,

h a n d t o m ou t h e xis t e n c e a m o n g s a v a g e t ri b e s i n A fr ica fo r
- -

r e l a t i v e ly ki n d tr e a t m e n t a n d com fort a bl e livi n g i n b e a u t iful

P ortug a l wh e r e th e y w e re muc h i n fa v o ur a s h o u s e s e rv a n ts
, .

I n 1 4 8 1 th e Po r t u g u e s e w h o h a d b e e n for som e y e a rs e x
,

a m i n in th e G o ld Co a s t d e cid e d t o build a fo r t to prot e ct

g ,

t h e i r t ra d e th e re I n 1 4 8 2 th e for t wa s compl e t e d a nd th e
.

Po rtugu e s e fl a g ra is e d i n t ok e n of sov e r e ig n ty T his s t r o ng .

pl a c e fo r m o r e th a n a h u n d re d y e a rs i n p oss e ssio n of th e
,

P o rtugu e s e wa s c a ll e d S a O J o rg e da Mi n a
,
I n th e s a m e y e a r
’
.

i n which t h is firs t Po rt u gu e s e p o s t wa s e s t a b lish e d o n th e Gold

C o a s t e xplor a t i o n o f th e A fric a n co a s t wa s c a rri e d o n b e yo n d
e
,

th e m o ut h o f th e O gow e b y Di ogo C a m wh o t h re e y e a rs la t e r ,

— i n 1 4 8 5 discov e r e d th e mo u th o f th e Co n go a n d s a il e d u p
, ,

th a t r iv e r a bou t a s fa r a s Bom a Di o go C a m s di scov e r i e s .

’

w e re c o n ti nu e d by B a rtolom e u D i a z wh o p a ssi ng a lo ng th e , ,

so u t h — w e st co a s t o f A fric a r ou n d e d th e C a p e o f Good H op e
,

i n s to rmy w e a th e r witho u t k n owi n g it a n d to u ch e d l a n d a t ,

A lgo a Ba y w h e n c e o n his r e t u rn j ou rn e y h e sig h t e d t h a t

, , ,
“
fa m ous c a p e which Ki ng J oh n I I ch ri s t e n e d th e C a p e o f
,

Goo d H op e .
”

1
N w d ys k no wn a s E l mi na
o a a .

2As wi ll b e s e e n i n a no t h e c ha pt e t h e e a e t a diti o n s o f N or m a n
r r, r r r

m e ch n ts f m Di e pp e h vi n g e st b l ishe d fo ts o r t a di ng st a ti o n s a l o ng
r a ro a a r r

th e W e st A f ic n c o st i n th e 1 3 t c e t u y e sp e ci ll y
“
L a Mi ne d O
’ ”
r ah n a a t r , a r

E l min a — wh e re th e N o m n s p o ssibl y p e c e de d th e P o rtu gu e s e

r a r .
1L ] T/i e P o r tu g u es e i n A fr i c a .
31

A l re a dy th e Po r tugu e s e w e r e full o f th e id e a of r o u ndi ng

A fric a a n d so r e a chi n g I n di a T h e y h a d b e gu n t o h e a r from
.

th e A r a b s w h o w e r e n o w i n full p oss e ssio n o f th e E a st A fric a n

,
’
co a st rum ours o f th e c i rc u m na v i g a b i l i ty o f A fri c a
,
A Po r .

tu g u e s e n a m e d P e ro de C o v i l h a O st a r t e d for Egypt i n 1 4 8 6 ,

a n d t r a v e ll e d t o I n di a by w a y o f th e R e d S e a O n his r e tur n .

h e v i sit e d m ost o f th e A r a b s e ttl e m e n ts o n th e E a st co a st o f

A fric a a s fa r south a s S ofa l a T h e i n form a ti o n h e brough t
.

b a ck d e cid e d th e d e sp a tc h o f a n e xp e ditio n u n d e r V a sco da

G a m a to p a ss ro u n d th e C a p e o f Good H op e to th e A r a b
,

colo n i e s a n d t h e n c e t o I n di a V a sc o da G a m a s e t o u t i n
,
.

1 4 9 7 a n d m a d e h i s fa m ous voy a g e rou n d th e C a p e ( c a lli n g a t

,

a n d n a mi n g N a t a l o n th e wa y) to S ofa l a wh e r e h e p ick e d up ,

a n A r a b p ilo t w h o took h i m to M a li n di a nd t h e n c e to I n di a ,
.

O n h is r e tur n j our n e y V a sco da G a m a to ok p oss e ssio n o f th e

i sl a n d o f Mo ga m b i q u e a n d visit e d th e Qu e lim a n e r iv e r ne a r
,

th e m o u t h o f th e Z a mb e z i Num e rous w e ll e quip p e d e x

.
-

p e di ti o n s s a il e d for I n di a withi n th e y e a rs fo llowi n g V a sco da

G a m a s discov e ri e s W h il e I n di a wa s th e m a i n go a l b e for e th e
’
.

e y e s o f t h e ir comm a n d e rs co n sid e r a b l e a t t e n tio n w a s b e stow e d

,

upo n th e fou n di ng of for ts a lo n g th e E a st co a st o f A fric a b ot h ,

to p rot e ct th e C a p e rout e to I n di a a n d to fu r t h e r Por t u g u e s e ,

tr a d e wi t h th e i n t e rior o f A fric a I n n e a rly e v e ry c a s e th e .

Por t ugu e s e m e r e ly suppl a n te d th e A r a bs wh o — p o ssibly t h e m ,

s e lv e s supp l a n ti ng P ho e n ici a n s o r S a b a e a n s — h a d e s t a blis h e d

t h e ms e lv e s a t S ofa l a Qu e lim a ne S e n a ( o n th e Z a m be z i )
, , ,

M o c a mbiqu e Kilw a Z a nz ib a r Momb a s a M a li ndi L a mu a n d

, , , , , ,

Ma g di s h u S ofa l a w a s t a k e n by P e dro de A nh aya i n 1 5 0 5 ;

.

T rist a n d A c u n h a c a pt u r e d S ocotr a a n d L a m u i n 1 5 0 7 i n
’
,

wh ic h y e a r a lso D u a rt e de M e llo c a p t u r e d a nd fo rtifi e d

Mo g a m b i q u e Kilwa a n d th e surrou n di n g A ra b e st a blis h
.

m e nts w e r e s e i z e d b e tw e e n 1 5 0 6 a n d 1 5 0 8 a n d a littl e l a te r ,

1
v e n a ll e ge d t h a t c e rt a i n A a b s h ips h d b e e n d ive n by st re ss
I t w as e r a r

o f w e a t h e r p a st th e C a p e o f G o o d H o p e a nd h a d b ro u g h t b a ck w o d
, r

o f th e n o r t h w a rd t e n d o f th e w e st c o a st
r .
32 me C o lo ni z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C H A R

th e r e m a i n i n g pl a c e s a l re a dy m e n ti o n e d o n th e E a st co a st
o f A fric a w e r e i n p oss e ssio n o f th e Portugu e s e w h o h a d a lso ,

A d e n o n th e so u th co a s t o f A ra bi a th e i sl a n d o f O rmu z o n th e
,

P e rsi a n Gulf a nd v a riou s pl a c e s o n th e co a st o f O m a n i n clud

,
’
,

i n g Ma sk a t . P e r o de C o v i lh a O h a d a l re a dy a s h a s b e e n ,

m e n tio n e d V isit e d th e E a st co a st of A fric a (a ft e r tr a v e lli ng

,

ov e rl a n d t o I n di a ) b e fo re Va sco da G a m a s r ou n di n g of th e ’

C a p e H e t h e n dir e ct e d his st e ps to A b yssi ni a o f w h ic h h e

.
,

h a d h e a r d wh e n i n C a i r o .

B e fo r e t his p e riod of th e world s h isto ry a n d from th e tim e

’

o f th e e a r li e r crus a d e s a l e g e n d h a d g row n o f th e e xis t e n c e o f

,

Pr e st e r J oh n — som e Ch ris t i a n m o n a rch o f th e n a m e o f J oh n ,

w h o rul e d i n th e h e a rt of A si a o r o f A fric a a b righ t sp ot i n th e ,

midst of H e a th e n ry T h e co u rt of P re s t e r J oh n w a s loc a t e d
.

a n ywh e re b e tw e e n S e n e g a m bi a a n d C hi n a ; b u t th e l e g e n d h a d

its origi n pro b a b ly i n th e co n ti n u e d e xi st e n c e o f Gre e k Ch r is

ti a ni ty i n A b yssi n i a a n d tow a rds A b yssi n i a s e v e ra l Portugu e s e
,

e xplo r e rs a n d m issio n a r i e s dir e ct e d th e ir st e ps fr om th e tim e

o f P e ro or P e dr o de C o v i l h a O u n t il th e 1 7 t h c e n tu ry S om e .

Portugu e s e J e suit mi ssio n a ri e s p e n e tr a t e d far sout h of A bys

si ni a i nto cou n tri e s w h ich h a v e o n ly b e e n si n c e r e v isit e d
by E u r op e a n s wi t h i n th e l a st fe w y e a rs Po rt u gu e s e civili .

z a ti o n dis t i n c t ly l e ft its m a r k o n A byssi n i a i n a rchit e ct u r e an d

i n oth e r w a ys Th e v e ry n a m e wh ic h we a pply to th is mo de rn
.

Eth iop i a i s a Portugu e s e r e n d e ri ng o f th e A r a b a n d I ndi a n

c a n t t e r m for n e gro — H a be s li — a wo rd o f u n c e r t a i n origi n
‘ ’
.

A b ou t thi s tim e a lso th e Por t ugu e s e visit e d th e co a sts o f

, ,

M ada g a sc a r a s will b e r e l a t e d i n th e c h a pt e r d e a li n g wi th th a t
,

i sl a n d T h e y a lso discov e re d ( i n 1 5 0 7 ) th e isl a n ds n o w k n ow n

.

by th e n a m e s o f R e u n io n a n d Ma uri t ius t h ough t h e y m a d e n o

’

p e rm a n e n t s e t tl e m e n t s o n e ith e r .

O n th e W e st co a s t o f A fr ic a g e ogra phic a l discov e ry wa s

soo n follow e d by s o m e th i n g lik e colo n i z a tio n Th e isl a n d o f .

M a d e ir a wh ic h h a d b e e n k n ow n to th e Portugu e s e i n th e
,

1 4 th c e n tu ry wa s occupi e d b y th e m i n th e i 5 th a nd a
, ,
 l e Po r tu g u e s e i n A fr i c a .
33

h u n dre d y e a rs a ft e r wa rds wa s a lr e a dy p r od uci n g a supply o f

t h a t wi n e whic h h as m a d e i t so j ustly fa m ous T h e isl a n d o f
1
.

S t H e l e na a ft e rw a rds to b e s e i z e d by th e D u tc h a n d t a k e n
-

from t h e m by th e E nglish E a st I n di a C omp a n y — wa s dis

cov e re d by th e Port u gu e s e i n 1 5 0 2 a nd t h is i sl a n d a ls o a t , ,

th e e n d of a c e n tury o f i n t e rmit t e n t u s e by th e P o r t ugu e s e ,

poss e ss e d ora n g e grov e s a nd fig tr e e s wh ich t h e y h a d p l a n t e d .

Wh e n Di e go C a m r e tur ne d fr om th e Co n go i n 1 4 8 5 h e
brought b a ck with h i m a fe w C o n go n a t iv e s wh o w e r e b a p ,

ti z e d a n d w h o r e t u r n e d som e y e a r s l a t e r to th e Co ngo wit h

,

D i e go C a m a nd a l a rge n umb e r o f pros e lyti z i ng p r i e sts T h i s .

Po rtugu e s e e xp e ditio n a rr iv e d a t th e m out h o f th e Co ngo i n

1 4
9 1 a nd t h e r e e n cou n t e r e d a v a ss a l c h i e f o f th e ki ng o f th e
C o ngo wh o rul e d th e riv e ra i n p rovi n c e o f S o nyo T h is c h i e f .

r e c e iv e d th e m with a r e sp e ct du e to d e mi gods a n d a ll o w e d -

h im s e l f to b e a t o n c e c o n v e rt e d to C h risti a n i t y— a co n v e rsio n
wh ic h wa s si nc e r e a n d du ra bl e T h e Po r tugu e s e proc e e d e d .

u nd e r hi s guid a n c e to th e ki ng s c a pi t a l a b o u t 2 0 0 m il e s from’

th e co a st w h ic h t h e y n a m e d S a 6 S a lv a dor
,
H e re th e ki ng a n d .

qu e e n w e r e b a p t i z e d wi th th e n a m e s of th e t h e n ki n g a nd qu e e n
o f P o r t ug a l J o a 6 a n d L e o n ora w h il e th e crow n P ri n c e wa s
, ,

c a ll e d A ffo n so C h risti a n ity m a d e surprisi n g prog re ss a mo ngst

.

t h e s e fe tis h worship p e rs w h o r e a dily tr a n sfe rr e d t h e ir a dora tio n

,

t o th e Virgi n M a ry a n d th e s a i n t s a n d disca r d e d th e ir i n di ,
'

g e n ou s m a l e a nd fe m a l e gods E a rly i n th e 1 6 th c e n tury th e .

C o ngo ki ngdom wa s V isit e d by th e Bish op of S a 6 T h om e a n ,

isl a n d o ff th e Gui n e a co a st w h ic h tog e t h e r with th e a dj o i n i n g

, ,

Pri n c e s I sl a n d h a d b e e n s e ttl e d by th e Portugu e s e soon a ft e r

’
,

t h e i r discov e ry o f th e W e st co a st o f A fric a T h e B ish op o f S a 6 .

1
Th e C y I sl a nds i nha bit e d by a a c e o f B e rbe r o rigi n h a d b e e n
anar ,
r ,

re disc o v e e d (fo r G re e k a n d R o m a n g e o gra phe r s k n e w o f t he m ) by

r

N o m a n s a n d G e n o e s e i n th e 1 4 t h c e n t u y
r The y w e e c o n q e e d by a r . r u r

N o m a n a dv e n t u re
r J e a n de B e t a nc o t o r B e t h e n c o u t i n th e se rvic e o f
r, u r r ,

P o t u g a l P o t u ga l ho w e v e r a ft e r a b ri e f o cc u p a ncy t ra n s fe rre d t h e m to
r . r , ,

C a sti l e i n 1 4 7 9 .
34 l e C o lo n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C H A R

T h om e b e i ng u n a bl e to t a k e u p h is r e sid e n c e i n th e ki n gdom
o f Co n go p r oc u r e d th e c o n s e cr a tio n of a na t iv e N e g ro a s
Bis h o p o f th e Co n go T his m a n w h o w a s a m e mb e r o f th e
.
,

Co n go r oya l fa m ily h a d b e e n e d u c a t e d i n Lis b o n a n d w a s I

, , ,

b e li e v e th e fi rst N e g r o bish op k n ow n t o histo r y Bu t h e wa s

,
.

n o t a g r e a t s u cc e ss n o r w a s th e n e x t b ish o p i n w h os e r e ig n
, ,

i n th e m iddl e o f th e 1 6 th c e n t u ry gr e a t di ss e n sio n s a r os e i n
th e Co n go chu r ch a m o n g th e n a tiv e p r i e s t h ood which l e d to a ,

co n sid e ra bl e l e ss e n i n g o f Ch risti a n fe rvo u r Af t e r th e d e a t h o f .

D om Di e go a ci v il wa r b rok e o u t a n d o n e by o n e th e m a l e s,

“
o f th e roy a l h o u s e w e r e a l l kill e d e xc e pt D o m H e n r iqu e
”
th e ,

ki ng s b r o t h e r T his l a tt e r a lso di e d soo n a ft e r s u cc e e di n g t o

’
.

“
th e t hr o n e a n d l e ft th e s t a t e to his s o n D om A lv a re s ”
, , .

D u ri n g this civil w a r m a ny o f th e Po rt u gu e s e whom th e ki n gs

of Co n go h a d i n vit e d t o s e ttl e i n th e co u n t ry a s t e a c h e rs ,

m e ch a n ics a n d cra ftsm e n w e re kill e d o r e xp e ll e d a s th e c a us e

,

o f th e t ro u b l e s whic h Eu r op e a n i n t e r v e n t io n h a d b r ough t o n

th e C o n go ki n gdom ; bu t D om A lv a re s who w a s a n e n ,

l ight e n e d m a n g a t h e re d t og e th e r a ll t h a t r e m a i n e d a n d fo r
, ,

a t im e Por t ug u e s e civili z a t io n co n t i n u e d to a dv a n c e ov e r th e

cou n t ry Bu t a g re a t s t umbli n g b lock h a d a ris e n i n th e wa y o f

.
-

C h ris t i a n i t y b e i n g a cc e pt e d b y th e b ulk o f th e p e opl e — t h a t

stumbli n g block wh ich i s s t ill di scuss e d a t e v e ry Missi o n a ry
-

co n fe re n c e — p o lyg a my A r e l a ti o n of th e ki n g D om A lv a r e s
.

re n o u n c e d C h ris t i a n i t y a n d h e a d e d a r e a c t io n a ry p a r ty Cu ri .

o u s l y e n o u g h h e h a s b e e n h a n d e d d o w n t o h is t o ry a s E u l a

Ma ta di th e Br e a k e r o f S t o n e s th e n a m e which m o r e t h a n
,
“
,
”

t h re e h u n d r e d y e a r s a ft e rw a rds w a s a pp li e d to th e e xpl o r e r
S t a n l e y b y th e Co n go p e o pl e s a n d h a s si n c e b e com e th e
,

n a tiv e n a m e fo r th e w h ol e o f th e gov e rn m e n t of th e Co n go

Fr e e S t a t e .

I n th e middl e o f th e 1 6 t h c e n t u ry Portugu e s e i n flu e n c e
ov e r th e Co ngo re c e iv e d a d e a dly blo w T h a t ki n gd o m which .
,

m us t b e t a k e n to i n clud e th e co a s t l a n ds o n e i t h e r sid e o f th e
l o w e r C o n go w a s i n v a d e d b y a s a va g e tri b e from th e i n t e rior
,
 Tko P o r tu g u ese i n A fr i c a .
35

“
k n ow n a s th e J a gg a p e opl e s a i d to b e a r a c e r e l a t e d to th e
,

Fa n s T h e J a gg a w e r e pow e rful m e n a n d fe roci ous c a n n i b a ls

’
.
,

a n d th e y c a rri e d a l l b e for e t h e m th e ki n g a n d h is cour t t a ki n g

,

r e fug e o n a n isl a n d o n th e b r o a d Co n go n o t fa r from B om a

,
.

T h e ki ng o f C o n go a pp e a l e d to Portug a l fo r h e lp a n d th a t ,

ill fa t e d b ut brilli a n t you n g m o na rc h D om S e b a sti a o s e n t h i m

-
, ,

Fr a n ciso de Gov a with 6 0 0 soldi e rs Wit h th e a i d o f th e s e.

Portugu e s e a n d t h e ir gu n s th e J a gg a w e r e driv e n o u t Th e .

ki ng w h o h a d h it h e rto l e d a v e ry irr e gul a r life for a Christi a n

, ,

n o w fo r m a lly m a rri e d b u t wa s n o t r e w a rd e d by a l e g a l h e i r
, ,

a n d h a d t o i n dic a t e a s h i s succ e ss o r a n a tu r a l s o n by a co n c n

bi n e A bou t this tim e th e ki ng of Po rtuga l p r e ss e d h is brot h e r

.

o f C o n go to r e v e a l th e e xi st e n c e o f m i n e s of pr e cious m e t a ls .

Wh e th e r t h e re a re suc h i n th e Co n go cou n try — e xc e pt a s

r e g a rds copp e r —h a s n o t b e e n m a d e k n ow n e v e n a t th e pr e s e n t
da y b ut th e y w e r e suppos e d to e xist a t t h a t tim e ; a n d c e rt a i n
,

Portugu e s e a t th e C o n go court dissu a d e d th e pri n c e w h om

t h e y s e rv e d from givi ng a ny i n fo rm a tio n o n th e subj e ct n o ,

doubt d e siri n g t o k e e p s u c h k n owl e dg e to t h e ms e lv e s T h e .

ki ng o f C o n go D om A lv a r e s w h e n th e J a gg a h a d r e tir e d
, , ,

m a d e r e p e a t e d a pp e a ls for m or e Portugu e s e p r i e sts a n d s e n t ,

“
s e v e ra l e mb a ssi e s to Po r tug a l ; but D o m S e b a s ti a c) h a d b e e n
kill e d i n M orocco a n d his u n cl e th e C a rdi n a l H e n riq u e wh o
, , ,

h a d succ e e d e d h im a n d w h o wa s th e l a st Po r tugu e s e ki n g o f
th e H ous e o f A vi s w a s too much occupi e d by th e a ffa i rs o f
,

h i s to t t e r i ng ki n gdom to re ply t o t h e s e a pp e a ls But w h e n .

P hilip I I o f S p a i n h a d s e i z e d th e th ro n e o f Port ug a l h e
d e sp a tch e d a P or t ugu e s e n a m e d D u a rt e Lop e s to r e p ort o n th e
co u n try o f th e C o n go A ft e r sp e n di n g som e tim e i n C o ngo
.

l a n d D u a rt e Lop e s st a rt e d to r e tur n t o Po r t ug a l wit h a gr e a t

a mou n t o f i n form a t i o n a bout th e cou n try a n d m e ss a g e s fr om
,

th e ki n g o f Co n go .U nfortu na t e ly h e wa s driv e n by storm s t o

1
P o ssib l y a m o re p u re l y B a n t u t r ibe The i r de sc e nda n ts s e e m sti ll
. to
b e fo u n d l ivi n g o n th e r iv e r Kw a n g o b e h i n d A ng o la u n de r th e n a m e o f
Y a ka .
36 Tb e C o l o ni z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R

C e n tr a l A m e ric a a n d wh e n h e r e a ch e d S p a i n th e ki ng w a s to o
,

busy p re p a r i n g th e G re a t A rm a d a to list e n to him T h e r e for e .

D ua rt e w e n t o n a pilg rim a g e to R om e t o a p p e a l t o th e Pop e ,

b u t th e l a t t e r for som e re a so n g a v e hi m n o e n coura g e m e n t .

Whilst s t a y i n g i n I t a ly h ow e v e r h e a ll o w e d a n I t a li a n n a m e d
, ,

Filipp o Pi g a fe tta to t a k e d o w n a n d pu b lis h i n 1 5 9 1 hi s a cc o u n t

o f th e Co n go ki n gdom , t og e th e r wit h a r e cit a l o f th e Po rtu
g u e s e e xplo ra tio n s a n d c o n qu e s t s i n E a s t A fric a .

A lth ough P or t u gu e s e pri e sts — J e sui t s pr o b a bly — co n t i n u e d

for a h u n d re d y e a rs lo ng e r t o v isi t th e ki n g dom o f Co n go from ,

th e e n d of th e 1 6 t h c e n t u ry b o t h C h r isti a n a n d Po rt u g u e s e i n

fl u e n c e slowly fa d e d a n d th e cou n try r e l a p s e d i n to h e a t h e n ism

, .

T h e Portug u e s e a p p e a r t o h a v e e xcit e d th e a n imosi t y o f a

som e wh a t p ro u d p e opl e by t h e ir ov e rb e a ri n g d e m e a n o u r a n d
r a p a ci t y. T h e y h e l d i n t e rmi t t e n t ly K a bi n d a o n th e c o a st t o
,

th e n o r th o f th e Co n go e s t u a ry a n d occ a sio n a lly s e n t missio n s

,

o f i n v e s t i t ur e t o S a 6 S a lv a dor to r e p r e s e n t th e ki n g of Por t ug a l

a t th e c r ow n i ng of som e n e w ki n g of C o n go ; a n d th e ki n g o f

C o n go wa s u s u a lly giv e n a Po rtugu e s e n a m e a n d occ a sio n a lly

a n h o n or a ry r a n k i n th e Por tug u e s e a rmy B u t i t w a s n o t
.

u n t il th e e n d o f th e pr e s e n t c e n tury t h a t Po rt u g a l a c t u a lly
a ss e rt e d h e r domi n io n ov e r th e Co n go cou n t ri e s E n gl a n d h a d
.

du ri n g th e l a s t a n d n e ar ly a ll th e p r e s e n t c e n t u ry st e a dily
r e fus e d to r e cog n i z e Po rtugu e s e rul e a nywh e r e n ort h o f th e
Co n go b u t i n 1 8 8 4 p r op o s e d to do so u n d e r su ffici e n t
,

gu a r a nt e e s fo r fr e e dom of t ra d e s e t fo r t h i n a tr e a ty w h ic h wa s
r e n d e r e d a b or tiv e by th e op p osi tio n of th e H ous e of C omm o n s .

I f t h is tr e a ty h a d b e e n r a tifi e d i t would h a v e b rough t u n d e r

j oi n t E nglish a n d P or t u g u e s e i n flu e n c e th e low e r Co n go ,

b e sid e s s e t t li n g a mica bly Por t ugu e s e a n d B ritish cl a ims i n

Ny a s a l a n d T h e foolish a n d u nre a so n i n g opp osi t io n o f a
.

k n o t o f u n pr a c t i c a l phil a n t hropis t s i n th e H ous e of Comm o n s

wr e ck e d th e t re a ty a n d g a v e to th e oth e r p ow e rs o f Europ e ah
,

op po r tu n i t y fo r i n t e rfe ri ng i n th e a ffa irs of th e Co ngo T h e .

r e sult to P ortug a l n e v e r th e l e ss wa s th a t s h e s e cur e d th e

, ,
 me P o r tu g u ese i n A fr i c a .
37

t e rri tory o f K a bi n d a n o r t h o f th e C o n go a n d th e a n ci e n t ,

ki ngdo m o f Co n go sou t h o f t h a t riv e r

A l t h ough th e Po r tug u e s e discov e r e d th e c o a st of A n gol a i n
1 4 9 0 t h e y did n o t a t t e m p t to s e ttl e i n t h a t cou n try u n til 1
5 74 ,

wh e n i n a n sw e r to a n a pp e a l o f th e chi e f of A n gol a (a v a ss a l
,

o f th e ki n g o f C o n go ) a n e xp e ditio n w a s s e n t t h ith e r u n d e r th e
,

T h is e xp e di tio n l a n d e d a t th e
’
com m a n d of P a ulo D i a z .

m outh o f th e Kwa nz a riv e r a n d fou n d th a t th e chi e f of A n gol a

,

w h o h a d a pp e a l e d to th e ki n g of Portuga l wa s d e a d H is .

s ucc e ssor r e c e iv e d Di a z with polit e n e ss b ut comp e ll e d him to

,

a ssi st th e A n gol e s e i n loc a l w a rs w h ich h a d n o t m uc h i n t e r e s t

fo r th e P o r t ugu e s e . D i a z fou n d i n th e i n t e rior o f A n gol a

m a n y e vi d e n c e s o f C h risti a n wo r ship w h ich sh ow e d t h a t,

mi ssi o na ri e s from th e Co n go h a d p r e c e d e d h is o wn e xp e di t io n .

W h e n Di a z wa s a t l a st a llow e d t o r e t ur n to Portuga l th e ki n g ,

— D om S e b a s ti a O — s e n t h im b a ck a s “ C o n qu e ror C olo n i z e r , ,

a n d Gov e r n o r o f A n g o l a wi th s e v e n sh ip s a n d 7 0 0 m e n
”
.

H is p a ss a g e out fr om Li sb o n i n th e y e a r 1 5 7 4 occupi e d thr e e

a n d a h a lf m o n th s — n o t a lo n g tim e a t th a t p e riod fo r s a ili n g

v e ss e ls Di a z t ook p oss e ssio n o f a s a n dy i sl a n d i n fro n t of

.

th e b a y which i s n o w k n o w n a s th e h a rbour o f S a O P a ulo de

Lo a n d a H e r e h e wa s j oi n e d by 4 0 Po rtugu e s e r e fug e e s from

.

th e C o n go ki n gdom Ev e n tu a lly h e b u ilt o n th e m a i n l a n d o f

.

Lo a nd a th e fo r t o f s ad Migu e l a n d fo u n d e d th e city o f S a O
,

P a ulo wh ich b e c a m e a n d r e m a i n s th e c a pit a l of th e Po rtugu e s e

,

p oss e ssi o n s i n W e s t A fric a .

F o r six y e a rs p e rfe c t p e a c e s u b si st e d b e tw e e n th e Portu

g u e s e a n d th e n a tiv e s ; t h e n a fra id th a t th e Portugu e s e would

,

e v e n tu a lly s e i z e th e wh ol e c o u n t r y th e ki n g o f A n gol a e n tic e d

,

5 0 0 Po r tug u e s e soldi e r s i n t o a w a r i n th e i n t e r ior wh e r e h e

m a ss a cr e d t h e m But t hi s m a ss a cr e o n ly s e rv e d t o s h ow th e
.

S pl e n did qu a lity o f P a u lo D i a z w h o w a s a m a g n ific e n t re p re

,

s e n ta ti v e o f th e o l d P o r tugu e s e typ e o f Co n quist a dor L e a vi n g .

1
G ra ndso n o f th e e xp lo re r B a r t o l o m e u
,
.
38 T/z e C o l o n i z a ti o n f A fr i c a
o .
[C HA R

Lo a n d a wi t h 1 5 0 s o ldi e rs — n e a r ly a l l t h a t re m a i n e d— h e
m a rch e d ag a i n st th e ki n g s forc e s n e a r th e Kw a n z a riv e r a n d
’

rou t e d t h e m wi t h gr e a t loss b e i ng of cou rs e gr e a t ly h e lp e d i n

,

s e curi n g t h is vic t o ry by th e p oss e ssio n o f rn u s k e ts a n d c a n n o n .

T h e A n gol e s e w e r e d e fe a t e d r e p e a t e dly b e fo r e th e y g a v e u p
th e struggl e ; but a t l e n g t h i n 1 5 9 7 th e P o rt u gu e s e h a d e sta b

l i s h e d th e m s e lv e s st r o n gly o n b o t h b a n ks of th e r iv e r Kw a nz a .

I n t h a t y e a r 2 0 0 Fl e m ish colo n i s t s w e r e s e n t o u t b y th e ki n g
o f S p a i n a n d P or t u g a l I n a v e ry sh o r t tim e a l l w e re d e a d
.

from fe v e r I n spi t e o f m a n y re v e r s e s h ow e v e r th e Port u gu e s e

.
, ,

slowly m a st e r e d th e cou n t ry sou t h o f th e Kw a nz a n e a rly a s fa r

a s B e n gu e l a . I n 1 6 0 6 a n i n t e r e sti n g bu t u n succ e ssful a tt e m p t
w a s m a d e t o Op e n up comm u n ic a tio n a c ross sou t h c e n tr a l -

A fr ica b e tw e e n th e Kw a n z a a n d th e Z a m b e z i s e t tl e m e n ts .

Bu t t h is b old st e p h a d b e e n p re c e d e d n e a rl y a c e n tu ry e a rli e r
by th e d e sp a t ch o f a n e xp lore r— G re go r io de Qu a dra — to
tr a v e l ov e rl a n d fr om th e m ou t h o f th e Co n go to A byssi n i a .

T h e u n fo r tu n a t e m a n wa s n e v e r h e a rd o f a g a i n ; but w h a t a
su b j e c t for rom a n c e ! I f t his h ardy P ortu gu e s e p e n e t ra t e d fa r
i n to th e u pp e r C o n go cou n tri e s wh a t e xtr a o rdi n a ry e xp e ri e n c e s
h e m u s t h a v e h a d i n th e s e l a n ds a t th a t tim e a bsol u t e ly fre e
,

from th e i n fl u e n c e of th e E u rop e a n — a co n di t io n wh ic h n o
lo n g e r a ppli e d t o th e n a tiv e s of D a rk e st A fric a wh e n S t a n l e y
fi r st m a d e k n ow n th e g e og ra p hy of t h o s e r e gi o n s F o r i n th e .

thr e e a n d a h a l f c e n turi e s whic h h a d e l a ps e d e v e n t hos e ,

s a va g e s i n th e h e a r t of A fri c a wh o p ossibly k n e w n o th i n g o f
,

th e e xi st e n c e o f whit e m e n h a d n e v e r t h e l e ss a dop t e d m a n y of
,

th e w h i t e m a n s p rod u cts a s n e c e ssiti e s o r lux u ri e s o f t h e i r

’

liv e s — such a s m a i z e t o b a cco y a ms sw e e t po t a t o e s m a n ioc

, , , , ,

th e pi n e a ppl e a n d th e sug a r c a n e
-

,
.

We m a y h e re fitl y co n sid e r th e gr e a t e st a n d most b e n e fici a l

r e sul t s o f th e Po r t u gu e s e colo ni z a tio n o f A fric a T he se .

wo n d e rfu l o l d C o n quist a do re s m a y h a v e b e e n r e l e n t l e ss a n d
cru e l i n im p osi ng t h e i r r u l e o n th e A fric a n a n d i n e n sl a vi n g
h i m o r i n C hristi a n i z i n g him bu t th e y a dd e d e n orm o u sly t o
,
 me Po r tu g u e s e i n A fr i c a .
39

h is food s u ppl y a n d his comfort S o e a rly i n th e h istory of

-
.

th e i r A fri c a n e xplora t io n th a t i t i s a lm ost th e fi rs t s t e p t h e y

t ook t h e y b r o u ght from C hi n a I n di a a n d M a l a cc a th e o ra n g e
, , ,

tr e e th e l e mo n a n d th e lim e wh ich b e sid e s i n tr oduci ng i n to

, , ,

Eu rop e ( a n d Europ e h a d h ith e rt o o n ly k n ow n th e sour wild

o ra n g e bro u gh t by th e A ra bs ) th e y pl a n t e d i n e v e ry p a r t o f
,

E a s t a n d W e st A fric a wh e re t h e y t ouch e d T h e y lik e wis e .

b r ough t th e sug a r c a n e from th e E a st I n di e s a n d i n t r oduc e d i t

i n t o v a ri o u s p a r t s o f B ra z il a n d W e s t A fric a e sp e ci a lly i n t o th e ,

i sl a n d s o f S a 6 T h o m é a n d Pri ncip e a n d th e C o n go a nd A n g o l a
cou n t ri e s Ma d e i ra th e y h a d p l a n t e d with V i n e s i n th e 1 5 t h
.

c e n tu ry ; th e A c or e s th e C a p e V e rd e I sl a n ds a n d S t H e l e n a
,

wi t h o ra ng e tr e e s i n th e 1 6 t h c e n tu r y From t h e i r gr e a t .

poss e ssio n o f B ra z il — ov e rru n a n d o rga n i z e d wi t h a stou n di ng

r a pid i t y — t h e y b rought to E a s t a n d W e st A frica th e Muscovy
d uck ( w h i ch h a s p e n e t ra t e d fa r i n to th e i n t e rio r o f A fric a i f ,

i n d e e d i t h a s n o t c ross e d th e co n ti n e n t ) chili p e pp e rs m a i z e
'

, ,

( no w g row n a ll ov e r A fric a cultiva t e d by m a n y n a t iv e s w h o

,

h a v e n o t e v e n ye t h e a rd of th e e xis t e n c e of whi t e m e n) t ob a cco , ,

th e tom a t o ya m pi n e a ppl e sw e e t po t a t o ( a co n v o l v ulus tub e r )

, ,
-

, ,

m a n i o c ( from which t a pioc a i s m a d e ) gi ng e r a n d oth e r l e ss ,

wid e ly k n ow n fo rm s o f v e g e t a bl e food T h e Po rtugu e s e a lso .

i n trod u c e d th e dom e s t ic pig i n to A fr ica a n d o n th e W e st co a st , ,

th e dom e stic c a t possi b ly a lso c e r t a i n br e e ds o f dogs ; i n E a st

,

tr opic a l A frica th e h ors e i s k n ow n i n th e n o rth by a n A ra b

na m e i n th e c e n t re b y th e P o rt u gu e s e wo rd a n d i n th e
, ,

e xt re m e south by a cor r uptio n of th e E n glish T o th e A r a b s .

a lso must b e giv e n th e cr e dit

( so fa r a s w e k n ow ) o f h a vi n g
i n t r oduc e d i n t o A fric a from A si a th e sug a r c a n e r ic e o n io n s
1
, , ,

cucumb e r s h e re a n d th e r e th e lim e a n d or a n g e w h e a t a n d
, ,

p e rh a ps oth e r g ra i n s ; a m o n g dom e stic a n im a ls th e c a m e l i n

’
, ,

1
ic e a nd su ga r c a ne w e e i n so m e c a s e s b o gh t by th e P o t u g e s e
R r r u r u .

2
S c h w h e a t s i s c u l tiv a t e d i n A f ic n o r t h o f 1 5 N
u a L a tit de is
r a
°
. u

simil a r to th e E o p e a n a n d Egypti a n ki nds th e w h e a t i n t ro du c e d by th e

ur

A ra bs in t o th e Z mb e i is r e d wh e t a pp a re n t l y f o m I ndi a
a z a r .
40 Tke C o l o n i z a ti o n o
f A fr i c a .
[C HA R

som e p a rt s th e h o r s e a n d i n a fe w pl a c e s sup e ri or b re e ds o f
,

d o m e stic fowls a n d a lso th e d om e s t ic pig e o n T h e E nglish

’
.

m a n h a s b r oug h t wi t h him th e p o t a to a n d h a s i n trod u c e d ,

i n t o m os t o f h is c o lo n i e s th e h o rs e a n d i n pl a c e s imp r ov e d ,

b r e e ds o f c a t t l e sh e e p a n d go a ts a good m a ny Europ e a n
, , ,

v e g e t a bl e s a n d fruit t r e e s ; th e te a pl a n t th e co ffe e pl a n t ,

( w h ich how e v e r h a s o n ly b e e n t ra n s fe r re d from o t h e r p a rt s o f

, ,

A fric a ) a n d m a n y shru b s a n d t r e e s o f sp e ci a l e co n omic v a l u e ;

,

b u t wh a t a r e th e s e i n t r oductio n s — a lmost e n t ir e ly fo r his o w n

u s e — comp a r e d i n v a l u e to th e v a s t bou n t y o f Po r tug a l ! Ta k e
a w a y from th e A fric a n s di e t a ry of to day a fe w of th e produc t s
’
-

th a t th e P o rtug u e s e b ro u gh t to hi m fr o m th e fa r E a st a nd fa r
W e st a n d h e will r e m a i n v e ry i n suffici e n t ly provid e d wit h n e c e s
,

siti e s a n d simpl e l u xuri e s I m a y a dd o n e or two d a t e s c o n .

c e rn i ng t h e s e i n t roducti o n s by th e P o r tugu e s e — th e sug a r

c a n e a n d gi ng e r w e re firs t pl a n t e d i n th e isl a n d o f Pri n cip e o ff ,

th e co a st o f Low e r Gui n e a i n th e e a rly p a rt o f th e 1 6 th c e n t ury .

M a i z e w a s i n t ro duc e d i n t o th e C o ngo ( w h e r e it wa s c a ll e d
m a z a m a np u to ) a b o u t th e middl e of th e 1 6 th c e n tu ry
2

1
W hic h h o w e v e r is wi ld bi rd (th e o ck do v e ) i n N A f ic a
a r . r .

2
D e Lo pe s w h o e c o ds t h is fa ct i n h is de sc ripti o n o f th e
, r r C o ng o
re gi o n t th e e n d o f th e r 6 th c e n t
a y give s i nci de n t ll y o dir e ct l y o th e rur ,
a r

i n t e e sti ng sc a ps o f i n fo m ti o n s c h a s t ha t th e c o c o n t p a l m w a s
r r r a ,
u ,
-
u

fo n d by th e P o t gu e s e g o wi n g o n th e We st c o a st o f A f ic
u r u r Th is p a l m r a .
,

w e k n o w o igi n t e d i n th e Asi a tic o P a cific A rc h ip e l ag o e s

,
r a I t is p o ssib l e
r .

to im gi n e t h t its n u ts m y h a v e b e e n c
a a ri e d o v e r th e s e a to th e c o a st o f
a ar

E a st A fric a n d t h a t it w s t h s i n t o du c e d t t h t si de o f th e c o n ti n e n t ;
a a u r o a

b t i n a sm u c h as th e c o c o n u t p l m c nn o t gro w fu t h e
u ,
-
so th th n a a r r u a

D e l g o a Ba y o wi ng to th e c o o l i n
a f th e c l im a t e it is n o t v e y c l e g ho w
o , r ar

it e a c he d th e t o pic a l We st A f ic n c o a st I b e l i ve it w a s i nt o d c e d
r r r a . e r u

o n th e t o pic l At l a n tic c o st o f Am e ic a by E o p e a n s D e Lo p e s
r a a r u r .

m ti s th e b a n a n fo r th e fi st tim e nde t e n m e b n n a w h ic h
e n o n a h “
r u r a a a ,
”

he pp l i e s to it a s t ho u gh it w e e a C o ngo o A f ic n w o d H it h e t o
a r r r a r . r

th is fru it h d o nl y be e n k no wn v a gu e l y to E u o p e by its A a b na m e
a r r ,

w hi c h w a s l a ti n i e d i n t o M z L o p e s st t e s t h t th e e b a w s
u sa . a a z r a

t a m e d a n d r i dde n by th e na tive s H e m u st b e e fe r i n g to th e e b ra o f . r r z

s o u t h e n An g o l a as a ny fo m o f w i ld s s h as p ro b bl y a l w a ys be e n
r , r a a

e n ti e l y a bs e n t fro m th e fo re st c o u n t r i e s n e a
r th e C o n g o r .
 me Po r tu g u ese i n A fr i c a .
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In chi e fta i n e ss a pp a re n t ly of th e Co ngo roy a l fa mily

1 62 1 a , ,

k n ow n a s Gi ng a Ba n di c a m e t o A n gol a m a d e fri e nds with th e

, ,

Portugu e s e wa s b a p t i z e d a n d t h e n r e t u r n e d to th e i n t e rio r
, , ,

wh e re s h e poiso n e d h e r b roth e r ( th e c h i e f o r ki n g o f A ngol a ) ,

a nd succ e e d e d him H a vi n g a t t a i ne d t h is o bj e ct of h e r a m
.

bitio n s s h e h e a d e d th e n a tio na l p a r ty a n d a tt e mpt e d to d r iv e

, ,

th e Po rtugu e s e o u t o f A n gol a F o r 3 0 y e a rs s h e w a rre d a ga i n st

.

t h e m wi th ou t s e r iously sh a ki n g th e ir p o w e r t h oug h o n th e ,

oth e r h a n d th e y co u ld do li t t l e mor e t h a n h ol d t h e i r o wn B ut .

a m u c h m o r e s e rious e n e my n o w a pp e a r e d o n th e sc e n e Th e .

Dutch wh o t ook a dv a n t a g e o f th e S p a nis h usu rp a tio n o f th e

,
’

thro n e o f Po r tug a l to i n clud e th a t u n fortu na t e co u n try i n th e ir

r e p ris a ls a g a i n st S p a i n m a d e s e v e ra l d e t e r mi n e d a t te mp t s
,

du ri ng th e first h a lf o f th e 1 7 t h c e n tu ry t o w re st A n gol a from

th e Port u gu e s e T h e y c a pt u r e d S a O P a ulo de Lo a n d a i n 1 6 4 1
.
,

o n e y e a r a fte r P o rtug a l h a d re c o v e r e d h e r i n d e p e n d e n c e u n d e r

th e firs t Bra g a n g a ki n g T h e P o r tugu e s e co n c e n t ra t e d o n th e

.

Kwa n z a T h e D utc h a tt e mp t e d b y s e v e ra l v e ry tr e a c h e rou s

.

a ctio n s t o oust t h e m from t h e i r fortr e ss e s o n th a t r iv e r At .

l a st h ow e v e r followi n g o n th e r e o rg a n i z a tio n of th e Port u gu e s e

, ,

e mpir e r e i n forc e m e n ts w e r e s e n t fr om Br a z il to A n gol a a n d a

, ,

si e g e o f S a 6 Migu e l took pl a c e T h e Po rtugu e s e imit a t e d .

wit h a dv a n t a g e th e D u t c h g a m e of bl u ff a n d b y de c e ivi n g th e ,

b e si e g e d a s to th e e xt e n t of th e i r a rmy t h e y s e cur e d th e s u r
re n d e r o f 1 1 0 0 D u t c h to u n d e r 7 5 0 Portugu e s e I n th e p re .

limi na ry a ss a ult o n th e D utc h a t S a O P a u lo de Lo a n d a th e

Portugu e s e lost 1 6 3 m e n A ft e r th e r e c a pt u re of th is p l a c e .

th e y pro ce e d e d m e th odic a lly to de str o y a l l th e D utc h e s t a blis h

m e n ts o n th e Low e r Gui n e a co a s t a s fa r n or th a s Lo a n go I n .

th e c o n cludi ng y e a r s o f th e 1 7 t h c e n tu ry n e a r ly a l l th e
r e m a i n i n g Portugu e s e missio n a ri e s i n th e ki ngdom o f Co n go
1
P e h a ps
r s p a t i o n is h a sh P h i l ip I I o f S p i n h a d th e b e st
u u r r . a

c l a im to th e P o t u gu e s e t h o n e a ft e r th e de t h wit h o u t h e i s o f th e
r r a r

C a di na l Ki n g H e n riq e
r -
Bu t th e P o t gu e s e dis l ik e d u n i o n wit h S p a i n
u . r u

a n d w o u l d h a v e p e fe re d to e l e ct a P o t g u e s e ki n g
r r r u .
4 2 l e C o l o ni z a ti o n f A fr i c a
o .
[C HA R

migra t e d t o th e mo re s e ttl e d a n d prosp e rous A n gol a I n 1 6 9 4 .

Po rtug a l i n troduc e d a copp e r coi na g e i n t o h e r n o w flour ishi n g

W e st A fric a n colo ny — fl o u ri s h i ng th a n k s to th e sl a v e t r a d e
, ,

w h ic h wa s mightily i nflu e n ci n g th e Eu r op e a n s e ttl e m e n t of

W e st A fric a .

I n 1 7 5 8 th e Po r tugu e s e e xt e n d e d t h e i r r u l e n ort h w a r ds from

S a O P a ul o de Lo a n da i n to th e A m b ri z cou n t ry wh e r e h ow e v e r ,

t h e ir a u t h o rity co n ti n u e d v e ry u nc e r ta i n till withi n a fe w y e a rs

ago . A bou t th e s a m e tim e B e n gu e l a wa s d e fi n it e ly occupi e d ,

a n d P o r tugu e s e i n flu e n c e co n ti n u e d e x t e n di n g slowly southw a r d

u n t il i n 1 8 4 0
, it r e a ch e d its pr e s e n t limi t s by th e e st a b lishm e n t
,

o f a s e ttl e m e n t ( n o w v e ry prosp e rous ) c a ll e d M oss a m e d e s ,

a lmost e x a c t ly o n th e fift e e n t h p a r a ll e l of sout h l a titud e

‘
.

B e t w e e n 1 8 0 7 a n d 1 8 1 0 a t t e mpts w e r e m a d e to op e n up
i n t e rcours e with th e ki n gdo m of th e Mwa to Y a n vo a n d t h e n c e ,

a cross t o th e c o lo ny o f Mo ga m b i q u e b u t t h e y p ro v e d u n ,
‘

succ e ssful I n 1 8 1 3 a n d i n th e succ e e di n g y e a rs a r e n e w e d

.

v igour o f colo n i z a tio n b e g a n t o m a k e i ts e lf fe lt i n th e c re a tio n

of public wo rks i n A ngol a A m o n gst oth e r imp rov e m e n ts wa s
.

th e b r i n gi n g o f th e w a t e rs o f th e Kw a n z a by c a n a l to S a t ) P a ul o
”

de Lo a n d a w h i c h u n til t h e n h a d n o supply o f good dri n ki n g

,

w a t e r T h e D utc h h a d a t t e mp te d to c a r ry out t h is but w e re

.
,

i nt e rrup t e d T h e Po r tugu e s e e fl o rts i n th e e a rly p a rt of t h i s

.

c e n tury p rov e d u n s u cc e ss ful b ut som e te n y e a r s a g o th e c a na l

,
'

wa s a t l a st c o mpl e t e d a n d it h a s m a d e a gr e a t di fl e re nc e to
,

th e h e a lt h o f th e t ow n Po rt u gu e s e rul e i n l a n d fr om A n gol a
.

h a s w a x e d a n d w a n e d du ri n g th e pr e s e n t c e n t ury but o n th e ,

whol e h a s b e e n gre a tly e xt e n d e d Li vi ngsto n e e v e n fou n d

.

th e m e s t a blish e d to som e e xt e n t o n th e upp e r Kw a n go a n ,

a ffl u e n t o f th e Co n go a n d fo r lo n g th e e a st e r n bou n d a ry o f
,

A n gol a From t his h ow e v e r th e y h a d to r e ti re owi n g to

.
, ,

n a t iv e i n su rr e ctio n s ; thoug h no w t h e i r pow e r a n d t h e ir i n

fl u e n c e h a v e b e e n p u s h e d fa r to th e e a st t o th e r iv e r K a s a i ,
.

1
Th is p l a c e w a s na m e d a ft e th e B o n de Mo ssa m e de s
r ar , a P o r tu gu e se
G o v e rn o r o f A ngo l a ; a ft e wa rds Mi nist e r fo r th e C o l o ni e s
r .
 T/i e P o r tu g u ese i n A fr i c a .
4 3

In 8 75 p a rty o f r e c a lci t r a n t B o e rs quitt e d th e Tr a n sva a l

’

1 a

owi ng to som e qu a r re l wit h th e loc a l gov e rn m e n t t r e kk e d ,

ov e r th e d e s e r t i n a n o r th w e st e rly dir e c t io n a n d e v e n t u a lly

-
,

blu n d e r e d a c ross th e K u n e n e r iv e r ( th e so u th e rn limit of

P or tugu e s e W e st A fric a ) o n t o th e h e a lt h y pl a t e a u b e h i n d th e
C h e ll a M ou n t a i n s I t wa s fe a r e d a t o n e tim e th a t th e y would
.

s e t th e Po r tugu e s e a t d e fi a n c e a n d c a r v e o u t a littl e Bo e r st a t e

i n sout h w e s t A fric a
-
A bout this tim e a lso H ot te n tots muc h
.
, ,

u nd e r B o e r i n flu e n c e a n d sp e a ki n g D u t c h i n va d e d th e district
o f M oss a m e d e s fr om th e co a st r e gio n ; but b y lib e ra l c o n
c e ssi o n s a n d a stu t e diplom a cy j oi n e d wit h th e c a r ryi n g o u t o f
,

s e v e ra l impo rt a n t works lik e th e w a ggo n ro a d a cross th e S h e l a

,

( or C h e ll a ) M ou n t a i n s th e Po rtugu e s e w o n ov e r th e Bo e rs t o
,

a r e cog n iti o n o f th e ir so v e re ig n ty a n d t h e y h a v e e v e r si n c e
,

b e com e a so u rc e o f s t re n gth t o th e Po r t u gu e s e S l a v e ry wa s .

n o t a b olish e d i n th e P o r t u gu e s e W e st A fric a n domi n io n s u n t il

1 8 7 8 ; bu t th e sl a v e tr a d e h a d b e e n do n e a w a y wi th i n th e

first qu a rt e r o f th e 1 9 th c e n t u ry Prior to t h a t tim e th e .

sl a v e tr a d e h a d b r ough t e xtr a ordi n a ry p r osp e rity to th e isl a n ds

“
o f Sa t ) T h om e a n d P r i n cip e to th e Po r t u gu e s e fo r t o n th e
,

co a st o f D a h om e a n d t o A n gol a a l l o f which co u n tri e s w e r e

, ,

m o re or l e ss u n d e r o n e gov e rn m e n t T h e a boli ti o n of th e .

sl a v e tra d e h ow e v e r c a us e d th e a bsolut e rui n o f P ri n cip e

( w h ic h h a s n o t ye t r e cov e r e d ) th e t e mpo ra ry rui n o f S a t)
,
"

T h om e ( si n c e r e viv e d by th e e n e rgy o f c e rt a i n p l a n t e rs wh o ,

h a v e i n t roduc e d th e cultiva tio n o f chi nch o n a ) a n d th e p a rti a l ,

r ui n o f A n gol a w h ic h b e g a n t o b e r e ga rd e d a s a poss e ssio n

,

sc a rc e ly wor th m a i n t a i n i n g B ra z il ( t h oug h i t h a d b e e n s e v e r e d
.

from th e crow n o f Portug a l ) did a lm ost m or e t h a n th e M o t h e r

C ou n try to r e viv e tr a d e i n t h e s e domi n io n s E n t e rp r isi n g .

B ra z ili a n s suc h a s S ilv a A m e rica n o c a m e ov e r to A n gol a i n

’ ’
th e
‘
6 o s a nd st a rt e d st e a m n a vig a tio n o n th e riv e r
Kw a n z a a n d d e v e lop e d m a n y i n dust ri e s T hrough Br a z ili a n
, .
,

U n it e d S t a t e s a n d British i n flu e n c e a r a ilwa y wa s comm e n c e d

,

i n th e 8 o s to co nn e ct S a O P a ul o de Lo a nd a wit h th e ric h
‘ ’ ’
44 T/i e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R

i n t e rio r sp e ci a lly wit h th e co ffe e distric t s o n th e w a t e r s h e d

, e -

o f th e Co n go T h e m a g n ifice n t i s l a n d of S a O T h om e j u s t
.
,

u n d e r th e Equ a t o r p oss e ss e s m ou n t a i n s wh ic h ris e high i n to a

,

t e mp e ra t e clim a t e O n t h e s e fl o urish i n g pl a n t a tio n s o f c i n

.
,

c h o na a nd co ffe e h a v e b e e n e st a blis h e d Public wo rks i n th e .

sh a p e of good ro a ds a n d b ridg e s h a v e b e e n c a r ri e d out i n m a n y

p a r t s of A n g o l a a nd this c o u n try i s c e rt a i nly th e m o s t s u cc e ss
,

ful of th e P o r t ugu e s e a t t e m pts a t th e c o l o n i z a tio n o f A fric a .

Po rt u gu e s e ru l e h a s b e e n e xt e n d e d n o r th w a rds to th e
south e rn sh o r e of th e Co n go a n d o v e r th e sm a ll t e rri t ory o f ,

K a bi n da which i s s e p a r a t e d by a n a rrow st rip o f B e lgi a n

,

t e rr ito ry from th e o t h e r b a nk O n th e o th e r h a n d th e P o r t u .

g u e s e p r o t e c t or a t e ov e r D a hom e — a p r ot e c t or a te w h ich n e v e r

h a d a ny r e a l e xist e n c e — h a s b e e n a b a n do n e d tog e t h e r with i t s

o n ly foo t h old S a O J o a 6 d A ju da ,
T h e P o r t u gu e s e fo rts o n
’ ’
.

th e Gold Co a s t h a d n o t b e e n h e l d v e ry l o n g b e fo r e th e y w e r e

c a p t u re d b y th e D utch a t th e b e gi n n i n g of th e 1 7 th c e n tury .

Po r tuga l i n sp it e o f discov e ri n g a n d n a mi n g S i e rra L e o n e

, ,

n e v e r o ccupi e d i t ; but i n v a ryi n g d e gr e e s h e co n ti n u e d to

m a i n ta i n c e r t a i n for t ifi e d pos ts a mid t h a t e xtr a o r di n a ry j umbl e

of r i v e rs i n S e n e g a mbi a b e t w e e n th e Ga mbi a a n d S i e rr a L e o n e
,
.

T his i s a dist ric t o f s o m e squ a re mil e s i n e x t e n t t o da y ,

-

c a re fu lly de fi n e d a n d k n ow n a s Po rtugu e s e Gui n e a Bu t i n

,
.

7 o s i t wa s do u b tfu l wh e t h e r Po r t ugu e s e sov e re ig n t y ov e r

’
th e

th is c o u n t ry h a dn o t b e e n a b a n d o n e d E ngl a n d which e x e rcis e d .

,

e xcl u si v e i n fl u e n c e i n t h e s e w a t e r s a t t e mp t e d to e s t a blish ,

h e rs e l f i n th e pl a c e o f P o r tug a l bu t th e P o r t u gu e s e p r ot e st e d ,

1
Th is f t by th a b o tive C o ng o T e a ty o f 1 8 8 4 w s to h a ve b e e n
or , e r r ,
a

m a de o v e t E n g l n d th e e s l t o f w hic h w o l d h a v b e n th e p e ve n ti o n
r o a , r u u e e r

o f a F e n c h p o t e ct o a t e o v e
r r D a h o m e A l t h gh th e P o t g u e s e n e v e i n
r r . ou r u r

a n y s e n se l e d o ve o c o n t ro ll e d D h o m e t he i i ndi e ct i n fl e nc e a n d
ru r r a , r r u

t he i r l n gu a g e w e re p o mi ne n t a t th e D h o m e n c o u t b e c a s e c e t i n
a r a a r u r a

B i l i s h d d i n g th e fi st h l f o f t his c n t y e st bl is he d th e ms e lv e s
ra z an a u r r a e u r a

o n th e c o a st n d i n th e i n t e i o r a s i n fl u e n ti l m e c h n ts a n d s l v e t a de
a r a r a a r rs .

Th e i c o ff e c o l o u e d de sc e nda n ts n o w fo rm a P o rtu g u e s e sp e a ki n g
r e -
r -

B a i l i n c a st e i n D a h o m e
r z a .
 ,
T/z e P o r tu g u ese i n A fr i c a .
4 5

a nd procl a i m e d th e ir sov e r e ign t y T h e m a tt e r w a s su b mitt e d .

t o a r b itra t io n a n d th e v e r di ct — o f cours e — wa s gi v e n a g a i n st
,

E ngl a n d .C o n s e qu e n tly th e Portugu e s e re o rga n i z e d th e ir

col o ny o f Gu i n e a wh ich i n tim e wa s s e p a r a t e d from th e
,

gov e rn ors h ip of th e C a p e V e rd e isl a n ds T h e s e l a tt e r a re a .

v e ry imp ort an t Po rtugu e s e a ss e t off th e n o rt h w e st co a s t o f -

A fric a T h e y h a v e b e e n c o n ti n uously occup i e d a n d a dm i ni s

.

te re d si n c e t h e ir discov e ry i n th e 1 5 t h c e n tury T h e y poss e ss e d .

t h e n n o p opul a t io n but a re n o w p e o pl e d b y a bl a ckis h ra c e

,

d e sc e n d e d fr om N e gro a n d M o ori sh sl a v e s I n o n e o r two o f .

th e h e a lthi e r isl a n ds a r e s e ttl e rs o f Port u gu e s e blood O wi n g .

to th e m a gn ific e n t h a r bours wh ic h t h e s e isl a n ds offe r to s h ippi n g

— e sp e ci a lly S a O Vi c e n t e — a n d t h e ir u s e a s a co a li n g st a t io n ,

th e y m a y ye t figur e p r omi ne n tly i n th e wo rld s his to ry ’

.

Bot h A sc e n sio n a nd S t H e l e n a w e r e discov e r e d a n d n a m e d

by th e Po rtugu e s e T h e firs t n a m e d w as n e v e r occupi e d u n til
.
-

E ngl a n d t ook p oss e ssio n of it a s a n outp os t of N a p ol e o n s ’

priso n i n 1 8 1 5 S t H e l e n a wa s t a k e n i n th e e a rly p a rt o f th e
.

1 6 th c e n tu ry by th e D utch a n d p a ss e d i n t o th e h a n ds o f ,

th e E n glis h i n th e m iddl e o f th a t c e n tu ry A n oth e r Por tu g u e s e .

discov e ry wa s th e m ost south e r n of t h e s e isol a t e d oc e a n ic isl e ts ,

T rist a n d A c u nh a w h ich b e a rs th e n a m e o f its discov e r e r b ut

’
, ,

w h ich so far a s occup a ti o n go e s h a s a lwa ys b e e n a Bri t ish

, ,

p oss e ssio n 1
.

O n th e E a st co a st o f A fric a P ort u gu e s e colo n i z a ti o n di d

n o t comm e n c e u n til th e 1 6 t h c e n tu ry h a d b e gu n a n d ,

V a sco de G a m a a ft e r rou n di n g th e C a p e h a d r e v e a l e d th e
, ,

1
Mo st p r o mi ne n t fe a t u re s w e st nd s o u t h
,
a nd s o m e c o u nt i e s r o n th e a

c o a sts o f Afric fr m th e S e n e ga l ro u n d to th e C p e o f G o o d H o p e a nd
a o a

Mo a c mbiq u e b e a r, P o t u gu e s e n a m e s C p er Ve d e is “
T h e G re e n C a p e : a r ,

S i e rr a L e o n e ( S e a L e o ) is T h e Li o n e ss Mo u n t a i n C a p e P l m
“
rr a Th e , a as

P l m t re e s C a p e C a p e C o a st is C b C o Th e c u isi n g C a p e
a -
,
”
a o o rs r ,
”

L g
a o sis “
T h e L a k e s C m e r o o n s is C m ,o e
”
s
“
p a wn s G a b o o n is
a a ar r ,
”

“
Th e H o o de d C l o a k (f o m th e s h a p e o f th e e st a ry) C o i s o is
"
”
Ga b ao r u , r c

Light n i n g C a p e F r i o is T h e C o l d C a p e a nd A ng Pe q en a is
,
” “ ”
ra u

Th e Litt l e C o v e
”
a nd s o o n ,
.
46 T/ze C o lo niz a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R

e xi st e n c e o f old A ra b t r a di n g s e tt l e m e n ts a n d sult a na t e s b e
t w e e n S ofa l a a n d S om a lil a n d .

Th e n e e d of p o r ts of c a ll o n th e lo n g voy a g e to I n di a
c a us e d th e Po rtugu e s e to d e cid e soo n a ft e r V a sco de G a m a s ’

fa m ou s voy a g e t o p oss e ss th e m s e lv e s o f t h e s e A r a b s e ttl e m e n ts ,

“
th e m o r e so b e c a u s e h ostili ti e s a g a i n s t th e M oors w e re a
n e v e r e n di n g v e n de tta o n th e p a r t o f S p a n i a rd o r Po r t ugu e s e
-

whil e th e co n qu e s t w a s a t t h a t d a t e a n e a sy o n e a s th e ,

Po rtug u e s e h a d a r till e ry a n d th e E a st A fric a n A r a b s h a d n o n e .

By 1 5 2 0 th e P o rtugu e s e h a d ous t e d th e A ra bs a n d h a d
,

occupi e d i n th e ir s t e a d Kilw a Z a nz i b a r P e mb a Momb a s a , , , ,

L a m u M a li n di B ra v a ( B a ra w a ) a n d Mag di s h u ( Mag a do xo )
, , ,

a l l n o r th of th e Ruvum a r iv e r S o ut h o f th a t riv e r t h e y h a d.

t a k e n S ofa l a a n d Mo ga m b i q u e H e r e t h e y h a d— i t i s s a id .

e s t a blish e d a tra di n g s t a t io n i n 1 5 0 3 b u t M o c a mbiqu e i sl a n d

1
,

wa s n o t fi n a lly occ u pi e d by t h e m t ill 1 5 0 7 wh e n th e e xisti n g ,

fort r e ss w a s comm e n c e d a n d buil t by D u a r t e de M e llo T h e .

“
fo rt w a s th e n a n d is s t ill k n o w n a s th e P ra ca de Sa c) ”

I t h a d b e e n de cid e d b e fo re t h is th a t M o c a mbi q u e
sh ould b e th e p r i n cip a l pl a c e of c a ll a fte r l e a vi ng th e C a p e o f ,

Good H op e fo r Po r t ugu e s e ship s o n t h e i r wa y to I ndi a ; but

,

wh e n i n 1 5 0 5 th e Po rtu g u e s e d e li b e ra t e ly s a n ctio n e d th e id e a
o f a Po r t u gu e s e E a st A fr ic a n colo n y th e y t ur n e d t h e ir a t t e n t io n

r a th e r to S o fa l a a s i t s c e n t re t h a n t o Mo ga m b i q u e S ofa l a .
,

whic h is n e a r th e m o de r n B e i ra w a s a n o l d A ra b p o rt a n d ,

s u l t a n a t e a n d h a d b e e n fo r s o m e 1 5 0 0 y e a r s th e p ri n cip a l port
,

o n th e so u th e a s t co a st o f A fric a fr o m wh ich th e gold Obt a i n e d

-

1 Th is is a l itt l e c l is l e t b o t 2 mi l e s l o n g by } o f a mi l e b ro a d
o ra a u 2 ,

sit u a t e d b e tw e e n 2 nd 3 mi l s f o m th e c o st [ s h ll o w b ay] i n 1 5 de gre e s

a e r a a a ,

s o u t h l a tit u de wh e e th e E a st A f ic n c o st pp ro ch e s n e e st to Ma da
,
r r a a a a ar

as c ar I t c o mm n ds th e Mo c mbiq e C h nn e l
a I ts n a tiv e n m e w a s
a u a a
g . .

p ro b b l y o igi n ll y M s m b i ki By th e n igh b o u ri n g E st A fric a n t ib e s

a r a u a . e a r

it is n o w c a ll e d Mu h i b idi Ms m b iji nd Ms a m b i ki I t h as s me tim e s

,
a , a . o

b e e n th e o n l y p a c e l o f l n d e m a i n i ng i n P o rt u g u e s e ha n ds du i n g th e
r a r r

vicissit u de s o f t h i E st A f ic n e mpi e
e r a r a r .
 Tke Po r tu g u ese i n A fr i c a .
47

i n th e mi n e s o f M a n ika w a s shipp e d to th e R e d S e a a n d th e
P e rsi a n Gulf C o n s e qu e n tly th e first p rop os e d Portugu e s e
.

“
s e ttl e m e n t o n th e E a st co a st o f A fric a w a s e n titl e d th e
C a pt a i n cy o f S ofa l a But l a t e r o n Mo ga m b i q u e gr e w i n
.
”

importa n c e a n d e v e n tu a lly g a v e its na m e t o th e P ortugu e s e

,

p oss e ssi o n s i n E a st A fri ca .

T h e Qu e lim a n e riv e r t a k e n to b e th e pri n cip a l e xi t o f

,

th e Z a mb e z i by th e Po rtugu e s e wa s discov e r e d a n d e n t e r e d
,

by Va sco de G a m a i n th e e a rly p a rt o f 1 4 9 8 a n d wa s b y h i m ,

“
c a ll e d th e Riv e r o f Good I n dic a tio n s H e st a y e d a m o n t h .

o n th is riv e r wh e r e t h e r e s e e m s t o h a v e b e e n o n th e sit e o f th e
, ,

p r e s e n t tow n o f Q u e lim a ne a t ra di n g st a tio n r e sort e d to by th e

,

A ra bs w h o w e r e e v e n t h e n s e ttl e d i n Z a m b e z i a
, T h e na m e .

Qu e li m a n e ( p ro n ou n c e d i n E n glish K e lim a n e ) i s st a t e d by th e
e a rly Po r t ug u e s e to h a v e b e e n th e n a m e o f th e fr i e n dly chi e f

wh o a ct e d a s i n t e r m e di a ry b e tw e e n t h e m a n d th e n a tiv e s b u t ,

i t wo u ld r a th e r a pp e a r to h a v e b e e n a cor r uptio n o f th e
“
S wa h ili A r a bic wo r d K a lim a n whic h m e a n s i n t e rpr e t e r ”
-

, .

Th e first F a ctory o r P ortugu e s e tr a di n g st a tio n a t Qu e li

m a n e wa s e st a blish e d a bout th e y e a r 1 5 4 4 a n d by t his t im e ,

th e P o r t u gu e s e h a d h e a r d o f th e R iv e r o f S e n a ( a s th e y c a ll e d
th e Z a mb e z i ) a n d o f th e l a rg e A ra b s e t t l e m e n t o f S e n a o n it s
b a n ks T h e y h a d furth e r h e a rd bot h fr om Qu e lim a ne a nd
.

from S ofa l a o f th e p ow e rful e mpi re o f Mo n o m o ta pa a nd ’

,

e sp e ci a lly o f th e provi n c e o f M a n ik a which wa s r e po rt e d to ,

b e full of gold H a v i n g fo u n d i t to o di fli c u l t t o r e a c h M a n ik a
.

from S ofa l a owi n g to th e opp ositio n of th e n a tiv e s t h e y r e solv e d

, ,

t o e n t e r th e cou n t ry fro m th e n ort h by wa y of S e na o n th e ,

Z a mb e z i ; a n d co n s e qu e n t ly i n 1 5 6 9 a n e xc e p tio n a lly pow e rfu l

, ,

e xp e ditio n l e ft Lis b o n u n d e r th e comm a n d o f th e Gov e rn or

1 A c o rru pti o n o f Mw e n e m t p a L o rd H ipp o p o t a m u s a cc o rdi ng

-
u a
“
,

to s o m e a u t h o r iti e s fo r o n th e Z a mb e i a b o v e T e t e th e h ipp o p o t a m u s w a s
,
z

l o o k e d o n a s a s a c e d a n im a l I a m i n c l i ne d to t h i nk ho we ve r t h t
r . a

Mw e n e m t p is re a ll y L o d o f th e Mi n e o go l d mi n i n g m t p o o r
-
u a a r , r ,
”
u a

m t p a b e i n g a s h a ll o w pit du g i n c l a y o r s a n d fo r mi n i ng o
a w a sh i n g g o l d , r .
48 Tke C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R

a nd C a pt a i n G e n e r a l F ra n cisco B a rr e t o a n d a ft e r a p re lim i na ry
-

t our ri p a n d d o w n th e E a st co a s t o f A fric a a s fa r a s La mu a n d ,

a r a pi d j our n e y to I n di a a n d b a ck F r a n cisco B a rr e t o wi t h h is
,

forc e wh ich i n clud e d c a v a l ry a n d c a m e ls l a n de d a t Q u e lim a n e

, , ,

a n d s e t o u t fo r S e n a T h e e xp e di t io n wa s a ccomp a n i e d a n d
.
, ,

t o a c e rt a i n e x t e n t guid e d b y a misch i e f m a ki n g J e s u i t p ri e st
,
-

n a m e d Mo n c l a ro s who wis h e d t o a v e n g e th e a ss a ssi n a tio n o f

,

hi s fe llow p ri e st G o n ga l o de S ilv e i ra m a r tyre d n o t lo n g p r e

-
, ,

vi o u s l
y i n th e Mo n o m o ta p a t e r rito r i e s Fr a n ci sc o B a rr e to .

fou n d o n a rrivi ng a t S e n a th a t th e re w a s a l re a dy a sm a ll
P ort u gu e s e s e t t l e m e n t built a lo n gsid e a n A r a b tow n T h e s e .

A ra bs a pp e a r t o h a v e got o n v e ry w e ll wi t h th e fi r s t Po r tugu e s e
t ra d e rs b ut th e y e vid e n t ly t ook u mbr a g e a t B a rr e t o s pow e rful
,
’

e xp e di t io n a n d a r e a ccus e d o f h a vi n g poiso n e d th e h o rs e s a n d
,

c a m e l s Wh a t r e a lly t o o k pl a c e how e v e r s e e m s t o h a v e b e e n
.
, ,

th a t th e ho r s e s a n d c a m e ls w e re e xpos e d to th e b it e o f th e
T s e ts e fly a n d di e d i n co n s e q u e n c e of th e a tt a cks o f t hi s
,

v e n om ous i n s e ct F r om S e na B ar r e t o s e n t a n e m b a ssy t o th e
.
,

E mp e r or o f Mo n o m o ta p a wh om h e o fl e re d to h e l p a g a i n st a
'

r e v o l te d v a ss a l Mo n g a s e
,
A ft e r r e c e ivi n g a n i n vi t a t i o n t o
.

visi t th e e mp e r o r a p o rt io n o f th e Po rt ugu e s e forc e com m e n c e d

,

t o a sc e n d th e righ t b a n k o f th e riv e r Z a m b e z i b u t a pp a r e n tly ,

n e v e r r e a ch e d its d e sti n a ti o n b e c a u s e i t wa s so r e p e a t e dly

,

a t t a ck e d by th e h os t il e n a t i v e s t h a t it w a s comp e ll e d to r e tur n

t o S e na S h o r t ly a fte rw a rds t h e re a rriv e d th e n e ws of a r e vol t

.

a t Mo a m b i q u e a n d c o n s e q u e n tl y B a rr e to tog e t h e r wi th th e
g , ,

pri e st Mo n c l a ro s h a vi n g h a nd e d ov e r th e comm a nd of th e
,

e xp e di t i o n t o a li e u t e n a n t e n t e re d a c a n o e
, d e sc e n d e d th e ,

Z a mb e z i to th e Lu a b o m o u t h a n d fr o m t h e r e t ook p a ss a g e i n
,

a dau t o Mo ga m b i q u e H e a n d Mo n c l aro s subs e q u e n tly r e

.

t u r ne d t o S e n a b ut B a rre t o di e d so o n a ft e r hi s a rriv a l T h e
, .

P ortugu e s e c h r o n icl e r s o f t h i s e xp e di t io n w ri t e with co n sid e r

a bl e bit t e r n e ss o f th e J e suit Mo n c l a r o s to wh os e cou n s e ls m ost ,

o f th e m i sfo rt u n e s a n d m is t a k e s a re a tt r ibut e d T h e e xp e di ti o n .

a ft e r B a rr e to s d e a th r e t u rn e d t o Mo g a m b i q u e a n d a tt e mp t e d
’

,
I L] T/z e Po r tu g u ese i n A fr 49

l a t e r o n to e n t e r Mo n o m o ta p a by wa y o f S ofa l a but wa s ,

re p u l s e d .

For som e tim e to com e fu rt h e r e xplo ra tio n o f th e Z a mb e z i

o r o f th e i n t e rior of M o c a m bi qu e w a s p ut a stop to by th e

struggl e wh ich e n su e d wi t h th e T urk s T ow a rds th e e nd o f .

th e 1 6 th c e n t u ry ( i n followi n g o n th e co n qu e st o f
Egyp t a n d a t th e i n stig a ti o n o f V e n ic e th e T u rkish S ulta n ,

s e n t a p ow e rful fl e e t o u t o f th e R e d S e a which d e sc e n d e d th e ,

E a st co a st o f A fric a a s fa r a s M omb a s a a nd pr e p a re d t o d is ,

put e wi t h P or t ug a l th e dom i n io n o f th e I n di a n O c e a n T h e .

T u rks h ow e v e r w e re d e fe a t e d wi t h co n sid e ra b l e l o ss by th e
, ,

A dmir a l T hom e de S o u s a C ou ti n h o a n d P or t ugu e s e domi n a tio n

,

wa s n o t o n ly s t r e n g t h e n e d a t Z a n z ib a r a n d a l o n g th e Z a n z ib a r
co a st b ut wa s a lso a ffi rm e d a lo n g th e sou th co a st of A r a bi a
,

a n d i n th e P e rsi a n Gulf .

A t th e e n d o f th e 1 6 t h c e n tu ry th e Portug u e s e h a d
t e rrific str u ggl e s with th e n a tiv e s i n th e i n t e ri or o f Mo n o m o ta p a ,

b e hi n d Kilw a o n th e m a i n l a n d o f Mo ga m bi q u e a n d i n th e
,
’
,

vici n ity o f T e te o n th e Z a mb e z i ; a n d shortly a ft e r wa rd s

a p p e a r e d th e first D utc h pir a t e s i n E a st A fr ic a n w a t e r s som e ,

o f wh om a ctu a lly l a id si e g e to Mo ga m b i q u e I n 1 6 0 9 t h e re .

a rriv e d a t Mo g a m b i q u e th e first Po r t u g u e s e Gov e rn or o f th e

E a st co a st o f A fric a a n d t h is p rovi n c e w a s d e fi n it e ly s e p a ra t e d
,

from th e Portugu e s e p oss e ssio n s i n I n di a wh il e a t th e s a m e ,

tim e i t wa s with dra w n from th e spi ritu a l j u ri sdictio n of th e

A rchbi s h op o f G o a a n d p l a c e d u n d e r th e P re l a t e o f M o ga m
,

bi qu e .M e a n tim e th e e ffo r ts to re a ch th e gold mi n e s t o th e -

sou t h o f th e Z a mb e z i h a d b e e n so fa r s u cc e ssful th a t a c o n
s i de ra b l e qu a n tity of g o ld w a s obt a i n e d n o t o n ly by th e o fli c e rs ,

but e v e n by th e priv a t e soldi e rs o f th e diffe re n t e xp e ditio n s ;

but th e e xp e ct a ti o n s of th e Portugu e s e a s to th e we a lt h o f gold
a n d silv e r for t h e y w e r e i n S e a rch o f r e port e d silv e r mi n e s o n
( -

1
Whe re t h e y a re on ly no w b ri ngi n g th e st u rdy Ma k u a t rib e u n de r

s u bj e cti o n .
50 T/z e C o l o n i z a ti o n of A fr i c a .
[C HA R

th e Z a mb e z i ) w e r e co n sid e ra bly dis a ppoi n t e d a n d l a t e r o n , ,

i n th e 1 7 th c e n t ury th e ir i nt e r e st i n t h e s e E a s t A frica n
,

p oss e ssio n s w a n e d l a rg e ly o n a cco u n t o f th e poor r e sul ts

,

o f t h e ir mi n i ng op e ra t io n s I n th e middl e o f th e 1 7 th
.

c e n t u ry h owe v e r a n e w sou rc e of w e a l t h w a s discov e r e d

, , ,

which for t wo hu n dr e d y e a rs fo llowi n g g a v e a flick e ri n g p ro s p e

rity t o t h e s e costly e s t a b lishm e n ts o n th e E a st co a st o f A fric a
— I m e a n th e sl a v e t ra d e I n 1 6 4 5 th e fi rst sl a v e s w e r e
.

e xp ort e d from Mo ga m b i q u e to B ra z il T h is a cti o n wa s b r o u gh t

.

a b out b y th e fa c t t h a t th e p r o vi n c e o f A n gol a h a d fa ll e n fo r a

tim e i n to th e h a n ds o f th e D utch a n d th e r e fo r e th e supply o f

, , ,

sl a v e s to Br a z il wa s t e mp o ra rily s t opp e d .

I n co n s e qu e n c e of t h is Mo ga m b i q u e a n d th e Z a mb e z i for
som e y e a rs r e pl a c e d W e s t A fric a a s a sl a v e m a rk e t I n 1 6 4 9 .

th e E n glis h firs t m a d e t h e i r a p p e a ra n c e o n t h is co a st a n d two ,

y e a r s a ft e rw a r ds th e Po r t ugu e s e w e r e p e r t u r b e d b y th e d e fi n it e
e st a b lis h m e n t o f a D u t ch colo n y a t th e C a p e a n d by th e ,

e s t a blishm e n t o f Fr e n ch fa c to r i e s o n th e co a s t o f M a d a g a sc a r

— e v e n ts whic h a re p r oph e t ic a lly d e sc ri b e d by a c o n t e mpor a ry

writ e r a s Q u a n t o s p a sso s p a ra a rui na de Mo ga m b i q u e '
“ ”

S o m a n y st e p s t ow a rds th e rui n o f Mo ga m b i q u e !
“
A t th e
”

s a m e t im e th e A ra b s i n th e P e rsi a n Gulf dr ov e th e Po rtug u e s e

o u t o f Ma sk a t , a n d t o w a rds th e e n d o f th e 1 7 th c e n t u ry
b e ga n to a t t a ck th e ir p oss e ssio n s o n th e Z a n z ib a r co a st By .

1 6 9 8 Port u g a l h a d los t e v e ry for t r e ss n or t h o f Mo a m b i q u e

g ,

a n d i n th a t y e a r th is t h e i r l a st s tr o n ghol d wa s b e si e g e d str a itly

, ,

b y th e A r a b s a n d v e ry n e a rl y c a p tur e d I n fa c t i t wa s o n ly
.

s a v e d by th e fri e ndly t re a ch e ry o f a n I n di a n t r a d e r w h o w a rn e d
th e P or t ugu e s e of a n i n t e n d e d n igh t a tt a ck A l l o f t h e s e p o sts
.

o n th e Z a n z i b a r co a st w e r e fi n a lly a b a n do n e d
’
by th e Portu
g u e s e i n th e e a rly p a r t of th e 1 8 th c e n t u ry b y a g re e m e n t wit h
th e I m a m o f Ma sk a t wh o fo u n d e d th e p re s e n t dy na sty of
,

Z a nz ib a r I n 1 7 5 2 t his fa ct wa s r e cog n i z e d by th e form a l

.

1
Exc e pt Mo mb a s a wh ic h w a s
, re at k e n a nd he l d ti ll 1 7 30 .
IL J Tke P o r tu g u es e i n A fr i c a .
51

d e li mit a tio n of th e Portugu e s e p oss e ssi o n s i n E a st A fric a a t th e

tim e w h e n t h e y w e re a lso r e mov e d fro m a ny d e p e nd e n cy o n
th e Gov e r n or o f G o a I n th is d e cr e e o f th e 1 9th o f A pril
.
,

1 7 5 2 th e gov e r n m e n t o f M o c a mbiqu e wa s d e sc r ib e d a s e xt e n d
,

“
i ng ov e r M o ca mbi qu e S ofa l a Ri o de S e na ( Z a mb e z i ) a n d
, , ,

a l l th e co a st of A fric a a n d its co n ti n e n t b e tw e e n C a p e D e lg a d o

a n d th e Ba y o f L o u re n g o M a r qu e z ( D e l a g o a Ba y) H it h e r t o ”

comm e rc e i n Portugu e s e E a st A fric a h a d b e e n si ngul a rly

r e st rict e d a n d a fte r b e i n g first co n fi ne d t o th e Go v e r n ors a n d
,

o ffi ci a l s o f th e s ta te wa s t h e n d e l e g a t e d to c e rt a i n comp a n i e s
,
.

t o wh om m o n op oli e s w e r e sold b ut i n 1 6 8 7 th e r e wa s a fr e s h
a rriv a l a ft e r a co n sid e ra bl e
,
i n t e rv a l o f I n di a n t ra d e rs w h o
, ,

e s t a blis h e d t h e m s e lv e s o n th e I sl a n d o f Mo ga m b i q u e a n d by ,

d e gr e e s th e wh ol e of th e comm e rc e o f Po rtugu e s e E a st A fric a

wa s th r ow n op e n fre e ly to a ll Po r t ugu e s e s u b j e cts t h oug h i t ,

w a s a bsolu te ly fo rbidd e n t o th e subj e cts o f a n y ot h e r Europ e a n

po we r a n d co n sid e ra bl e a ng e r wa s displ a ye d w h e n Fr e n ch a n d
,

Dutc h e n d e a vour e d to tra d e o n th e isl a n ds or o n th e co a st i n

th e provi n c e o f M o c a mbiqu e I n th e m iddl e o f th e 1 8 th
.

c e n t u ry th e p ri n cipl e o f s e n di n g th e worst st a m p o f Por tugu e s e

co n victs t o Mo ga m b i q u e w a s u n h a pp ily a dop t e d i n spit e o f th e
m a n y pro te s ts of its gov e r n o rs A bou t t h i s s a m e tim e a lso
.

th e r e occurre d a s e ri e s o f dis a st e rs a ttribu ta bl e to th e de p l o r

a bl e mism a n a g e m e n t o f th e Portugu e s e o ffici a ls T h e fortr e ss e s .

o f th e gold mi n i ng cou n try o f M a n ik a h a d to b e a b a n do n e d

-

,
’
lik e Zum bo o n th e upp e r Z a mb e z i T h e forts o f th e m a i nl a n d
.

op posit e Mo ga m b i q u e w e re c a ptu re d by a n a rmy o f M a ku a ,

a n d th e I sl a n d o f Mo a m b i u e its e lf v e ry n e a rly fe ll i n to th e
g q
h a n ds o f th e n e gr o e s o f th e m a i n l a n d .

T ow a rds th e clos e of th e l a s t c e n tury h o we v e r occurre d a , ,

gr e a t r e viv a l I n fa ct th e p e riod whic h th e n e n su e d wa s th e

.
,

o n ly b rig h t a nd to som e e xt e n t glorious p h a s e o f Portugu e s e

,

Z u mb o w a s g ive n u p ( t ho u gh it
1
w as ne ve r m u c h m o re t h a n a J e su it
Missi o n S t a ti o n) i n 1 7 4 0 .
52 T/z e C o l o n i z a ti o n o f A fr i c a .
[C HA R

dom i n io n i n S o u t h e a st A fr ica A re m a rk a bl e m a n Dr F ra n cisco

-
.

J os e M a ri a de L a c e rd a e A lm e id a wa s fi r s t m a d e Gov e rn or of
,

Z a mb e z i a a t his o w n re q u e st a n d comm e n c e d th e fi rst sci e n t ific

,

e xplo ra t io n of so u t h e r n C e n t ra l A fr ic a H i s j o u rn e y r e sul t e d i n
.

th e discov e r y o f th e K a z e m b e s divi sio n o f th e Lu n d a e mpi re a

’
,

cou n t ry o n th e Lu a p ul a a n d L a k e Mw e ru I t i s i n t e r e sti n g t o .

n o t e th a t i n 1 7 9 6 o n ly o n e y e a r a fte r th e B ri t ish h a d s e i z e d
,

C a p e T ow n D r L a c e rd a p re dict e d th is a c t io n w ould l e a d t o
,

th e c r e a t io n o f a gr e a t B r i t ish Empi re i n A fric a w h ic h wo u ld ,

str e t ch u p n orthw a rds lik e a w e dg e b e t w e e n th e Por t ugu e s e

colo n i e s of A n g o l a a n d Mo ga m b i q u e Bu t D r L a c e rd a i n t im e
.

fe ll a V ictim to th e fa tigu e s of h is e xp lo ra tio n s a n d Po r t ugu e s e ,

i n t e r e st i n E a st A fric a w a n e d b e for e th e life — a n d d e a th struggl e -

wh ich w a s t a ki n g pl a c e wi t h Fr a n c e i n P o r t uga l its e l f Lo n g .

p rior to thi s a lso i n th e middl e of th e 1 8 th c e n t u ry th e

, ,

J e sui t s h a d b e e n e xp e ll e d fr om a l l P o rtugu e s e E a st A fri c a a n d ,

with th e m h a d fa ll e n w h a t li tt l e civili z a t io n h a d b e e n c re a t e d
o n th e upp e r Z a mb e z i I n fa ct it m a y b e s a id th a t a ft e r
.
,

L a c e r da s j ou r n e y th e pr o vi n c e o f Mo ga m b i q u e fe ll i n t o a st a t e
’

o f i n e r ti a a n d d e c a y , u n til Li v i n gsto n e by h is m a rv e llous ,

j ou rn e y s n o t o nly discov e r e d th e t ru e co u rs e o f th e Z a m b e z i
,

riv e r bu t d r e w th e a t t e n t io n a n d i n t e r e s t of th e whol e world

,

to th e d e v e lopm e n t o f t ropic a l A fr ic a .

O n a l l o l d P o r t u g u e s e m a ps i n d e e d o n a ll Po rtugu e s e
,

m a p s issu e d p rior to Livi n gsto n e s j ou rne ys th e re wa s b u t

’

sc a n ty re cog n i t io n o f th e Z a m b e z i a s a g re a t riv e r I t w a s .

“
usu a lly re fe rre d to a s th e riv e rs of S e n a th e g e n e r a l i m ,
”

p r e ssio n b e i ng th a t i t co n si s t e d o f a s e ri e s o f p a ra ll e l st re a m s .

No doubt this id e a a r os e from i t s l a rg e d e lt a ; o n o n e o r tw o

m a ps h ow e v e r th e cou rs e o f th e Z a mb e z i is l a id dow n p re t ty
, ,

co rr e ctly fr om its co nflu e n c e wi t h th e K a fu e to th e s e a ; b u t

th e fa c t c a nn ot b e d e n i e d t h a t i ts imp or ta n c e a s a w a t e rw a y
w a s quit e u n k n ow n t o th e Po r tugu e s e wh o usu a lly r e a c h e d ,

i t ov e r l a n d fr om Q u e lim a n e a n d t r a v e ll e d by l a n d a l o ng it s
b a n ks i n p re fe r e n c e to na vig a t i ng i t s u n c e rt a i n w a t e rs T h e .
II .
] T/z e Po r tu g u es e i n A fr i c a .
53

S h ir e wa s li te ra lly u n k n ow n e xc e p t a t i t s j u n cti o n wi th th e
,

Z a mb e z i T h e n a m e of t hi s riv e r wa s usu a lly sp e l t C h e rim

.
,

but its e tym o logy li e s i n th e Ma fia nja w o r d c ki r i which m e a n s ,

“
a s te e p b a n k C a p t a i n O w e n w h o co n d u c t e d a mos t
.
,

r e m a rk a bl e s e ri e s of surv e yi n g c rui s e s a l o n g th e W e st a n d E a st
co a s t s o f A fric a i n th e e a r ly p a r t of th e 1 9 th c e n tury wa s ,

th e firs t t o m a k e th e fa c t cl e a rly k n o wn th a t a s h ip o f light

dr a ught migh t e n t e r th e m ou th of th e Z a m b e z i from th e s e a

a n d t ra v e l up a s fa r a s S e n a .

Livi ngst o n e s gre a t j our n e y a cross th e A fric a n co n ti n e n t i n

’

th e e a r li e r 5 o s a t tr a ct e d th e a t t e n t io n o f th e B ri tish n a tio n
‘ ’ ’

a n d Gov e r n m e n t to th e possi b ili t i e s o f t his r e gio n so h ighly ,

fa vo u re d by na tur e i n i t s r ich soil a n d v a lu a b l e p rod u ctio n s .

Livi n gsto n e wa s a pp oi n t e d Co n sul a t Qu e lim a n e a n d p l a c e d ,

a t th e h e a d o f a w e ll e q u ipp e d e xp e diti o n i n t e n d e d to e xplo r e

-

th e Z a m b e z i riv e r a n d i t s t ribut a ri e s P r io r t o thi s th e Po rtu

.

g u e s e h a d a b o lis h e d th e sl a v e t ra d e b y l a w t h o u gh sl a v e ry did ,

n o t c e a s e a s a l e g a l st a tus t ill 1 8 7 8 a n d h a d t h row n op e n

,

Portugu e s e E a st A fric a t o th e com m e rc e of a ll n a t i o n s a nd ,

u n doubt e dly t h e s e two a ctio n s w e re a n e n cou ra g e m e n t to th e

Bri t ish Gov e r n m e n t t o p a rticip a te i n th e d e ve lopm e n t o f S ou t h
e a s t A fr ic a e sp e ci a lly a s Livi n gsto n e s j o u r n e ys h a d s h ow n
’

c o n clusiv e ly th a t th e ru l e o f th e Po r t u gu e s e did n o t e xt e n d

v e ry fa r i nl a n d n o r to a n y g re a t dist a n c e fr om th e b a n ks o f
,

th e low e r Za mb e z i T h e s e co n d Livi ngs t o n e e xp e ditio n m a y

.
,

t h e re for e b e r e ga rd e d a s th e first i ndi r e ct st e p tow a rds th e

,

fou n d a t io n o f th e p re s e n t P r o t e c t o ra t e o f B ritish C e n t ra l A fric a ,

wh ich de p e n d e n cy follows to a gr e a t e xt e n t i n i ts fro n ti e rs th e

d e limit a t io n s sugg e s te d by D r Livi n gsto n e a t th e clos e of h i s
s e co n d e xp e ditio n .

A j e a lous fe e li ng h ow e v e r a ros e a t th e tim e of Livi n g

, ,

sto ne s e xplo ra tio n s b e tw e e n Portugu e s e a n d B ritish a n d c o n

’
,

s i de ra b l e p re ss u re w a s b r ough t t o b e a r o n th e B ri t i sh Go v e r n

m e n t t o a b a n do n th e r e sults o f Livi ngsto n e s discov e ry ; a n d ’

t h e s e r e pr e s e n t a tio n s tog e t h e r wit h ot h e r discoura gi ng re sul ts

,
54 T/z e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R

of Bri tis h e nt e rpris e i n E a st a n d W e st A fric a i n duc e d th e ,

B ri t ish Gov e r n m e n t du ri n g th e l a t e r 6 o s a n d e a rli e r ‘ ’ ’

‘ ’
7o s
’
to h old a loo f fr om a ny i d e a o f B ri tish rul e i n th e
i n t e rior o f th e co n t i n e n t M e a n t im e th e Por t u g u e s e w e re
.

m a ki ng pr a is e wo r t hy e ffo r t s t o d e v e lop t h e s e lo n g n e gl e c t e d -

poss e ssio n s G r e a t imp rov e m e n t s w e r e m a d e a n d a wholly

.
,

m od e r n a sp e ct o f n e a t n e ss a n d o r d e r wa s giv e n t o th e tow n s o f
Qu e lim a n e a n d Mo ga m b i q u e which i n m a n y r e sp e c t s comp a r e
,

fa vo u ra bly with oth e r Eu r op e a n s e t tl e m e n t s o n th e E a st co a s t

o f A fr ic a L ar g e s u m s w e r e sp e n t o n pu b lic works ; i n d e e d
.
,

i n th e y e a r 1 8 8 0 th e su m of n o t l e ss th a n
, wa s
p r ovid e d b y th e m o t h e r cou n t ry for th e e r e c t io n o f p u blic
b u i ldi n gs i n P o rtugu e s e E a st a n d W e s t A fric a a n d a t t his ,

p e ri o d th e h a n dsom e h ospit a l i n th e tow n of Mo ga m b i q u e wa s

e re ct e d ,
tog e th e r wi t h a good d e a l o f s u bst a n t i a l ro a d a n d
b ridg e m a ki n g A g o od m a n y m o re milit a ry p osts w e re
.

fou n d e d a n d Zumbo o n th e c e n t ra l Z a mb e z i a t th e c o n
, , ,

fl u e n c e with th e Lu a ngw a w a s r e occupi e d , N e v e rth e l e ss .

,

Livi n gs t o n e s w o rk a n d e sp e ci a lly h is d e a th i n e vi t a bly d re w

’
, ,

th e B ri t i sh to Z a mb e z i a I n 1 8 7 5 th e fi r st pi o n e e r s of th e
.

p r e s e n t m issio n a ry soci e t i e s t ra v e ll e d up th e Z a mb e z i a n d
a rriv e d i n th e S hir e high l a n ds I n 1 8 7 6 th e s e t t l e m e n t o f
.

B l a n tyr e wa s comm e n c e d a n d th e fou nd a tio n s o f Bri t ish

,

C e n t ra l A fric a w e r e l a id T h e s e a c t io n s imp e ll e d th e Por t u

.

g u e s e t o gr e a te r a n d g re a t e r e fforts t o s e cu r e th e dom i n io n to
which t h e y a spi re d — a co n ti n uo u s b e l t of e mp i re st re tchi n g
a cross th e co n ti n e n t fr om A n g o l a t o Mo g a m b i q u e ; and an

e xp e n di t u r e e x h a usti n g fo r th e m ot h e r co u n t ry w a s l a id o u t o n

costly e xp e di t io n s productiv e n o t a lwa y s o f d e fi n it e o r s a tis

fa ct o ry re sul t s T hi s p olicy culmi na t e d i n th e e ffort o f S e rp a
.

Pi n t o t o s e i z e by fo rc e th e S h ir e h ighl a n d s d e spi t e th e ,

r e si st a n c e o ffe r e d by th e Ma k o l o l o c h i e fs w h o h a d d e cl a r e d ,

th e m s e lv e s u n d e r B ritis h p rot e ctio n T h e n c e a ro s e th e i n t e r .

v e n ti o n o f th e B ri t is h Go v e rn m e n t a n d a l o ng discussio n
b e tw e e n th e t wo p ow e rs w h ic h e v e n t u a lly b or e r e sul t s i n a fa i r
,
 me P o r tu g u e s e i n A fr i c a .
55

d e lim it a ti o n o Po rtugu e s e a n d B ri t ish sph e re s o f i n fl u e n c e

f th e ,

a n d th e a nn u lli n g — i t i s t o b e h op e d fo r a l l tim e — o f a ny
i n im ic a l fe e li ng b e tw e e n E n gl a n d a n d Po r t ug a l i n t h e i r A fric a n
e n t e r p ris e s Mo ga m b i q u e h a s pr o v e d a costly d e p e n d e n cy t o
.

th e m o th e r c o u n t ry Fr om th e y e a r 1 5 0 8 to 1 8 9 3 t h e r e wa s
.

a lw a ys a n n u a lly a n e xc e ss o f e xp e n di t ur e ov e r r e v e n u e som e ,

tim e s a s m uch a s a n a n n u a l d e ficit o f I n th e y e a r

1 8 93 fo r th e fi r st t im e si n c e th e c re a t io n o f th e colo n y a sm a ll
, ,

surplus w a s r e mi t t e d to Li sbo n I t i s qu e stio na bl e w h e t h e r

.

this p oss e ssio n will e v e r p r ov e profit a bl e to P ortuga l A t th e .

p re s e n t da y n e a rly two thi rds of th e t r a de i s i n th e h a n ds of

-

B riti sh subj e c t s — I n di a n s a n d Eu r op e a n s T h e r e m a i n d e r i s .

divid e d a mo n gst Fr e n c h G e r m a n Por t ugu e s e a n d Dutc h

, , ,

comm e rci a l h ous e s a n d a sm a ll a m ou n t o f comm e rc e i s

,

c a rri e d o n by n a tiv e s o f G o a o r o th e r P o rtugu e s e I n di a n

poss e ssio n s .

T h e c h i e f a rticl e o f t ra d e i n th e Mo ga m b i q u e p r ovi n c e i s
g r ou n d n u ts — th e oily s e e ds of th e A r a c /z i s lzyp og ce a a sp e ci e s
-

o f l e g u m i n ous pl a n t th e s e e d p o ds o f wh ich g row do wn w a rds

,
-

i nt o th e soil T h e s e g ro u n d n u t s p roduc e a n e xc e ll e n t a n d
.
-

p a l a t a bl e oil w h ich i s h a rdly disti n gu i s h a bl e i n t a s t e fr om oliv e

o i l a n d which i n d e e d fu r n ish e s a c o n sid e r a bl e p a r t o f th e s o
,

c a ll e d oliv e oil e xp ort e d from Fr a n c e T h is p e rh a p s i s th e

.
, ,

r e a so n why th e grou n d n uts fin d th e i r w a y fi n a lly to M a r s e ill e s

-
.

T h e i n di a rubb e r of M o ca mbi qu e i s o f e xc e p tio n a lly good

-

qu a lit y a n d fe tch e s a g o od p r ic e i n th e m a rk e t O t h e r e xp orts .

a r e oil s e e ds d e riv e d fr om a sp e ci e s of s e s a m um
-
copr a wa x , , ,

iv ory a n d c o pp e r A fe w e n t e rp risi n g p e opl e st a rt e d coffe e

,
.

pl a n t a t io n s o n th e m a i n l a n d n e a r M o c a mbiqu e som e y e a rs a g o ;
b u t th e l o c a l Po rtug u e s e a ut h o riti e s imm e di a t e ly put o n h e a vy
d u t i e s a n d t a x e s so t h a t th e coffe e pl a n ti n g i n dustry w a s soo n
,
-

kill e d T h e s a m e t hi n g m a y b e s a id a bo u t th e coco nu t p a lm
.
-
.

A t o n e tim e i t w a s i n t e n d e d to pl a n t this u seful t re e i n l a r g e

n umb e rs a lo n g a co a st si ngul a rl y a da pt e d for i t s gr owth ; but

owi ng t o th e fa ct th a t th e loca l Po rt u gu e s e Gov e rn m e n t

 56 T/z e C o l o n i z a ti o n o f A fr i c a .
[C HA R

imp os e d a y e a rly ta x o n e a c h p a lm th e cultiv a tio n o f th e

coc o n ut wa s gi v e n up T h e iv o ry com e s chi e fl y from I b o
.

a nd C a p e D e lg a do a n d a lso from Q u e lim a n e

, a n d is d e riv e d
,

from e l e ph a n ts still e xisti n g i n th e Z a m b e z i b a si n a nd i n th e

e a st e r n p a rts o f N ya s a l a nd . N e v e r t h e l e ss m ost o f th e
,

p r od u cts a b o v e a ll u d e d t o wi t h th e e xc e p t io n o f ivo ry a r e
, ,

o n l y fu rn ish e d by th e fe r t il e co a s t b e l t fo r b e yo n d th e t w e n t y
,

mil e st rip o f cul t iv a t e d l a n d whic h e xt e n ds mor e o r l e ss dow n

th e wh ol e co a s t o f Mo ga m b i q u e th e i n t e ri o r of th e cou n try i s
,

dry a n d a ri d e xc e p t i n c e r t a i n fa vour e d r iv e r v a ll e ys
'

U n fo r t u n a t e ly a l l th e t ra d e i n th e Mo ga m b i q u e provi n c e i s
t e rri b ly h a m p e re d by th e v e ry high impor t d u ti e s whic h i n ,

m a n y c a s e s a re a s much a s 3 7 p e r c e n t a d va l o r e m t h e re a re
.

a lso e xp ort du t i e s o n som e o f th e p roduc t s of th e cou n t ry .

W e r e i t n o t fo r t his fisc a l p o licy u n d o u b te dly t h i s p a r t o f

,

A fr ic a would b e fre qu e n t e d by i n n um e ra bl e I n di a n tra d e rs

a n d by a v e ry much l a rg e r n u mb e r of E u ro p e a n s t h a n i s a t

pr e s e n t th e c a s e.

Po r tugu e s e i n flu e n c e t h o u g h n o t Po r t u g u e s e rul e wa s
, ,

c a rri e d sou t hw a rd to th e n o r th e r n shor e of D e la g o a Ba y a t th e

e n d o f th e 1 7 th c e n tu ry . H e r e th e s e t tl e m e n t of L o u re n go
M a rqu e z w a s fou n d e d a s a t ra di n g s t a t io n A t th e b e gi nn i n g
.

of th e 1 8 th c e n t u ry t his Portug u e s e s t a t io n wa s a b a n do ne d a n d ,

th e C a p e Du t c h c a m e a nd b uilt a fa c t o ry t h e r e which how e v e r ,

w a s de s t roy e d by th e E n gli sh i n 1 7 2 7 . N e v e r th e l e ss Po rtug a l

co n t i nu e d t o a ss e r t h e r cl a im s to L o u re n go Ma rqu e z ; a n d
wh e n i n 1 7 7 6 a n E nglis h m a n n a m e d B ol ts ( fo rm e rly i n th e
e mploy o f th e E n glish E a s t I n di a C o mp a ny ) w h o h a d e n t e r e d
,

th e s e rvic e o f M a ri a T h e r e s a i n o rd e r to fo u n d a n A us t ri a n
Comp a n y t o t r a de wi t h th e E a s t I n di e s fro m Fl a n d e rs c a m e ,

t hi t h e r wi t h a l a rg e b a n d c o m p o s e d o f A u s t ri a n I t a li a n subj e c t s
-

a n d m a d e t r e a ti e s wi t h th e ch i e fs a t D e l a g o a Ba y th e Po r t u ,

g u e s e p r o t e s te d a n d a dd r e ss e d r e p re s e n t a tio n s to th e A us t ri a n

G o v e rn m e n t T h e s e p ro t e st a t io n s wo u ld h a v e b e e n o f but
.

lit t l e a v a il h a d n o t a t e rr ibl e ou t b re a k o f fe v e r c a rri e d o ff

I L] T/i e P o r tu g u ese i n A fr i c a .
57

a lmost a ll th e E u rop e a n s e ttl e rs T h e A us t ri a n cl a im wa s .

th e r e fo re a b a n do n e d a nd th e P o rtugu e s e co n ti n u e d a t i n t e rva ls
,

t o m a k e t h e i r p r e s e n c e fe lt t h e re by a q u a si m ilit a ry com -

m a n d a n t o r a Gov e rn m e n t tra di ng e st a blis h m e n t Whe n .

C a p t a i n O we n s e xp e di t io n visit e d D e l a g o a Ba y b e tw e e n 1 8 2 2
’

a n d 1 8 2 4 th e y fou n d a sm a ll Po r tug u e s e e st a blish m e n t o n th e

’
sit e o f th e p re s e n t tow n o f L o u re ng o M a rqu e z R e a li z i ng .

th e impo r t a n c e of this h a rb o u r a n d fi n di n g n o e vid e n c e o f

,

Po rtugu e s e cl a im s to i ts so u t h e rn sh o re C a p t a i n O w e n c o n ,

c lud e d tr e a ti e s wi t h th e Ki n g o f T e mb e by w h ich th e south e rn

p a rt o f D e l a g o a Ba y wa s c e d e d to Gr e a t B ri t a i n T h e P o r t u .

u e s e m d e a n i n dir e ct prot e st by r e m o v i n g th e B ritish fl a g

g a

d u ri n g C a pt a i n O w e n s a bs e n c e b u t th e fl a g wa s re h o i s te d i n
’
,

1 82 4 . O we n s a cti o n h ow e v e r w a s n o t fo llow e d up by c fl e c
’
, ,

t iv e occup a t i o n th o ugh o n th e oth e r h a n d th e Portugu e s e di d

,

n o t hi n g to r e a ss e r t t h e ir a uth ori ty ov e r th e s o u th sh or e of th e

b a y u n t il i n th e w h e n th e g rowi n g impo rta n c e of

’ ’
6o s ‘

S ou th A fric a l e d th e E n gli sh to r e a ss e r t th e i r cl a im s Th e .

m a t t e r w a s s u bmi t t e d t o a rbi t ra t i o n a n d M a rsh a l Ma c Ma h o n , ,

th e P re sid e n t o f th e Fr e n c h R e p ublic w a s ch os e n a s a r b i t r a t or , .

H is v e rdict —a n otorio usly bi a ss e d o n e — n o t o n ly g a v e th e

Po r tug u e s e th e so u th sh o re of D e l a g o a Ba y b u t e v e n m or e ,

t e r ri t o ry th a n th e y a c t u a lly l a id cl a i m to E ngl a n d h a d t o .

s om e e xt e n t p r e p a re d h e rs e l f fo r a n u n fa vou ra b l e v e rdic t b y a
pri o r a gr e e m e n t p r ovi di ng t h a t which e v e r of th e two disputi n g
p ow e r s c a m e t o p oss e ss th e wh ol e o r p a rt o f D e la g o a Ba y
s h o u ld giv e th e o t h e r th e rig h t o f p re e mp t i o n -
.

R e a di n g th e v a st m a ss o f e vid e n c e bro u g h t fo r wa rd a n d
pr e s e r v e d i n Blu e Books i t s e e ms to th e p re s e n t w ri t e r t h a t
,

a ny disp a ssio n a t e j udg e would a rriv e a t th e s e co n cl u sio n s

T h a t th e Por t ugu e s e cl a im s to th e n or th e r n sho re of D e la g o a
Ba y w e r e v a lid but th a t ov e r th e south e r n sh o re o f th a t
,

1
Th e m o de rn a nd e xisti ng t o w n o f th ta na me was no t fo u n de d ti l l
58 T/i e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R

impo r t a n t i n l e t t h e y h a d e x e rcis e d n o occ u p a t i o n a nd r a is e d

no cl a im u n t il th e a rriv a l of C a p t a i n O w e n a n d hi s t r e a t y
m a ki n g a nd t h a t e v e n a ft e r th e a c t io n t a k e n by C a pt a i n O w e n
,

t h e i r o nly p roc e dur e w a s to re m ov e th e fl a g h e h a d ra is e d ,

b ut n o t to follow up a ny suc h st e p by occ u p a tio n o r t r e a t y

m a ki n g o n th e i r o w n a ccou n t C a p t a i n O w e n s a c t io n wa s
.
’

n o t r e pudi a t e d b y th e B r itish Gov e r n m e n t w h o b e sid e s h a d ,

oth e r r ights ov e r th e t e r ritory i n qu e s t io n i n h e ri te d fr o m th e

D u t ch . C a p t a i n O w e n s a c t io n wa s n o t i t i s tru e suc
’
, ,

c e e de d by im m e di a t e occ u p a tio n a n d th e B ri t is h c a s e woul d

,

h a v e b e e n a v e ry w e a k o n e j udg e d by th e s e v e re rul e s of
th e B e rl i n C o n v e n tio n of 1 8 8 4 Bu t t h e n if Po rt u gu e s e
.
,

t e rr itory i n E a s t A fr ic a h a d b e e n d e lim it e d by th e s a m e
s e v e r e r ul e s i t would h a v e b e e n r e duc e d t o a fe w fo r tifi e d
s e ttl e m e n t s Gr e a t Bri t a i n h a d a fa i r cl a i m t o th e sout h sho re
.

of D e l ag o a Ba y a n d th e a w a rd o f Ma rsh a l Ma c Ma h o n w a s a
,

pr e j u dic e d o n e s a i d to h a v e b e e n m a i n ly du e to th e i n fl u e n ce
,

o f hi s wife wh o wa s a n a rd e n t Rom a n C a th olic a n d h a d b e e n

, ,

w o n ov e r to th e Port u g u e s e c a u s e i n o th e r w a y s .

S u b s e qu e n t t o th e D e l a g o a Ba y a w a rd th e Por t ugu e s e ,

m a d e d e t e rmi n e d e ffo r ts to e xpl o r e a n d co n qu e r th e S o uth e a s t -

co a s t o f A fric a a nd th e co u n t r i e s a lo n g th e low e r Z a mb e z i .

T o th e e xt re m e n ort h o f th e i r Mo ga m b i q u e poss e ssio n s th e y

h a d a disp u t e wi t h th e S ul t a n o f Z a n z i b a r a s t o th e p oss e ssio n
o f T u n gi Ba y a n d th e sou th sh or e of th e m o u t h o f th e riv e r

R uvum a . A ft e r t h e i r dis a st r o u s s t ruggl e wi t h th e A ra bs i n

th e 1 7 th a n d 1 8 th c e n tu r i e s th e Por t ugu e s e h a d d e fi n e d th e

n orth e rn limi t o f t h e ir E a s t A fric a n p o ss e ssi o n s a s C a p e

D e lg a do a n d C a p e D e lg a do w o uld h a v e giv e n t h e m th e w h ol e
,

o f T u n gi Ba y t h ough n o t th e m ou t h o f th e R u vum a
,
It is .

e vid e n t t h a t th e S ul t a n of Z a n z ib a r w a s t r e sp a ssi n g a s a r u l e r

w h e n h e cl a im e d T u ngi Ba y t h o u gh n o t wh e n h e cl a im e d th e
,

m ou th o f th e Ruv u m a Po r t ug a l lo si n g p a t i e n ce a t th e tim e
.
,

o f th e divisi o n o f th e Z a n z ib a r S ul t a n a t e b e t w e e n E n gl a n d a n d

G e rm a n y m a d e a n a rm e d d e sc e n t o n T u ng i Ba y i n 1 8 8 9 a n d
, ,
IL J Tli e P o r tu g u ese i n A fr i c a .
59

h as si n c e h e ld i t th o u gh th e G e rm a n s with dr e w fro m h e r
,

co n t rol th e R u vum a m out h wh ic h t h e y cl a i m e d a s a n i n

,

h e ri t a n c e o f th e S u l t a n o f Z a n z ib a r .

T h e e st a blishm e n t o f th e B ritis h S ou th A fric a n Comp a n y

i n 1 8 8 9 a n d th e co n s e qu e n t d e v e lopm e n t of M a sh o n a l a n d a n d
,

M a t a b e l e l a n d su b j e ct e d th e Po r t u gu e s e t e rrito ri e s south of
th e Z a m b e z i to a s e a r ch i n g scruti n y o n th e p a r t o f t h e s e

m e rch a n t a dv e n t u r e r s wh o l a id h a n ds o n b e h a lf o f Gr e a t
,

B rit a i n o n a ll t e rr itory wh e re th e P o r t ugu e s e could n o t prov e

cl a im s sup p or t e d by o ccup a tio n o r ruli n g i n flu e n c e T h e .

s t r o n g e st t e mp t a ti o n e xist e d t o ig n or e Port u gu e s e cl a im s o n
th e P u n gw e riv e r a n d push a w a y d o w n to th e s e a a t B e i ra
b ut a spirit o f j us t ic e pr e va il e d a n d n o r e a l t ra n s g r e ssi o n of
Port u g u e s e r ig ht s w a s s a n ctio n e d by th e B ritish G ov e r nm e n t ,

o r i n d e e d a tt e mpt e d by th e C omp a n y I n J u n e 1 8 9 1 a fte r

.
, ,

s e v e r a l unsucc e ssfu l a t t e m p t s a co n v e n t io n wa s a rriv e d a t

,

b e tw e e n E ngl a n d a n d P o r t ug a l wh i ch d e fi n e d t ol e r a bly cl e a rly

,

th e bo u n d a r i e s o f Bri t ish a n d Po r t u gu e s e t e r rito r i e s i n S ou th

e a st S out h —
, w e st a n d S o u th c e n t ra l A fric a Righ ts o f w a y w e r e
,
-
.

o b t a i n e d u n d e r fa i r co n diti o n s both a t B e ir a a n d a t C hi n d e .

S i n c e th is tim e a fri e n dli e r fe e li n g h a s b e e n g rowi n g up

b e tw e e n th e E n gli s h a n d P o rtugu e s e T h e Por t ugu e s e h a v e
.

b e e n m a ki ng st e a dy e ffor t s t o b ri n g u n d e r c o n trol th e ir ric h ly

e n dow e d E a st A fric a n p r o vi n c e F o r som e t i m e a fte r t h e ir
.

s e ttl e m e n t with Gr e a t B rit a i n t h e y w e r e m e n a c e d i n th e sout h

by th e p ow e r of G u ng u nya m a a Zul u k i ng w h o rul e d ov e r th e
,

G a z a cou n try a n d wh o h a d b e e n i n th e h a b i t o f r a idi ng th e

,

i n t e ri o r b e h i n d th e Po rt u gu e s e s e ttl e m e n t s o f L o u re n go
M a rqu e z a n d I n h a mb a n e T h e P ortugu e s e w a rr e d a g a i n s t
.

h im for th re e y e a rs wi th out s a ti sfa c t ory r e sults u n til M a j or ,

Mou z i nh o de A l b uqu e rqu e by a bold strok e o f much b ra v e ry

m a rch e d i n to Gu ng u nya m a s c a m p wit h a h a n dful o f Portugu e s e
’

soldi e r s a n d took th e ki ng p riso n e r For th is g a ll a n t a ctio n h e

.

w a s e v e n tu a lly prom ot e d to b e Gov e rn or G e n e r a l of Portugu e s e

-

E a st A fric a a nd h a s si n c e do ne som e t h i n g tow a rds bri ngi n g

,
60 T/i e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C H A R 11 .

u nd e r s u bj e c t io n th e t u r b ul e n t Ma ku a tri b e s opposi t e M o ga m
b iqu e T h e Po rt u gu e s e h a v e n e v e r ye t co n qu e r e d th e A n goch e
.

cou n t ry which li e s b e t we e n Q u e lim a n e a nd Mo g a m b i q u e a n d ,

whi ch is l a rg e ly i n th e h a n ds o f chi e fs d e sc e n d e d fr om Z a nz i b a r
A ra b s .

T h e gr e a t e r p o rt io n o f t h e ir sou t h e a st A fr ic a n p oss e ssio n s

-

h a s b e e n h a n d e d ov e r t o th e a dmi n ist ra t io n o f a C h a rt e r e d
C omp a n y— which a l t houg h e n t i r e ly Por t ugu e s e i n dir e c tio n
d e riv e s i t s c a pi t a l m a i n ly from E n glish a n d F re n ch s o u r c e s .

T his Mo ga m b i q u e Comp a n y si n c e i t s i n sti t utio n i n 1 8 9 1 h a s

do ne m uch to o p e n up th e co u n t ry b u t fur t h e r d e v e lopm e n t is
,

chi e fly du e to th e B ri t ish S ou th A fric a n Com p a ny wh o h a v e ,

co n st ruc t e d a li n e of ra ilw a y fr om th e P u ngw e r iv e r n e a r ,

B e i ra t o th e e a s t e rn fro n t i e r o f M a sh o n a l a n d A si mil a r
, .

comp a n y th e N y a s a Comp a ny w a s t o h a v e d e v e lop e d th e

, ,

co u n t ry t o th e n o r t h of M o c a mbiq u e b e tw e e n L a k e Ny a s a a n d
th e co a s t b u t a ft e r a do u b t ful e xis t e n c e o f a y e a r o r so t hi s
,

a ssoci a ti o n w a s di ssolv e d .
 C H A PT E R I I I .

S P A N I S H A F R IC A .

THE t rpris e o f S p a i n i n A fric a wa s re l a tiv e ly so sm a ll

en e

( th e gr e a t e r p a r t o f S p a ni sh e n e rgy b e i n g d e vot e d to fo u n di n g
a n e mpi r e i n th e N e w Wo rld i n th e fa r E a s t i n It a ly a n d , ,

Fl a n d e r s ) a nd w a s a lso p olitic a lly so k n it up a t first with th e

Po rtugu e s e colo ni a l e mpir e th a t th e lit t l e t h e r e i s t o s a y a bo u t
it m ay b e re co rd e d i n th e S h o rt e st ch a pt e r o f t h is b ook .

A t th e clos e of th e 1 5 th c e n t u ry th e S p a n i a rds follow e d up

t h e ir e xp u lsio n of th e M oors from S p a i n by a tt a cki n g th e m o n
th e No rth co a st o f A fric a T h e y e st a blis h e d t h e m s e lv e s a t .

M e lill a O ra n A lgi e r s Bugi a Bo n a H u n e i n S u s a M o n a stir

’
, ,
2
, , , , , ,

M e h e di a S fa x a n d Gol e t t a
,
T h e a pog e e o f S p a n is h pow e r i n
,
"
.

North A fric a w a s r e a ch e d a bout 1 5 3 5 a t whic h tim e th e ,

S p a n i a rd s a lt e rna t e ly wi th th e T u rks domi n a t e d th e B a rb a ry

S tat e s .T h e n o wi n g to vi cto ry i n cli n i n g to th e T urki s h
,

cors a irs th e S p a n i a rds h old ov e r th e cou n try b e ga n to

"
,
’

1
In 1 4 90 .

2
O r th e ck o r P e no n o ve lo o ki ng th e t o w n s e i e d a nd ga rris o n e d
ro , , r ,
z

by C a r di n a l X im e n e i n 1 5 0 9 I t w a s t a k e n by K h a i r e ddi n th e Tu r kis h
z .
,

c o rs a i r ,
in 5 30 1 .

3
He l by p i n fro m 1 5 3 5 to 1 5 7 4
d S a .

4
T h e fo ll o wi n g is a n m e o f th e h ist o y o f th e i n t e rv e n ti o n o f T u k e y
’
res r r

i n B a b a ry
r I n 1 5 0 4 U u j ( B a b o ss a I ) a pi ra t e o f m ix e d T u r c o G re e k
. r r ar ,
-

o r igi n a tt a ct e d by th e
, r u m o u rs o f Am e ic a n t r e a s u re s h ips i n th e w e st e r n
r r -

Me dit e rra ne a n c a pt u e d A l gi e s ( 1 5 1 6 ) a nd Tl e m s a n
, r r b u t h e wa s
de fe a t e d a nd ki ll e d by th e S p a n i a ds c o mi n g fro m O ra n H i s y o u ng e r
r .

b o t he r K h a i e ddi n ( B a b a ro ss a I I ) a pp e a l e d to T u k e y w h ic h h a d j u st
r r r r ,

( 1 5 1 8 ) c o n q u e e d Egypt a n d e c e iv e d f o m S l t a n S e l im th e tit l e o f
r ,
r r u

T u rkis h B e gl e rb e g o f A l gi e r s a nd a re i nfo r c e m e n t o f 2 0 0 0 Tu ks H e r .
62 Tli e C o l o n i z a ti o n f A fr i c a
o .
[C HA R

d e cli n e A r e s o lut e a t t e m p t wa s m a d e b y C h a rl e s V i n 1 5 4 1
.

to t ak e a n d hold th e t o w n o f A lgi e r s th e S p a n is h h a vi n g lost ,

P e no n a rock fort re ss ov e rlooki ng p a r t of th e tow n T his

,
.

a t t e mpt o f 1 5 4 1 ( o n ly l e ss s e rious t h a n th e Fr e n c h e xp e ditio n

,

of 1 8 3 0 ) woul d p r ob a b ly h a v e s u cc e e d e d b u t fo r a t o rr e n t i a l
dow n p our of ra i n whic h m a d e th e s u r rou n di n g co u n t ry i m p a s s
,

a bl e t o th e S p a n ish gu n s a n d c a v a l ry a n d l e d to a te rribl e r out , .

H a d A lgi e rs fa ll e n a t thi s t im e i t s c a p t u re migh t h a v e r e s u l t e d

i n a S p a n ish e mpir e o f No r th A fric a A s i t w a s t h is t w e n t y .
,

four h ours down po u r o f r a i n ch a n g e d th e fu t u r e of th e n ort h e rn

’

p a rt o f th e co n ti n e n t o r r a th e r p re v e n t e d a ch a n ge whic h
,

migh t h a v e h a d v e ry fa r r e a chi ng re sults Ch a r l e s V h a d -

.

i nv a d e d T u n is i n 1 5 3 5 a t th e a p p e a l of th e l a s t sov e re ig n b u t
o n e o f th e H ous e of H a fs w h o h a d b e e n di sposs e ss e d by th e ,

T u rkish pir a t e K h a i re ddi n A l t hough h i s i n t e rv e n tio n w a s

, .

ultim a t e ly u n succ e ssfu l a n d his p r o teg e w a s kill e d a n d suc

,

c e e de d b y his s o n— who m o re o r l e ss i n t rig u e d wi th th e

T u r ki s h co rs a i r s —th e S p a n i a rd s r e t a i n e d th e i r h ol d o n Gol e t t a
~

t ill 1 5 7 4 th e T u rks h a vi n g t h e n de fi n i t e ly i n t e rv e n e d i n th e
,

a ffa i r s o f T u n is T h e S p a n i a rds s u rre n d e re d G o l e t t a to th e

.

r e n e g a d e pi r a t e O c h i a l i a nd wi th i t we n t a l l th e i r i n flu e n c e
, ,

ov e r Tu n is A n e xp e di t io n which t h e y h a d s e n t to th e isl a n d
.

o f J e rb a i n 1 5 6 0 u n d e r th e D u k e de Me di n a C oe li a n d th e
,
-

yo u n g e r D o ri a e n d e d i n a g re a t dis a s t e r a d e fe a t a t th e h a n ds
, ,

o f th e Moo r ish pi ra t e s w h o m a ss a c re d i t i s s a id n o t l e ss th a n , ,

S p a ni a rds ( Ma y T h e ir sk u lls w e r e b u i l t i n t o
,

a tow e r which r e m a i n e d V i sibl e n e a r th e t o w n o f H um t S u k

,

till 1 8 4 0 wh e n th e ki n dly Ma l t e s e s e t t l e r s o n t h is isl a n d

,

obt a i n e d p e rmissi o n from th e Be y o f Tu nis t o giv e C h ri sti a n

buri a l to th e S p a n ish skulls wh ic h n o w a re i nt e rr e d i n th e ,

m a st e re d a l m o st a l l A lg e ri ; w a s m a de A dmi l o f th e Tu kis h fl e e t
a ra r

i n 1 5 3 3 ; c pt u e d T u n is i n 1 5 3 4 ; w a s d iv e n o t by C h l e s V ; a n d
a r r u ar

re ti e d to
r T k e y i n 1 5 3 5 H i s s u cc e ss o s w e e s o m e tim e s S a di n i n
u r . r r .
r a ,

C a l b i a n V e ne ti a n H u n g a i a n e n e g a de s ; b t a m o n g th e m o e c e l e b a t e d
a r , , r r u r r

w a s D r g u t a T u rk o f C a a m a n i a
a ,
r .
 S pa n i s /z A fr i c a . 63

C h risti a n c e m e t e ry a t H um t S u k For b ri e f i n t e rv a ls th e
.

S p a ni a rds h e ld o t h e r co a st tow n s o f T u n is b ut i n r e t iri n g

’
,

fr om Gol e tt a th e y with dr e w from a ll t h e ir p l a c e s i n th e

R e g e n cy .

T h e y w e re fi n a lly e xp e ll e d fr om O r a n i n 1 7 9 1 T h e y h ad .

b e e n tur n e d out o f t his pl a c e i n 1 7 0 8 b u t r e ca p tu r e d it ,

a ft e r a p e riod o f 2 4 y e a rs a n d h e ld i t for 5 9 y e a rs lo n g e r
, .

S p a i n o n ly re t a i n s a t th e pr e s e n t da y o n th e N ort h c o a st
o f A fr ic a th e li t tl e isl a n d of Me lill a th e isl a n d o f A l huc e m a s
2
, ,

th e rock o f V e l e z de l a Gom e r a th e C h a fa ri n a s I sl a n ds
’
, ,

a n d th e rocky p rom o n to ry o f C e ut a C e ut a ( a n d T e twa n .

,

whic h s h e o n c e poss e ss e d ) s h e i nh e rit e d from Portuga l a fte r

a s e p a r a tio n h a d o n c e m o re t a k e n pl a c e b e tw e e n th e two
m o na rchi e s i n 1 6 4 0 O n th e st re n g th of som e cl a us e i n a n
.

o l d t re a t y S p a i n h a s a lso r e c e n tly s e cur e d from M o r occo th e

t o w n of I fni n e a r C a p e N u n o n th e A tl a n tic co a st a n d n e a rly

,

opposi t e th e C a na ry I sl a nd s .

T h e C a n a ry I sl a n ds w e re discov e r e d by a No rm a n a dve n
tur e r J e a n de B e th e n court w e r e occ u p i e d b y Po rtug a l but
, , ,

c e d e d b y t h a t cou n t ry to S p a i n ( o r r a th e r C a stil e ) i n 1 4 7 9 , .

Prior to t h e i r occup a t io n th e i sl a n ds w e r e i n h a bit e d b y a

B e r b e r r a c e o f so m e a n t iq u ity k n o wn a s th e Gu a n ch e s T h e s e .

w e r e p a r t ly e xt e rmi na t e d a nd p a rt ly a bso rb e d by th e S p a nis h

,

s e ttl e rs t o wh om t h e y w e r e so muc h a ki n i n bl o od th a t
,

compl e t e ra c e fu sio n w a s r e n d e r e d e a sy e sp e ci a lly a s th e ,

’

Gu a n c h e s h a d n o t b e e n r e a ch e d b y M u h a m m a d a nism T h e .

C a n a ry I sl a n ds n o w form politic a lly p a rt o f S p a i n T h e y a re .

tho ro u ghly civili z e d a n d a re w e ll gov e r n e d a nd prosp e rous

,
.

T h e t wo pri n cip a l isl a n ds T e n e rife a n d G ra n d C a n a ry a re

, ,

fa vou r it e h e a l th r e sorts .

1
S u s a , S fa x , a nd Mo na sti r w hi c h w e re l o st
,
Tu ks by 1 5 5 0 to th e r .

2
Th e o lde st o f h e c o nti ne n t a l A fric a n p o ss e ssi o n s da ti ng fro m 1 4 90
r ,
.

3
Th e C ha f ri n a s I s l a n ds a re o ff th e m o u t h o f th e Mu l u y a r iv e r n e a r
a ,

th e A l g e ri a n fro n ti e r The y we re s e i e d by th e S p n i a ds i n 1 8 4 9
. z a r ,

fo e st a ll i n g th e F re n c h
r .
64 me C o lo ni z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C H A R

Cu r io u sly e n oug h S p a i n a llow e d h e r i n fl u e nc e ov e r th e

co a st o pp o si t e th e C a na ry I sl a nds t o l a ps e b e t w e e n th e e nd o f
th e 1 6th c e nt u ry a n d th e scr a mbl e fo r A fric a which com
m e nc e d i n 1 8 8 4 Me a n t im e a n E n glish t ra di ng firm with
.

a g e n ci e s i n th e C a n a r y I sl a n ds h a d b e e n e st a blish e d a t C a p e

J uby so u t h of th e Mo rocco bo rd e r a n d B ri t ish i n flu e n ce fo r a

, ,

tim e domi n a t e d th e co a s t imm e di a t e l y opp osit e th e C a na ry

I sl a n ds a n d a rre st e d S p a n i sh a ctio n i n th a t n e igh bou rh ood
, .

Wh e n th e scr a m b l e for A fric a t ook p l a c e i n 1 8 8 4 h ow e v e r th e , ,

S p a n ish wh o w e re g r e a tl y i n t e r e s t e d i n th e N or t h w e s t co a st
,
-

r a is e d t h e ir fl a g a t a n i n l e t c a ll e d th e Rio d O u ro a n d de ’ ’
,

c l a re d a Prot e c t or a t e ov e r th e S a h a ra co a st b e t w e e n C a p e
Bl a n co a n d C a p e B o j a do r a n d for a v a ryi ng dis t a n c e i n l a n d .

T h is P r ot e cto ra t e h a s si n c e b e e n e xt e n de d slig ht ly to th e
n o r t h b e yo n d C a p e Boj a dor but th e Empi re o f M o r occo n o w
,

e xt e n d s to th e sout h o f C a p e J uby to m e e t th e Sp a n is h
fro n ti e r th e M oorish Gov e r n m e n t h a vi n g bo u ght u p th e cl a im s
,

of th e E n glish comp a ny T h e i nl a n d b o u n d a r y of t his S p a n ish

.

P r ot e cto ra t e is n o t ye t s e t t l e d a s b e tw e e n Fr a n c e a n d S p a i n .

T h e o n ly s e ttl e m e n t o f a n y imp ort a n c e or si z e i s a t th e Ri o

’
dO u ro .

In 1 7 7 8 Sp ai n ,
which h a d b e com e v e ry m uch i n t e re st e d i n
th e sl a v e t ra d e o n th e W e st co a s t of A fr ic a o n a cco u n t o f th e ,

n e e d fo r a r e gul a r supply o f sl a v e s t o h e r S ou t h A m e r ic a n

poss e ssio n s ob t a i n e d from P o r t ug a l th e c e ssio n of th e i sl a n d

,

o f F e r n a n do Po a n d a lso t ook o v e r th e i sl a n d o f A n n o B om
,

th e l a s t o f t his s e ri e s of e qu a t ori a l volc a n ic isl a nd s a n d th e

sm a ll e st A b o u t th e s a m e ti m e th e S p a n i a rds m a d e a s e ttl e
.

m e n t a t C o risco Ba y T h e S p a n ish cl a ims e x t e n d som e

dist a n c e up th e riv e r Mu n i No bo u n d a ri e s h a v e a s ye t b e e n
.

1 Th is P o rt u g u e s e n a m e b e c o m e s i n S p n ish Ri o de 0 0 a 1 .

2
Th is a l s o l ik e s o m a n y o t h e r p l c s o n th e We st c o st o f A f ic a w a s
,
a e a r ,

n m e d by th e P o t u gu e s e ; m i g sh e e t l ig h t n i n g a na m e
“ ”
a r C o i c o r se a n n ,

a pp l i e d to th e p l a c e b e c au s e it w a s fi st s e e n d i ng a vi o l e nt t h u n de
r u r r

st o mr .
 S p a n i s /z A fr i c a . 65

se ttl e d wit h th e Fr e n c h T h i s v e ry i nt e r e sti n g str ip of Equ a

.

to ri a l W e st A fric a n Co a st is e mp h a tic a lly th e h om e of th e

gorill a .

A t th e e nd o f th e 1 8 th
c e n tury th e S p a n is h isl a n d o f
F e r na n do P0 w as a lmost a b a nd o ne d Wh e n th e B ritis h u n d e r .

t ook t o p ut dow n th e sl a v e t ra d e o ff th e W e st A fric a n Co a st ,

F e r n a n do P o b e c a m e th e i r h e a d q u a rt e rs ( i n a nd i n
-

t im e th e y w e r e a llow e d t o a dmi n ist e r i t by th e S p a n is h

“
Gov e r n m e n t th e B ritish r e p re s e n t a tiv e o r S up e ri n t e n d e n t
,

b e i ng m a d e a t th e s a m e tim e a Gov e r n or with a S p a n is h

com missio n But i n 1 8 4 4 th e S p a n ish d e cid e d to r e su m e th e
.

di re ct a dmi n is t r a tio n a n d r e fus e d to s e ll th e i r rig h ts to G r e a t

,

B ri ta i n th oug h ov e rtu r e s w e r e m a d e to th a t e nd U n til te n

,
.

y e a r s a g o n o t hi n g h a d b e e n do n e to d e v e lop th e r e sourc e s
o f t h is d e n s e ly fo re s t e d v e ry fe r til e but u n h e a lt h y isl a n d
,
Of, .

l a t e h ow e v e r som e e n c o u ra g e m e n t h a s b e e n giv e n t o pl a n t e rs
, , .

From th e isl a n d h a vi n g b e e n fo r so lo n g u n d e r B ritis h co n t rol ,

E nglis h is u nd e rstood i n F e r n a n do Po much b e tt e r th a n

S p a n is h a n d a n umb e r of fre e d sl a v e s from S i e rr a L e o n e a r e
,

s e t tl e d th e re w h o t a lk n othi ng but a n E nglis h di a l e c t T h e

i n dig e n o u s i n h a bi ta n ts a re a B a ntu t rib e o f short st a tu re
k n ow n a s th e Bub e T hi s trib e is dist a n tly r e l a t e d to th e
1

p e opl e of th e n o r th e rn p a rt o f th e C a m e roo n s a n d sp e a ks a ,

B a n tu di a l e ct .

1
B u b e is s a i d to be a c a n t t e m m e a ni ng m a l e (fro m
r
”
th e B a ntu
ro o t ,
-
u me, -
lu m e ) and th e re a l n a m e o f t h is ra c e is E diy a
.
 C H A PT E R IV .

THE D U TC H IN A F R IC A .

A LT H O UG H , will b e s e e n i n C h a p t e r V I B ri t ish e xplo r e r s

as ,

w e re th e fi rst a dv e n t u r e rs o f oth e r n a t i o n a li t i e s to foll o w th e

Po r t ugu e s e i n th e e xpl o ra tio n o f A fric a th e D utch a s , ,

s e t t l e r s a n d c o lo ni st s a re a lm ost e n ti t l e d to r a n k c h r o n o l o g i
,

c a lly n e xt t o th e P o rt u g u e s e a n d S p a n is h T h e D u t ch m a d e .

t h e i r first tr a di ng voya g e to th e Gu i n e a Co a st i n 1 5 9 5 1 6 y e a rs ,

a ft e r th r owi ng o ff th e yok e o f S p a i n O n th e p l e a of w a rr i n g .

wi t h th e S p a n ish Em pir e w h ich th e n i n cl u d e d P o r t u ga l th e y

, ,

displ a c e d th e l a t t e r p ow e r a t v a rious pl a c e s a lo ng th e W e st
co a st o f A fric a — a t A r g u i n a t Go re e ( purch a s e d fro m th e ,

n a tiv e s Elm i na a nd at Sa t P a ulo de Lo a n da

”

a bo u t th e s a m e tim e whil e t h e y a lso t h re a t e ne d Mo ca m b iqu e

o n th e E a st co a s t a n d p oss e ss e d th e m s e lv e s o f th e isl a n d o f
,

Ma u ritius which h a d b e e n a p l a c e o f c a ll for Po rt u gu e s e s h ips

, .

O n th e W e s t co a st of A fric a b e si de s suppl a n t i n g th e P o rtu ,

u e s e th e D u t ch e st a blish e d th e m s e lv e s st r o n gly o n th e Gold

g ,

C o a st b y m e an s o f 1 6 n e w fo rts o f th e ir o w n i n most c a s e s 1
,

1
Th e i r c pit l w s a t E l mi n ; t h e y h e l d— wh e n i n f ll vig o r
a a a a u u

F o t N ss a ( b i l t b e fo e t h e y t o o k E l mi n f o m th e P o t g e s e )
r a u u r a r r u u ,

K o m n ti n S e c o n de e T k o a i Acc C p e C o st C st l e V e d n b g
r a , , a r r , ra , a a a ,
r e u r ,

Ch m a Ba te n s te i n D kje s c h o p t ( I n s m a ) F o t E l is e C t h a g e ( A n k o b a )
a, , r u ,
r ar r ,

Ap ll o n i a Dixc o v e Axim P i n c e s F o t n e r C p e Th e e p o i n ts F o r t
o , , , r
’
r a a r -
,

Wi b s e n a n d Po k q u e s o e B e fo e th e b o l iti o n o f th e s l v e t a de D u tc h
,
. r a a r ,

G i n e a w a s v e ry p o sp e o s I t w a s g o v e rn e d by a s u bsi di e d C ha t e re d
u r r u . z r
C HA R I V ] . Tb e D u tc /i i n A fr i c a . 67

a lo ngsid e B ritish s e tt l e m e n ts which w e re r e ga rd e d by th e ,

D utch wi t h th e k e e n e s t j e a lousy .

D u t ch h old o n th e Gold C o a st p roduc e d a n impr e ssio n i n

th e sh a p e of a ra c e o f D u tc h h a lf c a st e s which e n dur e s to t h i s -

da y a n d fu rn is h e s us e fu l e m ploy e s t o th e Bri t is h Gov e rn m e n t

’

i n m a n y m i n o r c a p a ci t i e s But a fte r th e a b olitio n o f th e sl a v e

.

t r a d e D u t ch comm e rc e wi th th e Gui n e a Co a st b e ga n to w a n e ,

a n d th e i r p o li t ic a l i n fl u e n c e dis a pp e a r e d a lso so th a t by 1 8 7 2
th e l a st of th e D u t c h po rts h a d b e e n t ra n sfe rr e d to Gr e a t

Bri t a i n i n r e t u r n fo r th e c e ssi o n o n o u r p a r t o f rights w e

p oss e ss e d ov e r S u m a tr a M e a n tim e D utc h t ra d e h a d b e gu n .

t o t a k e firm h o ld ov e r th e Co n go a n d A n gol a Co a st a n d it i s ,

p ossibl e t h a t h a d th e c e ssio n of th e Gold C o a st for t s b e e n

,

d e l a y e d a fe w y e a rs lo ng e r i t would n e v e r h a v e b e e n m a d e fo r , ,

H oll a n d p oss e ss e s a co n sid e ra bl e t ra d e wi t h A frica a n d t h e r e ,

h a s b e e n a s t ro n g fe e li n g o f r e gr e t i n th e N e th e rl a n ds fo r
som e tim e p a st a t th e e xcl u si o n o f t h a t cou n t ry s fl a g from ’

th e A fr ic a n co n t in e n t .

Bu t a fa r m o re im p o r ta n t colo n i z a tio n th a n a footh old o n

th e S l a v e t ra d e Co a st wa s m a d e i n di re c tly fo r H oll a n d i n th e
-

m iddl e o f th e 1 7 th c e n tu r y ; th e Dutch E a st I n di a C omp a ny ,

d e siro u s o f m a ki ng th e C a p e o f G o od H op e som e t h i n g more

t h a n a p o r t of c a ll w h ich might fa ll i n to th e h a nds of P o rtug a l
, ,

Fra n c e E ngl a nd or a ny oth e r riv a l d e cid e d to occupy that

, , ,

i mp o rt a n t s t a tio n T h e D u tc h h a d ta k e n p oss e ssi o n o f S t

.

H e l e n a i n 1 6 4 5 but a D u t c h s h ip h a vi n g b e e n wr e ck e d a t
,

T a bl e Ba y i n 1 6 4 8 th e cr e w l a n d e d a n d e n c a mp e d w h e r e
, ,

C omp ny—th e D tc h We st I n di a C o — nde r th e c o n t o l o f th e S t a t e s

a u . u r

G e ne a l n d th e lo c a l g v e n m e n t c o n sist e d o f a G o ve no G e ne a l a t
r ,
a o r r r- r

E l mi n a c h i e f F a ct o (o t a de ) a c h i e f F isc l (o r cc o u n t n t g e n e a l )
, a r r r r , a a a -
r ,

an n de
u fis c l (o r-a u dit o r ) a n d a
a r l a g e st ff o f fa ct o s a cc nt a nts r a r ,
o u ,

s e c re t a i s c l e ks n d ssist a n t c l e ks Th e re wa s a ch a p l a i n ; t he re w e re
r e ,
r a a r .

D tch so ldi e r s u nde D tc h o ffic e r s w h o g is o n e d th e fo ts Aft e th e

u r u a rr r . r

w a s o f th e F e n c h R e vo l ti o n th e D tc h G o v e rn m e n t t o o k o v e th e
r r u u r

m a n g e m e n t o f t he s e e st a b l is h m e n ts o n th e G o l d C o a st
a .
68 T/i e C o l o n i z a ti o n of A fr i c a .
[C HA R

C a p e T ow n n o w s t a n d s H e re th e y w e re oblig e d to liv e fo r
.

fiv e m o n t hs u n til pick e d up by o t h e r D u tc h ships

,
b u t d u ri ng
t h is p e riod th e y sow e d a n d r e a p e d g ra i n a n d o b t a i ne d p l e n t y ,

o f m e a t from th e n a t iv e s wi t h wh om t h e y w e r e o n go o d t e r ms
, .

Th e fa vour a b l e r e po rt t h e y g a v e of this c o u n t ry o n t h e ir re t u r n
t o H oll a n d d e cid e d th e D u t ch Comp a ny a ft e r y e a r s of h e si t a ,

ti o n to t a k e poss e ssio n o f T a b l e Ba y A n e xp e di t io n w a s
, .

s e n t o u t u nd e r J a n v a n Ri e b e e k a ship s surg e o n wh o h a d
,
’
,

a l r e a dy visi t e d S o u t h A fric a T h e t hr e e ships o f Va n R i e b e e k s

’
.

e xp e ditio n r e a ch e d T a b l e Ba y o n th e 6 th o f A p r il 1 6 5 2
1
,

A t di fl e r e n t p e riods i n th e e a rly p a r t o f th e 1 6 t h c e n t u ry
'

th e D u t ch h a d c o n solid a t e d th e ir s e a goi n g v e n t u re s i n t o tw o
-

gr e a t ch a rt e r e d com p a n i e s — th e D u t ch C omp a ny of th e We st
I n di e s a n d th e D u t ch C omp a n y o f th e E a s t I n di e s
,
Th e .

W e st I n di a n Comp a n y t ook ov e r a l l th e s e t t l e m e n t s o n th e
W e s t Co a s t o f A fric a a n d h a d th e m o n op o ly o f tra d e or rul e
,

a lo n g a ll th e A tl a n t ic Co a st o f t r opic a l A m e r ic a Th e E a s t .

I n di a C omp a ny w a s t o p oss e ss th e lik e m o n op o ly fr om th e

P a cific Co a st o f S o u t h A m e ric a a c ro ss th e I ndi a n O c e a n to
th e C a p e of G o o d H op e T h e h e a d—
. q u a r t e rs of th e E a s t
I n di a Comp a n y wh e re t h e i r G o v e rn o r G e n e ra l a n d Co u n cil
,
-

w e re e s t a b lish e d wa s a t B a t a vi a i n th e isl a n d o f J a v a I t w a s
, , .

n o t a t fi r st i n t e n d e d to e st a blis h a n y t hi n g lik e a col o n y i n

S outh A fric a — m e r e ly a s e c u r e pl a c e of c a ll fo r th e ships

e n g a g e d i n th e E a st I n di a n t r a de Bu t ci rc u m s t a n c e s p r ov e d
.

t oo str o n g for this m od e s t r e s e r v e T h e i n e vi t a bl e qu a rre l

.

a ros e b e tw e e n th e D u t ch g a rriso n a t T a bl e Ba y a n d th e
s u rrou n di n g H ot t e n to t s A t th e tim e of th e Du t ch s e t t l e m e n t
.

o f th e C a p e a ll th e sou t h w e st co rn e r o f A fric a w a s i n
-

h a bit e d o n ly a n d S p a r s e ly b y H o t t e n t o ts a n d B u shm e n th e
p r o lific B a n tu N e gro e s n o t comi n g n e a re r to th e D u t ch th a n

1
As M L c a s p o i n ts o u t i n h i s Hi s t i
r u o r cal Ge og r ap ky f
o t/z e B r i ti s k
C l nie
o o
“
s 1 65
, y e a rs a ft e B t o l o m e u Di a
r ar z h ad sigh t e d th e C a pe o f
G o o d H o pe .
1v l
. T/z e B u i c k i n A fr i c a . 69

th e vici ni ty of A lgo a Bay A littl e wa r occ u rr e d wi t h th e

.

H ott e n t o ts i n 1 6 5 9 a s a r e s u l t o f which th e D utc h fi rst w o n

,

by fighti n g a n d su b s e qu e n t ly b ough t a sm a ll co a st st rip of

, ,

l a n d from S a ld a n h a Ba y o n th e n o r t h to F a ls e Ba y o n th e
sou th t h us s e c u ri n g th e p e n i n sul a w h ic h t e rmi na t e s a t th e
,

C a p e o f G o od H op e Fr e n ch s a ili ng v e ss e ls w e r e i n th e h a bit
.

o f c a lli n g a t S a ld a n h a Ba y a n d i n 1 6 6 6 a n d 1 6 7 0 d e sultory
,

a t t e mp ts w e r e m a de by th e Fr e n ch t o e st a b lis h a footi n g t h e r e .

H oll a n d a lso a b o u t t h is ti m e wa s a lt e r na t e ly a t w a r wit h

E n gl a n d o r Fr a n c e or bo t h p ow e rs T h e r e fo re th e D utc h re
.

solv e d to b uild fo r t s mo r e c a p a bl e of r e sis t i n g E u rop e a n a t ta ck

th a n th os e which w e r e su ffici e n t to d e fe n d th e colo ny a g a i n st
H ott e n to t s. S t ill i n S pit e o f o cc a sio n a l u n p r ovok e d hostiliti e s
,

o n th e p a r t o f th e D utc h t h e y w e r e l e ft i n p oss e ssio n o f th e

,

C a p e o f Good H o p e for m o re t h a n a hu n d re d y e a rs Th e .

E n glish h a d S t H e l e na a s a pl a c e o f c a ll ( whic h t h e y t ook

from th e D u tc h i n a n d th e F re n ch h a d s e t t l e m e n ts
i n M a d a ga sc a r a n d a t M a u ri tius wh e r e t h e y s u cc e e d e d a
,

fo r m e r D u t ch occup a t io n O n th e o th e r h a n d th e o ffici a ls o f
.
,

th e D u t ch Comp a n y w e r e i n s t ruct e d to sh ow civili t y t o a l l

com e rs wit h ou t u n du e ge n e rosity ; th e y m igh t s u p ply th e m
wi t h wa t e r fo r t h e i r s h ips b u t t h e y w e re t o giv e a s li t tl e a s
,

p ossi b l e i n th e w a y o f pr o visio n s a n d ships sto re s I t wa s to

’
.

th e i n t e r e st o f bot h Fr a n c e a n d E n gl a n d th a t som e Europ e a n

s e t tl e m e n t should e xist a t th e C a p e of Good H op e for th e
r e fre s h m e n t o f v e ss e ls a n d th e r e fuge of sto r m d riv e n s h ip s -
.

A ft e r s e v e r a l a t t e mpts whic h co n t i nu e d dow n to 1 6 7 3 t o

, ,

disp o ss e ss th e E n glis h o f S t H e l e na th e D utc h fi na lly sur

,

r e n d e r e d th e i sl a n d to th e m T h e y h a d a lso i n 1 5 9 8
.

t a k e n th e I sl a n d o f M a uritius a nd com m e n c e d a d e fi nit e

,

occup a t io n i n 1 6 4 0 . But t hi s isl a n d wa s a b a n do ne d i n 1 7 1 0 ,

a n d b e c a m e soo n a ft e rw a rds a F re n c h p o ss e ssio n S o t h a t th e

.

Fr e n c h a t M a u ritius o n th e o n e h a n d ( a nd a lso a t th e I sl a n d
o f Bou rbo n ) a n d th e E nglis h o n th e oth e r a t S t H e l e n a h a d ,

pl a c e s o f c a ll w h e re th e y could br e a k th e l o ng v o y a g e to a n d
70 T/i e C o l o n i z ti o n f Af ica [C H A R
r
a o .

from I n di a a n d w e re t h e re fo re co n t e n t t o l e a v e th e Du t ch
,

u ndis t u rb e d i n S o u t h A fric a .

T h e Gov e r n m e n t o f th e N e t h e rl a n ds E a st I ndi a C o mp a n y
wa s tho ro u ghly d e sp o tic I t w a s a dmi n is te re d by a Ch a m b e r
.

o f 1 7 di r e c t ors a t A ms t e rd a m wit h d e pu t i e s a t B a t a vi a
,
Th e .

C o mm a n d a n t a t th e C a p e wh o w a s a l t e rn a t e ly u n de r th e
,

ord e r s o f A ms t e rd a m a n d B a t a vi a — a n d wh o migh t b e ov e r
r ul e d by a n
y o ffic e r of sup e ri o r ra n k who c a ll e d a t his s t a t io n
i n p a ssi n g— wa s th e sl a v e o f th e C omp a n y a n d h a d t o c a rr y ,

o u t i t s ord e rs implici t l y H e wa s a dvis e d i n h is loc a l l e gi s

.

l a tio n by a n e x e cu tiv e cou n cil which co n sis t e d o f a n um b e r o f

,

o ffi c e rs wh o a ssis t e d h im i n th e a dmi n is t ra t io n a n d wh o
, ,

l e gisl a t e d by m e a n s o f procl a m a t i o n s a n d o rd e rs i n cou n cil

wi t h o ut a n y r e pr e s e n t a tio n of p op u l a r opi n io n a m o ng th e
colo n is t s wh o how e v e r i n tim e we r e a llow e d to e l e ct m e m
, , ,

b e rs o f th e C o u n ci l o f J u s t ic e ( i e H igh C o u r t ) . . .

A ft e r th e fi r st th r e e y e a r s h e sit a tio n st re n uous e ffor ts w e re

’
,

dir e ct e d t o th e d e v e lopm e n t o f a g r icul t u re e sp e ci a lly th e ,

cul tiv a t io n of g ra i n Wh e a t w a s sow n i n s u i t a b l e loc a li t i e s

.
,

a n d v i n e s w e r e pl a n t e d o n th e h illsid e s a t th e b a ck o f C a p e

T ow n . N e v e r t h e l e ss th e c o lo n is t s w e re t e rr ibly h a mp e r e d b y
r e st ricti o n s which m a d e t h e m a l m o s t sl a v e s t o th e C o mp a n y
,
.

Whit e l a b our p r ovi ng e xp e n si v e a n d som e wh a t r e b e lli o u s a n ,

a t t e mp t w a s m a d e t o i n t ro d u c e N e gro sl a v e s from A n gol a a n d

Gui n e a b u t t h e y w e r e n o t a succ e ss a s fi e ld l a b o u r e rs T h e
,
.

D u t ch t h e re fo re t u r ne d t ow a rds Ma da ga sc a r a n d a b ov e a ll to , ,

th e Ma l a y A r chip e l a g o a n d from th e l a t t e r e sp e ci a lly work e r s

,

w e r e i n t rod u c e d wh o h a v e i n t im e grow n i n t o a s e p a ra t e
p op u l a t io n o f M u h a m m a d a n fre e m e n o f c o n sid e ra bl e p ro s
p e ri t y
’
. A s D u t ch immig ra n ts still h e ld b a ck fro m s e t t li n g
th e C a p e wi t h a n a bu n d a n t p op u l a t io n ( owi n g to th e g r e e d

a n d d e spo t ic m e ddl e s o m e n e ss o f th e C omp a ny ) i t b e c a m e ,

mor e a n d mor e n e c e ss a ry t o i n t r od u c e bl a ck l a b our a n d i n ,

1
Th e “
C a p e Ma l ys a .
IV ]
. T/z e D u ce li i n A fr i c a .
7 1

th e fi rst h a lf o f th e 1 8 th c e nt u ry m a ny n e g ro sl a v e s w e r e
imp or t e d from W e s t A frica a n d fro m Mo c a rn b i q u e T h e .

C a p e b e c a m e a sl a v e work e d colo ny b u t o n th e w h ol e th e
-
,

s l a v e s w e r e t r e a t e d wit h ki n d n e ss t h e ir ch ild re n w e re s e n t t o
school a n d som e a tt e mp t w a s m a d e to i n t roduc e C h risti an i t y
,

a mo n gst t h e m T h e p e opl e r e a lly t o b e piti e d h ow e v e r w e re

.
, ,

n o t th e import e d sl a v e s b u t th e H ott e n tots wh o h a d b e com e

, ,

a n a tio n of s e rfs to th e D u tc h fa rm e rs a n d wh os e n um b e r s
,

b e g a n gr e a tly t o dimi n is h u n d e r th e i nfl u e n c e o f dri n k a n d

syph ilis a n d fr o m b e i ng d riv e n a w a y by d e gr e e s from th e
,

fe r til e w e ll w a t e r e d l a n ds b a ck i n to th e i n h ospit a bl e d e s e r ts
,
-
.

A ft e r th e col o n y h a d b e e n e st a b li sh e d 3 0 y e a rs a c e n sus
sh ow e d a t o t a l o f 6 6 3 Dutch s e t tl e r s of wh om 1 6 2 w e r e ,

c hild r e n For a bout th e s a m e p e riod fe w if a ny a t te mpts w e r e

.

m a d e to e xpl o r e th e cou n try 1 0 0 mil e s from C a p e T ow n ; but

th e co a st fro m Lit t l e N a m a qu a l a n d o n th e W e s t to Zul u l a n d

o n th e E a st h a d b e e n e x a mi n e d by th e e n d of th e 1 7 t h c e n

t ury I n d e e d th e Ba y o f N a t a l wa s pu rch a s e d by a r e pr e s e m
.

ta ti v e of th e N e th e r l a n ds Comp a ny i n 1 6 8 9 but th e s h ip ,

bri n gi ng b a ck th e pu rch a s e d e e d wa s lost a n d n o furth e r ,

a t t e mpt w a s m a d e to p ush th e cl a im I n 1 6 8 4 th e fi r st e xp o rt
.

o f g ra i n t o th e I n d i e s t o ok p l a c e a n d i n 1 6 8 8 som e C a p e wi n e
,

wa s s e n t to C e yl o n I n 1 6 8 5 a n d i n subs e q u e n t y e a r s r e p re
.

s e n ta ti o n s w e r e m a d e to th e dir e ctors i n A m st e rd a m t h a t th e

c olo n y c o n sist e d m a i n ly o f b a c h e lors a n d t h a t good m a rr i a g e

,

a bl e girls sh o u ld b e s e n t o u t T h e r e s u lt of this a pp e a l w a s
.

th a t i n 1 6 8 7 m a n y o f th e fre e B urgh e r s ( n a m e ly p e rso n s m o re ,

o r l e ss i n d e p e n d e n t o f th e Com p a n y ) h a d b e e n fur n ish e d wi th

wiv e s a n d t h e y a nd th e i r fa mili e s a m o u n t e d t o n e a rly 6 0 0 i n

, ,

a dditio n to 4
3 9 oth e r Eu r op e a n s wh o w e re m a i n ly e mploy é s
,

o f th e Comp a n y .

I n 1 6 8 5 Lo u is X I V u n wit t i n gly d e a lt a fe a rfu l blow to

,

Fr a n c e i n th e re v o c a t io n o f th e Edic t o f N a n t e s wh ich r e sult e d ,

i n th o u s a n ds of F re n ch Pr o t e st a n t s e mig ra ti n g to ot h e r cou n tri e s

wh e re th e y m ight e nj oy fre e dom of re ligio n T h e Prot e st a n t .
72 T/z e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R

D utch sym p a t h i z e d wi t h th e h om e l e ss H ugu e n ots a nd th e ,

N e th e rl an ds C o m p a ny d e cid e d to giv e fre e p a ss ag e s a n d g ra n t s

o f l a n d t o a n u m b e r o f th e s e r e fug e e s By 1 6 8 9 n e a rly .

2 0 0 F re n ch e migr a n t s h a d b e e n l a n d e d a t th e C a p e a n d
s e tt l e d i n th e m o u n t a i n c o u n t ry b e h i n d C a p e T o w n H e r e .
,

h ow e v e r th e y w e r e n o t a llow e d t o form a s e p a ra t e com mu n i t y

,
.

T h e y w e r e sc a tt e r e d a m o n gst th e D u t ch s e ttl e r s th e i r child r e n ,

w e r e t a ugh t D u tch a n d i n a fe w y e a rs th e y w e r e t h oroughly

,

a bso r b e d i n th e D utch c o m mu n ity ; th o u gh th e y h a v e l e ft

i n e ffa c e a bl e t ra c e s o f t h e ir p re s e n c e i n th e m a n y Fr e n ch sur
n a m e s to b e m e t wit h a m o n gs t th e S ou t h A fric a n D u t c h a t

th e p re s e n t da y ( a lw a ys pro n o u n c e d h o w e v e r i n th e D utc h
w a y) a n d i n th e d a rk e y e s d a r k h a i r a n d h a n dsom e fe a t ur e s
, , ,

o f th e b e t t e r t yp e o f F r e n ch m a n H a n dsom e r m e n a n d wom e n
.

th a n a re som e o f th e A fr ik a n d e r s i t wo u ld b e im p ossibl e to
m e e t wi t h b u t thi s p e rso n a l b e a u t y i s a lm o st i n v a ri a bly tr a c e
,

a b l e t o H u g u e n ot a n c e s try T h e F re n ch s e ttl e rs t a ugh t th e

.

D u tc h imp rov e d m e th o ds of growi n g co rn a n d wi n e a nd ,

a l t og e t h e r m o r e sci e n tific a gr icul t u r e T ow a r ds th e l a t t e r e n d

.

o f th e 1 7 t h c e n t u ry th e D u t ch i n t r oduc e d th e o a k t r e e i n to th e

C a p e P e n i n sul a a n d th e s u b u rbs of C a p e T ow n wh e re it i s ,

n o w s u ch a h a n dso m e a n d p r om i n e n t fe a tur e A ll this tim e .

th e H ott e n t ots g a v e a lm ost n o troubl e T h e y w e r e e mploy e d .

h e re a n d th e r e a s s e rva n ts but th e y a tt e mp t e d n o i n sur re c t i o n

a g a i n s t th e E u rop e a n s e ttl e r s though t h e y q u a rr e ll e d v e r y
,

m uc h a m o n gst t h e m s e lv e s I n 1 7 1 3 l a rg e n u m b e rs o f t h e m
.

w e r e e xt e r m i n a t e d by a n e pid e mic o f sm a llpox T h e D utc h .

h a d n o t ye t com e i n to co n t a ct wi t h th e s o c a ll e d K a fli r s
’
-
.

T ow a rd s th e middl e o f th e 1 8 th c e n t u ry th e D utc h C o m
p a ny c e a s e d t o p rosp e r— suffe r i ng from Fr e n ch a nd E nglis h
comp e t itio n A lr e a dy a t th e b e gi nn i n g of th e 1 8 th c e n t u ry
.
, ,

1
It wi ll be no do u bt
m e mb e e d t h a t t h is t e rm is d iv e d f o m th e
re r er r

A a b w o r d u nb e l i e v e
r Th e A bs o f s r . t h e st A f ic pp l i e d t h is
ra o u -
a r a a

t e rm to th e N e g o e s ro u n d t h e i s e tt l e m e n ts T h e P o t u gu e s e t o o k it u p
r a r . r

f o m th e A ra bs a n d th e D u tc h a n d E ng l is h fro m th e P o t g e s e
r ,
r u u .
IV .
] l o D u tc /z i n A fr i c a .
73

its opp re ssiv e rul e a nd th e a bus e o f p ow e r o n th e p a rt o f i ts

,

gov e r n ors w h o u s e d i ts a uth ori ty a nd its s e r v a n ts to e n rich

,

th e ms e lv e s r e sult e d i n a n u p r isi n g a mo ngst th e s e ttl e rs a n d

, ,

a l t h o u g h som e o f th e s e w e r e a rr e st e d imp ri so n e d a n d e xil e d

, , ,

th e C omp a n y g a v e som e r e dr e ss to th e ir g ri e v a n c e s by fo r
b idd i n g its o ffi ci a ls i n futur e t o o w n l a n d o r to t r a d e Ev e n .

b e fore thi s th e Com p a ny h a d fo u nd i t n e c e ss a ry to pl a c e a

sp e ci a l o ffi ci a l a n sw e ri n g to a n A udito r G e n e ra l a nd a n i n
,
-

d e p e n d e n t j udg e combi n e d a l o ngsid e th e C omm a n d a n t or

,

Gov e r n o r dir e ctly re sp o n si b l e to th e D i re ct o rs a n d i n d e p e n d e n t

,

o f th e Gov e rn o r s a u t h o r i t y ; b u t t h i s I n st i tutio n o n ly l e d to
’

q u a rr e ls an d di v id e d loy a l t y A m o n gst th e gov e rn ors th e r e

.

w e r e som e a bl e a n d upright m e n a n d sp e ci a l m e n tio n m a y b e

,

m a d e o f Gov e rn o r T ulb a gh w h o rul e d wi thout r e pro a ch a n d

,

wi t h gre a t a bility fo r tw e n ty y e a r s ( 1 7 5 1
I n sp it e of lic e n c e s a n d m o n opoli e s tith e s t a x e s a n d , , ,

r e n ts th e C omp a ny could n o t p a y it s w a y i n C a p e Colo n y

,
.

I n 1 7 7 9 it wa s m o r e clos e ly a ssoci a t e d with th e S t a t e i n

,

H o ll a n d b y th e a pp oi n tm e n t o f th e S t a dh oud e r ( 0 1 H e a d o f
th e S t a t e ) a s p e r p e t u a l C h i e f D ir e cto r Wi t h t hi s ch a ng e th e
.
,

C o mp a ny p a rtly su p p or t e d b y th e S t a t e m a n a g e d t o co n ti n u e
, ,

th e di re ctio n of i ts a ffa irs a n d t h e r e wa s p ossi b ly som e l e ss e n

,

i n g of r e st r icti o n s which e n a b l e d s e t t l e rs to liv e fu r th e r a fi e ld

,
.

U n til th e b e gi n n i ng of th e 1 8 th c e n tu ry a st a n di n g o r d e r h a d
fo rbidd e n t r a di ng b e tw e e n th e s e t tl e rs a n d th e n a t iv e s b u t ,

this o rd e r b e i ng a b olish e d th e fa rm e rs com m e n c e d t o buy

,

c a ttl e from th e H o tt e n tots a n d th e popul a t io n b e c a m e m o re

,

sc a tt e re d I n l e a si ng l a n d t o th e fa rm e rs th e C omp a n y l a id
.

down th e r u l e t h a t cl e a r sp a c e s o f th re e mil e s sh ould i n t e rv e ne

b e tw e e n o n e h om e st e a d a n d th e n e xt a n d th is ru l e b rought ,

a b out a wid e r distrib u tio n o f Europ e a n s e t tl e rs th a n w a s c o n

te m pl a te d i n th e C omp a n y s p olicy
’
.

Tu l b a gh de s e v e s sp e ci a l e m e mb nc e
1
r r ra no t on ly fro m h is g e o
g a ph ic a l e xp l o r ti o n s b u t fro m th e f ct t h a t
r a ,
a he w as th e fi rst p e rso n
to s e nd sp e cim e n s o f th e gi ra ffe to E u ro p e .
74 l e C o lo n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R

By b e gi n n i n g of th e 1 8 th c e n t u ry th e Dutch s e t t l e r s
th e
h a d b e g irn to c r oss th e m o u n t a i n s which l i e b e h i n d th e n a r ro w
b e l t of co a s t l a n d th a t fo r ms a p roj e c t i o n i n t o th e oc e a n o n
e i t h e r si de of th e C a p e of Good H op e S e ve n t y y e a rs l a t e r .

th e bou n d a ri e s o f C a p e Colo ny o n th e n o r t h a n d w e s t w e re

th e B e rg R iv e r a n d th e Z wa r te b e rg e n M ou n t a i n s a n d o n th e ,

e a s t th e G a mt o os R iv e r A fe w y e a rs l a t e r th e p io n e e r s o f
.

colo n i z a ti o n h a d c r oss e d th e B e rg R i v e r a n d ha d e s t a b lish e d ,

th e m s e l v e s a s fa r n o r t h a s th e O li fa n t s R iv e r s o n a m e d b e ,

c a u s e e a rli e r e xpl o r e rs h a d s e e n o n i t s b a n ks h e rds o f h u n d re ds

o f e l e p h a n ts T h e O ra n g e Riv e r w a s firs t disc o v e re d i n 1 7 6 0
.
,

a n d i n 1 7 7 9 C a p t a i n Go r do n a S c o t ch m a n i n th e s e r vic e o f
,

th e D utch C omp a n y h a d t ra c e d i t fo r som e dist a n c e dow n t o

,

i ts m o u t h a n d h a d n a m e d i t a ft e r th e h e a d of th e D u t ch S t a t e
, .

H i t h e r t o th e D utch Gov e rn m e n t wa s co n fi ne d t o a n a rr o w
,

co a s t s t rip b u t i n 1 7 8 5 th e dis t ric t of G ra a f R e i n e t wa s fo r m e d

,
’
,

a n d th e s a m e n a m e wa s gi v e n t o th e v ill a g e which fo r m e d i t s

c a p it a l T h e n th e Du t c h b o u n da ry c re p t u p t o th e G re a t F l S h
.

Riv e r which r is e s fa r a wa y t o th e n o r t h n e a r th e c o u rs e o f th e
, ,

O ra n g e R iv e r T his G re a t Fish R iv e r re m a i n e d th e e a st e r n
.

m ost b ou n d a ry o f th e C olo n y i n D u t ch t im e s T o th e n o r th .

its limi ts w e re v a g u e a n d i n o n e di re c t i o n r e a ch e d n e a rly to

,

th e O r a n g e Riv e r b e y o n d th e s e c o n d g re a t ra n g e o f S ou t h
,

A fric a n m ou n t a i n s — th e S n e e u b e rg e n Bu t b e y o n d th e imm e .

di a t e lim i t s o f C a p e C olo n y th e D u t c h displ a y e d s o m e i n t e re st .

T h e y a tt e mp t e d t o s e i z e Mo g a rn b i q u e fr o m th e Po r t u g u e s e i n
1 64 3 . T h e y o p e n e d u p a fu rt iv e a n d occ a si o n a l t ra de wi t h
th e Po r t u g u e s e co a s t o f E a s t A fric a whic h a t fi rs t b e g a n fo r ,

sl a v e s ( n umb e rs of M a k u a w e re b r ough t fr o m Mo ga m b i q u e t o
C a p e T ow n ) a nd co n t i n u e d for t ropic a l p ro duc t s a n d wi t h , ,

m a n y i n t e rr up t i o n s re s u l t e d i n th e e s t a b lish m e n t a t th e pr e s e n t
,

1
N m e d a ft e V a n de G a f w h o w s G v no t th e tim e
a r r a , a o e r r a .

Re i n e t m e a n s i n D tc h a g t s b e a d b t I h v e n o t b e e n a b l e
” “ ’ ”
u o a r ,
u a

to disc o v e r w h y t h is t e m s h o u l d h a v e b e e n a dde d to th e n a m e o f th e
r

G o ve n o r
r .
IV ]
. Tk o Ba te k i n A fr i c a .
75

da y o f imp ort a n t D u tc h comm e rci a l firms a lo n g th e Mo g a m b i q u e

co a st I n 1 7 2 0 a ft e r a b a n do n i n g M a uriti u s a n e xp e di t io n
.
, ,

w a s s e n t from C a p e C olo n y to D e l a g o a Ba y which th oug h , ,

cl a im e d by th e P o r t ug u e s e h a d b e e n a b a n do n e d b y t h e m a t
,

th e b e gi n n i n g o f th e 1 8 th c e n tu ry so fa r a s a c t u a l occup a tio n
,

wa s co n c e r n e d .
( S e e a bove p ,
.A for t wa s b u il t b y th e
D u t ch wh ic h wa s n a m e d L ydz a a m h e i d a n d t e n ta t iv e e xplo ra
,

tio n s w e re m a d e i n th e dir e c tio n of th e Za m b e z i from wh ich ,

gold d u st wa s procur e d Duri n g te n y e a r s of occup a tio n

.
,

h ow e v e r th e d e a t hs fr om fe v e r w e r e so n um e r ous t h a t th e
,

s e ttl e m e n t wa s giv e n up i n 1 7 3 0 .

I n 1 7 7 0 th e tot a l Euro pe a n p opul a tio n i n C a p e C olo n y

w a s n e a rly o f w h o m m or e th a n 8 0 0 0 w e r e fr e e colo n is t s ,
“
a n d th e re m a i n d e r s e rv a n ts a n d e m p loy e s of th e Comp a n y
’
”
.

A l l thi s tim e a l t hough th e prosp e r it y of th e C a p e i n cr e a s e d a n d

,

its e xpo rt of wh e a t wi ne a nd liv e stock prog r e ss e d s a t isfa ctorily

, ,
-

th e r e v e n u e i n v a r i a bly fa il e d t o m e e t th e e xp e n di t u re a n d if ,

o t h e r e v e n ts h a d n o t occurr e d th e D u t c h C omp a ny m us t soo n

h a v e b e e n comp e ll e d b y b a n k ru p tcy to t r a n s fe r th e a dmi nis t ra
t io n o f th e C a p e to o t h e r h a n ds But t ow a rds th e clos e of th e
.

1 8 t h c e n t u ry th e Dutch
,
too w e a k to re sist th e i nflu e n c e o f
,

F ra n c e a n d Ru ssi a w e re showi ng v e il e d h os t ility tow a r ds

,

E ngl a n d wi t h th e r e sul t th a t E n gl a n d — whic h o n th e oth e r

,

h a n d w a s s e cr e tly lo n gi n g t o p oss e s s th e C a p e o wi n g to th e ,

d e v e lopm e nt of th e Bri t ish Empi re i n I n di a — d e cl a re d w a r

a g a i n st th e N e t h e r l a n ds a t th e e n d o f 1 7 8 0 I n 1 7 8 1 a B r itish
.

fl e e t u n d e r C omm od o re J oh n sto n e l e ft E n gl a n d fo r th e c ap e
o f Good H op e with 3 0 0 0 t r oop s o n bo a rd J oh n sto n e h ow
.
,

e ve r ,
fro m storm s a nd oth e r r e a so n s n o t so a p p a r e n t b u t ,

possibly du e to a c e rt a i n i n d e cisi o n of m i n d d e l a y e d his fl e e t ,

a t Po r to Pr a y a i n th e C a p e V e r d e I sl a n ds a n d n e ws of th e
, ,

e xp e di tio n h a vi n g b e e n t re a ch e r ously imp a r te d to F ra n c e by

p e r s o n s i n E ngla n d wh o w e r e i n h e r p a y A dmir a l S u ffr e n

,

o n e o f th e g re a t e st o f s e a m e n — s u r p r is e d th e B ri tis h fl e e t a t

th e C a p e V e rd e I sl a n ds wit h a squ a d r o n of i n fe ri or str e n g th ,

76 l o C o lo ni z a ti o n o f A fr i c a .
[C HA R

a nd g a v e it suc h a so u n d d r ubbi n g t h a t J oh n sto ne wa s d e l a y e d

fo r s e v e ra l m o n th s i n r e a c h i ng C a p e T ow n wh e re th e F r e n c h ,

h a d p r e c e de d h im a n d h a d l a n d e d s u ffi ci e n t m e n to m a k e a
,

B ri t ish a tt a ck o n C a p e T ow n o f doub t fu l s u cc e ss J oh n sto ne .

t h e re for e co n t e n t e d him s e l f i n a n o t v e ry c re di t a bl e w a y wit h

d e stro yi n g th e u na rm e d D utch s h ippi n g i n th e port a n d th e n ,

l e ft C a p e T ow n wi th o u t e ffe cti n g a l an di n g T h e r e sult wa s th e

.

g a rris o n i n g o f C a p e T ow n by a Fr e n ch re gi m e n t fo r tw o m or e
y e a r s du ri n g wh ich t im e h ow e v e r a n o t h e r a t t e m p t wa s m a d e
,

by th e B ritis h t o s e i z e th e C a p e whi ch wa s n e a rly succ e ss

,

fu l . Du r i ng thi s wa r h ow e v e r E n gl a n d a pp a re n tly ma d e
, ,

up h e r mi n d t h a t th e p oss e ssio n o f th e C a p e o f G o od H op e
a n d of T r i n c o m a l e e i n C e ylo n wa s n e c e ss a ry t o th e w e lfa r e

o f h e r I n di a n p oss e ssio n s a n d did n o t los e sig h t o f t h is p olicy

,

wh e n th e n e xt l e gitim a t e oppo r t u ni t y p re s e n t e d i t s e lf to m a k e
w a r upo n H oll a n d . O n th e oth e r h a n d th e Fr e n c h thoug h , ,

th e y wi t hd re w t h e i r t r oop s i n 1 7 8 3 w e r e e q u a lly a liv e to th e

,

im p ort an c e of th e C a p e a nd i n th e g re a t d u e l whi ch wa s to
,

t a k e pl a c e b e tw e e n th e two n a tio n s i t i s t o l e r a bly c e rt a i n t h a t

S outh A fri c a wo u ld n e v e r h a v e r e m a i n e d i n th e h a n ds o f th e
D u t ch ; i f it h a d n o t b e com e E nglis h i t would h a v e b e e n t a k e n
a n d k e pt by th e F re n ch .

A bout t hi s tim e th e D utc h c a m e i n t o co n flict with th e

__

K a ffirs . T hi s v a n gu a r d of th e g re a t B a n t u ra c e h a d b e e n
i n v a di ng so u th e rn A fric a a lm o s t co n cu rre n tly with th e w h it e
p e opl e . Com i ng from th e n o r th e a st a n d n o r th th e y h a d— w e
-

m a y g u e ss — c r oss e d th e Z a m b e z i a bout th e comm e n c e m e n t o f

th e C hristi a n E r a a n d th e i r i nv a sio n h a d b r o ugh t a bout th e
,

p a rti a l d e s t ruc t io n a n d a b a n do n m e n t o f th e S a b a e a n o r A ra b
s e t tl e m e n t s i n th e gold m i n i n g dis t ric t s o f sou t h e a st A fric a
- -
.

T h e S e mi t ic i n h a b i ta n t s o f Zim b a b w e a n d oth e r mi n i ng c e n t re s
h a d b e e n d riv e n b a ck to th e co a st a t S ofa l a T h e prog re ss of .

th e b l a ck B a n t u a g a i n st th e n o w m or e co n c e n tr a t e d H o t t e n tot s

a nd Bush m e n w a s t h e n som e wh a t slow e r d e l a y e d n o d o u bt b y

,

n a t u ra l obs t a cl e s by th e d e sp e r a t e d e fe n c e o f th e H ott e n tots

, ,
IV.
] T/i e D u tc /i i n A fr i c a .
77

th e tra cts of wa t e rl e ss country o n th e w e st a n d i n t e r n e ci n e wa r ,

fa re a m o n gst th e m s e lv e s O v e rl a yi ng th e first t h r e e divisi o n s

.

o f B a n tu i nv a d e r s c a m e dow n a cross th e Z a mb e z i fro m th e

dist ricts of T a n ga nyik a th e gre a t Zul u r a c e a ki n to th e M a k a ,

l a k a a n d B e c h u a na p e opl e w h o h a d p r e c e d e d th e m b u t l e ss ,

mix e d wi t h H o tt e n t o t bloo d a n d sp e a ki n g a l e ss corr u pt e d

,

B a ntu l a n gu a g e B y th e b e gi n n i ng o f th e 1 8 th c e n tu ry th is
1
.

s e ve n t h w a v e — a s o n e m a y c a ll i t— o f B a n tu i nv a sio n h a d
sw e p t a s fa r so u th a s th e Gr e a t K e i R iv e r a n d som e y e a r s ,

l a t e r h a d p ush e d th e H ott e n t ots b a ck to th e Gr e a t Fis h Riv e r .

I n 1 7 7 8 th e y c a m e i n to dir e ct co n t a ct wi th th e D utch a n d th e ,

Gov e r nor of th e C a p e e n te re d i n to a n a g re e m e n t wi t h th e
K a ffir chi e fs th a t th e Gr e a t Fis h R iv e r sh ould b e th e b ou n d a ry
b e t we e n D utc h rul e a n d K a ffir s e tt l e m e nt N e v e rt h e l e ss t h i s .
,

a g re e m e n t w a s soo n tra n sgr e ss e d by th e K a fli rs w h o c o m ,

m e n c e d r a idi n g th e D u tc h s e ttl e rs I n 1 7 8 1 th e first K a ffir .

w a r e n d e d dis a strously for th e B a n tu i n v a d e rs wh o w e r e ,

driv e n b a ck for a t im e to th e K e i R iv e r Eigh t y e a rs l a t e r .

t h e y a g a i n i n v a d e d C a p e C ol o n y A foolis h p olicy o f c o n .

cili a tio n wa s a dopt e d whic h e n d e d by th e K a ffirs b e i ng

,

a llo we d to s e t tl e o n th e D u t c h sid e o f th e Gr e a t Fis h Riv e r

in 1 789 .

In 1 N e th e rl a n ds E a st I n di a C omp a ny wa s p ra c
7 90 th e
tic a lly b a n k rupt a n d i n th e followi ng y e a r ( wh e n it wa s com
,

p u te d th a t th e Europ e a n p op u l a ti o n o f th e C a p e n u mb e re d
p e rso n s o w n i ng , sl a v e s ) th e D utc h Gov e r n or w a s
r e c a ll e d t o E urop e a n d th e cou n t ry w a s for a y e a r l e ft i n a
,

st a t e of a dmi n istra tiv e c h a os u ntil two C omm issio n e r s s e n t o u t

, ,

by th e S t a t e s G e n e ra l a rr iv e d a nd took ov e r th e gov e r n m e n t
,
.

But th e n e xt y e a r t h e s e Co m m i ssi o n e rs w e n t o n to B a t a v i a ,

1
v e rt h e l e ss by t he i r fi na l a n d m o re c o mp l e t e c o n t a ct wit h th e
N e ,

H o tt e n t o ts th e Z u l u K a ffi s a do pt e d t h re e o f th e H o tt e n t o t c l icks ; w h e e a s
-
r r

e rl i e
a i nv a de s —Ma k a l a k a B e ch u a n a a n d H e re ro — th o gh a do pti ng a
r r , , u

fe w H o tt e n t o t t e ms k e pt c l e a r o f H o tt e n t o t p h o ne tics a nd u s e n o c l icks
r , ,

to t h is d y a .
78 T/z e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A f i ca
r
.
[C H A R

a n d th e B u rgh e rs of th e i nt e rio r dis t ric t s b e c a m e so diss a t isfi e d

w i th th e m ism a n a g e m e n t of a ffa i r s t h a t t h e y e xp e ll e d th e i r
m a gistr a t e s a n d t o ok th e a dmi n is t ra t io n of t h e ir dis t rict i n to
t h e ir o wn h a n ds c a lli n g t h e ms e lv e s N a t io n a ls a n d b e comi n g
, ,
”

to som e d e g r e e i n fe c t e d wi t h th e spi ri t of th e F r e n ch R e volu t io n .

Me a n t im e i n th e s a m e y e a r 1 7 93 th e D u t ch Go v e rn m e n t h a d
, , ,

j oi n e d E n gl a n d a n d P ru ssi a I n m a ki n g w a r u p o n Fra n ce T w o .

y e ar s a ft e rwa rds — i n 1 7 9 5 — th e F re n ch t r o o ps h a d occup i e d

H oll a n d a n d h a d t u rn e d i t i n t o th e B a t a vi a n R e p u b lic a st a t e
, ,

i n a lli a n c e wi t h F r a n c e T h e P ri n c e o f O ra n g e h e re di t a ry
.
,

S t a dh o u d e r o f th e N e t h e rl a n ds h a d fl e d t o E n gl a n d a n d i n
, ,

th e sp r i n g o f 1 7 9 5 b e a u t h o ri z e d th e B r i t i sh Go v e rn m e n t t o

occupy C a p e Col o n y o n b e h a l f o f th e S t a t e s G e n e ra l i n o rd e r
to o b v i a t e i t s s e i z u r e by th e F r e n ch I n J u n e 1 7 9 5 a B ri t i s h
.

fl e e t c a rryi n g t ro o p s comm a n d e d by G e n e ra l C ra ig a rriv e d a t

F a ls e Ba y T h e D u t c h w e re n o t v e ry willi n g t o s u rr e n d e r
.

C a p e T ow n a t th e fi rs t d e m a n d e v e n th o u gh th e i n t e rior o f
,

th e cou n t ry w a s i n r e vol t a g a i n s t th e C o mp a ny B o t h th e .

o ffic e r a dmi n is t e ri n g th e C om p a ny s G o v e rn m e n t a n d th e dis

’

s a t isfi e d Bu rgh e r s s a n k t h e i r di ffe re n c e s i n opp osi t io n t o th e

l a ndi n g o f th e B ri tish T h e l a t t e r w e r e a n xi o u s to a v o id
.

h o s t ili t i e s a n d t h e r e fo re sp e n t a m o n t h i n n e go t i a t io n s but
, ,

o n th e 1 4 t h o f J u ly th e B r i t is h fo r ci b ly occup i e d S im o n T ow n ,

a n d t h r e e w e e ks l a t e r d r ov e th e D u t ch fro m a p o si t io n t h e y

h ad t ake n u p n e a r Cap e To w n I n S e pt e mb e r 3 0 0 0 mor e

.

t roop s a rriv e d u n d e r G e n e r a l C l a rk e a n d i n th e m i ddl e o f th a t

,

m o n t h m a rc h e d o n C a p e T ow n fr om th e so u t h e a s t A c a p i -
.

tu l a ti o n wa s fi n a lly a rr a n g e d a ft e r a n a tt a ck a n d a d e fe n c e

w hich h a d b e e n h a lf h e a r t e d T h e n c e fo r t h fo r e igh t y e a rs th e
-
.

E n gli sh o ccupi e d C a p e T ow n a n d a dmi n ist e re d th e a dj oi n i ng

colo ny A t fi rst t h e i r r u l e wa s milit a ry j u st a n d s a t isfa ctor y ;
.
, ,

a ft e rw a r ds wh e n a civili a n g o v e r n o r wa s s e n t out a syst e m o f

co rrup tio n a n d fa vo u ri t ism w a s i n t ro duc e d whic h c a u s e d much

diss a t isfa cti o n . T h e B r i t ish a lso h a d m a d e i t k n o wn th a t t h e y
o n ly h e ld th e colo ny i n t r ust for th e S t a dhoud e r a n d t his m a d e ,
iv .
] T/l o D a te /
z i n A fr i c a .
79

th e D u tch s e t t l e r s u n c e r t a i n a s to th e ir a ll e gi a nc e Me a n tim e
.
,

h o we v e r th e Bri t ish a dm i n istr a tio n g a v e som e s a tis fa c t io n to

,

th e s e ttl e r s b y i t s p o licy of fr e e tra d e a nd op e n m a rk e ts a n d ,

by c e rt a i n r e li e fs i n t a x a tio n ; a lso b y th e i n stit u t io n o f a

B u rgh e r S e n a t e of six m e mb e r s Bu t th e Bo e rs o f th e i n t e rior
.

r e m a i n e d fo r som e t im e r e c a lcit ra n t Th e D utch m o re ov e r

.
, ,

m a d e a n a tt e m pt t o r e g a i n p o ss e ssio n of th e C a p e b y d e sp a tc h
i n g a fl e e t o f n i n e ships wit h 2 0 0 0 m e n o n b o a rd w h ich h o w , ,

e ve r wa s m a de t o sur re n d e r a t S a ld a n h a Ba y by A dmi ra l
,

Elph i n sto n e a n d G e n e ra l C ra ig wi t h ou t firi n g a sh ot K a fli r .

r a ids r e com m e n c e d a n d th e B ritish h a vi n g org a n i z e d a

,

H o t t e n tot corps o f p o lic e th e oth e r H o tt e n t ots w h o w e re

,

s e rfs to th e Du t ch r os e i n i n s u rre c t io n a g a i n st t h e ir fo r m e r
m a st e r s Wh e n i n 1 8 0 3 th e Britis h e va c u a t e d C a p e T ow n
.

th e y did n o t l e a v e th e col o n y i n a suffici e n t ly s a ti sfa cto ry

c o n ditio n t o e n cou ra g e th e D u tc h s e t tl e r s t o O p t for B ritish
r u l e Fro m 1 8 0 3 t o 1 8 0 6 th e D u t c h Go v e r n m e n t rul e d C a p e
.

C o lo n y a s a colo ny a n d n o t a s th e a pp e n da ge o f a C h a rt e r e d
,

comp a ny which h a d n o w dis a pp e a re d Th e C a p e c e a s e d t o

,
.

b e subordi n a t e to B a t a vi a a n d p oss e ss e d a Gov e rn o r a nd

,

C ou n cil o f i t s o w n A ch e ck w a s pl a c e d o n th e imp o rt a tio n

.

o f sl a v e s a n d Eu r op e a n im mig ra t io n w a s e n c o u ra g e d
,
P os t a l .

comm u n ic a tio n a n d th e a dmi n is t r a tio n of j ustic e w e r e o rg a n i z e d

o r imp r ov e d I n fa ct th e C o m missio n e r G e n e r a l D e M ist a n d
.
,
-

Gov e r n o r J a n ss e n s i n th e two y e a rs a n d n i n e m o n t h s of th e i r
,

rul e l a id th e fou n d a tio n s o f a n e xc e ll e n t syst e m of colo n i a l

,

gov e r n m e n t Bu t th e m a rc h of e v e n ts wa s too s t ro n g fo r
.

th e m T h e g re a t m i ni st e r Pi tt i n th e sum m e r o f 1 8 0 5 s e cr e tly
.
, ,

o rg a n i z e d a n e xp e ditio n w h ic h sh o u ld c a rry n e a rly 7 0 0 0 t roop s

to s e i z e th e C a p e I n spit e o f d e l a ys a n d s t orms t his fl e e t
.
,

r e a ch e d T a bl e Ba
y a t th e b e gi n n i n g of J a n u a ry 1 8 0 6 Si x , .

B ri tis h r e gi m e n t s w e r e l a n d e d 1 8 mil e s n o rt h o f C a p e T ow n .

Gov e r n or J a n ss e n s w e n t o u t t o m e e t th e m with s u ch p oo r
fo rc e s a s h e c o u ld ga t h e r tog e th e r —2 0 0 0 i n a l l a ga i n st 4 0 0 0
B r i t is h T h e re sul t o f cours e wa s dis a st rous t o th e D u tch
.
,
80 7 7 26 C o lo n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a . [C HA R

wh os e soldi e rs m a i n ly co n sist e d of h a lf h e a rt e d G e rm a n m e r-

c e n a ri e s O n th e 1 6 t h o f J a n u a ry C a p e T ow n su rr e n d e re d
.

, ,

a n d a ft e r som e futil e r e sist a n c e b y J a n ss e n s i n th e i n t e rio r ,

a c a pitul a t io n w a s sig n e d o n J a n u a ry 1 8 a n d J a n ss e n s a n d
,

th e D u t ch soldi e r s w e r e s e n t b a ck to th e N e t h e rl a n ds by th e
B ri t ish G o ve r nm e n t .

By a C o nv e n t io n d a t e d A ug u st 1 3 1 8 1 4 th e D utc h , ,

G o v e r n m e n t wi t h th e P r i n c e o f O ra ng e a t i t s h e a d c e d e d C a p e
C o lo n y a n d th e A m e ric a n poss e ssio n o f D e m e ra ra to G r e a t
B rit a i n a g a i n st th e p a ym e n t o f wh ich w a s m a d e
e ith e r b y th e a ctu a l t e n d e r i n g o f m o n e y t o th e D u tch Gov e rn i

m e n t or th e wipi n g off of D u tch d e b t s

, .

O n th e o t h e r h a n d th e su r r e n d e r of th e C a p e to Gr e a t
,

B ri t a i n i nduc e d th e l a t t e r pow e r to giv e b a ck to H oll a n d m os t

o f th e D u t ch p oss e ssi o n s i n th e E a s t I n di e s wh ich we h a d ,

s e i z e d a n d a dmi n ist e r e d du ri ng th e N a p ol e o n ic w a rs If .

H oll a n d l o s t S o u t h A fric a — which s h e h a d o n ly dir e c t ly ru l e d

fo r t hr e e y e a r s — s h e w a s e na b l e d by o u r fr i e n dly a tti t u de o f s e lf
d e n i a l to b uild up a n e mpi re i n th e E a st o n ly s e co n d i n w e a lth
a n d p op ul a t io n t o th e A si a t i c domi n io n s o f G re a t B r i t a i n .

Y e t i n a n i n dir e c t fa shio n D u tch A fr ic a e xis t s still though

, , ,

th e fl a g o f H oll a n d n o lo n g e r w a v e s ov e r a ny po r t io n o f
A fric a n soi l a s a ru li n g p o w e r T h e o l d r i v a l ry b e t w e e n th e
.

E n glish a n d th e D u t ch which h a d b e g u n a lm os t a s s o o n a s
,

th e D u t ch w e r e a fr e e p e opl e a n d comp e t ito r s wi t h u s fo r th e

,

t ra d e of th e E a st a nd W e s t I n di e s h a d cr e a t e d a fe e li n g o f
,

e n mi t y b e tw e e n th e t wo r a c e s which o u gh t n e v e r t o h a v e
,

e xist e d s e e i n g h ow n e a rly th e y a re o f th e s a m e st o ck a n d h o w
, ,

clos e ly a lli e d i n l a n gu a g e r e ligi o n a n d t o s o m e e x t e n t i n

, ,

hi s t o ry— a lso h ow n e a rly m a tch e d t h e y a re i n physica l a n d

m e n t a l wo r t h C u rio u sly e n o u gh t h e re i s fa r gr e a t e r a ffi ni t y
.
,

i n t ho u ght a n d ch a ra c t e r b e t w e e n th e S co tch a n d th e D u t c h
th a n b e tw e e n th e D u t ch a n d th e E nglish T h e s a m e t h rift i .

n e ss,
bo rd e ri n g a t tim e s o n p a r sim o n y oddly com b i n e d wi t h
,

th e l a rg e s t h e a r t e d h ospi t a lity th e s a m e t e n d e n cy to st rik e a

-
,
 ] T/z e D a te / i n A fr i c a 81
‘

1v. z .

h a rd ba rg a i n e v e n to o v e rr e a c h i n m a tt e rs o f b usi n e ss a nd
, ,

th e s a m e dogg e d p e rs e v e ra n c e c h a r a ct e ri z e bot h Dutch a n d

S cotch ; whil e i n m a t t e rs o f r e ligio n a lmos t pr e cis e ly th e s a m e ,

form of Pro t e s t a n t C h risti a n ity a p p e a ls t o bo th ; so m uc h so ,

t h a t t h e r e i s p ra ctic a lly a fusi o n b e tw e e n th e D utch R e form e d

C h urch a nd th e Pr e sbyt e ri a n s H a d S cotc h m e n b e e n s e n t .

o u t to a dmi n is t e r C a p e Colo n y i n its e a rly d a ys i t is prob a bl e ,

t h a t som e t h i ng lik e a fusio n o f ra c e s m ig h t h a v e t a k e n pl a c e ,

a n d th e r e would h a v e b e e n n o Dutc h qu e stio n to c a us e

diss e n sio n i n S o u t h A fric a n p olitics i n th e r o th c e n tury T h e .

S cotc h w o u ld h a v e u n d e rstood th e Bo e r s e ttl e rs a n d t h e ir

idio sy n cra ci e s a n d would n o t h a v e m a d e fu n o f t h e m o r b e e n
,

so d e lib e ra t e ly u n symp a t h e tic as w e r e s o m e o f th e e a rli e r

E nglish gov e rn o r s S l a v e ry would h a v e b e e n a bolis h e d a ll th e
.

s a m e b u t i t would h a v e b e e n a b olish e d m o re c a u t i ou sly i n a

, ,

wa y th a t would n o t h a v e l e ft b e h i n d th e s t i n g o f a g ri e v a n c e .

Bu t a ft e r C a p e Colo n y h a d b e e n d e fi n i t e ly c e d e d to Gr e a t
B ri t a i n its g o v e rn o r s i n th e e a rly d a ys w e re m os t ly E nglishm e n ,

wh o th oug h oft e n a bl e a n d j ust m e n w e re a t li t t l e p a i n s to

, ,

u n d e rs t a n d th e p e culi a riti e s o f th e B o e r ch a ra ct e r a n d to ,

co n cili a t e t h e s e s u spicious u n e duc a t e d fa rm e rs ,

A no th e r .

sourc e of t r o u bl e wa s th e i n flux o f Bri t is h mi ssi o na ri e s w h o ,

fou n d much to co n d e m n i n th e Dutch tr e a tm e n t o f th e

n a tiv e s which re s e m bl e d t h a t i n vogu e a m o n gst B rito n s of th e
,
.

p re vious c e n t u ry b e fo r e th e spirit o f p h il a nth ropy wa s a b r o a d

, .

C u r i o u sly e n o u gh som e o f th e s e m issio na ri e s w e re S co t ch m e n

, ,

t h ough b e lo n gi n g to P r ot e st a n t s e cts o f m or e disti n ctly

E n glish ch a r a c t e r A t a ny ra t e th e m issi o na ri e s n o doub t
.
,

h a d so much r ight o n th e ir sid e i n co n d e m n i ng th e B o e r s

fo r th e ir co n d u c t tow a rd s th e n a tiv e s t h a t t h e ir fe e li n gs i n ,

t hi s r e sp e ct ove r c a m e th e i r n a tio na l a ffi ni t y fo r th e D u tch .

T h e Bo e r s e t t l e r a t n o t im e s h ow e d th a t fi e n dish cru e lty to th e

n a tiv e s h e w a s disposs e ssi n g wh ic h w a s so t e r ribly ch a r a ct e r

i s ti c o f th e S p a n i s h colo n i z a t io n o f M e xic o o r of som e of th e ,

E n glish Fr e n c h a n d Portugu e s e a dv e n t u r e rs o n th e W e st
, ,

J . A .
82 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R

co a st o f A fric a i n th e 1 7 t h c e n tury ; b u t h e w a s d e t e rm i n e d t o
m a k e of th e n a tiv e a s e rf a n d d e n i e d h im th e rights o f a m a n
,

lik e u n t o him s e lf I f th e na tiv e re vol t e d a g a i n s t this t re a t

.

m e n t h e wa s e xt e r mi na t e d i n a b usi ne ss lik e fa sh io n b u t i f h e
-

sub mitt e d a s did m o s t o f th e H ott e n t ots h e wa s t re a t e d wi t h

, ,

p a t ri a rch a l ki n d n e ss a n d l e n i e n cy T h e D u t ch s e t t l e r s a pp e a r
.

fr om th e fi r s t to h a v e dissoci a t e d th e ir d e a li n gs wit h th e
H o tt e n t o t s fr om th e ir o rdi na ry cod e o f m o ra ls I t w a s n o t .

t ho u ght dish o n e st t o ch e a t t h e m n o t t h o u gh t ill e g a l to ro b

,

t h e m n o t t hough t i mm o ra l to u se th e i r wom e n a s co n cubi n e s

, .

S o e n ti re ly wi th o u t scrup l e s w e re th e D u t ch o n this l a st p oi n t ,

t h a t wh ol e r a c e s a ros e a n d h a v e si n c e b e com e n a tio n s lik e ly

,

to surviv e a nd p rosp e r wh os e o rigi n w a s th e illici t u n io n o f

,

“
D u tch m e n a n d H o t t e n t o t wom e n Th e s e
. b a st a rds a s ,
”

t h e y w e r e fra n kly c a ll e d w e r e w e ll tr e a t e d by th e Du t ch — t h e y
,

w e r e n o t dis o w n e d w e re usu a lly co n v e r t e d to C hristi a n i t y

, ,

t a ugh t t o l e a d a m o re o r l e ss civili z e d li fe a n d t o t a lk th e ,

D u t ch l a n g u a g e wh ich t h e y sp e a k i n a co rrup t form a t th e

,

pr e s e n t da y I n short th e m o ra ls of th e S o u th A fric a n D u t ch
.
,

w e r e th e m or a ls o f th e O ld T e s t a m e n t a s w e re th os e o f ,

C romw e ll s sol di e rs a n d i n t h is a n d m a ny o t h e r m o d e s of
’

t h o u gh t th e D u t c h A frik a n d e r s liv e d s t ill i n th e 1 7 t h c e n t u ry ,

w h e r e a s th e Bri t ish m i ssio n a ri e s w e r e of th e e a rly r oth i n th e ,

r e d h o t gl o w of i t s a s ye t disill u sio n e d
-
a n d som e wh a t fr o t h y
,

ph il a n t h r o py T h e D u t c h s e ttl e rs w e re d e n o u n c e d a t Ex e t e r
.

H a ll a n d o n e v e r y missio n a r y p l a tfo rm a n d th e fa c t th a t m a ny
,

o f th e a ccus a t io n s w e re t r u e i n g r e a t m e a s u re did n o t m a k e

t h e m m o re p a l a t a bl e t o th e a ccus e d .

A s th e G o v e r n m e n t p o licy a t th e C a p e w a s fo r th e fi r s t
h a lf o f th e c e n t u ry g re a tly i n flu e n c e d b y Ex e t e r H a ll th e ,

D utch wi t h som e j ustic e r e g a rd e d th e a t t a ck s of th e mi s

s i o n a ri e s as th e r e s u l t o f a B ri t is h Gov e r n m e n t a n d h e n c e ,

withd r e w from or r e b e ll e d a g a i n st o u r rul e T h e diss e n t i e n t .

,

diss a tisfi e d Bo e r s b e ga n to tr e k a w a y from th e s e t tl e d po rtio n

o f C a p e Colo n y i n t o th e wild e r n e ss b e h i n d wh e r e t h e y m ig h t ,
iv .
] Tko D n tc n i n A fr i c a . 83

still l e a d th e pl e a s a n t u n fe t te re d p a t ri a rc h a l life t h e y h a d
, ,

grown to lov e T h e y p a ss e d b e yo n d th e O ra n g e Riv e r w h ic h

.
,

h a d com e t o b e th e n orth e r n limit o f B ritis h i n flu e n c e a n d , ,

a voidi n g th e d e s e rts o f B e c h u a n a l a n d p a ss e d n ort h e as twa rds -

i n to th e b e tt e r w a t e r e d t e rrito ri e s n o w k n ow n a s th e O ra n ge
-

Fr e e S ta t e a n d th e T r a n sv a a l T h e y a lso soug h t a way o u t .

t ow a rds th e s e a i n w h a t is n o w th e colo n y o f N a t a l H e re .

th e y c a m e i n to co nflict first wi t h th e K a ffirs a n d B a suto o n

th e W e st a n d t h e n wit h th e Zulu s o n th e E a st
,
T h e form e r .

w e r e to som e e xt e nt u n d e r B ri t ish p rot e ctio n th e r e fo re th e ,

B ritis h Gov e rn m e n t w a s r e a dy to e sp ous e th e ir ca us e i f t h e y

w e r e u nj u stly d e a l t wi t h T h e Zulus o n th e o th e r h a n d w e r e
.
, ,

stro ng e n ough a n d n u m e rous e n oug h t o pr e v e n t a Bo e r s e ttl e

m e n t o n th e ir l a nd N e v e rth e l e ss th e B o e r i n v a si o n o f N a t a l
.
,

from th e n o rth w a s a t th a t t im e a tr a n s g r e ssio n i n to t e rrito ry

r e c e n tly co n q u e r e d a n d d e p op ul a t e d b y o n e of th e m ost
a bomi n a bl e sh e dd e r s o f blood t h a t e v e r a r os e a m o n gst N e gro

—
tyra n ts C h a k a th e s e co n d ki n g o f th e Z u lus T h is l a t te r
1
.
,

s a w th e d a n g e r a n d l ur e d th e p io n e e r s of th e B o e rs i n to a
,

p ositio n wh e r e h e wa s a bl e to m a ss a c re t h e m a t his e a s e .

With spl e n did ga ll a n t ry— o n e s bl oo d ti ngl e s wit h a dmi ra tio n ’

as o ne r e a ds th e r e cord o f i t— th e fe w r e m a i n i ng Bo e rs
must e r e d t h e i r forc e s a n d a v e n g e d thi s d a st a rdly m urd e r by a
“
d ra stic d e fe a t o f th e Zulu s But th i s wa s i n th e e a rly fo r ti e s
.
,
”

w h e n B r itish a dv e n t u r e r s — m or e o r l e ss disco u ra g e d o r u n e n
c o u ra g e d by th e H om e Gov e rn m e n t — h a d fou n d e d a co a s t
s e ttl e m e n t i n N a t a l o n th e si t e o f w h a t i s n o w th e tow n o f
,

D urb a n T h e usu a l sh illy s h a lly o n th e p a rt o f th e B riti sh

.
-

G ov e r n m e n t m isl e d th e B o e rs i n to t h i n ki n g th a t th e y could

1
h is m st e c a n b e e g a rde d a s th e fi st D i ng i s w a yo
I f D i ng i s w a yo , a r, r r .

w as thra e r th ep m o u n t c h i e f o f a K fli r c o n fe de a ti o n o f w h ic h th e
a ra a r ,

Z lu t ib e w s a m e mb e r C ha k a w a s th e y o n ge s o n o f th e Z l c h i e f
u r a . u r u u ,

b u t w s e v e n t a ll y e l e ct e d c h i e f i n h is f t h e s p l c e a n d t h e n s u cc e e de d to
’
a u a r a

th e p a m o n t sw a y o f D i n i s w
ar u g yo R ci ll y a n d l i ngu istic a ll y t h e re is
a . a a

v e ry l itt l e di ffe re n c e b e twe e n Z l u s a nd K a fli s u r .

84 l e C o lo n i z a ti o n o f A fr i c a .
[C HA R

m a i n t a i n t h ems e lv e s i n N a t a l a g a i n st o u r wi sh e s A s t h e y h a d .

furth e r b rok e n a n a g re e m e n t wit h u s by a t t a cki ng th e B a s u to

a n d th e K a fli rs a British fo r c e w a s d e sp a tch e d a g a i n st t h e m i n
,

1 8 4 2 w hich a ft e r a b ri e f str u ggl e ,

i n duc e d th e m t o c a pitul a t e , .

N a t a l wa s t h e n s e cur e d a s a Briti sh colo n y a n d th e Bo e rs with ,

b itt e r dis a pp oi n tm e n t h a d to s e e k th e ir i n d e p e nd e n t st a t e to
th e n o r t h o f th e O r a n g e Riv e r Bu t h e r e a lso t h e y w e r e .

follow e d u p a n d h a d th e Gov e rn o r o f th e C a p e — S i r G e org e

,

G re y— b e e n suppo r t e d from D ow n i n g S t re e t th e O ra ng e Riv e r ,

sov e r e ign t y w oul d n e v e r h a v e b e c o m e th e O ra n g e Fr e e S ta t e ,

a n d it is p r ob a bl e th a t e v e n th e t e rrito ry b e yo n d th e Va a l
Riv e r m igh t i n lik e m a n n e r h a v e b e e n s u bj e c t e d to B ritish
co n trol .

Bu t Dow n i n g S t r e e t for e igh t y y e a rs fro m th e c e ssio n o f

th e C a p e o f G o od H op e p e r sis t e n tly m ism a n a g e d a fl a i rs n o w
'

b lo wi n g h o t wit h u n d u e h e a t n o w blowi n g cold a n d n ippi n g , ,

wis e e n t e rpris e i n th e bud T h e a c t io n of th e Gov e rn o r w a s .

r e pudi a t e d a n d th e S a n d Riv e r C o n v e n ti o n u n ra ti fie d
, I n th e .

most form a l m a n ne r th e B o e r s n o r t h of th e O ra n g e Riv e r

we r e a cco rd e d a b sol u t e i n d e p e n d e n c e s u b j e ct to c e rt a i n p ro ,

v isio n s a b out sl a v e ry a n d th e lik e p r ivil e g e h a d b e e n p re vi ous l y

,

a ccord e d t o th os e wh o h a d fu r t h e r t re kk e d a cross th e V a a l
R iv e r a t a t im e wh e n th e O ra n g e R iv e r s t a t e wa s lik e ly t o
b e com e a B ri t is h Colo n y S o fr om 1 8 5 2 a n d 1 8 5 4 re sp e ctiv e ly .
‘
,

th e S o u th A fri c a n D u tc h h a v e fo rm e d tw o s t a t e s e n t i re ly i n d e
p e n d e n t o f B ri t i sh r ul e i n t h e i r i n t e rn a l a ffa i rs a n d b u t ,

d u b i ously gov e rn e d b y u s i n th e i r e x t e rna l re l a ti o n s T h e .

O ra n g e F re e S t a t e which co n t a i n e d a co nsi de ra bl e Bri ti sh

,

e l e m e n t d a ti n g from th e p e r iod o f B r i t ish sov e r e ig n t y h a s h a d ,

1
Th S n d R iv e C o n v e n ti o n
e a e c o gn i i n g th e i n de p e n de n c e o f th
r , r z e

T n sv l w s sig ne d i n J n a y 8 5 2 ; th e B l o e m fo n t e i n C o n ve n ti o n
ra aa , a a u r , 1 .

w h ic h l o o s e d th e O n ge F e S t t e f o m B itish c o n t o l w s sign e d i n
ra re a r r r ,
a

F e bru ry 1 8 5 4
a ,
I n 1 8 5 8 S i G e o g e G e y l i d b e fo e th e C a p e P a l i a
.
,
r r r a r r

m e n t p o p o s a l s f o m th e O ng e F e e S t a t e fo
r r n i o n i n a S o u t h A fr ic a n
ra r r re u

F e de a ti o n a n d w s e c a ll e d by th e H o m G o v e n m e n t fo r dv o c ti n g
r ,
a r e r a a

t h is p o l icy .
1v .
] T/Z£ D ’
n tc lz i n A fr i c a : 85

‘
l a tt e rly a n u ne v e ntful c a r e e r o f st e a dy p rosp e rity du e i n ,

l a rg e m e a sur e t o th e wi sdom o f i t s ch i e f m a gistr a t e s Whe n .

th e di a mo n d fi e lds w e r e discov e r e d o n i ts bord e r s t ow a r ds th e

“
e n d of th e sixti e s it h a d som e c a u s e fo r compl a i n t a g a i n st
”

th e British Gov e r n m e n t si n c e t a ki ng a dv a n t a ge o f th e u m
, ,

de fi n e d rights o f a G r iqu a ( B a s t a rd H ott e n tot ) ch i e f w e ,

e xt e n d e d o u r r ul e ov e r t h is a ri d t e r rito ry n o r th of th e O r a n g e

R iv e r which w a s s u dd e n ly fou n d t o b e wo r th u n told mi llio n s

,

of p o u n ds B ut th e a m o u n t o f t e r ri to ry u n d e r disput e wit h th e
'

O r a n g e Fr e e S ta t e w a s r e l a tiv e ly sm a ll a n d if w e h a d t ra n s ,

r e s s e d t h e ir rig h tfu l b o r d e rl a n d t o som e slig h t d gr e w e

g e e ,

a to n e d fo r i t by p a yi n g t h e m a n i n d e m n ity o f
Gre a t B rit a i n a ls o i n t e rv e n e d s e v e ra l tim e s t o p re v e n t th e
w a rlik e B a suto ( w h o d we l l i n t h a t littl e A fric a n S wi t z e rl a n d b e
t w e e n th e O ra n g e Fr e e S t a t e a n d N a t a l ) e i th e r from r a idi ng
th e O r a n g e Fr e e S t a t e or fr om b e i n g t h e m s e lv e s r a id e d a n d
,

co n qu e r e d by B o e r r e p ri s a ls Ev e n t u a lly B a sutol a n d wh os e
.
,

a ffa i r s h a d b e e n som e w h a t m i sm a n a g e d b y th e C a p e P a rli a

m e n t wa s t a k e n u n d e r di re ct imp e ri a l c o n t r ol a n d e v e r si nc e
, ,

th e re h a s b e e n a com pl e t e c e ss a tio n o f t r oubl e i n t h a t q u a r t e r

wi th th e O r a n g e Fr e e S t a t e .

T h e c a r e e r o f th e T r a n sv a a l R e publ ic w a s muc h l e ss
succ e ssful i n its e a rly d a ys T h e t e rri t o ry wa s v a st e r i n m a ny
.
,

pl a c e s no t so h e a l t hy a n d th e n a ti v e popul a tio n — e sp e ci a lly i n

,

th e e a st e rn di s tr i c ts — wa s tu rbul e n t a n d str o n gly a v e rs e to

'
z
,

a cc e pti n g B o e r rul e T h e e xist e n c e of gold t h o u gh o cc a sio n

.
,

a lly h i n t e d a t by u n h e a r d p i o n e e r s wa s u n k n ow n t o th e wo r ld ,

a t l a rg e a n d a bsolu t e ly ig n o r e d by th e B o e r s ; t h e r e w a s littl e
,

or n o t ra d e a n d th e Europ e a n p op ul a tio n wa s sc a n t y By
,
.

1 8 7 7 th e co n dit i o n o f t h is st a t e h a d b e com e so h op e l e ss wit h a

b a n k rupt tr e a sury a n d th e m e n a c e of a Zulu i nva sio n t h a t i t ,

1
F o r th e fi str fe w y e a rs o f its e xist e n c e it h ad m u c h figh ti ng wit h th e
B as t o u .

Zu l s
2
u and K a ffirs u n de r Ms i li k a z i i n th e ea st ; B e c hu a na t ib e s i n
r th e
w e st .
86 Tli e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R

wa s a nn e x e d som e w h a t a b rup tly by th e Imp e ri a l re p re s e n

, ,

ta ti v e S i r T h e op h il u s S h e psto n e
,
No doubt t h is st e p wa s
.

co n so na n t wit h th e e n lig h t e ne d policy th e n fa vou re d by th e

I m p e ri a l Gov e rn m e n t a n d subs e qu e ntly by th a t far sig h t e d m a n -
,

S i r B a rtl e Fr e r e w h o w a s to b e com e Gov e rn or of th e C a p e

,

duri ng th e l a tt e r p a rt o f th e l a t e E a r l C a rn a rv o n s t e na n cy o f ’

th e C olo n i a l O fli c e Lo r d C a rn a r v o n him s e lf wa s r e solut e ly

.

i n t e n t o n c a rryi n g out i n A fr ic a so u th of th e Z a m b e z i a sc h e m e
o f fe d e ra tio n si mil a r t o th a t wh ich h a d i n 1 8 6 6 co n solid a t e d

th e D omi n io n o f C a na d a B ut th e a ctu a l m e t h o d by w h ich th e

.

T r a n sv a a l w a s t a k e n ov e r wa s n o t a w e ll co n sid e re d o n e a n d ,

u n h a ppily it wa s follow e d by th e a p poi n tm e n t of a n o fli c e r to

rul e ov e r t h a t cou n try w h os e d e m e a n ou r wa s w h olly u ns ym
p a t h e tic to th e B o e r n a t u re A t th e e n d o f 1 8 8 0 th e Bo e r s
.

re volt e d A fte r a sh o rt mili t a ry c a mp a ig n co n spic u ous for i t s

.
,

u t t e r l a ck of g e n e r a lsh ip o n th e p a r t of th e E n glish a n d fo r ,

th e dis a strou s d e fe a ts i n flict e d o n o u r forc e s by th e B o e rs a t

La ng s N e k a n d M aj u b a H ill th e B ri tis h Gov e r n m e n t of th e
’
,

da y ( w h o a fe w m o n t h s b e fo re h a d a bs o l u t e ly r e fus e d th e
Bo e rs a pp e a l for th e r e v e r s a l of th e a n ne x a ti o n ) co n clud e d a
’

h urri e d a r mistic e a n d g a v e b a ck ( 1 8 8 1 ) its i n d e p e n d e nc e to

,

th e T ra n sv a a l subj e ct to a v a g u e su z e ra i n ty o n th e p a r t o f
,

th e B r itis h C r ow n a n d l a t e r o n to a B ritish v e to which migh t

,

b e e x e rcis e d o n t r e a ti e s with for e ig n pow e rs T h e b e s t pl e a

.

th a t c a n b e u rg e d o n b e h a lf of thi s su r re n d e r which su b ,

s e qu e n t B ritish Gov e rn m e n t s h a v e h a d s u ch c a us e t o r e gr e t ,

wa s th e b e li e f t h a t a st e rn pros e cu ti o n o f th e wa r a n d ,

th e e v e n tu a l Bo e r d e fe a t wo u ld l e a d t o th e up risi n g o f th e
,

D utc h s e t t l e rs i n C a p e C o lo n y a n d th e i n t e rv e n ti o n o f th e
O ra n g e F re e S t a t e I t i s d oubtfu l wh e th e r t h e re wa s m u ch
.

fo u n d a t i o n for t his fe a r o r wh e th e r i t w o u ld n o t h a v e b e e n
,

m u ch e a si e r a t th a t tim e to s e t tl e Bri t is h sup re m a cy o n c e a n d

fo r all o v e r a l l A fric a so u t h of th e Z a m b e z i e v e n if it l e d t o ,

som e d e gr e e of i n t e r n e ci n e figh t i ng : th e mo re s o a s th e re
would h a v e b e e n no d a n g e r o f Eu r op e a n i n t e rv e n tio n a t th a t
IV ]
. Tno D / i n A fr i c a
i tto i . 87

d a t e But th e c h a n ce wa s l e t slip a nd th e B o e rs a cquir e d a n

.
,

i n d e p e n d e n c e th e m o re j ustly w o n a nd th e l e ss e a sily dis

,

tu rb e d si n c e it w a s th e r e sult o f th e ir st u rdy v a lour .

T h e r e s tra i n i n g co n ditio n s o f th e 1 8 8 1 C o n v e n tio n w e r e

still fu rt h e r a tt e n u a t e d by th e L o n do n Co nv e n t io n o f F e bru a ry
2 7 ,1 884 i n whic h wi th furth e r fa t uity th e Gov e rn m e n t o f th e
,

da y a ccord e d u nn e c e ss a rily to th e T r a n s vaa l st a t e th e e xtra va

“
g a nt titl e o f T h e S outh A fric a n R e public P e r h a p s t h is is
.

th e m ost r e m a rk a bl e a c t o f a b n e g a tio n w h ich h a s e v e r occurr e d

i n th e h isto ry of t h e B ri t ish Empi re and i t mus t h a v e

,

s e e m e d to th e i n h a b it a n t s o f Br i t ish S o ut h A fric a lik e th e

a dmissio n of a riv a l ru li n g p ow e r i n t o th e Bri t is h s ph e r e s o ut h

o f th e Z a m b e z i By thi s 1 8 8 4 C o n v e n t io n ( wo r thl e ss fo r t h a t
.

purp os e a s a re a l l t re a t i e s a n d co n v e n tio n s w h e n th e forc e to

,

m a i n t a i n th e m is n o t a pp a r e n t ) th e g e ogra p h ic a l limi ts o f th e
T ra n sv a a l st a t e w e r e cl e a rly d e fi n e d a n d th e B o e rs e n g a g e d to
,

k e e p withi n th e m .

E n coura g e d by thi s dip lom a tic succ e ss a n d th e fe e bl e ,

m a n ne r i n which th e I mp e ri a l G o v e r n m e n t h a d p e rm itt e d
th e m t o c a rv e o u t a fre sh st a t e i n th e h e a r t o f Zulul a n d th e ,

Bo e rs o f th e T ra n sv a a l no w d e t e rmi n e d to a dd B e c h u a na l a nd
to t h e i r domi n io n s a n d p o ssibly t o cut o ff Bri t is h e xp a n sio n t o
,

th e Z a m b e z i a n d to m a k e t h e ir w e st e r n fro n t i e r coi n cid e n t wit h

,

th e n a tu ra l limits of th a t P r o te cto ra t e w h ic h G e rm a ny h a d j ust

'

e s ta blish e d n o r t h of th e O ra n g e Riv e r
,
Bu t p ublic opi n io n i n
.

G re a t B rit a i n wa s b e comi n g i n t o l e ra n t of a ny fu r th e r s a c rific e s

o f B r i tish a spi ra t io n s i n S outh A fr ic a a n d o f b r e a ch e s of fa it h
,

o n th e p a r t o f th e Bo e rs a n d forc e d th e Gov e r n m e n t o f th e
,

da y to a ss e r t its e lf A s tro n g e xp e di t io n w a s s e n t ou t u n d e r
.

S i r C h a rl e s W a rr e n a t th e e n d o f 1 8 8 4 which fi n a lly s e cu r e d
,

fo r Gr e a t Brit a i n th e P r ot e ct o ra t e o f B e chu a n a l a n d a n d th e ,

re s t r a i n i n g of th e T r a n sva a l withi n i t s p r op e r limi ts Ne ve r .

th e l e s s i n 1 8 9 4 a fr e sh co n c e ssio n w a s m a d e to th a t st a t e by
,

th e withd ra w a l of B ri t ish o pposi t io n to it s a b s o r p tio n o f a lit tl e

e n cl a v e o f Z u l u cou n t ry k n ow n a s S w a z il a n d I n e xcus e fo r .
88 77 2 3 C o l o ni z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R
'

th e Bri tish Go v e rn m e nt i t must b e p oi n t e d o u t t h a t th e S wa z i

chi e fs h ad pr e viously m a d e o v e r to T ra n sva a l subj e c t s s o m a n y
rights a n d co n c e ssi o n s th a t a ny o th e r sol u t i o n th a n th e fu rth e r
c e ssio n of th e a dmi n istra t io n w a s r e n d e re d di fficul t u n d e r th e
e xis t i n g co n di t io n s .

S o o n a ft e r th e co nclusio n o f th e Lo n do n C o n v e n ti o n o f
1 884 ,
th e v a s t w e a l t h i n gold which fo r m o re t h a n te n y e a r s
,

b a ck h a d b e e n h i n t e d a t b y u n e d u c a t e d pio n e e rs a n d d e n i e d ,

by mi n i n g e xp e r t s b e ga n to b e m a d e k n ow n ; th e de v e lop
‘
,

m e n t of th e m a r v e llous Wi t w a t e r s ra n d b ro u gh t a b o ut th e
fou n d a t io n o f J oh a n n e s b u rg a n d di r e c t e d to th e T ra n s v a a l a n
,

e n o r mo u s i n fl u x o f outsid e rs m a i nly E nglis h — a t a ny ra t e

, ,

m a i nly B ri t ish su b j e c ts t h o u gh m a n y of th e m w e re J e ws from

,

E n gl a n d o r fr om F ra n c e a n d G e rm a ny wh o h a d b e com e
,

n a tu ra l i z e d Bri t ish subj e c t s Mi n e s w e re a ls o Op e n e d i n th e

.

e a st a n d i n th e n o r t h o f th e T r a n s v a a l O n th e o t h e r h a n d
.
,

to co u n t e ra c t th e i n flu e n c e of t his Bri t i s h e l e m e n t th e Tr a n s ,

v a a l Gov e rn m e n t h a d a lm ost e v e r si n c e its e s t a b lis h m e nt i n

1 88 1 b e e n st re n g th e n i ng th e Du t ch e l e m e n t by i n v i t i n g th e
s e t t l e m e n t o f H oll a n d e rs from th e N e th e rl a n ds wh o w e r e ,

e mpl o y e d i n i t s Gov e rn m e n t o fli c e s i n its sch o o ls i t s chu r c h e s

, , ,

a n d o n th e c o n s t ruc t io n o f i ts r a il wa ys T h e s e na t i v e s o f
.

H oll a n d show e d t h e m s e lv e s v e ry h o stil e to B ri t i sh i n fl u e n c e ,

a n d t h r o u gh th e i r e f fo r t s a g re a t d e a l o f symp a t hy wit h th e
S o u t h A fric a n D u t ch w a s a ro u s e d i n H o ll a n d a n d G e rm a n y .

O n th e o t h e r h a n d th e O utl a n d e rs w h o s e t t l e d ro u n d
, ,

J oh a nn e sb u rg a n d o t h e r m i n i n g c e n t re s a n d wh o soo n c a m e
to ou t n um b e r th e B o e r e l e m e n t i n th e T r a n sv a a l pop ul a tio n t o

th e e x t e n t o f fiv e t o o n e b e c a m e diss a t isfi e d wi t h t h e i r p o si tio n

,

u n d e r th e B o e r Gov e r n m e n t who r u l e d t h e m a u to c ra tica lly

, ,

wi t h o u t givi ng t h e m a n y v o ic e i n th e a dm i n ist ra t io n o r i n th e
sp e n di n g o f th e h e a vy t a x e s l e vi e d o n t h e ir i n dus t ri e s ( I t .

sh o uld b e n o t e d t h a t th e B o e r G o v e r nm e n t h a d a t t e mp t e d to

1 Ab o u t as t st w o t hy g i de s i n mi n e a l gy
ru r u r o as e xp e ts
r in h a n dw iti n g
r I
rv .
] T/z o D a te /
z i n A fr i c a . 89

w a ll i ts e lf i n fro m co n t a ct wi th th e su rr ou n di ng B ritis h a n d
Po rtugu e s e st a t e s by a n e xc e e di ngly high t a riff of imp or t
du t i e s w h ich re n d e re d m a n y a rticl e s o f n e c e ssi t y o r luxury
,

e xt r e m e ly e xp e n siv e a n d m a d e civili z e d life fiv e t im e s a s d e a r

,

a s i n th e a dj oi n i n g C a p e C olo n y
) I t wa s a g a i n th e co n t a c t
.

b e tw e e n th e v e ry e n d o f th e 1 9 th c e ntu ry a n d th e m a n ne rs ,

cus t om s l a n gu a g e a n d p u ri t a n ic a l r e ligio n of th e 1 7 th c e n tury

, ,
.

T o som e e x t e n t t his r e c a lci t ra n t a t t it u d e of th e Bo e rs w a s

co n d e m n e d a n d d e p re c a t e d by t h e ir m uch m o r e e n light e n e d
b re t h re n th e C a p e D u t ch I n tim e p rob a b ly t h e s e l a tt e r
,
.
, ,

m igh t h a v e e n cour a g e d a n d s u p p o rt e d th e i n t e rv e n t io n of th e
I mp e ri a l G o v e rn m e n t i n s e cu ri n g fa ir t e rm s to th e O utl a n d e rs ,

a n d a s th e s e fa ir t e r m s must h a v e giv e n th e O utl a n d e rs a

p re po n d e ra t i n g v o i c e i n th e Go v e rnm e n t th e T ra n s v a a l migh t ,

h a v e b e e n b r o u gh t wi t h i n th e S o u t h A fri c a n F e d e ra tio n u n d e r
th e Bri t ish ae gis B u t th e R ight H o n C e cil J o h n R h od e s
. .
,

th e n Prim e M i n ist e r of th e C a p e a n d Ma na gi n g D i re ctor o f

th e B ri t is h S outh A fric a Ch a r t e r e d Comp a n y s a w i n t h is di s ,

c o n t e n t a t J o h a nn e sb u rg th e m e a n s a n d e xcus e fo r his p e rso na l

i nt e r v e n t io n i n th e T ra n s v a a l H e hu rri e d o n th e m o v e m e n t
.
,

a n d e v e n c a rr i e d i t b e yo n d th e limi t s i n dic a t e d b y th e m or e
disi n t e r e st e d R e fo rm e rs T h e a dmi n ist ra to r o f th e Ch a rt e re d
.

C o m p a n y s t e r ri t o ri e s D r J a m e so n i n v a d e d th e T ra n svaa l
’

, ,

1 8 9 5 ) wi t h a sm a ll forc e of b tw
( D e c 2 9
.
, e e e n
5 0 0 a nd 6 0 0

mo u n t e d polic e a n d e n d e a vou re d to re a c h J oh a n n e sbu rg th e

, ,

c e n t re o f u nre st wi th a h a lf a v o w e d i n t e n tio n o f s u bs e qu e n tly

,
-

m a rchi n g o n Pr e to ri a a n d ups e tti n g th e Bo e r Gov e rn m e n t

, .

Bu t th e B o e r fo rc e s i n t e rc e pt e d Dr J a m e s o n b e fo re h e could
re a ch J oh a nn e sb u rg a n d a ft e r a n e n ga g e m e n t i n whic h a fe w o f
,

his m e n w e re kill e d a nd a ft e r whic h fu r th e r p r og re ss w o u ld h a v e

,

m e a n t a nn ihil a t io n h e su rre n d e r e d T h e H igh Comm issio n e r

,
.

of S o u th A fric a hu rri e d t o J oh a n n e sbu rg Dr J a m e so n a n d h is

offic e r s w e re h a n d e d ov e r t o th e B ri tish Gov e r n m e n t to b e
'

d e a l t wi t h a n d a ft e rwa r ds u n d e rw e n t a sh or t t e r m of imp riso n

,

m e n t O n th e o t h e r h a nd th e R e fo r m e rs of J o h a n ne sburg
.
,
90 Tne C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R I V .

w e r e tr e a t e d by th e Pr e tori a C ourts with i ne xcus a bl e h a rs h

n e ss , s e e i ng th a t t h e y h a d n o t t a k e n a n a ctiv e p a rt i n
D r J a m e so n s i n ro a d a n d h a d su r r e n d e r e d th e ir city t o th e
’
,

B o e r Gov e rn m e n t E n o rm ous fi n e s a mou n ti ng e v e n tu a lly to

.
,

n e a rly h a l f a millio n s t e r li n g w e r e i nflict e d o n th e m a fte r a

, ,

s om e wh a t burl e squ e t r i a l i n w h ich t h e y h a d b e e n co n d e m n e d

to d e a th ,
o n ly to b e su b s e qu e n tly impriso n e d o r e xp e ll e d .

F o r th e t im e b e i n g th is w a n to n a gg re ssio n o n th e p a rt o f
Mr Rhod e s a li e n a t e d a ll symp a t h y for th e g ri e v a n c e s of th e
O utl a n d e rs a n d p rovok e d s t ro ng e xp re ssi o n s o f opi n io n i n
,

c e rt a i n E u rop e a n s ta t e s w h o u n t il th e y w e re a ssu re d t h a t th e
, ,

Br itis h Gov e rn m e n t w a s diss o ci a t e d wi th Mr R h od e s sc h e m e

’
,

w e r e n o t u nna t u ra lly p r o n e t o im a gi ne th a t th e i r o wn t e rritori e s

i n A fr ica mig h t s o m e da y b e e xpos e d to a Bri t ish r a id Th e .

im m e di a t e outcom e t h e re fo r e of this ill a dvi s e d a cti o n o n th e

, ,
-

p a rt o f th e C a p e P re mi e r ( t h ough th a t o ffici a l w a s a dmitt e dly

a ctu a t e d by th e s a m e de si re whic h h a s i n sp i re d som e B r i tish

st a t e sm e n to b r i n g a b o u t th e Bri ta n n i c i z i ng of a ll A fric a south

,

o f th e Z a mb e z i ) wa s th e s t re ngt h e n i n g a n d i n t e n sifyi n g of th e

s e p a ra tist ch a ra ct e r o f th e two D u tch r e p u b lics still e xi s t i ng i n

S outh A fric a Wh e t h e r th e p o we r g a i n e d by t h e s e i nde p e n
.

d e n t D u t ch st a t e s will b e wis e ly u s e d o r wh e th e r t h e y will ,

o ve r re a ch t h e i r st re n g t h a n d m isus e t h e ir i n flu e n c e a n d s o ,

dra w dow n o n t h e m th e ir e v e n tu a l a bsorpti o n wi t hi n th e

a dj oi n i n g B r i t ish Empi re re m a i n s t o b e s e e n T h e s e b ra v e
,
.
,

stu rdy D u t chm e n h a v e pl a y e d a g re a t p a r t i n A fr ic a a p a r t o f ,

which t h e ir m o th e r cou n t ry H oll a nd m a y w e ll b e p r oud , ,

T h e y a re s o n e a rly o f o u r o wn b lood a n d t o n gu e a n d histo ry 1

, ,

th a t w e m a y wi th o u t a ny m o r e sti ng o f b i t t e rn e ss t h a n t h a t
,

with w h ich w e r e c a ll th e r e volt of th e A m e ric a n C olo ni e s t a k e ,

p rid e i n th e ir a c h i e v e m e n t s a n d smil e grimly a t th e stout bl ows

t h e y h a v e d e a lt us i n t h e i r o wn d e fe n c e .

1
F o r i f we a re C e l ts
Te t o ns l a s he d with F re nch s o a e t he s e
a nd u c , r

de sc e nda n ts o f th e o ld F r isi n s a n d B t a vi n s mi ng l e d a s t he y a e wit h

a a a ,
r

H u g u e n o t e mig a n ts r .
o h n nt a n K S B ad }
E X P L A N A T O RY N OT E

g g
T/z e m a p s h o w s th e s l a v e h u n ti n o r tr a di n a r e a s s na rl e d
g
a c c o r di n g o e tr aj i c
to de r e e of i n te n s z ty of s l a '
l l
e r e d i n e s i n di c a te th e p r i n c i pa r o u te s of th e s l a v e

s h i ps o r c a r a v a ns
-
a nd th e de s ti n a ti o n of th e s l a v e s
 C H A PT E R V

T H E S LAV E T R AD E .

MA N h a d n o t lo ng e m e rg e d from th e m o n k e y b e for e h e
co n c e iv e d th e id e a o f e n sl a vi ng i n st e a d of o r a s w e ll a s e a ti ng
h i s e n e mi e s o r h i s i n fe rio rs S l a v e ry a n d th e sl a v e tr a d e
.
,

h owe v e r m e re s e rvitud e —n e e d n o t e xcit e gr e a t h o rror or pity

-

w h e n i t occurs a mo ng p e opl e of th e s a m e r a c e o r th e s a m e
re ligio n o r i n cou n tri e s whic h a re n o t fa r from th e h om e o f
,

th e e n sl a v e d I t i s wh e r e th e st a t e of s e rvitud e e xists b e tw e e n
.

wid e ly div e rg e n t r a c e s th a t it giv e s ris e to a bus e s wh ic h a re ,

obvious e v e n to th os e wh o a re n o t s e n siti v e p h il a n thropi sts .

Th e N e g ro m or e t h a n a ny oth e r h um a n typ e h a s b e e n
, ,

m a rk e d o u t by hi s m e n t a l a n d physi c a l ch a r a ct e r istics a s th e
s e rv a n t o f oth e r r a c e s T h e r e a r e of cou rs e e xc e pti o n s to th e
.
, ,

g e n e ra l rul e T h e r e a re t ri b e s lik e th e K ru b o ys of th e W e st
.

A fric a n co a st th e M a n di n go th e Wolof a n d th e Z u lu wh o
, , , ,

h a v e a lw a ys s h ow n th e m s e lv e s so r e c a lcit ra n t t o sl a v e ry t h a t
th e y h a v e g e ne ra lly b e e n le t a lo n e whil e th e l e a st div e rg e n c e
from th e N e gro s tock i n a n upwa rd dir e ctio n— suc h a s i n th e
c a s e o f th e G a ll a s a n d S om a lis —a pp e a rs to p r od u c e a r e solut e
a t t a c h m e n t t o fr e e dom B u t th e n e gro i n g e n e ra l i s a bor n
.

sl a v e H e i s p o ss e ss e d o f g re a t physic a l str e n g th d ocility

.
, ,

ch e e rful ne ss o f disp osi t io n a s h o r t m e mo ry for so rrows a n d

,

cr u e l ti e s a n d a n e a sily a rous e d g ra titud e for ki n d n e ss a n d j u s t

,

d e a li n g H e do e s n o t suffe r fr om h om e sick n e ss to th e ov e r
.
-

b e a ri n g e x t e n t th a t a ffl ic ts oth e r p e opl e s to rn from t h e ir h om e s ,

a n d p rovid e d h e i s w e ll fe d h e i s e a sily m a d e h a ppy

, ,
A bov e .

a ll h e c a n toil h a rd u n d e r th e h o t s u n a n d i n th e u n h e a lthy
,
92 T/z e C o l o n i z a ti o n o f A fr i c a .
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clim a t e s of th e to rr id z o n e H e h a s lit t l e or n o r a c e —
. fe llow
ships —t h a t i s to s a y h e h a s n o symp a thy for o t h e r n e g ro e s
,

h e r e cog n i z e s a n d fo llo w s hi s m a s t e r i n d e p e n d e n t o f a ny ra c e
af fi niti e s a n d a s h e i s usu a lly a st ro n g m a n a n d a g o od fig ht e r
, , ,

h e h a s c o m e i n t o r e q u e s t n o t o n ly a s a l a bo u re r bu t a s a
soldi e r .

N e g ro sl a v e s w e re impo r t e d i n to L o w e r Egyp t a s s e rv a n ts .

A fe w m a y h a v e re a ch e d C a r th a g e a n d R om e ; b ut th e de t e r
mi ne d e xploi t a t io n o f th e b l a ck ra c e s did n o t b e gi n o n a l a rg e
sc a l e t ill th e M u h a mm a d a n co n q u e st of A fr ic a Th e A ra b s .

h ad sw e p t a c ro ss N o r th e rn A fr ic a a n d b e c o m e di r e c t ly a c ,
1
q u a i n te d with th e S ud an B e f o r e th e prom u lg a tio n o f I sl a m
.

t h e y t ra d e d wi t h th e E a st co a s t o f A fric a a n d a ft e r th e I sl a mic ,

o u tbu r s t t h e y r u l e d th e r e a s s u l t a n s T h e s e cl u di n g o f w o m e n .

i n h a re m s g u a r d e d by e u n uch s h a d c o m e i n t o vogu e duri n g th e

Byz a n t i n e Emp ir e b u t i t w a s p ro b a b ly a cus t om of I n di a n
,

o rigi n I t w a s a dop t e d wi t h e mph a sis a mo n g th e civil i z e d

.

Mussulm a n s a n d th e N e g ro e u n u c h p rov e d th e m os t e fli c i e nt
,

a n d fa i t h ful g u a r di a n o f th e gy n ae c e um S o th e sl a v e t ra d e .

de v e lop e d migh t ily i n th e Mu h a mm a d a n wo r ld H o u s e hold .

sl a v e s a nd e u nu ch s w e re imp ort e d i n t o N o r th A fric a A ra bi a , ,

T u rk e y a n d P e rsi a from th e S u d a n ; wh il e i n a l a t e r c e n tury

,

th e S ult a n o f Mo r occo e st a blish e d his p ow e r fi r mly by impo r t

i ng figh t i n g n e gro e s fro m Nig e r i a A r a b i a P e r si a a n d I n di a

.
, ,

o b t a i n e d n e g r o e s fro m th e Egyp ti a n S u d a n A b yssi n i a a n d th e , ,

Z a n z ib a r co a st I n t o th e We s t co a st o f I ndi a n e g r o sl a v e s w e r e
.

impo r t e d fr o m E a st A fric a t o b e com e th e gu a r ds of p a l a c e s

a n d th e figh t i n g s e a m e n of n a vi e s I n th e B om b a y Pr e sid e n cy
.

t h e se n e g ro e s b e c a m e s o u s e ful o r p o w e rful th a t t h e y c a rv e d
out s t a t e s fo r th e ms e l v e s o n e or m o re of which s t ill rul e d by
, ,

n e gro p r i n c e s a re i n e xis t e n c e a t th e p re s e n t da y a s de
,

p e n d e n ci e s of th e Gov e rn m e n t o f I n di a g
.

1 m e n s i n A bic B l a ck m e n o th e
S u da n a ra r La nd o f th e B l cks a .

2
As fo e x a mp l e J nj i ra i n Ko n k a n wh ic h h
r , a , as a n a e a o f 3 2 5 sq m
r . .
,

a nd J a f ba d i n K t h i a w a r 4 2 sq m i n xt e n t
a ra a . . e .
v .
] T/i e S l a v e Tr a de .
93

Th e fi na l im p e tus wa s giv e n t o t his tra fli c by th e Eu r op e a n

‘
.

W h e n th e S p a nish Por t ugu e s e a n d E nglis h disc o v e re d a nd

,

s e ttl e d A m e ric a t h e y fou n d th e n a t iv e ra c e s too sm a ll i n

n umb e r s too fi e rc e o r to o w e a kly to b e s u it e d for a g ricultur a l
, ,

work a nd a s e a rly a s 1 5 0 3 A fric a n sl a v e s w e r e wo rki ng i n th e

,

mi n e s o f S a n D omi ngo of Me xico a n d e v e n o f P e r u brough t

, , ,

thi th e r b y th e S p a n i a rds a n d Portug u e s e I n 1 5 1 7 th e sl a v e

'

tra d e b e tw e e n A fric a a n d A m e ric a w a s r e gul a rly e st a blis h e d ,

Ch a rl e s V o f S p a i n h a vi n g gr a n t e d t o a Fl e mis h m e rch a n t th e
e xclusiv e p r ivil e g e o f imp o rti n g i n to A m e ric a 4 0 0 0 sl a v e s a
,

y e a r T h is m o n opoly w a s s u bs e qu e n t ly sold by th e co n c e s
.

s i o n a i re to a comp a n y of G e n o e s e m e rch a n ts .

E n glish a dv e n tur e rs wh o h a d fi rst fou n d t h e i r wa y o u t i n

,

Portugu e s e ship s t o i n v e s t iga t e th e spic e tr a d e soo n d e t e r ,

mi n e d t o t a k e up th e t ra ffi c i n n e g r o l a bour e r s fo r th e pl a n t a ~

t io n s i n A m e ri c a a s b e i n g m or e profit a bl e S i r J oh n H a wki n s
.
,

o n e o f th e fa mous s e a m e n o f th e Eli z a b e t h a n e ra i n 1 5 6 2 ,

t ook ov e r t o th e W e st I n di e s th e first c a rgo of sl a v e s t ra n s

p or te d u n d e r th e B riti sh fl a g ; but S i r J oh n H a wki n s w h o ,
“
a ft e r w a rds a dopt e d a d e mi M oor i n h is p r op e r colour bou n d
-

wit h a cord as h i s c r e st o n ly m a d e I b e li e v e o n e di r e ct
”
, , ,

voy a g e to th e co a st o f Gui n e a o n h is o wn a ccou n t a nd usu a lly ,

s h ip p e d h is sl a v e s a t th e C a na ry I sl a n ds a cti n g th us a s a ,

t ra n sp ort a g e n t fo r th e S p a n i a rds E ngl a n d h a d n o t b e e n

.

e n g a g e d l a rg e ly i n th e sl a v e tra d e u ntil s h e comm e nc e d to

p oss e ss J a m a ic a a nd oth e r W e st I n di a n i sl a n ds a n d to ,

d e v e lop th e tob a cco pl a n t a t i o n s of Vi rgi n i a T h e n s h e a lm os t

.

outdid riv a l n a t io n s T h e l a t e D r Rob e rt Brow n i n h i s

.
,

“
i n t e re s t i ng work T h e S tory o f A fric a comp ut e s th a t i n a
, ,
”

li t t l e m or e t h a n a c e n t u ry from 1 6 8 0 to 1 7 8 6
, n e gro ,

sl a v e s w e re i mp o r te d i n t o th e E nglis h A m e ri ca n colo n i e s
-

J a m a ic a i n th e c o u rs e of 8 0 y e a rs a bso rbi n g To
w a rds th e l a t t e r e n d o f th e 1 8 th c e n tu ry th e v a rious Europ e a n
p o we r s i n t e r e s t e d i n A m e ric a impo rt e d o n a n a v e r a g e ov e r
94 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f A fr i c a
o .
[C HA R

sl a v e s a y e a r th e British b ri n gi ng m or e t h a n o ne h a lf
, ,

a n d som e t im e s a still gr e a t e r pr o p o r tio n A t first th e sl a v e s

.

c a m e ch i e fly from th e Ga m b i a a nd th e o th e r riv e rs southw a rd

to S i e rra L e o ne a n d a lso from th e Co n go a n d th e Portugu e s e
,

p oss e ssio n s o f A n gol a a n d th e Z a mb e z i T h e n a s th e d e m a nd

.
,

gr e w a ric h fi e ld wa s t a p p e d i n th e Bights o f Bi a fra a n d B e n i n

, ,

e sp e ci a lly i n th a t n e t work o f sw a mpy r iv e rs which u n k n ow n , ,

to Europ e a n s o f t h os e d a ys i s th e d e l ta of th e Nig e r r iv e r
, .

Bu t sl o wly t h e r e gr e w up i n E n gl a n d a n d i n th e S c a n di na vi a n
S t a t e s a fe e li ng th a t th e r e wa s som e th i n g wr o n g i n this syst e m
w h ich impos e d s o m uch m is e ry o n b e i n gs wh o , th o u gh i n ,

som e d e gre e i n fe rior to o u rs e lv e s w e r e ye t o u r fe llow m e n

,
-
,

si n c e th e y co u ld i n t e rb r e e d wit h us a n d l e a r n to t a lk o u r
l a n gu a g e . T h a t s u ch fe e li ngs m us t h a v e e xist e d a t a ll tim e s
wa s e vid e n t fr om th e d e si re o f good m e n wh e n dyi ng t o gra n t
fre e dom to t h e ir sl a v e s Bu t th e fe e li n g a s a n a tio n a l o n e
.

r e m a i n e d dorm a n t a n d wa s n o t g e n e r a l i n E ngl a n d u n til th e

,

clos e o f th e i 8 th c e n t u ry H e re a n d th e re c a s e s of a n e gr o
.

p r i n c e b e i n g sold i n to sl a v e ry a ttra ct e d a tt e n tio n a n d symp a t h y

a n d c a u s e d a s e a rchi n g of co n sci e n c e s a mo n g e n ligh t e n e d m e n .

I n 1 7 7 2 a g re a t mi n d e d E n glishm a n G ra nvill e S h a r p succ e e d

-

, ,

e d by pu shi n g a t e st c a s e i n g e tti n g a j udici a l d e cisio n t h a t

sl a v e ry co u ld n o t e xist i n E ngl a n d a n d th a t th e re fo re a n y
,

sl a v e l a n di n g i n E n gl a n d b e c a m e fre e , a n d co u ld n o t b e t a k e n
b a ck i n to sl a v e ry I n 1 7 8 7 Wilb e rfo rc e Cl a rkso n a n d oth e r
.
, ,

phil a n t h r opis ts fo rm e d th e m s e lv e s i n to a n a ss o ci a ti o n to s e cu r e
th e a b o litio n of sl a v e ry a n d by th e ir e x e rtio n s i n Gr e a t B rit a i n
,

a bil l wa s p a ss e d i n 1 7 8 8 w h ich did n o t go to th e l e n gth s th e y

d e sir e d b u t wh ich s u b j e ct e d th e sl a v e t ra d e to s e v e re re s tri c

,

t i o n s Y e t i t i s doub t ful wh e t h e r b e fore t h is a c t wa s p a ss e d

.
, ,

th e h a rdships o f th e sl a v e s tr a n sp o r t e d by s e a w e re so t e rri b l e

as th e y b e c a m e a fte r th e r e s t r ictio n s pl a c e d o n th e t ra d e
r e n d e r e d it n e c e ss a ry to c a r ry l a rg e n um b e r s o f h um a n b e i n gs

o n a si n gl e v o y a g e mor e o r l e ss co n c e a l e d fr om sigh t i n th e
v .
] Tli e S l a v e Tr a de .
95

h old of v e ss e l wit h a n u t t e r di s re g a r d for s a n i t a ry c o n

th e
di ti o n s I n t h e s e l a t e r d a ys w h e n it wa s n e c e ss a ry to e v a d e
1
.
,

ti re som e re gul a tio n s o r to ca r ry o n th e tr a d e i n th e fa c e o f

dir e ct pro h ibi ti o n th e su ffe ri ngs o f th e sl a v e s w e re s o a pp a lli ng
,

t h a t t h e y a lm o st tr a n sc e n d b e li e f I t w o uld s e e m a s t h ough
.

th e i n hum a n tr a ffic h a d c re a t e d i n A ra bs a n d n e gro e s a n d

whit e m e n a d e lib e ra t e lov e o f cru e l ty a m ou n t i n g oft e n t o a ,

n e gl e ct o f comm e rci a l i n t e re st ; fo r a t fi r st sigh t it would

a pp e a r obviously to b e to th e i n te re st o f th e sl a v e r a id e r a n d

th e sl a v e tra d e r a n d t ra n spo r t e r th a t th e sl a v e s s h ould b e

.

l a n de d a t th e ir ultim a t e d e sti na tio n i n good co ndi tio n— c e r

ta i n ly wi t h th e l e a st p ossibl e loss o f life Ye t a s th e pr e s e n t .
,

w rit e r c a n t e stify from w h a t h e h a s h im s e lf s e e n a sl a v e g a n g ,

o n its m a rch to th e co a s t wa s lo a de d wi t h u n n e c e ss a rily h e a vy

c o ll a r s o r sl a v e sticks wi th ch a i n s a n d i r o n s t h a t c h a fe d a n d
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cut i n t o th e fl e sh a nd c a u s e d vi rul e n t u lc e rs T h e y w e r e h a lf
,
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st a rv e d ov e r d r iv e n a n d i n suffici e n t ly provid e d wit h d ri n ki n g

,
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wa t e r a n d r e ckl e ssly e xpos e d to d e a t h from su n st r ok e

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th e y th r e w t h e ms e lv e s d ow n for a bri e f r e st or coll a ps e d from

e x h a us t io n th e y w e r e s h ot o r sp e a r e d o r h a d t h e ir thro a ts c u t

with fi e n di sh b ru t a lity I h a v e s e e n a t T a v e i ta ( n o w a civili z e d

.

s e ttl e m e n t i n B ritish E a s t A fric a ) b oys a n d yo u t h s l e ft i n th e

bus h to di e by de g re e s from m o r ti fic a ti o n a n d protrusio n o f
th e i n te s ti n e s owi n g t o th e u n skilfu l wa y i n which t h e y h a d
'

b e e n c a st ra t e d by th e A ra bs wh o h a d a tt e mp t e d to m a k e ,

e u n uch s o f th e m for s a l e to T u rkis h a n d A ra b h a r e ms .

C h ild re n w h om t h e ir moth e rs could n o t c a r ry a n d wh o ,

co u ld n o t k e e p up wi th th e c a r a v a n h a d th e i r b r a i n s d a s h e d ,

ou t M a n y sl a v e s ( I a g a i n writ e fr om p e rso na l k n owl e dg e )

.

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ss t by
I t wa s a er e d ho w e ve r w h o n o do u bt de riv e d
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r ,

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ar r a u r , e

i n t o d c e d i n t o t pic a l Am e ic a t h a t dre a d dis e s e th e y e ll o w fe v e r

r u ro r a ,

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comm itt e d suicid e b e ca us e t h e y could n o t b e a r to b e s e p a ra t e d

from t h e ir h o m e s a n d childr e n T h e y w e re br a n d e d a n d
.

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m e dic a l tr e a tm e n t fo r th e i nj u r i e s r e sulti ng from this roug h

us a g e S o much fo r th e ov e rl a n d j ou rne y whic h b ro ugh t t h e m
.

to th e d e p o t o r fa cto ry of th e Eu r op e a n sl a v e tr a d e r o n th e
co a st ; th e n b e g a n th e h orro rs of th e s e a p a ss a g e th e de s c ri p ,

tio n o f w h ich it m ust b e a dm i t t e d r e fe rs a lm ost e n tir e ly to th e

, ,

sh ip s o f civili z e d n a t io n s lik e th e E nglis h Dutch S p a n ish

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w h o c a r r i e d sl a v e s a c ross from th e E a s t c o a st o f A fric a to

A r a bi a or I n di a I n th e l a tt e r c a s e th e s a ili n g v e ss e ls w e r e
.

n o t oft e n o v e rcrowd e d a n d th e, sl a v e s w e r e a llow e d a fa ir

de gr e e o f lib e rty I n th e sl a v e t ra d e wit h A m e ric a e sp e ci a lly
.
,

w h e n it wa s p l a c e d u n d e r r e st rictio n s a n d fi na lly p e na li z e d i t ,

wa s th e a i m o f th e m a st e r s to p a ck a s m a n y sl a v e s a s p ossibl e
o n bo a rd th e v e ss e l th e p e r il of m a ki n g o n e ru n b e i n g o n ly
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h a lf o f wh a t wa s e n t a il e d i n m a ki n g t wo V e ry ofte n th e .

sl a v e s w e re s e n t o n b o a rd st a rk na k e d T h e y w e r e p a ck e d .

lik e h e r ri ngs i n th e h o ld o r o n th e m iddl e d e ck a n d i n t i m e s ,

o f bad we a t h e r o r fo r r e a so n s of s e cu r ity
, w e re ofte n k e p t ,

u nd e r h a t ch e s T h e st e n ch th e y p ro d u c e d th e n w a s a pp a lli ng
.
,

a n d m a n y di e d a sphyxi a t e d O n s o m e s h ip s a n d wh e re th e
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c a p t a i n wa s a h um a n e m a n th e sl a v e s w e re occ a sio na ll y
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, h os e a nd ,

wh e r e th e skipp e r s c o mm issio n m a d e it p r ofi t a bl e t o him to

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l a n d th e sl a v e s i n go o d c o n ditio n th e y r e c e iv e d b e t t e r food
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a n d occ a si o n a l lux u ri e s lik e t ob a cco ; but i f th e sl a v e r w e re

ch a s e d by a B ritish c ruis e r n o scrupl e wa s sh own i n t hr o wi ng
,

th e sl a v e s ov e rbo a rd to d r o w n .

D e n m a rk h a s th e c re di t of b e i n g th e first Europ e a n p owe r

to forbid th e sl a v e t ra d e to h e r s u b j e cts T wo y e a rs
l a t e r th e U n it e d S ta t e s o f A m e ric a fo rb a d e th e ir su b j e c ts to
“
p a rticip a t e i n th e e xp o r t a ti o n of n e g ro e s to for e ig n c o u n
t ri e s a n d i n 1 8 0 4 a n a c t ( fi rst p rom u lg a t e d i n 1 7 9 4 ) wa s
,
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’
v .
] Tr a a e .
97

r e viv e d w h ich pro h ibi t e d th e i n troduc t io n o f a ny m or e sl a v e s

,

i n t o th e U n it e d S t a t e s A lo n g st ru ggl e h a d t a k e n pl a c e i n
.

Gr e a t B rita i n ( m a ny o f w h os e Liv e rpool a n d Bristol m e rc h a n t s

w e re d e e ply i n t e r e st e d i n th e sl a v e tra d e ) b e for e i n 1 8 0 7 a n a c t
, ,

o f P a rli a m e n t w a s p a ss e d a bolishi n g th e sl a v e tr a d e a s fa r a s

B ritis h subj e cts w e r e co n c e rn e d A t th e C o n gr e ss o f Vi e nna

.
,

1 81 4 F ra nc e a gr e e d i n pri n cipl e t h a t th e sl a v e tra d e s h ould b e

,

do ne a wa y wit h a n d e v e n sig n e d a t re a t y p r ovidi ng t h a t w h ilst

,

th e sl a v e t ra d e co n ti n u e d wi th Fr e n ch colo n i e s it should o n ly
b e c a r ri e d o n by Fr e n c h subj e ct s Duri ng N a pol e o n s h u ndr e d ’
.

d a ys o f rul e i n 1 8 1 5 a d e cr e e w a s i ss u e d e n di n g th e sl a v e tra d e
for good a n d a ll I n th e s a m e y e a r Portuga l subj e ct e d th e
.

sl a v e tra d e to c e rt a i n r e strictio n s but d id n o t fi na lly a bolis h

,

it till 1 8 3 0 I n 1 8 3 6 E n gl a n d p a id Portug a l th e sum o f

.

i n ord e r to g e t th e e xp ort o f sl a v e s from a ny

Portugu e s e p oss e ssio n pro h ibit e d Gr e a t Brit a i n h a d a lso i n
.

1 8 2 0 p a id to S p a i n to pu r c h a s e a p rom is e from th e
S p a n i a rds t h a t t h e y would c e a s e t o buy n e gro e s i n A fric a .

B ot h co n tra cts t h oug h ost e n sibly a gr e e d to by th e Gov e r n

,

m e n ts co n c e r n e d w e r e fr e qu e n tly viol a t e d by i n dividu a l s I n

, .

1 8 1 4 a n d 1 8 1 5 th e D utc h a n d S w e d e s r e sp e ctiv e ly pro h ibit e d

th e sl a v e tr a d e to t h e ir subj e cts a nd a fe w y e a rs l a t e r m ost o f

,

th e S p a n is h S o u t h A m e ric a n st a t e s a bolis h e d th e sl a v e tr a d e
o n a tt a i n i ng t h e ir i n d e p e nd e n c e S l a v e ry wa s a bolis h e d a s a
.

l e ga l co nditio n i n a ll p a rts o f th e Britis h do mi nio n s i n th e

‘
3 o s —i n J a m a ic a a nd th e W e st I n di e s i n 1 8 3 3 i n S out h
’ ’
,

—
.

A fric a 1 8 3 4 1 8 4 0 and i n I ndi a a bout th e s a m e tim e

,
1

B e sid e s th e sum s m e n tio n e d w h i c h E n gl a n d p a id to S p a i n a nd

Portug a l to i n duc e t h e m t o giv e up th e tra ffi c i n sl a v e s s h e ,

distri b ut e d twe n ty millio n s o f p ou n d s a m o ngst sl a v e own e rs o f

th e W e st I n di e s a s comp e n s a tio n fo r th e a bolitio n o f sl a v e ry ,

a nd to t h os e wh o poss e ss e d sl a v e s i n C a p e

tive s o f B ritis h I ndi a ho w e v e r c o n ti nu e d to h o ld s l a ve s

1
N a
, , on th e
E a st c o a st o f A fric a u n ti l it wa s m a de a c rimi na l o ffe nc e i n 1 8 7 3 .
98 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n o f A fr i c a .
[C HA R

Colo ny w h e n th e y w e r e e m a ncip a t e d A dd to t h e s e sum s th e .

m illio n s o f m o n e y we h a v e sp e n t i n fou ndi ng S i e rra L e o n e a s a

sl a v e s e ttl e m e n t i n h e lpi n g Lib e ri a ( from th e s a m e m o t iv e )
,
‘
,

i n p a trolli n g th e E a s t a n d W e st co a sts o f A fric a a n d th e

P e rsi a n Gulf a nd it will b e a dmitt e d th a t we h a v e h e re a
,

r are c a s e of a n a ti o n doi n g p e na n ce fo r its si n s a n d m a ki ng ,

t h a t r e a l r e p a ra tio n w h ic h is e vid e n ce d by a m o n e t a ry s a cri

fic e .

In 1 84 0 p re vious y e a r s th e Fr e n c h h a d a b olis h e d
a nd in
s la v e ry i n a l l t h e ir poss e ssio n s th e D u t c h a littl e l a t e r
, ,

a n d l a t e r still m ost of th e S out h A m e ric a n st a t e s ; but i n

th e Portugu e s e poss e ssio n s sl a v e ry w a s n o t a bolis h e d till
1 8 7 8 a n d i n th e U n it e d S t a t e s o f A m e ric a till 1 8 6 3 whil e ,

B ra z il r e m a i n e d a sl a v e h oldi ng cou n t ry u n til 1 8 8 8 th e fi n a l

-

a n d som e wh a t a brup t a bolitio n o f sl a v e ry b e i n g o n e o f th e

c a us e s w h ic h l e d to th e dow n fa ll o f th e Emp e ro r H ow e v e r .
,

lo n g a ft e r a ny B ri t is h or Fr e n ch poss e ssio n h a d c e a s e d to
offe r i n d u c e m e nts to th e sl a v e tra d e r to r u n ill e g a l c a rgo e s
th e re w e r e quit e suffici e n t cou n tri e s i n th e W e st e r n H e misp h e re
t o provid e a n e xc e ll e n t m a rk e t whil e th e Muh a m m a d a n world
,

i n th e E a st co n ti n u e d to m a k e g re a t e r d e m a n ds t h a n e v e r o n
9
th e C e n t ra l A fric a n sl a v e p re s e rv e s .

T o cou n t e r a c t th e a tt e mp ts to e v a d e th e l a w a pow e rfu l

Britis h sq u a d r o n sw e p t th e We st co a st o f A fric a ; but i n sp i t e o f
Britis h e fforts to i n t e rc e p t sl a v e — t ra di n g v e ss e ls t h e s e l a tt e r ,

co n ti n u e d to ru n c a rgo e s a cr oss to th e U n it e d S t a t e s C ub a ,

a n d B r a z il a n d it w a s n o t p ossi b l e for t his t ra ffic t o b e wholl y

,

1
Lib e ri a c o mm e n c e d wit h a n tt e mpt m a de by p h i la n th o pic Am e rica n s
a r

( th e Wa sh i ngt o n C o l o n i a ti o n S o ci e ty ) i n 1 8 2 0 to re p a t i t e fre e n e gr o e s
z r a

f o m th e U n it e d S t a t e s
r I t w a s fo m a ll y e c o gni e d s a n i nde p e n de nt
. r r z a

st a t e u nde r j o i n t B itish a n d U n it e d S t a t e s p o t e cti o n i n 1 8 4 7

r r .

2
S l v e y w a s b o l is h e d i n th e T u rkis h do mi n i o n s ft e th e C im e n
a r a a r r a

W a b u t e xists sti ll to s o m e de g e e o n a cc o n t o f th e h re ms wh ic h
r, r u a ,

de m a n d a s pp l y o f e u n u c h s
u S l a v e r y a l s o c o n ti n s to b e i n fo c e i n th e
. u e r

i nde p e nde n t st a t e s o f A ra bi a a nd i n th e P e rsi a n do mi n i o n s

, .
v ] Th e S l a v e Tm al e 99
.
.

va n quish e d u n til th e a bolitio n o f sl a v e ry i n thos e cou ntri e s

clos e d th e l a s t m a rk e ts to th e sl a v e tra d e r A m ost i n t e r e sti ng
.

lig h t i s t h r ow n o n th e v a st n e ss o f th e a r e a cov e re d by th e s e
sl a v e tra di n g op e ra ti o n s i n a work by th e R e v 8 W Ko e l l e (a
-
. . .

missio na ry o f th e C h urc h M issio na ry S oci e ty ) e n titl e d P oly

g l o tta A fric a n a
”
. Mr Ko e ll e e st a blis h e d him s e lf a t S i e rra
L e o n e for som e y e a rs a n d busi e d h im s e lf i n coll e cti n g from th e
sl a v e s wh o w e r e l a n d e d th e r e from Britis h cruis e rs voca bul a ri e s
of th e l a n gu a g e s t h e y sp ok e i n t h e i r o wn h om e s I n t h is wa y .

h e took dow n o v e r 2 0 0 l a n gu a g e s w h ic h r e p re s e n t e d m ost o f

,

th e to ngu e s o f th e W e st co a st o f A fric a o f th e up p e r Nig e r o f

, ,

S e n e g a l o f L a k e C h a d th e S out h w e s t A fric a n co a st a s far a s

, ,
-

B e ngu e l a Nya s a l a nd th e Z a mb e z i d e lt a a n d th e S out h e a st

, ,
-

co a s t o f A fr ic a a n d e v e n Wa d a i
, .

W h e n a t th e clos e o f th e 1 8 t h c e ntu ry Britis h p h il a n

, ,

th ro p i s ts w e r e d e sirous o f r e p a tri a t i n g n e g r o e s wh o wis h e d to

re tu r n to A fric a th e S i e rra L e o ne C omp a ny w a s st a rt e d
, ,

wh ich p u r ch a s e d fr o m n a tiv e c h i e fs th e n ucl e u s o f th e pr e s e n t

colo ny o f S i e rra L e o n e H e r e fo r t hr e e qu a rt e rs o f a c e ntury
.
,
-

Bri t is h cruis e r s l a n d e d a nd s e t fre e th e sl a v e s t h a t w e r e

c a ptu re d off th e W e st co a st o f A fric a Z a nz ib a r o n th e
.
,

ot h e r sid e o f th e co nti ne n t b e c a m e a bout tw e n ty y e a rs a g o

,

th e e a st e r n a n a logu e of S i e r ra L e o n e S i n c e th e B r itis h
.

occup a tio n of Egypt sl a v e ry h a s p ra ctica lly c e a s e d to e xi st i n

t h a t cou n t ry ; a n d owi ng to th e Fr e n c h occup a ti o n o f A lg e ri a
a nd T u n is a n d th e i n flu e n c e b roug h t t o b e a r by E ngl a n d o n
,

T u rk e y i n r e g a r d to T r ip oli th e re i s n o t m uch t ra ffic i n sl a v e s

,

a c r oss th e S a h a r a D e s e rt to t h os e cou n tri e s ; t h oug h a ny b ody

v isiti n g th e sou th o f T u n is will b e s u rpris e d a t th e l a rg e

n umb e r o f n e gro e s i n a l l th e vill a g e s s h owi ng th a t qui t e
,

re c e ntly co nst a n t suppli e s must h a v e b e e n r e c e iv e d fro m B o r n u

a n d th e H a us a st a t e s T h e s h ocki n g sl a v e r a ids o f th e
.

M a t a b e l e Zulus h a v e b e e n a b o lis h e d by th e B ri tish S out h A fric a

C omp a ny a n d sim il a r r a ids o f th e A n go n i h a v e b e e n pu t a n
,

e n d t o by th e I m p e r i a l Gov e r n m e n t i n Britis h C e n tr a l A fric a .

7
—2
1 00 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
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Th e A ra b s o f Z a n z ib a r h a d a cqui re d a n e vil fa m e for t h e ir

giga n t ic sl a v e r a ids i n E a st c e n tr a l A frica Th e Britis h
'

-
. .

Gov e r nm e n t w h ic h h a d s e p a ra t e d Z a nz ib a r fr om M a ska t a s a n
,

i n d e p e n d e n t st a t e i n 1 8 6 2 b e ga n to co n c e r n i ts e lf a fe w y e a rs
,

l a t e r wi t h th e sl a v e t ra d e which flouris h e d i n th os e dom i n io n s .

By 1 8 7 3 th e S ult a n o f Z a n z iba r h a d a ft e r co n sid e ra bl e p re s ,

su re b e e n i n duc e d to m a k e th e sl a v e tra d e ill e ga l i n h is

,

S ult a n a t e though it co n ti n u e d to flourish i n a n ill e g a l m a n n e r

,

u n t il th e a dmi ni str a t io n o f h is t e rrito ri e s by E n gl a n d a n d

G e rm a n y .

A ra b s fr om O m a n i n S ou t h w e st A r a bi a a n d fr om Z a n z ib a r
’
-

p us h e d e v e r fu r th e r a nd fu rth e r i n to C e n t ra l A fric a from th e

E a s t co a st u n til th e y r e a ch e d th e Upp e r Co n go wh e r e th e y ,

e s t a blish e d t h e m s e lv e s a s sul t a n s a mo n gst th e n e gro e s a nd ,

e n sl a v e d millio n s H e re a nd t h e re th e y Mu h a m m a da n i z e d a
.

t r i b e lik e th e Wa ya o M a ny e m a o r A we m b a whom t h e y
-

, , ,

provid e d wi t h musk e ts a n d m a d e wo r s e sl a v e ra id e rs t h a n
th e m s e lv e s T h e s e sl a v e r a ids i n th e dis t ricts o f L a k e s Ny a s a
.

a n d T a n g a n yik a r e v e a l e d to th e w o r ld by Livi n gsto n e

,
gre a t ly ,

co n c e n t ra t e d th e a t t e n t io n o f Gr e a t B ri ta i n o n th e s e r e gio n s ,

a n d o n e o f th e i n t e n t io n s o f th e B ri tish Go v e rn m e n t i n e s t a b

l i sh i ng a p ro t e ctor a t e i n S ou t h c e n t ra l A fr ic a wa s th e a boli t i o n
-

o f th e sl a v e t ra d e w h ic h wa s broug h t a bout by six y e a rs

,
’

c a mp a ig n s wi t h a t i ny fo r c e o f I n di a n soldi e rs a n d th e pl a ci n g 1
,

o f s e v e r a l gu n bo a t s o n L a k e Ny a s a A t th e s a m e tim e th e .

B e lgi a n o fli c e rs o f th e Co ngo Fr e e S t a t e h a d a t t a ck e d a nd
b r ok e n up th e A r a bs w h o w e r e e xp e ll e d from th e C o ngo
, .

T h e G e r m a n s u n d e r th e b r illi a n t M a j or Vo n Wissm a nn h a d
h u n g s e v e ra l A r a b sl a v e r a id e r s i n E a st c e n tra l A frica a n d h a d -

comp l e t e ly brok e n up th e tra ffi c o f th e oth e rs I n s h o rt .

,

t h ough sl a v e ry still e xis t s a vow e d o r disg u i s e d i n m a n y p a rts

, ,

o f A fr ic a th e sl a v e tra d e i s a lmost a t a n e n d a n d sl a v e ra ids

, ,

1
S ik h s fro m th e I ndi a n A rmy . I hav e fu ll y de sc ribe d t h e s e c a mp a ign s
in my w o k r on Br i ti s h C e n tr a l A fr i c a .
 Th e S l a ve Tr a a e
’
v .
] . 10 1

a re co nfi n e d t o t hos e r e gio n s i n Nort h c e ntr a l A frica w h ich

-

a re fo r a fe w y e a rs
ye t to com e w h olly fre e fr om Eu r op e a n
i n t e rv e n t io n .

A bom i n a bl e a s th e sl a v e tra d e h a s b e e n i n filli n g T r opic a l

A fric a with i n c e ss a n t w a rfa r e a n d r a pi n e i t h a s a dd e d much
,

to o u r k n owl e dg e o f t h a t co n ti n e n t a n d h a s b e e n th e e xcus e
,

o r c a us e o f Europ e a n i n t e rv e n tio n i n m a n y c a s e s r e s u lti n g ,

som e t im e s i n a v a stly im p r ov e d co n ditio n o f th e n a tiv e s w h e n

Europ e a n rul e h a s t a k e n th e pl a c e of th a t of N e gro o r A ra b
sult a n s I ts r a v a g e s will b e soo n r e p a ir e d by a d e c a d e of
.

p e a c e a n d s e curi t y duri n g w h ic h t h is prolific u n e xti ngu is h a bl e,

r a c e will r a pidly i n cr e a s e its n u mb e rs Ye t a bout th e A frica n

.

sl a v e t ra d e a s wit h m ost oth e r i n sti n ctiv e h um a n p roc e du re

, ,

a n d th e m ov e m e n ts of o n e r a c e a g a i n st a n ot h e r th e r e is a n ,

u nd e rlyi n g s e n s e o f j ustic e T h e W h it e a n d Y e llo w p e o p l e s

.

h a v e b e e n th e u n co n sci ous a g e n ts of th e Pow e r b e h i n d N a t u r e

i n p u n ishi n g th e n e g ro for h is l a z y b a ck wa rd n e ss I n th i s .

world N a tu ra l L a w o r d a i n s t h a t a ll m a n ki n d must wo rk to a
r e a so na bl e e xt e n t m us t wr e st fr om i ts e n viro n m e n t sust e na nc e
,

for body a nd mi n d a n d a bit ov e r t o st a r t th e childr e n fro m a

,

h ig h e r l e v e l th a n th e p a r e n ts T h e r a c e s t h a t will n o t work
.

p e rsist e n tly a n d dogg e dly a re tr a m pl e d o n a n d i n tim e dis ,

pl a c e d b y th o s e wh o d o L e t th e N e gro t a k e t h is to h e a rt ;
,
.

l e t him d e vot e his fin e mu scul a r d e v e lopm e n t i n th e first pl a c e

t o th e s e tti n g o f his o wn r a n k u n tidy co nti n e n t i n ord e r I f
, .

h e will n o t w o rk o f his o wn fre e wil l n o w t h a t fre e dom of

,

a ctio n is t e mpo ra rily r e sto r e d to h im ; if h e will n o t till a nd

m a n ur e a n d d ra i n a n d i rriga t e th e soil o f h is cou n try i n a

s t e a dy l a b o rious w a y a s d o th e O ri e n t a l a n d th e Europ e a n ;
,

if h e will n o t a pply h ims e lf z e a l o usly u n d e r Eu r op e a n t u itio n

to th e d e v e lop m e n t o f th e v a st r e sourc e s o f T ropic a l A fric a ,

wh e r e h i th e rto h e h a s l e d th e w a st e ful u nproductiv e life of a

b a boo n ; t h e n forc e o f circumst a n c e s th e pr e ssur e o f e a g e r
, ,

hu ngry i mp a ti e n t outsi d e h um a n ity th e co n v e rgi n g e n e rgi e s

, ,

o f Europ e a n d A si a will o n c e m or e r e l e g a t e th e N e gro t o a

10 2 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R v .

s e rvitud e which will b e th e a l te rna tiv e — i n th e comi n g stru ggl e

fo r e xi st e n c e — to e xti n c t io n
. Th e N e g ro h a s b e e n giv e n b a ck
his fr e e dom t h a t h e m ay u s e it wit h a m a n s s e n s e o f r e s p o n
’

s i b i l i ty fo r th e w a st e o f tim e a n d oppo r t u n i ti e s ; n o t th a t h e

m a y squ a n d e r a w a y hi s e xis t e n c e wit h th e h e e dl e ss n e ss of t h os e

a n t h r opoid a p e s t o w h om i n a mi n ut e fr a c t io n a l proportio n h e

i s m o re n e a rly a lli e d t h a n a re w e h is pr e s e n t gu a rdi a n s

, .
 C H A PT E R VI .

THE ‘

B RI T I S H IN A FRI C A ,
I .

( We s t C o a s t Mo r o c c o N
, ,
o r th -
C e n tr a l ) .

F R O M v e ry e a rly d a ys i n th e h istory o f th e Portugu e s e

m o na rchy clos e a n d fri e n dly r e l a tio n s h a d b e e n e st a blis h e d
b e twe e n E ngl a n d a n d Portuga l A l a rg e body o f E n gli s h
.

troop s o n t h e ir wa y o u t to th e Crus a d e s h a d a ssist e d th e first

ki ng o f P ortug a l to c a p tur e Li s b o n from th e M oo rs i n th e 1 2 th
c e n tu ry A l a t e r ki ng o f Po r t uga l m a rri e d a d a ug h t e r o f J o h n
.

o f G a u n t D uk e o f L a n c a st e r a n d his so n s a mo n g t h e m th e
, , ,

gr e a t Pri nc e H e n ry th e N a vig a tor w e re h a lf E nglis h i n blood

,
.

T h e s e fri e n dly r e l a tio n s w e r e n o doubt p a rtly to b e a ccou n t e d

fo r by th e Fr e nc h origi n o f bot h ruli n g hous e s .

T h e re for e w h e n th e e ffe ct b e g a n to b e fe lt i n E ngl a n d o f

,

Po rtu g u e s e di s c o v e ri e s i n W e st A fric a by th e e xt e n sio n o f th e

spic e t ra d e ( h i th e rto a mo n opoly Of V e n ic e ) a n d th e d a w n i ng
,

id e a t h a t n e gro sl a v e s from A fric a would b e a n e xc e ll e n t c o m

m o di ty fo r A m e ric a n pl a n t a tio n s B ritis h s e a m e n a dv e n tur e rs
,
-

w e r e prompt to follow i n th e p a t h of th e Portugu e s e C uriously .

e n ough ,
th e t ra d e i n spic e s s e e m s t o h a v e b e e n th e fi r s t
i n duc e m e n t mor e p ow e rfu l th a n gold o r sl a v e s E nglis h m e n
, .

h a d pr e vi o usly shipp e d o n bo a rd P ortugu e s e v e ss e l s b e for e t h e y

v e n tur e d to s a il t o W e st A fric a i n cr a ft o f th e ir o wn Quit e .

e a rly i n th e 1 6 th c e n t ury s e v e r a l E n glis h m e n t hu s fou nd t h e ir

wa y to B e n i n i n c o mp a ny wit h th e Po r tugu e s e Bu t t h e ir .
 10 4 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f A fr i c a
o .
[C HA R

proc e e di ngs we r e look e d up o n wit h s u spicio n a nd fri e ndly ,

r e l a tio n s b e tw e e n th e two na tio na liti e s s oo n cool e d u nd e r th e

'

i n flu e n ce o f riv a lry i n w h a t th e P ortugu e s e w ould h a v e lik e d to

m a k e t h e ir m o n op oly o f W e st A fri ca n tra d e A t th e e n d .

o f th e r e i g n o f Edw a rd V I a n d duri n g t h a t o f M a ry ,

E nglish s h ips v e n tur e d o u t timidly to th e G a mbi a th e Gr a i n ,

Co a st a n d e v e n th e Gold Co a st of W e st A fric a bri ngi n g b a ck

, ,
1 “
gold ivory Gui n e a p e pp e r a n d g ra i n s Of P a ra dis e
, ,
fo r
! ”

sp ic e m a ki ng A t first th e s e v e n t u r e s w e r e r e n d e re d v e ry
.

h a z a rd o u s by th e h ostility o f th e Po r tugu e s e but wh e n i n th e ,

l a tt e r p a rt o f th e 1 6 t h c e n t u ry Port u ga l wa s a bso rb e d by S p a i n
,

a n d S p a i n w e n t to w a r wit h E n gl a n d Qu e e n Eli z a b e t h h a d n o
,

h e sit a tio n i n gr a n ti ng ch a r t e rs t o two comp a n i e s of m e rc h a n t

a dv e n tu r e rs to tr a d e wit h th e W e s t co a st of A fr ic a In 1 585 .

th e first c h a rt e r wa s g ra n t e d t o a body Of Lo n do n a dv e n tu re rs

for th e ca rryi ng o n o f comm e rc e with M o r occo a n d th e B a rb a ry

S t a t e s ; i n 1 5 8 8 a n ot h e r ch a r t e r w a s giv e n t o D e vo n s h ir e
m e rc h a n ts w h o h a d b e e n for som e tim e pr e vio u sly e nd e a vour
,

i ng t o tr a d e o n th e S e n e g a mbi a co a st T h us i n 1 5 8 8 w e r e
.

l a id th e fou n d a tio n s of th e Britis h s e ttl e m e n t of th e G a mbi a .

T hi s riv e r w h ic h w a s a t fi r st a n d prob a bly m or e a ccur a t e ly

, , ,

“
k n o wn a s th e G a mb ra is r e m a rk a bl e a mo ng A fric a n r iv e rs
,

i n t h a t it h a s a m outh wit h a d e e p b a r w h ich c a n b e cross e d

,

a t a n y tim e o f th e tid e N e xt to th e C o ngo it is prob a bly th e

.
,

s a fe st riv e r t o e nt e r o n a l l th e W e st A fric a n co a st ; a n d a s i t s
n a vig a b ility e xt e n ds fo r ov e r 2 0 0 mil e s i n to th e i n t e rio r of
S e n e g a m bi a it i s a v e ry v a lu a bl e m e a n s o f a cc e ss to th e h e a r t
,

o f th e fe r t il e r e gio n s o f North w e st A fr ic a Wh e n th e B ritis h

-
.

a rriv e d o n th e G a mbi a a n d fo r two c e n turi e s a ft e rw a rds

, th e ,

b a n ks o f th e riv e r w e re t h ickly studd e d wi t h Po r tugu e s e

t r a di n g s e ttl e m e n ts Curio u sly e n ough how e v e r th e Portu
.
, ,

g u e s e n e v e r s e e m to h a v e m a d e a n y di fli c u l ti e s a b out i t s p a ssi ng
1 Ma de fro m va ri o u s a ro m a tic s e e ds .

2
Th e s e e ds O f th e A nz o nz n n a i ngib e ra c e o u s p la n t
z, z , a ll i e d to th e
b a n a na .
 vi .
] Th e B r i ti s h i n A fr i c a . 10 5

u nd e r B ritis h co n trol I t wa s th e Fr e nc h from S e n e g a l w h o

.

m a d e th e m ost d e t e rmi n e d a tt e mpt s to oust th e B ritis h from

th e G a mbi a .

I n 1 5 9 2 Qu e e n Eli z a b e t h c h a r t e r e d a furt h e r a ssoci a tio n

for tra di ng o n th e co a st b e tw e e n th e G a mbi a a n d S i e rr a L e o n e .

A s r e g a rd s th e subs e q u e n t h i sto ry of th e G a mbi a it m a y b e ,

m e n ti o n e d t h a t th e fi rst co n solid a t e d comp a ny form e d to work

th e t ra d e a n d a dmi n ist e r th e B ri t is h s e ttl e m e n ts wa s i n c o rp o
r a t e d i n 1 6 1 8 but it wa s n o t succ e ss ful a n d th e a ssoci a tio n
,

followi n g i t a lso fa il e d I n 1 6 6 4 a fo rt subs e qu e n tly c a ll e d

.
,

Fort J a m e s wa s buil t o n th e isl a n d Of S t M a ry O ff th e sout h

, ,

b a nk Of th e m ou th o f th e G a mbi a T hi s wa s th e n ucl e us o f .

th e pr e s e n t c a pit a l o f B a th u rs t n a m e d c e n tu ri e s a ft e r fr om th e
,

s a m e C olo ni a l S e cr e t a ry w h os e n a m e wa s giv e n to th e A ustr a li a n

town I n th e 1 7 t h c e n tury th e Fr e n c h m a d e d e t e rmi n e d
.

a t t a cks o n th e G a mbi a a n d i n 1 6 9 6 succ e e d e d i n d e s troyi n g

,

th e B ritis h s e ttl e m e n t wh ich h ow e v e r w a s r e occupi e d a nd

,

r e stor e d four o r fiv e y e a rs l a t e r D uri n g th e 1 8 th c e n tury th e

.

Ga mbi a s e ttl e m e n t b e c a m e ric h a nd p r osp e r ous owi ng t o th e

s la v e t ra de T h e G a m bi a wa s th e st a rti n g pl a c e of th e first
.

s e rious B ri t is h e xplora ti o n s i n We st e r n A fric a a n d Nig e ri a .

I n 1 7 8 3 th e i n t e rmi t t e n t s tr uggl e wit h F ra n c e w a s co n cl u d e d

b y th e Fr e n ch r e cog n itio n of e xclusiv e Bri t ish t ra di ng righ t s o n
th e G a m b i a wi th th e e xc e p t io n of th e F r e n ch fa ctory a t
,

A lbr e d a i n r e t u rn for a simil a r co n c e ssi o n to th e m s e lv e s

,

o f th e comm e r ci a l m o n opoly Of th e riv e r S e n e g a l ; b ut a s a

s e t Off a g a i n st th e Fr e n c h fa cto r y o n th e G a m bi a th e B ritis h

-

r e t a i ne d th e e xclusiv e r igh t to t ra d e wi t h th e M oors of

Po rte n di k ( n e a r C a p e Bl a n co ) for gum [I n 1 8 5 7 t h e s e two
.

rig h ts w e r e e xch a ng e d ] Duri ng th e N a p ol e o n ic w a rs E ngl a n d

s e i z e d th e Fr e n c h s e ttl e m e n ts a t th e m out h o f th e riv e r
S e n e g a l a n d B ri tis h m e rch a nts w e n t th it h e r to tr a d e
, Upo n .

th e surr e n d e r of S e n e g a l t o Fr a n c e i n 1 8 1 7 th e s e m e r c h a n ts

l e ft th e S e n e g a l a n d fou n d e d th e tow n of B a t h urst n o w th e ,

c a pit a l of th e Ga mbi a colo ny I n 1 8 0 7 t h is ti ny colo ny no w

.
, ,
3 10 6 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R

m uc h im p ov e rish e d b y th e a boli tio n o f th e sl a v e t ra d e w a s ,

s u bj e c te d to th e n e wly fou n d e d gov e r n m e n t Of S i e rr a L e o n e

-
.

I n 1 8 4 3 its prosp e ri t y h a v i n g som e wh a t r e v iv e d owi n g to th e

,

g rowi n g t ra d e i n g r o u n d n u ts a n d i t s a re a h a vi n g b e e n i n
-

cr e a s e d by v a rio u s a dditi o n s O f t e rri t o ry a lo n g th e b a nks o f

th e r iv e r i t w a s r e n d e r e d i nd e p e nd e n t o f S i e r ra L e o n e ; bu t
,

a ga i n i n 1 8 6 6 w a s a t t a ch e d t o th a t colo n y u n t il o n c e m or e it

w a s g iv e n a s e p a r a t e a dmi n ist ra t i o n i n 1 8 8 8 I n th e e a r ly .

a t t e mp t s
’
h a d b e e n m a d e to a ss e r t B ritish cl a im s
‘ ’

7o s
to th e co a st s e p a ra ti n g th e G a mbi a a n d S i e rr a L e o n e wh e re ,

Po rtugu e s e rul e h a d l a ps e d ; bu t P or tu ga l h a vi ng s u cc e e d e d i n
a ss e rti n g h e r cl a i m s
(p . th e p r oj e c t w a s dropp e d a n d ,

du ri n g th e p e riod of discou ra g e m e n t w h ic h fo llow e d Fr a n c e w as

a llow e d t o e x t e n d h e r sw a y ov e r a ll th e cou n t ry o n e i t h e r sid e

of th e low e r G a mbi a S e v e ra l tim e s du ri n g th e pr e s e nt c e n t ury

.

th e p roj e ct w a s m oot e d o f e xc h a n gi n g th e G a mbi a with Fr a n c e

first for h e r poss e ssio n s o n th e Ga boo n co a st a n d l a t e r o n for ,

P orto Novo a n d G ran d B a ss a m T h e fi r s t proj e ct w h ich

, .
,

w ould h a v e ul t im a t e ly giv e n u s Fr e n c h C o ngo w a s Oppos e d ,

a nd d e fe a t e d by th e B r i t ish m e r ch a n ts o n th e G a mbi a ; a nd

th e s e co n d wh ic h would h a v e e v e n tu a lly l e d to a co n ti n uous

,

British co a st li ne fro m S i e rra L e o ne t o th e Nig e r w a s ups e t ,

by th e op p ositio n of M a r s e ill e s tr a di n g ho u s e s a t Po rto No v o .

I n 1 8 9 1 th e b e s t w a s m a d e o f a b a d p osi t io n a n d a d e lim i ta ,

t io n a g re e m e nt wa s c o m e to with Fr a n c e whi ch a t a ny r a t e ,

s e cur e d t o Gr e a t Bri t a i n b oth b a n ks O f th e riv e r G a m b i a to

th e limits Of its na vig a bility .

“
T h e words S i e r ra L e o n e a re a ki n d o f comp romis e
b e tw e e n S p a n ish I t a li a n a n d Por tugu e s e du e to th e dull
,

h e a ri ng a n d c a re l e ss sp e lli ng o f fo r e ig n n a m e s so c h a ra ct e r
i s ti c o f th e E n gl i s h u n til th e pr e s e nt g e n e ra tio n Proj e cti ng .

i n t o th e s e a o n t his p a r t o f th e co a s t ( a co a st o th e rwis e fl a t
a n d sw a mpy ) is a m o u n t a i n ous p e n i n sul a with bold h ills fa ci ng

th e s e a fro n t . I f t h e s e mou n t a i n s a r e n o t suffici e n t ly h igh t o

T h e i o n O c h e m a of th e Gr e e k tr a n sl a to rs o f H a n n o s
” ’
b e th e
vi .
] Th e B r i ti s h i n A fr i c a . 10 7

j our na l th e y w e r e a t a ny r a t e s u ffi ci e n tly striki ng to m a k e a n

,

impr e ssio n o n th e e a rly Po rtugu e s e e xplo re rs w h o dub b e d ,

“ “
t h e m S e rr a L e o a o r M ou n t a i n R a ng e o f th e Lio n e ss ,

e ith e r b e c a us e a lio ne ss w as kill e d t h e r e o r b e c a us e th e ,

ou t li ne s o f th e r a ng e r e c a ll e d th e s h a p e o f a couc h a n t lio ne ss .

T h e S p a n ish fo rm would b e S i e rr a L e o na a nd i t w a s a pp a r ,

e n tly th e S p a n is h t e r m t h a t th e E n glis h na vig a tors a dopt e d .

T h e Bri t is h hu n g a bout th is co a st wi th id e a s of fou n di n g

t r a di n g s e t tl e m e n t s a nd occ a si o na lly s h ipp e d sl a v e s t h e n c e .

T ow a rd s th e e n d Of th e 1 8 th c e n tury th e fin e h a rbour— th e
‘

o ne good h a rbour o n th e W e st co a st Of A fr ic a — a t t r a ct e d th e

a tt e n t io n of th e Britis h Gov e r n m e n t wh o Obt a i n e d th e c e ssio n ,

o f th e S i e rr a L e o n e p e n i n sul a i n 1 7 8 7 Four y e a rs l a t e r a .

ch a rt e r w a s gra n t e d a nd th e t e rritory wa s tr a n sfe rr e d to a

“
S t G e o rg e s Ba y
’
phil a n thropic a ssoci a ti o n k n ow n a s th e
Comp a ny w h ich d e cid e d to e st a blis h i n th a t p a rt Of W e st
,

A fric a a s e ttl e m e n t for fr e e d n e gro sl a v e s from th e W e st I n di e s

a nd C a na d a .

Up o n th e gr a n ti ng of th e c h a rt e r th e n a m e wa s ch a ng e d t o
“
S i e rr a L e o n e Comp a n y T o S i e rr a L e o n e w e r e broug h t
”
th e .

l oy a l fr e e n e gro e s w h o h a d foug h t o n th e Britis h sid e d uri n g

,

th e A m e ric a n Wa r o f I n d e p e n d e n c e a n d w e re t h e r e for e giv e n ,

th e ir lib e rty but w h om it wa s th oug h t b e tt e r to d e port to a

,

c lim a t e m or e sui t a bl e t o A fric a n s t h a n t h a t o f C a n a d a T he n .

w e re s e n t o u t a bout 4 0 0 m a st e rl e ss n e gro e s pick e d up i n

E ngl a n d a ft e r th e j udici a l d e cisio n ob t a i n e d by Gra nvill e
S h a rp a s t o th e ill e g a lity o f sl a v e ry i n E ngl a n d T he se .

“
w e r e k n ow n a s th e Gr a n vill e s T o t h e m w e re a dd e d th e
.
”

“
M a roo n s — J a m a ic a n e gro e s mix e d i n a sligh t d e gr e e w i t h
" ’

th e blood o f th e e xti n ct W e st I n di a n n a tiv e s wh o h a d t a k e n ,

to th e bush i n J a m a ic a a n d w e r e m a ki n g t h e ms e lv e s troubl e
,

som e Fur th e r a s soo n a s S i e rra L e o n e w a s a d opt e d a s th e

.
,

dumpi ng grou nd o f th e sl a v e s s e t fre e from th e c a ptu re d sl a v e

1 ‘
Ma ro o n ’
was ac o rru pti o n o f th e S p a n is h “
C im a r ro n , an ou tlaw
fre qu e n ti n g th e s u mmits ( C i i na s ) o f th e m o u n t a i n s .
10 8 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n o f A fr i c a .
[C HA R

tr a di n g ships t h e r e w e r e a dd e d to t h e s e e x sl a v e s of A m e ric a
,
-

a n d E n gl a n d th e h e t e rog e n e ous s we e pi n gs of W e st C e n tr a l , ,

a n d S out h e a st Afr ic a g e n e r a lly k n ow n a s

-
,
“
Wi llyfo s s Nigge rs ,
”

b e c a us e th e ir fr e e dom wa s origi na lly du e t o th e e x e rtio n s o f

Mr Wilb e rforc e T h e n o f cours e t h e r e w e r e th e origi n a l
.

T e m n e a n d M e n di i n h a bit a n ts so th a t a ltog e th e r th e n e gro

,

p o pul a tio n o f m od e r n S i e rr a L e o n e is a n e xtra ordi na rily mix e d

stock to w h ich a l a rg e colo n y o f K ru b o ys from th e Lib e r i a n
,

co a st h a s si n c e b e e n a dd e d .

T h e p h il a n throp ic comp a ny w h ic h st a r t e d this s e ttl e m e n t

h a d som e qu a i n t n otio n s i n its i n c e p t io n S ixty Lo n do n .

p rostitu t e s w e re s e n t out t o S i e rra L e o n e t o m a rry with th e

n e gro e s a n d b e com e h o n e st w o m e n w h il e n umb e rs of E n gli sh
, ,

D u tc h a n d S w e d e s w e r e i n vi t e d to go th e r e a s fr e e s e ttl e rs
, ,

u n d e r th e b e li e f th a t We st A fr ic a wa s a s s u i t e d for Eu rop e a n
colo ni z a tio n a s C a p e C olo ny T h e r e sult wa s of cours e th a t
.

n e a rly a l l t h e s e Europ e a n i mmig ra n t s di e d a fe w y e a rs a ft e r

th e ir a r riv a l t h oug h n o t b e fo re t h e y h a d l e ft th e i r imp re ssio n

,

upo n th e st ra ng e ly mix e d pop ul a tio n of S i e r ra L e o n e .

I n 1 8 0 7 th e ru l e of th e col o ny w a s t ra n s fe rr e d t o th e
Crow n a nd i n 1 8 2 1 S i e rr a L e o ne wa s fo r th e fi rst tim e j o i n e d
,

“
with th e Gold C o a st a n d th e G a m bi a i n t o th e C o lo ny of th e
W e st A frica n S e ttl e m e n ts I n 1 8 4 3 th e G a m bi a wa s de
.

ta c h e d i n 1 8 6 6 j oi n e d a g a i n ; a n d i n 1 8 7 4 th e Gold Co a st
,

a n d L a g o s w e r e s e p a r a t e d from th e s u pr e m e co n trol of S i e rra

L e o ne Fi na lly i n 1 8 8 8 th e Ga mbi a h a vi n g b e e n m a d e a
.
,

s e p a ra t e a dmi n istra t io n S i e rra L e o n e b e c a m e a n isol a t e d

,

colo ny B e tw e e n 1 8 6 2 a n d 1 8 6 4 its t e r ri to ry wa s c o n sid e r

.

a bly e xt e n d e d a lo ng th e co a st a n d a tr e a ty o f d e limit a t io n
,

with F ra n c e i n 1 8 94 th oug h i t c u t Off th e a cc e ss of S i e rr a

,

L e o n e t o th e Nig e r still e xt e n d e d th e i nflu e n ce Of th e colo ny

,

a co n sid e r a bl e dis t a n c e i n l a n d D u r i n g th e 8 o s t h e re
.
‘ ’ ’

w e r e co n sid e ra bl e di fli c u l ti e s with turbul e n t t rib e s e sp e ci a lly ,

th e
‘
Y o n n is wh o w e r e subdu e d by a n e xp e ditio n u n d e r S i r
,
’

F ra ncis de Wi n to n ; a nd du ri ng th e pr e s e n t ye a r 1 8 9 8 a n , ,
VI ]
. Th e Br i ti s h i n A fr i c a . 10 9

uprisi n g o f th e n a tiv e s of th e i nt e rior i n opposi t io n to th e

s u ppr e ssio n of th e sl a v e tra d e a n d th e l e vyi n g O f a h ut ta x h a s
s e riously dist u rb e d th e colo n y .

A lth o u g h B ri tis h t ra d e r s i n gold a n d i n sl a v e s c a m e i n th e

w a k e o f th e Portugu e s e i n th e 1 6 t h c e n tu ry t h e y e st a b lis h e d ,

n o form o f a dmi n ist ra t io n u n til 1 6 7 2 wh e n C h a rl e s I I g a v e a

,

ch a r t e r to th e Roy a l A fric a n Comp a n y a n d th e m o n op oly o f

tra d e b e t w e e n Mo rocc o a n d C a p e C olo ny T h e Roy a l A frica n .

C om p a n y built forts a t v a r iou s pl a c e s o n th e Gold Co a st a n d ,

a t Wh yda o n th e co a s t o f D a h om e I t w a s succ e e d e d i n
1
.

5
1 7 0 b y th e A fric a n C omp a n y o f me rc h a n ts a comp a n y ,

subsidi z e d b y th e G o v e r n m e nt wh ich co n t i nu e d t o e xi st u n til

,

1 82 1 , a t wh ich d a t e th e British forts o n th e Gold Co a st w e r e

pl a c e d u n d e r th e gov e rn m e n t o f th e W e st A fri c a n s e ttl e m e n ts ,

a n d th e fort a t Wh da wa s a b a n do n e d I n 1 8 2 4 w h il e o n a
y .
,

t ou r of i n sp e ctio n th e Gov e r n or of S i e rra L e o n e S i r C h a rl e s

, ,

Ma c a rth y l a n d e d a t C a p e Co a st C a stl e t h e n th e h e a d qu a rt e rs
, ,
-

o f B ri t ish a dmi n ist r a tio n o n th e Gold Co a st a nd u n fo r t u n a t e ly ,

e m b a rk e d o n a w a r wi t h th e A sh a n ti wi th out p rop e rly o r

g a n i z e d fo r c e s
. H e wa s d e fe a t e d a n d kill e d T h e I m p e ri a l .

Gov e r n m e n t c a rri e d o n th e wa r for thr e e y e a rs fi na lly i n flicti n g ,

a d e fe a t o n th e A s h a n t i n e a r A cc ra w h ic h l e d t h r e e y e a rs l a t e r
,

t o a p e a c e Bu t t h i s l e ng t hy c a mp a ig n h a d di sgust e d th e
.

I mp e ri a l Gov e rn m e n t wi th rul e o n th e Gol d C o a st a n d a s ,

soo n a s p e a c e w a s c o n clud e d wit h th e A sh a n ti t h e y h a n d e d

ov e r th e s e s e ttl e m e n ts t o a comm itt e e o f Lo ndo n m e rc h a n ts .

T h is committ e e s e l e ct e d a nd s e n t o u t a n e xc e ll e n t m a n a s
Gov e r n o r— Mr C h a rl e s M a cl e a n T h is a dmi n is tr a tor co n triv e d
.

wit h a y e a rly subsidy of £ 4 0 0 0 a n d a force o f 1 0 0 p oli c e to

e xt e n d B ritis h i n flu e n c e Ov e r a n a r e a n e a rly coi n cid e n t wi th

th e pr e s e n t Gold C o a st Colo ny B ut i n 1 8 4 3 th e r u l e of th e
.

m e rch a n ts w a s r e p l a c e d o n c e m or e by t h a t O f th e Crow n -

th oug h M a cl e a n wa s t a k e n i n to th e s e rvic e Of th e ne w I mp e ri a l
a dmi n istr a tio n .

1
P o p e rl y
r H wi da .
’
1 10 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R

Th e D a ne s a nd S w e d e s i n th e fu ll swi n g o f th e sla v e
tra d e h ad e st a blish e d fo r ts o n th e Gold Co a st i n th e 1 7 th
a n d 1 8 th c e n tu ri e s r e sp e ctiv e ly t o supply th e ir W e st I n di a n

isl a nds wi t h sl a v e s T h e S w e d e s soo n a b a n d o n e d t h e ir

.

tra di n g fo rts bu t D e n m a rk s t ill r e t a i n e d four down to th e

,

middl e of th e r oth c e n t u ry a l l Of whic h s h e t h e n sold t o

,

E ngl a n d i n 1 8 5 0 fo r F o r th e s a m e m od e st p a y
m e n t D e n m a rk tra n sfe rr e d to E n gl a n d th e p r ot e c t o ra t e o v e r a
co n sid e ra bl e a r e a to th e e a st o f th e G o ld Co a s t Colo n y a lo ng ,

th e riv e r Vol t a T h e D u t c h du ri n g th e 1 7 th a n d 1 8 th c e n
.

tu ri e s h a d pl a n t e d forts o n th e Gold Co a st i n ri v a l ry wi th th e
E nglish a nd i n m ost c a s e s a lo ngsid e of th e m A ft e r th e
, .

a bolitio n o f th e sl a v e t ra d e H oll a n d lost i n t e re st i n h e r W e s t

A fric a n p oss e ssio n s T h e ir e xis t e n c e wa s v e ry a wkw a r d to th e

.

E n glish a s i t p re v e n t e d th e coll e c t i o n O f cus t oms duti e s

, In .

1 8 6 8 a p a r t itio n o f th e co a st w a s n e goti a t e d b e tw e e n E n gl a n d

a n d H oll a n d th e D utc h t a ki n g ov e r a ll th e fo rts w e st Of a

,

c e rt a i n li n e a n d th e E n glish th o s e whic h la y to th e e a st of t h is
,

bo u n d a ry I n t his m a n n e r th e E nglish a cquir e d a t l a s t th e

.

wh ol e of th e t ow n o f A cc ra w h ic h is n o w th e c a pit a l of th e
,

G o ld Co a st I n 1 8 7 1 —2 th e D u tch a gr e e d to a b a n d o n to th e
.

E n glish a ll th e i r re m a i n i n g poss e ssio n s o n th e Gold Co a s t i n

r e turn fo r th e c e ssio n o f c e r t a i n B ri t is h cl a im s o v e r S um a tr a
a nd J a va . U n fo rtu na t e ly th e tra n sfe r O f t e rrito ry fr om th e
,

D u t ch e n t a il e d a qu a rr e l wi th th e pow e rful n e g ro ki ngd o m o f

A s h a n ti si t u a t e d b e hi n d th e co a st t ri b e s o f th is r e gio n but
,

s t rivi ng a lw a ys to r e a ch th e s e a T h e A sh a n ti ki n gdom wa s
.

ra t h e r a c o n fe d e r a cy o f sm a ll n e g ro st a t e s wi t h th e Ki ng o f
,

Kum a si a t i ts h e a d t h a n a h om og e n e o u s m on a rchy I n 1 8 7 2
,
.

t h i s p a r a m ou n t Ki ng o f K um a si d e sp a t c h e d a n a rmy of
m e n to i n v a d e th e B ritish Prot e ctor a t e a n d a ss e rt his cl a im to
domi n a tio n ov e r th e F a n ti t rib e s o f th e colo n y A l a rg e fo rc e . .

o f F a n tis w a s to som e e x t e n t a r m e d a n d o rg a n i z e d b y th e

Britis h Gov e r n m e n t b u t th e A sh a n ti s d e fe a t e d t h e m twic e

,

wit h gr e a t sl a ug h t e r a n d t h e n a tt a ck e d th e British fort of

,
vi .
] Th e Br i ti s h i n A fr i c a . 1 1 1

Elmi n a wh e re th e A s h a n t i a rmy sust a i ne d s u ch a s e riou s

,

r e p uls e th a t i t a void e d a n y fu r th e r a t ta cks o n B ri t ish fortifi e d

s e t tl e m e n ts A y e a r a fte rw a rds S i r J oh n Glov e r ( a s h e sub
.
,

s e qu e n tly b e c a m e ) m a rch e d wi t h H a us a l e vi e s to a tt a ck th e
A sh a n ti fr o m th e e a st wh il e S i r G a r n e t Wol s e l e y a rrivi n g i n
1
, ,

th e wi n t e r o f 1 8 7 3 wit h a s tro n g e xp e ditio n compos e d o f

B ri t is h soldi e rs co n ti ng e n ts o f th e W e st I n di a n r e gim e n ts
, ,

British s e a m e n a n d m a ri n e s d r ov e th e e n e my b a ck i n to t h e ir
, ,

cou n t ry r e a ch e d th e c a pit a l K u m a si a nd c a p tu re d a n d bur ne d

, , ,

th a t pl a c e A som e wh a t d u bious p e a c e wa s a rr iv e d a t th e
.
,

ki ng n e v e r a ft e rw a rds fulfilli n g th e t e rms o f th e t re a ty w h ic h ,

h e wa s supp o s e d to h a v e sig n e d wi th a p e n cil cross ; a n d for

tw e n ty o n e y e a r s to follow B ritish re l a tio n s wi th A sh a n ti
-

( w h ic h w a s a lso d e v a st a t e d by ci vil wa r ) w e r e u n s a tisfa ctory .

A t l a st i n 1 8 9 5 a n oth e r stro n g e xp e di t io n m a rch e d o n th e

c a pi t a l wi th out fi ri ng a s h ot a n d to o k th e ki n g priso n e r T h e .

r e sult h a s b e e n t h a t th e n c e for t h A sh a n ti h a s b e e n a dmi nist e r e d

by th e gov e r n m e n t o f th e Gol d Co a st .

A l t h oug h th e Gold Co a s t i s p e r h a ps th e m ost u n h e a lt h y of

th e B ritish W e st A fr ic a n p oss e ssio n s i t is p r osp e rou s i n its ,

fi na n c e s a n d h a s m a d e gre a t p rogr e ss i n tr a d e I n th e l a s t
,
.

te n y e a rs th e tot a l v a l u e of its tr a d e h a s mor e t h a n doubl e d ,

a n d st a n ds n o w a t 1 i n a pp r oxim a t e y e a rly v a l u e
, .

T h e colo n y o f L a gos c a m e i n to e xist e n c e i n 1 8 6 3 It 2

.

wa s a ft e rw a rds a dd e d to th e gov e rn m e n t o f th e W e st A fric a n

S e ttl e m e n ts t h e n a t t a c h e d to th e Gold Co a s t ; a nd fi n a lly i n
,

1 8 8 6 m a d e a n i n d e p e n d e n t colo n y L a gos a s its na m e s h ows

.
, ,

wa s origi na lly a discov e ry O f th e Po rtug u e s e w h o SO n a m e d it ,

from th e l a rg e l a goo n w h ic h u n til re c e n tly wa s a h a rbour of

,

v e ry doubtfu l v a l u e e v e n o n th is h a rbou r l e ss co a st b u t is n o w
, ,

by a v a st e xp e nditur e o f mo ne y r e n d e re d s a fe for e xit a n d

e n tr a n c e a t high tid e I n th e d a ys O f th e e a rly Portugu e s e
.

a dv e n tur e rs th e mod e r n t e rritory o f L a gos wa s p a rtly u nd e r

1
A ft e rw a ds Visc o u n t Wo l s e l e y
r .

2
T h e t e r rit o y wa s c e de d i n 1 8 6 1
r .
1 12 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n of A fr i c a .
[C HA R

th e i n flu e n c e of D a hom e p a rtly u n d e r th e r ul e Of B e n i n ; a nd
,

th e Po rti 1 g u e s e a n d subs e qu e n t ly th e B ritis h c a m e t h e r e to buy

sl a v e s w h ic h n a t iv e w a rfa re r e n d e re d so a bu n d a n t I n pros e .

c u ti n g th e c r us a d e a g a i n st th e sl a v e tr a d e i n th e middl e o f th e

pr e s e n t c e n t u ry th e B ri t ish Gov e rn m e n t c a m e i n t o co nt a ct wi t h
th e ki n g o f L a gos wh o h a d b e com e o n e o f th e most trucul e n t
,

sl a v e t ra d e rs o n th e co a s t T his ki n g Kosoko wa s e xp e ll e d
.
, ,

b y a B ri t ish n a v a l e xp e di t io n i n 1 8 5 1 a nd his cousi n wa s

,

pl a c e d o n th e thro n e a fte r h a vi ng m a d e a tr e a t y wi t h th e
British bi ndi n g h ims e lf to put dow n th e sl a v e t ra d e A Britis h .

c o n sul w a s a ppoi n t e d t o s u p e ri n t e n d th e e x e cutio n o f th is

t re a t y b u t n e ith e r th e ki ng w h o sig ne d it n o r th e s o n wh o
,

su cc e e d e d hi m k e p t fa i t h fully to its p r ovisio n s A t l e ngt h i n .

,

1 86 1, th e ki n g o f L a gos c e d e d hi s st a t e to th e British Gov e r n

m e n t i n r e t u rn fo r a p e n sio n o f £ 1 0 0 0 a y e a r w h ich h e dr e w ,

u n til his d e a t h tw e n t y fou r y e a rs l a t e r

-
U n d e r Bri tish rul e
.

L a gos a tt a i ne d r e m a rk a bl e prosp e rity th o u g h u n h a ppily i ts

,

e xtr e m e ly u n h e a l th y clim a t e h a s c a us e d gr e a t loss of life

a m o n gst th e offici a ls a ppoi n t e d to a dmi n ist e r th e colo n y .

O wi ng t o th e g re a t comm e rci a l mov e m e n t i n its po r t ( th e

a d a pt a t io n o f which to oce a n goi ng st e a m e r s p r o v e d v e ry
-

di ffi cult a n d v e ry e xp e n siv e ) it i s c a ll e d wit h som e j ustic e

, ,

“
th e Liv e rpool Of W e s t A frica .

A t a ny tim e b e tw e e n th e a n n e x a tio n o f L a gos a n d s a y , ,

1 880 ,
th e sm a ll strip o f co a s t which s e p a ra t e s L a gos from th e

Gol d Co a st mig h t e a sily h a v e b e e n t a k e n u n d e r Britis h

p r ot e cti o n th e o n ly p ow e r wit h a n y i n te rv e n i n g rig h ts b e i n g
,

Por tug a l with o n e fo rt o n th e co a st of D a hom e ; b ut th e

H om e Gov e rn m e n t would n e v e r a g re e to t h i s proc e du re u n til
i t w a s too l a t e a n d F ra n c e a n d G e rm a n y h a d i n t e rv e n e d .

L a tt e rly du ri n g th e l a st four t e e n y e a rs t h e r e wa s gr owi ng

, ,

t r ou b l e wi th Fra n c e owi n g to h e r e xt e n di n g h e r prot e ctio n o r

colo n i z a tio n ov e r th e li t tl e ki ngdom o f Porto N ovo a n d th e
l a rg e n e gro st a t e o f D a h om e T h e s e di sput e s a s t o d e limita
.

tio n o f th e fro n ti e r w e r e s e ttl e d i n 1 8 8 9 a s fa r n ort h a s th e

 vi .
j Th e B r i ti s h i n A fr i c a . I I
3

9 th p a r a ll e l T h e n e n su e d i n 1 8 9 7 a n d 1 8 9 8 a str e n uous
.

a tt e mp t o n th e p a r t o f th e Fr e n ch t o cut a cro ss th e L a gos

h i n t e rl a n d up to th e Nig e r but t h is diffe r e n c e h a s a g a i n b e e n

,

h a pp ily solv e d by th e Co nv e n tio n sig n e d b e twe e n th e two

cou n tri e s i n th e sum m e r o f t h is y e a r
B e yo n d L a gos a n d i n d e e d co nn e ct e d wit h i t by h a lf
,

c h ok e d u p cr e e ks b e gi n s th e gr e a t d e lt a o f th e Nig e r w h ic h
-

, ,

e xt e n ds a lo n g a n e lbow o f th e co a st a bout 2 0 0 m il e s to th e

e a stw a rd a n d e n ds — s o far a s dir e ct co nn e ctio n wit h th e Nig e r

,

is co n c e rne d — a t th e m out h o f th e r iv e r K wo ibo t h oug h -

t h e re a re p ossibly cr e e ks i nsid e th e co a st li n e whic h would -

c a rry o n th e co nn e cti o n o f th e d e lt a to th e O ld C a l a b a r riv e r .

T h e s e i nn um e ra bl e br a n c h e s o f th e Nig e r e stu a ry w e r e t a k e n
t o b e i n d e p e nd e n t ri v e rs ( wh ic h i n d e e d t h e y a re to som e
e xt e n t r e c e ivi ng a s t h e y do m a ny str e a m s r isi n g i n d e p e n d e n tly
,

o f th e m a i n Nig e r u n til w e ll i n t o th e p r e s e n t c e n tu ry w h e n i t
) ,

w a s a t l a st m a d e cl e a r th a t t h e y co n stitut e d th e outl e ts o f th e
t hird gr e a t e st riv e r o f A fric a T og e th e r wit h th e a dj oi n i ng
.

riv e rs o f O ld C a l a b a r a nd th e C a m e roo n s th e y b e ca m e k n ow n,

“
a s th e O il Riv e r s b e c a us e t h e y p r oduc e d th e gr e a t e r p a rt
,
”

a nd th e b e st qu a lity Of th e p a lm Oil s e n t t o th e Europ e a n

m a rk e t T h e Po r tugu e s e fi rst c a m e h e re i n th e 1 7 th a n d 1 8 th
.

c e nturi e s (a ft e r fa lli n g o u t wit h th e ki ng o f B e n i n) to tr a d e i n

sl a v e s a nd th e E n glis h follow e d t h e m a t th e e nd o f th e 1 8 t h
,

c e n tu ry a n d displ a c e d t h e m a ltog e t h e r Evid e n ce Of form e r.

P ortugu e s e i n t e r e st i n th e Nig e r D e lt a i s s u fli c i e ntly s h ow n by

th e fa ct t h a t som e o f t h e s e riv e rs h a v e P ortugu e s e n a m e s o r ,

Portu gu e s e co rruptio n s o f na tiv e n a m e s T h e r e m a i n i ng

.

n a m e s a re c h i e fly t h os e o f n a va l O ffic e rs o r s h ip s t h a t surv e y e d

t h e m o r occ a si o na lly a na tiv e na m e m or e o r l e ss corrup t e d

, .

By th e tim e th e sl a v e tr a d e w a s r e n d e r e d ill e g a l th e wo n ,

de rfu l virtu e s Of p a lm o i l h a d b e e n di scov e r e d c h i e fly i n c o n ,

n e c ti o n wi th its v a lu e a s a lubri ca n t for m a c h i n e ry e sp e ci a lly ,

locom o tiv e s I t i s a lso o f e sp e ci a l v a lu e fo r m a ki n g c a n dl e s

.

a nd s o a p T h e r e for e th e d e v e lop m e n t o f r a ilw a ys i n E n gl an d

.

J . A . 8
1 14 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n of A fr i c a .
[C HA R

a nd ot h e r Europ e a n cou n tri e s th e n e w cl e a n li n e ss w h ic h

, ,

coi n cid e n tly wa s pr e a c h e d a s a B ri t i s h gosp e l a n d th e spr e a d ,

o f e duc a tio n a n d lov e o f r e a di n g m a d e th e fortu n e o f th e O il

Riv e rs a n d t h os e m e rc h a n ts wh o s e ttl e d t h e r e a t imm i n e n t

risk o f d e a th fr om fe v e r A lr e a dy i n th e 4 o s B ri t ish tra di n g
.
’ ’

i n t e r e sts h a d b e com e so i m p o rt a n t i n th e Nig e r D e l t a th a t

a co n sul w a s a ppoi n t e d T h e Britis h Gov e r n m e n t fo r th e
.
,

purp os e o f putti n g dow n th e sl a v e t ra d e h a d wit h th e co n s e n t , ,

o f S p a i n o ccupi e d duri n g th e fi r st h a lf Of th e 1 9 th c e n t u ry th e
,

S p a n ish i sl a n d o f F e r n a n do Po a n d th e a dmi n ist ra ti o n o f t h i s

,

isl a n d w a s for som e tim e co nn e c te d wit h th e co n s u l a r p os t

for th e Bigh t s o f B i a fra a n d B e n i n A ft e r wa rds wh e n S p a i n
.
,

r e sum e d th e poss e ssio n of F e r na n do P o th e Bri t ish c o n sul fo r ,

th e Big h t s w a s a lso co n sul for th e S p a n is h i sl a n d but li tt l e by

littl e h i s duti e s oblig e d him t o r e sid e m o re o n th e O i l Riv e r s
th a n o n th e a dj oi n i ng i sl a n d Wi t h th e e xc e p t i o n of th e
.

b rilli a n t Rich a r d Bu rto n wh o fo r four y e a r s wa s co n s u l for th e

,

Bigh ts O f Bi a fra a n d B e n i n th e post wa s u su a lly h e ld by a

,

g e n tl e m a n w h o h a d b e e n t o som e e x te n t pr e vio u sly co n ne c te d

with A fric a n t ra d e a n d whos e p u r v i e w wa s n o t much e x t e n d e d
,

p olitic a lly ; b ut i n 1 8 8 0 th e l a te Mr E H H e w e t t C M G . .
,
. . .

( form e rly Vic e Co n s u l i n A n gol a a n d b rot h e r o f th e l a t e

-

A dmi ra l H e w e t t ) a m a n o f som e disti n c t io n wa s a ppoi n t e d

, ,

t o th e p ost H e took up h is r e sid e n c e a t O ld C a l a b a r a n d h i s

.
,

r e ports a ro u s e d g re a t i n t e r e s t i n th e Gov e rn m e n t of t h a t p e ri o d ,

w h ich wa s disp os e d to a cc e d e to th e p e t i t io n s o f th e chi e fs a n d

t o t a k e a ll th e co a st u n d e r B ritish p rot e ctio n from L a gos to
th e G a boo n B ut th e pl a n s of th e Mi n ist ry w e r e n o t fully s e ttl e d
.

u ntil th e e n d of 1 8 8 3 a n d wh e n Mr H e w e tt r e tu rn e d t o th e
,

co a st with full p ow e rs h e w a s slig h tly d e l a y e d b y ill h e a l t h a n d -

s t ill m or e so by th e b e gi nn i ng o f th e Nig e r Qu e s t io n a n d th e ,

im p o rt a n c e o f s e curi ng a h old ov e r th e low e r Nig e r C o n .

s e qu e n tly th e G e rm a n Gov e rn m e n t t a ki n g a dv a n t a g e o f Mr
, ,

H e w e t t s di fli c u l ti e s sudd e n ly p o u n c e d o n th e C a m e ro o n s
’
, ,

th ough o n ly a v e ry sm a ll p ortio n o f th e C a m e roo n s riv e r wa s

vi .
] Th e B r i ti s h i n A fr i c a . 1 1 5

a ctu a lly s e cur e d by th e G e r m a n e n voy By di n t Of r a pid m ove

.

m e n ts th e B ri ti s h fl a g wa s e r e ct e d ov e r a ll th e r e m a i n i ng t e rritory
,

i n th e O il Riv e rs distric t . H a d th e G e rm a n Gov e r n m e n t b e e n

t a k e n lit e ra lly a n d m e r e ly a llow e d t o h old th e four o r fiv e
,

s qu a r e m il e s o f t e rrito ry it h a d l e g a lly s e cur e d its a ctio n i n

,

fo re st a lli n g M r H e w e tt would h a v e b e e n sc a rce ly n otic e d bu t

G e rm a n y w a s d e t e rmi n e d to h a v e a l a rg e slic e o f We st A frica ,

a n d th e Britis h Gov e r n m e n t b e i n g e mb a rr a ss e d by difficulti e s

,

e ls e w h e r e i n for e ig n a ffa irs h a d to wit h dr a w i ts fl a g e v e n tu a lly

,

from th e vici n ity o f th e C a m e roo n s riv e r a nd m ou n t a i n T h e .

l a st p a tc h o f C a m e roo n s t e rritory wh ic h wa s giv e n up to G e r

m a ny wa s th e i n t e r e sti n g littl e s e ttl e m e n t o f A mb a s Bay o n th e
fl a n ks o f th e mig h ty C a m e roo n s m ou n t a i n fou n d e d by th e,

E nglis h B a ptist M issio n w h e n e xp e ll e d from F e r na nd o P o .

Mr H e we tt a nne x e d t h i s t e rritory i n 1 8 8 4 a nd th e a ut h or ,

O f t h is book a dmi n ist e r e d i t from 1 8 8 5 u n til th e ti m e o f its

s u rr e n d e r to G e rm a n y i n 1 8 8 7 .

T h e limits o f th e O il Riv e rs Prot e ctor a t e w e r e t h e n dr a w n

a t th e Rio de l R e y o n th e e a st a n d th e b ou n d a ry o f L a gos
,

C olo n y o n th e w e st Th e e a st e rn b ou nd a ry wa s subs e qu e n t l y
.

e xt e nd e d by a gr e e m e n t wit h G e rm a n y t o th e upp e r w a t e rs o f th e

riv e r B e nu e a n d to th e s h or e s o f L a k e C h a d T h is a cquisi .

tio n— n o w k n ow n a s th e Nig e r Co a st Prot e ctor a t e — w a s a t

first a dmi n i st e r e d by co n sul a r a ut h ority a nd by th e a ut h or o f
t h is book w h o fou n d h ims e lf oblig e d to fa c e a s e rious di fli c u l ty
,

i n th e d e t e rmi n e d opposi t io n o f c e rt a i n co a st c h i e fs to th e
c a rryi n g o n o f dir e ct t ra d e wit h th e i n t e rior T h e s e w e r e th e
.

“
m iddl e m e n w h o h a d for s e v e r a l c e n turi e s pr e v e n t e d th e
,

p e n e tra tio n Of A frica from th e W e st co a st b y E u rop e a ns i n th e ,

dr e a d t h a t t h e y would los e t h e ir lucr a tiv e commissio n o n th e

products Of th e i n t e rior whic h th e y r e t a il e d o n th e co a st .

S om e o f t h e s e c h i e fs w e r e Of lo n g e st a blis h e d ruli n g fa mili e s ;

ot h e rs a ga i n h a d com m e n c e d life a s sl a v e s a n d h a d ris e n
to b e w e a lthy m e rc h a n t ki ngs wit h i n com e s of
-
to
a y e a r d e r iv e d from th e ir p r ofits o n th e goods from
,

th e i n t e rior w h ic h p a ss e d throug h t h e ir h a n ds For e m ost

.

8—2
1 16 Th e C o l o ni z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R

a m o n g t h e s e Obstructiv e i n dividu a l s wa s J a J a a sl a v e from -

,

th e I b o cou n try w h o a s s e rv a n t t ra d e r a n d cou n s e llor to c h i e fs

, ,

o f B o nn y h a d ris e n to such a p o s i ti o n o f w e a l t h a n d i n flu e n c e

t h a t h e h a d a rm e d a l a rg e forc e o f fig h ti ng m e n an d a flotill a
o f wa r c a n o e s a n d m a d e h im s e lf th e m ost p ow e rful c h i e f i n
,

th e Nig e r D e lt a . H e r e sid e d o n th e riv e r O p obo a n d wa s ,

v e ry j e a lous o f his i n d e p e n d e n c e o n ly sig n i ng a qu a lifi e d t r e a ty

,

Of prot e ctio n with th e B r itis h Gov e rnm e n t fr om th e w e ll

grou n d e d fe a r t h a t if h e did n o t do so th e F re n ch would t a k e
h i s cou n t ry a s a n a cc e ss to th e Nig e r A s J a J a a t l a st w e n t
.
-

t o th e l e n gt h o f forci b l e Op p osi tio n to t ra d e b e tw e e n th e

British m e r ch a n ts a n d th e n a tiv e s o f th e i n t e rior th e pr e s e n t ,

writ e r wa s comp e ll e d to r e mov e hi m to th e Gold Co a s t to b e

t r i e d b e for e a commi ssio n e r A s a r e sult o f th e tri a l h e wa s
.

de p os e d a n d s e n t e n c e d to fiv e y e a r s b a n ish m e n t i n th e W e st
’

I ndi e s H e di d n o t liv e t o r e tur n to hi s co u n try ; b u t wit h

.

h is di s a pp e a ra n c e th e pri n cip a l r e sist a n c e o f th e middl e — men

w a s b r ok e n t h ough a t B e n i n a nd b e h i n d O ld C a l a b a r simil a r
,

a cti o n h a s h a d to b e t a k e n t o s e cur e fr e e t ra d e .

T h e Nig e r Co a st Prot e ctor a t e is n o w gov e rn e d to a l l

i nt e n ts a n d pu rp os e s lik e a C row n c olo ny t h ough fo r th e tim e
,

b e i n g i t i s still u nd e r th e dir e ctio n Of th e For e ig n O fli c e .

S o m uch for th e d e lt a O f th e Nig e r A k e e n riva l ry h a d

.

t a k e n pl a c e a bo u t th e s a m e tim e b e tw e e n Gr e a t B rit a i n a n d
Fra n c e for th e p oss e ssio n of t h a t g re a t str e a m a bov e th e d e lt a .

T h e Nig e r h a d b e e n discov e r e d from i ts sourc e to th e l a st

r a p id a t th e h e a d o f its s e a w a rd n a vig a bility by Mu n go P a rk ,

o n e o f th e g r e a t e st o f Britis h e xplor e rs Th e re st o f th e
.

e xplor a tio n from Bus a t o th e se a h a d b e e n compl e t e d by ot h e r

British tr a v e ll e rs ; fr om th e poi n t Of vi e w of discov e ry th e

w h ol e Nig e r wa s Britis h from sourc e t o m out h T h e na viga .

tio n o f th e riv e r from th e s e a to a bov e its co n fl u e n c e wit h th e

B e n u e wa s first org a n i z e d by a S cotc h m a n Ma c Gre g o r L a ird , ,

i n 1 8 3 2 ; a n d i n 1 8 4 1 1 8 5 4 a n d 1 8 5 7 th e Britis h Gov e r n m e n t
,

d e sp a tc h e d v a rious e xp e ditio n s to e xplor e a nd m a k e tr e a ti e s ;

t h e y a lso e st a blis h e d a co n sul ( Dr B a iki e ) t o r e sid e a t Lokoj a ,
vr .
] Th e B r i ti s h i n A fr i c a . I 17

wh e r e th e B e n u e m e e t s th e Nig e r T h e loss o f life from th e

.

e ffe cts of th e clim a t e wa s so gre a t i n t h os e d a ys t h a t th e B r iti s h

Gov e r n m e n t b e c a m e discoura g e d T h e co n sul a t e a t Lokoj a
.

wa s a boli s h e d i n 1 8 6 6 a nd o n th e ot h e r h a n d n o a tt e mp t
,

wh a t e v e r wa s m a d e to a tt a c h to th e i n t e rior o f S i e rra L e o ne
th e ric h cou n tri e s lyi n g b e yo n d th e sourc e s o f th e Nig e r .

But for i nd e p e n d e n t a ctio n o n th e p a rt Of Britis h t ra d e rs

th e N ig e r would h a v e b e com e e it h e r e n tir e ly Fr e n c h or i n ,

th e m a i n a Fr e n c h riv e r wit h a G e rm a n e stu a ry D uri ng .

8 0 s th e Fre n ch Gov e r n m e n t Of S e n e g a l pus h e d forw a rd

’ ’
th e
‘

t o th e Upp e r Nig e r E a rli e r still by th e i nflu e n c e Of G a m b e tt a

.
, ,

two p ow e r ful Fr e n c h p olitico com m e rci a l comp a n i e s w e re

-

form e d to e st a blis h tra di ng h ous e s a ll a lo n g th e Low e r Nig e r .

I n spit e of muc h discour a g e m e n t h ow e v e r th e n um e rous Britis h

, ,

fi rm s t h a t tra d e d wit h th e N ig e r h a d stuck to th e riv e r ; b u t

a lt h oug h t h e y w e r e doi ng a gr e a t d e a l o f t ra d e th e ir profits
w e r e r e duc e d b y e xc e ssiv e comp e titio n T h e h our h a d com e .

to strik e fo r th e Nig e r ; w h e r e wa s th e m a n ! A C a pt a i n
G e org e Goldi e T a ubm a n ( a Roya l E ngi ne e rs O ffic e r ) h a d
‘

b e e n l e ft s e v e r a l t h ous a n d p ou n ds wo rt h Of s h a r e s i n o ne o f
’

t h e s e sm a l l Nig e r C omp a n i e s H a vi ng sp e n t som e tim e i n

.

Egypt h e r e solv e d to go t o th e Nig e r a nd s e e wh e t h e r h is

,

s h a r e s w e r e wort h r e t a i n i n g Lik e a n a n a logous gr e a t m a n i n

.

S out h A fri c a h e d e cid e d o n worki n g fo r a m a lga m a tio n

, Wit h .

u n ti ri ng e ne rgy a nd gre a t t a ct h e broug h t a bo u t th e co n solid a

tio n o f a ll th e B ritish com p a n i e s tra di n g o n th e Nig e r T h e n .

h e boug h t o u t th e Fr e n c h comp a n y discou ra g e d a s t h e y w e r e

,
’
by G a mb e tt a s d e a th a nd boldly a ppli e d to th e I mp e ri a l Gov e r n
,

m e n t for a c h a rt e r b e i ng a bl e t o s h o w t h e m t h a t no ot h e r
,

tra di ng firm but h is O w n e xist e d o n th e Nig e r E ngl a n d wa s .

j ust a bout to t a k e p a rt a t t h a t tim e i n th e C o n fe re n c e o f B e rli n .

Sh e lost th e C o ngo but wo n th e Nig e r W h e n th e Briti s h

.

cl a im t o a p rot e ct ora t e wa s a cc e d e d to i n p ri n cipl e a t th e

B e rli n Co n fe r e n c e a c h a rt e r wa s gra n t e d t o th e N a tio na l
,

1
A ft e rwa rds S i r G e o rg e Ta u bm a n G o ldi e .
1 1 8 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R

A fric a n Comp a ny fou nd e d by C a pt a i n n o w th e Righ t H o n

,
.

S i r G e orge T a ubm a n Goldi e w h o c h a n g e d th e n a m e o f h i s

,

a ssoci a tio n to t h a t o f th e Roy a l Nig e r Comp a n y Th e m ain .

cours e o f th e riv e r Nig e r dow n to th e s e a wa s pl a c e d u n d e r th e

admi n i str a tio n Of t h is c h a rt e r e d comp a n y but th e B e n i n distric t
,

to th e W e st a n d th e Br a ss Bo n ny O pobo a n d O ld C a l a b a r
, , , ,

districts to th e E a st w e r e a s a lr e a dy r e l a t e d e v e n tu a lly orga n i z e d

, ,

a s th e Nig e r Co a st Prot e ctor a t e u n d e r dir e ct I mp e ri a l a dm i n i s

tra ti o n b e c a us e i n t h e s e cou n t ri e s th e Nig e r Comp a n y h a d n o

,

pr e domi na t i n g i n t e r e sts I n a l l prob a bili ty th e a dmi n istr a ti o n

.

o f th e Nig e r a n d of th e Nig e r Co a st will o n e da y b e u n ifi e d a n d

p ossibly j oi n e d w it h th e n e ighbouri ng colo n y o f L a gos .

’
Wh e n S i r G e o rg e Goldi e s Comp a n y h a d e xp e n d e d n e a rly
a l l its a v a il a bl e c a pit a l i n b uyi n g out th e F r e n c h a n d purc h a si n g

gov e r n i n g rig h ts from th e n a tiv e chi e fs ( a l l Of w h ic h e xp e n

di tu re would h a v e b e e n u n n e c e ss a ry if t h e ir Gov e rn m e n t h a d
a dop te d a t th e fi r s t th e bold p olicy of d e cl a r i n g th e Low e r

Nig e r a B riti s h Prot e ctor a t e ) a fre s h Obst a cl e h a d to b e ov e r

,

com e : G e rm a n r iv a l ry c a m e i n to pl a y T h e G e rm a n s h a d
.

j ust t a k e n th e C a m e r oo n s but h a d fa il e d to s e cu re th e O il
Riv e rs H e rr Fl e g e l wa s s e n t t o Obt a i n co n c e ssio n s b e yo nd
.

’
th e limits o f th e R oy a l Nig e r C omp a ny s imm e di a t e ju ri s di c
tio n i n th e Nig e ri a n S u d a n B ut Fl e g e l w a s fo re st a ll e d i n
.

h is pri n cip a l Obj e ct by th e e xplo re r J os e p h T h ompso n w h o ,

most a bly co n duct e d a m i s si o n to th e court o f th e e mp e ror

.

o f S okot o a n d s e cur e d a tr e a ty wi th t h a t im po rt a n t Ful a

,

p ot e nt a t e w h ic h brought h is t e rrito ri e s u n d e r e xclusiv e B ri tis h

i n flu e n c e I n 1 8 9 0 B ri t ish cl a im s to a v a st Nig e r e m pir e w e re
.

r e cogn i z e d by Fr a nc e a n d G e rm a ny U n h a ppily th e F r e nc h
.

r e cog n itio n w a s a llow e d t o r e m a i n to o v a gu e i n r e ga rd to th e

n or t h e r n a nd w e s t e r n bou n d a ri e s o f B r i t is h Nig e ri a t h us ,

r e nd e ri ng it possibl e for Fr a n c e i n th e e n sui n g e ig h t y e a rs t o

striv e to cut i n t o th e Britis h sp h e r e fro m two di re c t i o n s i f n o t ,

t h r e e O n th e n ort h it wa s soug h t to push b a ck th e bou nd a ry

.

o f th e e mpir e o f S okoto so a s t o bri n g th e Fr e n c h sp h e r e a s

,
vi .
] Th e B r i ti sh i n A fr i c a . 1 19

fa r p ossibl e to th e sout h t h oug h t h is a ss e rti o n w e n t littl e

as ,

b e yo n d m a p m a ki n g O n th e so u th Li e ut e na n t M i z o n m a d e
-
.
,

th e m os t p e r sist e n t h ostil e a n d a s it w ould s e e m u n pra ctic a l

, , , ,

a tt e mp ts to s e c u r e fo r Fr a n c e a l a rg e sp h e r e of i n flu e n c e o n

th e r iv e r B e n u e w h i ch could h a rdly b e a ppro a ch e d fro m

,

Fr e n c h t e rritory b e c a us e th e G e rm a n sph e r e would st a nd i n

th e wa y Fi n a lly a s th e d e lim it a tio n i n th e A nglo Fr e nc h
.
-

a gre e m e n t o f 1 8 9 0 m e r e ly c a rri e d th e Britis h bou n d a ry fro m

L a k e C h a d t o S a y o n th e middl e Nig e r a nd did n o t provid e a ,

w e st e r n bou n d a ry th e Fr e n c h ( th oug h u n o ffic i a l ly a ccordi ng us

,
-

i n 1 8 90 a str a ig h t li n e dr a w n fr om S a y du e so u th to th e
bou n d a ry b e tw e e n L a go s a n d D a h om e ) gr a du a lly push e d th e ir
a cquisi t io n s e a s t w a rd from S e n e ga mbi a u n til t h e y h a d s e cur e d

a l l th e righ t b a n k o f th e M iddl e a n d Low e r Nig e r a s fa r a s

B us a which i s a t th e e n d o f th e Nig e r ca t a ra ct s a nd a t th e
,

comm e n c e m e n t o f i ts n a viga bility s e a w a rds A B ritis h pro .

te c to ra te ov e r Bu s a h a d b e e n a n n ou n c e d to Fr a n c e i n 1 8 94 ,

so t h a t t hi s a c t o n th e p a r t o f th e Fr e n c h wa s a disti n ct
tr e sp a ss o n Bri t is h rig h ts a nd c a us e d co n sid e ra bl e e xcit e m e n t
a t th e tim e ; but a s m a y b e s e e n by th e r e c e ntly sig ne d
,

co n v e n t io n th e Fr e n c h fi na lly yi e ld e d t o B ritis h cl a ims

, .

T h e y h a d som e tim e b e for e t a citly disow n e d th e e n t e rp r is e o f

Li e ut e na n t M i z o n w h ic h h a d b e e n r e n d e r e d th e m or e hop e
,

l e ss firstly by th e a gr e e m e n t b e twe e n E n gl a n d a nd G e rm a ny
,

i n 1 8 9 3 ( w h ic h p rovid e d for a co n ti n uous A ngl o G e rm a n -

bou n d a ry fro m th e Rio de l R e y o n th e co a st to th e sout h e rn

sh or e s Of La k e C h a d ) a nd s e co n dly by th e subs e qu e n t Fra nco
,

G e rm a n a gr e e m e n t o f 1 8 94 by w h ic h a w e dg e o f G e rm a n
t e rr itory wa s i n t e rp os e d b e tw e e n th e Fr e nc h cl a im s i n Co ngo
l a n d a nd o n th e riv e r S h a ri a n d th e Britis h sp h e r e o n th e
,

B e n u e t h oug h n e v e rt h e l e ss th e G e rm a n s a dmitt e d th e Fre n c h

t o a p oi nt o n th e e xtr e m e upp e r w a t e rs o f th e B e n u e i n r e tur n
fo r G e rm a n a cc e ss to o n e o f th e Co n go tribu t a ri e s .

B e sid e s b e i ng h a mp e re d by th e co n flicti ng a mbitio n s o f ot h e r

Europ e a n p ow e rs th e Nig e r C omp a ny h a s h a d to co n duct a
,
 120 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n o f A fr i c a .
[C HA R

v e ry importa n t ca mp a ign a g a i n st th e A mir o f N u pe Lik e most .

gre a t M u h a mm a d a n e mpir e s S okoto co n sist e d o f a bu n dl e of

,

v a ss al st a t e s Owi n g a v a ryi ng d e gre e o f a ll e gi a n c e to th e dom i n

a n t p ow e r T h e fa ct i s t h a t B ri tis h Nig e ri a co n t a i ns four
.

import a n t sligh t ly civili z e d n e gro p e opl e s a n d a n i nd e fi n i te

, ,

n umb e r o f s a v a g e t ri b e s w h o a re p oli tic a lly o f n o a ccou n t

w h a t e v e r T h e s e four gr e a t p e opl e s a re th e S o ngh a i o n th e
.

North w e st th e H a us a occupyi ng a ll th e c e ntr e th e B or n u o r

-
, ,

K a nu r i o n th e No r th e a s t a nd th e N u p e o n th e S out h w e s t
-

,
-
.

O v e r thr e e o f t h e s e ( e xc e p t i ng th e K a n u ri ) th e Ful a c o n qu e s ts
o f a c e n t ury a g o h a d e st a blis h e d Ful a r u l e wi t h its h e a d
qu a r te rs i n th e H a us a S t a t e s But th e ki ngd o m o f Nup e
.
,

t h oug h r u l e d by a Ful a dy n a sty h e ld its a ll e gi a n c e to th e

,

court o f S okoto but c h e a ply a n d r e qu e s te d a t th e h a n ds o f th e

,

Nig e r Comp a ny a r e cog n itio n o f i ts com pl e t e i nd e p e nd e n c e ,

w h ic h for p olitic a l r e a so n s th e Com p a n y co u ld n o t giv e T h i s .

p ow e rful ki n gdom h ow e v e r stood i n th e wa y o f a ll a cc e ss t o

, ,

S okoto a n d i n i t s d e fi a n c e o f th e Nig e r C om p a n y r a id e d fo r
,

sl a v e s fa r dow n o n th e Low e r Nig e r U n l e ss a w a y wa s t o b e .

Op e ne d fo r succ e ssful for e ig n i n trigu e by a llowi ng N u p e t o a ss e rt

its i n d e p e n d e n c e o f S okoto a n d th e Roy a l N ig e r Comp a ny i t ,

w a s n e c e ss a ry to s u b d u e i ts pr e te n sio n s T h e re fo r e S i r G e org e
.

Goldi e wit h th e a i d of a w e ll chos e n st a ff o f British O ffic e rs o f

, ,

H a us a troop s a nd m a chi n e gu n s i nflict e d a crus h i ng d e fe a t o n

,

th e Ful a forc e s o f Nup e c a ptur e d th e ir c a pit a l a n d s u cc e ss

, ,

fully a ss e rt e d th e sov e r e ig n rig h ts o f th e Comp a ny a s co n fe rr e d

o n th e m b y th e S ult a n o f S okoto S ubs e qu e n tly oth e r tur h u
.

l e n t a nd sl a v e r a idi n g trib e s w e r e d e a lt wi t h a n d th e Comp a ny

-

i s gra du a lly r e n d e ri n g its e lf m a st e r o f a gr e a t e mpir e i n We s t

c e ntra l A fric a w h ich i t will i n tim e h a n d ov e r to dire ct
,

I mp e ri a l a dmi n i st ra t io n .

I n t e r e st i n t h e s e r e gio n s o f th e W e st e r n S u d a n wa s e vi n c e d
by th e Britis h Gov e r n m e n t e a rly i n th e p re s e n t c e n tury a nd i t ,

wa s a t th e e xp e n s e of o u r cou n t ry th a t n um e rous e xp e ditio n s

se t o u t from T ripoli a cross th e S a h a r a D e s e rt to discov e r L a k e
vi .
] Th e Br i ti s h i n A fr i c a . 12 1

C h a d a nd to r e v e a l th e e xist e n c e o f th e riv e r B e n u e A t o ne .

tim e B ritis h i n flu e n c e wa s so stro n g wit h th e s e mi i n d e p e n d e n t -

B a s h a o f T rip oli t h a t i t s e e m e d p ossibl e t h a t B ritis h p rot e ctio n

,

migh t b e a ccord e d to t h a t st a t e s e e i n g t h a t Fra n c e i n a

,

simil a r m a nn e r h a d ign or e d e qu a lly v a lid T urkis h cl a im s to

th e su z e r a i n ty o f A lgi e r s .B ut th e uprisi ng o f Mu h a m m a d A l i
i n Egypt a w a k e n e d th e T urks to th e n e c e ssity o f r e e n forci n g
t h e ir cl a im s to T rip oli a nd Britis h proj e cts i n th a t dir e ctio n
,

w e r e a b a n do ne d .

A s r e g a rds M o r o c co th e Portugu e s e fortr e ss o f T a n gi e r

,

h a d b e e n c e d e d to E n gl a n d i n 1 6 6 2 th e B r itis h h a vi n g d e sir e d
,

i t a s givi ng t h e m a port o f c a ll clos e to th e S tra its o f Gibr a lt a r .

I t wa s fou n d di fficult h ow e v e r t o m a i n t a i n i t a g a i n st th e c o n
ti nu a l a tt a ck s o f th e M oors a n d i t wa s t h e r e for e surr e nd e re d
,

to th e Em p e ro r o f M o rocco i n 1 6 8 4 ; t h ough i t i s pr e tty

ge ne ra lly u n d e rstood t h a t w e r e th e Em pir e o f M orocco t o
br e a k up o r com e u n d e r th e i n flu e n c e o f a Europ e a n p ow e r ,

Ta ngi e r would b e re occ u pi e d by E n gl a n d

-
D uri ng th e lo n g
.

p e riod i n w h ic h th e l a t e S i r J oh n D rumm o n d H a y r e pr e s e nt e d
E ngl a n d a t th e court o f M orocco Britis h i n flu e n c e no t o nly
s a v e d t h a t cou n try from co n qu e st by Fr a n c e a nd by S p a i n but ,

m a d e it a lmost a v a ss a l st a t e o f th e B ritis h Empir e a s wa s th e ,

ca s e wit h Z a nz ib a r u n d e r S i r J o h n Kirk a nd T u n is u n d e r S i r
,

Rich a rd Wood A B ritis h fa ctory wa s e st a blis h e d wit h out

.
,

muc h e n coura g e m e n t i t i s s a id fro m th e Briti s h Gov e r nm e n t

, , ,

a t C a p e J uby ,
opposit e th e C a n a ry I sl a nds o n a st re tc h o f ,

co a st t o th e south o f M orocco w h ic h wa s with out d e fi nit e

,

a tt a c h m e n t to a n y r e cog n i z e d st a t e I t s e e m e d a t o n e tim e a s
.

t h oug h th e e st a blis h m e n t o f t h is tra di n g comp a ny m ig h t l e a d

to som e a ss e rtio n o f Britis h p olitic a l righ ts but oth e r cou n s e ls
,

pr e v a il e d a n d a t th e i n stiga tio n o f th e B ritis h Gov e rn m e n t th e

,

S ult a n o f M orocco a cquir e d th e com p a n y s r igh ts a n d took ’

,

u n d e r h is fl ag th e co a st b e t we e n th e riv e r Dr a a a n d th e
bou n d a ry o f th e S p a n is h Ri o de O ro p rot e ctora t e w h ic h ,

b e gi n s a littl e dist a n c e to th e sout h o f C a p e J uby .

 C H A PT E R V I I .

T HE FREN C H IN WE S T AN D N O RT H A F RI C A .

I T h as b e e n a ss e rt e d wit h som e d e gr e e o f prob a bility t h a t

c e rt a i n s e a m e n a dv e n ture rs o f Di e pp e fou n d t h e i r wa y a lo ng
-

th e W e st co a st o f A fric a a s fa r a s th e Gold Co a st i n th e
1 4 t h c e n tury , a h u n d re d y e a rs b e for e th e Portugu e s e ; a n d
t h a t th e y e s t a blish e d th e ms e lv e s o n th e S e ne ga l riv e r buil t two ,

s e ttl e m e n ts ( Litt l e P a ris a n d Li t t l e Di e pp e ) o n th e Li b e ri a n

,
“
co a st a nd e st a bli sh e d tr a di n g st a tio n s a t L a Mi ne d O r
,
’ ”

( Elmi n a
)
, a t A ccr a a n d ,a t Korm a n ti n o n th e Gold
, Co a st .

T h e D i e pp o i s st a ti o n a t Elmi na wa s s a id to h a v e b e e n
fou n d e d i n 1 3 8 2 b ut forty y e a rs l a t e r owi ng to th e w a rs i n
, ,

Fra nc e h a vi ng dist ra ct e d N o rm a n comm e rc e from ov e r s e a -

e n t e rp r i s e ,
t h e s e s e t tl e m e n ts w e r e a b a n do ne d T h e r e m ay
.

h a v e b e e n som e tru t h i n t h e s e a ccou n t s o f Norm a n di scov e ri e s

o n th e W e st co a st o f A fric a A Norm a n a dv e n tu re r u n
doubt e dly discov e re d th e C a na ry I sl a n ds i n th e 1 4 th c e ntu ry ,

a n d it is p r ob a b l e t h a t th e Ri o d O u ro wa s k n own to I t a li a n
’

s e a m e n b e for e it wa s pl a c e d o n th e m a p b y th e Portugu e s e .

Wh e n t h re e c e n turi e s l a t e r th e Fr e n ch fou n d e d a s e t t l e m e n t
, ,

a t th e m outh Of th e S e n e g a l t h e y a r e s a id to h a v e discov e r e d
,

th e r e m a i n s o f a Norm a n fort ( built th e r e by t h e s e a dv e n tur e rs

from D i e pp e ) a n d to h a v e m a d e it th e n ucl e us o f th e m od e r n
t ow n o f S t L o u is .

A t a ny r a t e soo n a ft e r th e Portugu e s e h a d l a id b a r e th e
,

co a st o f Gui n e a s h ip s b e ga n to s a il from th e No rm a n por ts to

,

r e sum e or to com m e n c e th e W e st A frica n tra d e t h oug h no ,

 C HA R v ri .
] Th e Fr e n c h i n We s t a nd N o r th A fr i c a . 12 3

a tt e mpt wa s m a d e t o fou n d a n y p olitica l s e ttl e m e n ts ; for i n

th e m a tt e r of fou n di ng colo n i e s i n A fric a Fr a n c e wa s c o n ,

s ide ra b l y b e h i n d Portuga l H oll a n d a n d E n gl a n d

, , H ow e v e r .
,

a you n g F r e n c h m a n n a m e d C l a ud e J a nn e q u i n de Roc h e fort

w a s p a ci n g th e qu a ys a t Di e p p e i n 1 6 3 7 wit h v a gu e a spir a ti o n s
“
to b e a n oth e r Cort e s H a pp e n i n g t o a sk w h e re a c e rt a i n
.

s h ip wa s goi n g a nd b e i n g told i n r e ply t h a t sh e wa s bou n d fo r

,

“
S e n a g a riv e r i n A fric a n e a r C a p e de V e rd e h e i n st a n tly
”
th e , ,

r e solv e d to go a n d b e for e m a ny h ours w e r e ov e r wa s e n t e r e d

,

o n th e s h ip s book a s a soldi e r ; h e a fte rw a rds p e rform e d th e

’

duti e s o f cl e rk t o th e c a pt a i n I t would s e e m th a t t h is v e ss e l
.
,

w h ic h h a d n o t o n ly soldi e rs b u t m o nks o n bo a rd m ust h a v e ,

b e e n d e sp a tch e d by som e fa r s e e i n g a uth o ri t y si n c e b e for e th e

-

S i e ur de R oc h e fort j oi n e d i ts comp a n y it h a d b e e n d e t e rm i n e d
t o stop o n th e W e st A fric a n co a st n o rt h o f th e S e ne g a l ri ve r ,

cut dow n tr e e s build a sm a ll b o a t a n d u s e it to e xplor e

, ,

th e S e n e g a l .T h is pl a n h a d b e e n fo r mul a t e d i n co mp l e t e
ig n or a n c e of th e fa ct th a t th e co a st n or t h Of th e S e n e ga l a n d
sout h o f M o r occo co nt a i n s n o tim b e r for bo a t buildi ng Fi n d -
.

i ng t h i s to b e th e c a s e th e Di e pp e e xp e ditio n u n d e r th e
, ,

com m a n d o f C a p t a i n L am b e r t wi th th e S i e u r de Roch e fort

,

a m o ng its soldi e r s w e n t o n to th e S e n e g a l a n d put tog e t h e r a

,

sm a ll bo a t o u t Of timb e r t h e y h a d broug h t fr om Fra n c e I n to .

t h is sm a ll v e ss e l t h e y t ra n sfe rr e d a p ortio n o f t h e ir cr e w ,

i n cludi ng D e Roc h e fort a n d th e S e n e g a l riv e r wa s e xplor e d

,

fo r 1 1 0 m il e s fro m its m ou th A lth oug h th e D i e pp e a dv e n

.

tu re r s w e r e s a id t o h a v e built a fort o n th e sit e o f S t Louis i n

1 360 , a n d th e Po r tugu e s e h a d a fe w t r a di n g p osts o n i t s low e r

r e a ch e s i n th e 1 sth c e n tury th e r e w e r e n o Europ e a n s o n th e

,

riv e r wh e n i t w a s visit e d by D e Roc h e fo rt t h oug h th e Dutc h ,

h a d e st a blish e d st a tio n s o n th e co a st n o t fa r o ff A ft e r Obt a i n .

i n g co n c e ssio n s from th e n a tiv e s C a p t a i n L a m b e r t s e xp e ditio n

’

r e tur n e d t o Fr a n c e ( e xp e ri e nci n g m a ny d e l a ys a n d a dv e n tur e s

o n th e w a y) a n d six y e a rs a ft e r h e h a d s t a r t e d from Di e pp e D e
,

Roc h e fo r t publis h e d a n i n t e r e sti n g a cco u n t of t h e ir a dv e ntur e s .

12 4 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R

B ut thi s pio n e e r e xp e ditio n w a s n o t soo n follow e d up ,

owi n g to th e h ostility o f th e D u t c h Th e N orm a n Comp a n y .

so l d its righ ts t o th e Fr e n ch W e s t I n di a Comp a n y a n d th e ,

l a tt e r a g a i n tra n sfe rre d t h e m to a subsidi a ry a ssoci a tio n a ft e r

w a rds c a ll e d th e Roy a l S e n e ga l Comp a ny T h is l a st n a m e d
”
-
.

corpora tio n s e n t out a v e ry a bl e m a n to a tt e n d to its a ffai rs

A n dr é de E tti e — wh o m a d e h is h e a d q u a rt e rs a t Fo rt S t Louis -
,

w h ic h h a d b e e n fou n d e d by D e Roc h e fort s p a rty T his ’

.

r e m a rk a b l e p e rso n Brii e com bi n e d th e qu a liti e s o f a m a n o f

, ,

sci e nc e a nd a fa r sigh t e d tra d e r a n d h e m ay b e s a id to h a v e

-

r e a lly l a id th e fou n d a tio n s o f th e Fr e n c h e mp i re i n W e st

A fric a . Brii e m a d e two imp o r t a n t j our ne ys up th e S e n e g a l
a n d i n to th e i n t e r i o r H e re m a i n e d e ig h t e e n y e a rs o n th e co a st
.

o f S e n e g a l a n d visit e d th e G a m bi a i n 1 7 0 0
, fi n di n g E n glis h , ,

Po rtugu e s e a nd S p a n ish t h e r e th e first n a m e d t ra di n g a t th e

, ,

m outh o f th e riv e r a nd th e t wo l a st s e ttl e d som e di s t an c e up

,

i ts c o urs e a s flouris h i ng sl a v e tr a d e rs A ccordi ng to Brii e th e .

,

Portugu e s e sl a v e tr a di n g s e ttl e m e n t s e x h ibit e d som e d e gr e e o f

civili z a tio n b ut a lso o f rowdi n e ss a m o n g th e Europ e a n e l e
,

“
m e n t n o t u n lik e th e p r oc e e di n gs o f th e Mo h ocks i n th e
,
”

str e e t s o f Lo n do n I n h is wri t i ngs Brii e e xp re ss e s his a m a z e

.

m e n t a t th e e n o r m o u s n um b e r o f b e e s i nh a bi t i n g th e m a ng ro ve
sw a mp s a nd co a s t l a nds o f Gui ne a I n th e e a rly p a rt o f th e
.

1 8 th c e n t ury Brii e s e n t o u t a g e n ts to e xt e n d F r e n ch i n flu e n c e
“
up th e S e n e g a l a nd tow a rds th e Gold cou n try of B a mbuk ”
,

th e mou n t a i n ous r e gio n o n th e u pp e r S e n e g a l Er ii e fi na lly .

r e tu rn e d to F ra n c e i n 1 7 1 5 a n d live d q u i e tly for a lo ng t im e

a ft e rw a r ds o n th e l a r g e fo r tu n e h e h a d a ccum u l a t e d H is i s a .

na m e t o b e w e ll r e m e mb e re d i n th e a n n a ls o f th e Fr e n c h
Empir e H e wa s a fa r sight e d cultiv a t e d m a n w h o h a d a lso
.
-

, ,

th e gift o f choosi n g a n d e mployi n g good a ssoci a t e s A m o ng .

t h e s e m a y b e m e n tio n e d th e S i e ur C a m p a g n o n th e b e a n ,

id e a l o f a good t e mp e r e d good looki ng suppl e ki nd h e a rt e d

-

,
-

, ,
-

v a lorous Fr e n chm a n O n ly th e c h a rm o f C a m p a g n o n s wi n
.
’

n i n g w a ys e n a bl e d h i m to p e n e tra t e th e r e c e ss e s o f B a mbuk ,
v r1 .
] Th e Fr e nc h i n We s t a nd N o r th A fr i c a . 12 5

w h os e s e c re ts a s a g o ld b e a ri n g co u n try w e r e j e a lously gu a rd e d
-

by th e n a tiv e s O n e littl e i n cid e n t o f C a m p ag n o n s life o n th e

.
’

S e n e g a l d e p icts hi s dispositio n Wa lki ng rou n d th e outskirts

.

o f S t Louis h e c a m e a cross a n u n fortu n a t e lio n e ss t ha t h a d

b e lo n g e d t o a n i n h a bit a n t o f th e tow n b u t h a d b e e n t h row n
,

o u t o n th e rubbis h h e a p s t o di e T h e u n fortu n a t e b e a st h a d
.

b e e n su ffe ri n g from som e m a l a dy o f th e ja w w h ic h wou ld n o t

p e rm it m a stic a t io n a nd wa s th e re for e n e a rly d e a d fr om h u ng e r
, .

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h e r m o u th wa s full o f a n ts an d di r t H e t ook p ity o n th e
.

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fe d h e r wit h milk .T his s a v e d h e r life a n d th e gr a t e ful a n im a l

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follow h im a bout lik e a do g a n d t a k e food fr om n o o n e e ls e .

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.

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wit h som e p rosp e rity u n til 1 7 5 8 wh e n th e y w e r e c a p tur e d by
,

th e British ,
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a ga i n for a tim e by th e p e a c e o f 1 7 8 3 a ft e r this th e y w e r e i n

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,

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By th e p e a c e o f 1 7 8 3 th e
E n glis h h a d s e cur e d fr om th e Fr e n c h th e e xclusiv e righ t to
tra d e wit h th e A r a bs o r M oo r s o f Po rte n di k fo r gr a i n P or .

t e n dik wa s a p l a c e o n th e S e n e g a l co a st a bo u t 1 2 0 m il e s n ort h
of S t Louis A ll th e Fr e nc h p oss e ssio n s i n S e n e ga l w h ic h
.

w e re h e ld b y th e Britis h fro m tim e to tim e du ri ng th e

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,

w a s m or e cl e a rly d e fi n e d ( th e Fr e n c h o n ly r e t a i n i n g o n e post
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on t h a t riv e r giv e n up i n 1 8 5 7 i n r e tur n for th e Britis h tr a d e

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tury a n d a ft e r th e fi n a l r e cov e ry o f th e S e n e ga l riv e r i n 1 8 1 7
,

t h e s e r e s e a rch e s w e r e pu sh e d with som e d e gr e e o f a rdour I n .

1 8 1 8 Mo l l i e n discov e r e d th e sou r c e s o f th e G a m b i a a n d D e ,

B e a ufort e xplor e d th e cou n try o f K a a rta I n 1 8 2 7 R e n é .

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colo n y o f S i e rr a L e o n e ( for w h ic h h e wa s su b s e qu e ntly v e ry
u n gra t e ful ) a n d d e sc e n d e d th e Nig e r to T imb u ktu t h e n c e ,

m a ki n g h is wa y a cross th e d e s e rt to M orocco H is j our n e y .

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h ow e v e r did n o t do much t o lur e th e Fr e n c h N i g e rwa rds a t

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p u n is h e d s e v e r e ly th e M oo ri sh trib e s to th e n or t h of th e riv e r
S e ne ga l wh o h a d a g a i n a n d a ga i n r a id e d th e s e t t l e d cou n try
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a nn e x e d th e W u li cou n try a n d h a d built th e fort o f M e di n a t o

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h e r b e s a dva n c e Followi n g o n th e re puls e o f th e Ful a s c a m e

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th e a n n e x a tio n o f m a n y cou n tri e s a lo ng th e Upp e r S e n e g a l ,

a n d i n th e di r e ctio n o f th e G a mbi a A y e a r l a t e r th e cou n try

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b e tw e e n S t Louis a n d th e m ou t h of th e G a mbi a p a st C a p e ,

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th e Ga mbi a a n d Portugu e s e Gui ne a was t a k e n ; t h e n i n th e

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th e co a st b e tw e e n Portugu e s e Gui n e a a n d S i e rr a L e o n e
wa s a dd e d to th e Fr e n c h p oss e ssio n s u n d e r th e na m e o f
,

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R i v i é r e s du S u d .

Asusp e nsio n o f Fr e nc h a ctivity occurr e d a ft e r th e dis a s

trou s Fra n co G e rm a n war but i t wa s r e sum e d a g a i n i n 1 8 8 0
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th e n a vig a bl e S e n e g a l wit h th e Upp e r Nig e r w h ic h h e r e a c h e d ,

i n t h a t y e a r a t B a m a ku B ut h e a nd ot h e r Fr e n c h O fli c e rs h a d
.

t o co n t e n d wit h th e i mp osi n g fo rc e s O f ki n g A h m a du th e s o n ,

a n d succ e ssor Of El H a dj O m a r wh o rul e d ov e r th e cou n t ry

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,

b e tw e e n th e u pp e r S e ne ga l a n d th e Nig e r H ow e v e r A h m a du s .
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ca pit a l o f Kit a w a s t a k e n by Colo n e l D e sbord e s a n d a tr e a ty ,

wa s m a d e wi th A h m a du whic h pl a c e d h is t e rritory u n d e r
Fr e n c h p rot e ctio n By 1 8 8 3 th e p ost o f B a m a ku o n th e
.

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Fr e n c h th e n c a m e i nto co n flict wit h th e forc e s o f S a mori a ,

n e g r o ( p r ob a bly M a n di n go ) ki n g w h o h a d ri s e n from a v e ry

humbl e p ositio n to t h a t of co n qu e ror a n d rul e r o f th e cou ntri e s

a bout th e sourc e o f th e Nig e r B ot h Sa m ori a n d A h m a du
.

com m a n d e d h ord e s o f Mu h a mm a d a n n e gro e s w h os e co n qu e sts ,

w e r e Oft e n u n d e r t a k e n from p rop a ga n di st m otiv e s a nd wh o ,

w e re t o som e e xt e n t i n symp a t h y wit h th e Mu h a mm a d a n tri b e s

o f th e Low e r Nig e r Rough ly sp e a ki ng A h m a du m a y b e s a i d
.
,

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p ow e r w h ich a t th e b e gi nn i n g o f t h is c e n tu ry fou n d e d a n
e mpir e str e tc h i n g from th e S e n e ga l t o L a k e C h a d a n d th e

B e n u e — w h il e S a m o ri s forc e s w e r e m a i nly r e c ruit e d from

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a mo n g th e M a n di n go r a c e s M u h a m m a d a n n e gro e s w h o h a v e
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lo n g p l a y e d a v e ry i mp o rt a n t p a rt i n th e co mm e rc e a nd
d e v e lop m e n t of W e st A fric a I n 1 8 8 5 —6 a c a mp a ig n wa s
.

u n d e rt a k e n by Colo n e l Fr e y a ga i n st S a mori w h ich did som e ,

t h i n g t o c h e ck th e pow e r o f th a t r a idi ng c h i e f S ubs e q u e n tly .

th e F re n ch h a d to supp r e ss a formid a bl e i n su rr e ctio n a m o n g

th e M u h a mm a d a n pop u l a t io n s o f th e n e wly prot e ct e d cou n tri e s .
 12 8 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
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In 1 Colo ne l G a lli en i r e turne d a nd m a d e a fu rt h e r a nd

887 ,

m or e a mpl e tr e a ty with A h m a du H e co n st ruct e d a r a ilway .

rou n d th e c a t a ra cts o f th e S e n e ga l H e a lso co n clud e d .

a n oth e r tr e a ty wit h S a m ori by w h ich th e l a tt e r re c o g ni z e d a s

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u nd e r Fr e n ch rul e a sm a ll portio n of th e Upp e r Nig e r .

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T imbukt u o n a gu n bo a t C a ro n r e a ch e d th e port Of T imbuktu
.

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, h ostili t y o f th e n a tiv e s pr e v e n t e d h is visiti ng

th e ci ty a n d h e r e tur n e d with out e ffe cti n g m or e t h a n a n

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prot e cti o n T h is tr e a ty i n 1 8 8 7 wa s e x t e n d e d a n d r a tifi e d

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te c ti o n to Fut a j a lo n but h a d d e cli n e d th ough a t o n e tim e it
-

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would h a v e b e e n e a sy e n oug h t o h a v e co nn e ct e d th e colo n i e s

o f th e G a mbi a a n d S i e rr a L e o n e t h roug h this m ou n t a i n ous ,

r e gio n I n 1 8 8 8 C a pt a i n B i ng e r comm e n c e d a n e xplori ng

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j ourn e y for Fr a n c e w h ich h a d th e m ost r e m ark a bl e r e sults .

H e wa s th e first t o e n t e r th e u nk n ow n cou n try i nclud e d withi n

th e gr e a t n orth e rn b e n d of th e Nig e r H e s e cur e d by tr e a ty .

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b e tw e e n th e Nig e r a n d th e Ivory Co a st I n 1 8 90 —9 1 A hm a du .
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.

a g a i n st him w h ic h e n d e d i n a ddi n g to th e F r e n c h S e n e g a l e s e

domi n io n s K a a rta Bakh u nu a n d S e gu a n d thus fre e d from

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obstructio n th e ro a d to T imbuktu L a t e r o n Colo n e l A rc h i .

n a rd d e fe a t e d th e r a id e r ki n g S a m ori a n d occupi e d h is c a pit a l

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.

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Th e m o st i n t e re sti ng ra c e —a e n e gr o i d a t h e t ha n n e g ro i n
F u l a s— a r r r

p hysic a l typ e a nd s e e m to b e th e re su l t o f a c ro ss b e tw e e n th e B e b e s o f r r

th e S a h a ra an d th e n e gro e s o f th e S u da n ; t h e y dw e l t o rigi n a ll y i n th e
c o u n t i e s n o rt h o f th e S e n e ga l b u t c ro ssi ng t ha t r ive r t he y s e i e d o n
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p osts Gold C o a st colo ny A n a tt e mp t wa s m a d e i n

o f th e .

1 8 94 — 5 t o a t t a ck h i m i n h is n e w ki n gdom a n d C olo n e l ,

M o nt e il ( wh o h a d p re viously j o u r n e y e d from S e ne g a l to th e
Nig e r a n d from th e Nige r t o B o rn u a n d t h e n c e ov e r l a n d t o
, ,

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Co a s t C ol o n e l Mo n t e il wa s v e ry u n succ e ssful a n d wa s re
. ,

c a ll e d b y th e Fr e n c h Gov e r n m e n t Fi na lly i n th e a utum n of

.

1 8 9 8 Li e u t e n a n t Wo e l fe l a n d ot h e r Fr e n ch O ffic e r s a dv a n ci n g
,

from th e Ivo ry C o a st i n flict e d th e m ost crushi n g d e fe a ts o n

S a m o ri s forc e s a nd r e duc e d h is p ow e r to a n ullity
’
.

D u ri ng th e r e ig n o f Louis P h ilip p e a s om e w h a t fe e bl e
r e viv a l o f colo n i a l e n t e rp ris e h a d t a k e n p l a c e du ri n g whi c h ,

Fra n c e m a d e h a lf h e a rt e d a tte m p ts to e st a blis h h e rs e lf i n

-

N e w Z e a l a n d a n d s e cur e d N e w C a l e do n i a a nd T a h i t i i n th e
,

P a cific A t t h i s tim e a lso s h e t h oug h t o f e xt e ndi ng h e r

.

poss e ssio n s i n u n occupi e d districts a lo n g th e W e st C o a st o f

A fric a a n d h a d a cqui re d righ ts ov e r Gr a n d B a ss a m a n d A ssi n i
,

t o th e w e st o f th e Bri t is h Gold Co a st D uri ng th e 6 o s som e

.
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e fforts w e r e m a d e by th e S e co n d Empir e to s ta k e o u t cl a im s

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,

1 8 68 T h e s e cl a im s h ow e v e r h a d b e e n a llow e d to l a ps e to
.

som e d e g re e a n d th e p l a c e s a cquir e d would a t o n e tim e h a v e

,

b e e n willi ngly h a n d e d ov e r to E ngl a nd fo r a sm a ll comp e ns a

ti o n But i n th e scr a mbl e for A fric a th a t com m e n c e d i n 1 8 8 4
.

th e y sudd e n ly a cqui re d i mm e n s e v a lu e i n th e e y e s of th e
Fr e n c h a s footh olds u po n w h ic h t o comm e n c e a n e xp a n sio n
n orthw a rd s fr om th e Gul f of Gui n e a t o th e N i g e r e m pir e o f

w h ich Fr a nc e h a d b e g u n to dre a m I n 1 8 8 4 th e r e fo re Gra n d

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ti ny li t tl e v a ss a l ki n gdom o f D a h om e w e r e e ffe ctiv e ly occupi e d

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,

w a s t h a t th e Ivory Co a st b e tw e e n Gra n d B a ss a m a nd Li b e ri a
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9
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p a r t s o f A fr ic a h a d b e e n o f g re a t im p o r t a n c e t o Bri t ish t r a d e
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which w as c a rri e d o n chi e fly by Bristol s a ili ng ship s Mo re o v e r .

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,

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th e l e s s a l t h ough th e p e t ty chi e fs o f th e I vory C o a st h a d oft e n

,

O ffe re d t h e ir fr i e n dship a n d v a ss a l a g e t o G re a t Brit a i n n o ,

s t e p s w e r e t a k e n o n th e p a rt o f th e B ri tish G ov e r n m e n t a nd ,

t h e re fo r e n o p r ot e s t w a s o ffe r e d wh e n Fra n c e a n ne x e d th e
I v o ry C o a st a n d b e c a m e n e x t n e ig h bou r to Lib e ri a I n 1 8 94
a s o m e wh a t stri n g e n t tr e a t y w a s co n clud e d b e tw e e n Fr a n c e

a n d L i b e ri a ,
b y wh ich i n th e e v e n t of th e l a t t e r c o mi n g
,

u n d e r th e i n flu e n c e o r p ro t e c t i o n o f a ny ot h e r p ow e r F ra n c e ,

woul d h a v e th e re v e r sio n O f m u ch o f h e r hi n t e rl a n d T h e .

occup a t io n o f Por t o Novo soo n le d t o a q u a rr e l with D a h om e ,

a ki n gd o m o f si n g u l a r b loodthirs t i n e ss whic h h a d de fi e d b oth

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E ngl a n d a n d P o r t u g a l a t diffe r e n t t im e s a nd h a d l a ugh e d a t

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o u r fu t il e block a d e s of i t s co a s t A ft e r a p r e limi n a ry o ccup a

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t io n of th e D a h om e a n co a s t tow n s a n d th e im posi t io n of a
som e wh a t do u btful Fr e n ch s u z e ra i n ty th e ki ng Be h a nz i n , , ,

comp e ll e d th e F re n ch to m a k e t h e i r a cti o n m o re e ffe c t iv e A .

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w a s o v e rru n a n d co n q u e r e d a n d th e ki n g w a s c a p t u re d a n d
,

s e n t to th e W e s t I ndi e s .

I n th e m e a n t im e th e Fr e n ch fo r c e s m a rchi n g Ste p by
,

s t e p a lo n g th e upp e r Nig e r c a p t ur e d th e im p o rt a n t t ow n o f
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th e m o t h e r o f T im b uk t u Fro m J e nn e Colo n e l A rc h i na rd
.

di re c t e d a m a rch to b e m a d e t o T i m b u k tu — i t i s s a id wi t h ,

o u t o r co n t r a ry t o o r d e r s from th e Gov e r n or o f S e n e g a mbi a .

T w o squ a dr o n s m a rch e d ov e rl a n d a n d a riv e r flotill a o f g u n

,

b o a t s u nde r Com m a nd a n t Boit e ux s t e a m e d to th e p o r t o f

v ri .
] Th e Fr e nc h i n We s t a nd N o r th A fr i c a . 1 3 1

T imb u ktu , K a b a r a T h e fl otill a o f gu n b o a ts a nd ligh t e rs

.

a rriv e d a t K a b a r a i n a dv a n c e o f th e mili ta ry forc e s a nd c a u s e d ,

co n sid e r a b l e p e rturb a t io n i n T imbuktu T h e civili z e d i n.

h a b i ta n ts o f th e t ow n w e r e willi n g to surr e nd e r it to th e
Fr e n ch o n ly fe a ri n g t h e ir h a t e d m a st e rs — th e T a wa re q Th e
,
.

T a wa re q h ow e v e r h e a ri n g o f th e comi ng o f th e l a n d e xp e di
, ,

tio n l e ft th e t ow n to m e e t it a n d th e Nige r b e i ng r e m a rk a bly

, ,

h ig h Li e ut e na n t Boit e u x wa s a c t u a lly a bl e to t a k e t wo light e rs

,

a rm e d wi th m a c h i n e gu n s up th e b a ck w a t e r wh ich i n s e a so n s ,

o f flood r e a c h e s th e wa lls o f T imbuk tu A fte r a li t t l e d e lib e r a

.

tio n th e tow n surr e n d e re d to th e Fr e n c h S h ortly a ft e rw a rds .

th e T a wa re q r e tur n e d a n d a tt a ck e d th e n a v a l st a tio n fo rm e d
a t K a b a ra o n th e Nig e r killi n g a m ids h ip m a n Li e u t e n a n t
,
.

Boi t e ux h e a ri ng t h a t fi ri n g wa s goi ng o n rod e o u t o f T imbuktu

, ,

wi t h o n e oth e r Europ e a n a ccomp a n i e d by his littl e g a rri so n o n

,

fo o t a rriv e d a t K a b a ra a nd ro u t e d th e T a wa r e q T h is w a s a
, .

t r u ly g a ll a n t a cti o n wort h y to b e r e c o rd e d A ft e r st a n di ng a
,
.

short si e g e i n T i mb u k t u a n d m a ki n g a succ e ssful sorti e th e

, ,

li tt l e n a v a l e xp e ditio n wa s r e li e v e d from th e a n xi e ty o f i t s
posi t io n by th e a rriv a l o f th e first colum n u n d e r C o lo ne l
Bo nn i e r o n th e 1 4 th o f J a n u a ry 1 8 9 4 T im buktu wa s t h u s
“

,
.

c a p tu r e d by th e F re n c h wi t h n i n e t e e n m e n s e v e n o f wh om w e r e ,

Fr e n ch a n d th e r e m a i nd e r S e n e g a l e s e n e gro e s But a slig h t

, .

r e v e rs e wa s to foll o w O v e r r a sh C olo ne l Bo n ni e r st a r te d wit h

.
-
,

a sm a ll fo r c e to r e co n n oitr e th e cou n try rou n d T imbuktu a n d ,

rid th e n e ig h bourh o od o f th e T a wa re q T o o co nfid e n t th e y .

,

m a rc h e d i n to a t ra p T h e ir c a m p w a s s u rpris e d by th e
.

T a wa re q a t e a rly d a w n a n d a lmost a ll th e Fr e n ch t roops w e r e

,

m a ss a cr e d o n ly t h re e Fr e nch offic e rs a nd a h a n dful of m e n

,

e sc a pi n g t o t e l l th e t a l e T we n ty fiv e d a ys a fte rw a rds a s e co n d
.
,

colum n u n d e r C olo n e l J o u ffre a rriv e d o n th e sc e n e a nd col ,

l e c te d th e r e m a i n s o f th e u n fo r tu na t e Fr e n c h m e n for i n t e r m e n t
a t T im b u ktu I t th e n s e t o u t t o follow up th e T a wa re q w h om
.
,

th e F r e n c h surpris e d i n tur n a t n igh t i n t h e ir e n c a mpm e n t a n d ,

o f wh om C olo n e l J o u ffre b e li e v e d h is soldi e r s to h a v e sl a i n

9
— 2
1 32 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R

m any . From th a t tim e th e Fr e n c h h a v e h a d n o s e rious

fig h ti ng ne a r T imbuk t u F re n c h m e rch a n ts are e st a bli sh e d
.

t h e r e a lr e a dy a nd Fr e n c h m issi o na ri e s — th e W h it e F a th e rs
from A lg e ri a A cu rious e pisod e i n th e F re n ch co n qu e st w a s
.

a n a pp e a l wh e n h e a ri n g o f th e Fr e n c h a ppro a ch by th e
, ,

n ot a bl e s o f T imbuktu t o th e Emp e ror of Morocco to i n t e rv e n e .

A ft e r a y e a r s d e l a y th e M o r occ a n S ult a n r e pli e d th a t upo n

’

r e c e ivi ng pro o fs o f th e v a ss a l a g e of T i mbuktu h e would m a rc h

upo n th e Fr e nc h a nd d r iv e t h e m a w a y .

S ubs e qu e n tly th e Fr e n c h p a t r oll e d th e Nig e r fa r to th e

sout h Of T i mbuktu a n d fou n d it much m o r e n a vig a b l e th a n
,

t h e y b e li e v e d T h e y e st a b lish e d a po st a t Sa y a n d Li e u t e na n t
.
,

H o u rs t e xp lor e d t h a t sm a ll p o rtio n o f th e r iv e r b e tw e e n Sa y
a n d Gom b a w h ic h till t h e n r e m a i n e d m a rk e d by dott e d li n e s o n

th e m a p N um e rous e xp e ditio n s c a m e a cross th e b e n d Of th e

.

Nig e r from its u pp e r w a t e rs t o its m i ddl e cours e i n c e ss a ntly ,

m a ki n g tr e a ti e s a nd e xt e n di n g th e rul e of Fra n c e A g a i n .
,

follo wi n g o n th e co n qu e st of D a h om e th e F r e n ch m a rch e d ,

n o rthw a rd s a cross th e 9 th p a r a ll e l w h ic h h a d h ith e rto m a rk e d

,

th e limi t a ti o n b e tw e e n th e F re n c h a n d Bri t is h p oss e ssio n s a n d ,

occupi e d th e cou n try o f Nikki wh ic h h a d pr e viously b e e n

,

a cquir e d for th e Roy a l Nig e r Comp a ny by M a j o r n o w C olo n e l , ,

L u g ard C B ,
A bold e r st e p still w a s t a k e n by th e occup a t io n
. .

o f B us a ( a l re a dy d e cl a r e d t o b e a B ritis h prot e c t or a t e ) a t a ,

tim e wh e n S i r G e o rg e Goldi e a n d his fo rc e s w e r e wi nn i n g

victori e s ov e r th e forc e s o f N u p e i n th e vici n i t y T his st e p .

h ow e v e r r ous e d such a stro n g e xpr e ssio n o f p opul a r fe e li ng i n

E ngl a n d t h a t a co n fe r e n c e wa s form e d i n P a ri s t o n e goti a t e a
s e ttl e m e n t b e tw e e n E n gl a n d a n d Fr a n c e a nd e v e n t u a lly Fra n c e
,

g a v e wa y o n th e p oi n t of Bus a t h ough s h e k e p t Nikki a n d

, ,

wa s a bl e t o e xt e n d h e r co n t rol o f th e w e s t b a n k o f th e Nig e r
t o 1 10 a co n sid e r a b l e dist a n c e b e low S a y Sh e t h us u n it e d
,
.

h e r D a hom e a n co n qu e st t o th e r e st Of h e r Nig e r e mpir e .

A lth oug h th e Fr e n ch e m p ir e i n A fric a b e g a n wi th a

s e ttl e m e nt o n th e S e n e ga l w h ich a t th e e n d of two c e n turi e s
,
vn .
] Th e Fr e n c h i n We s t a nd N o r th A fr i c a 1 33

a nd a h a lf h a d l e d h e r to th e c e n tr a l Nig e r it wa s followe d ,

c h ro n ologica lly a n d a t n o gr e a t dist a n c e o f tim e by a n a m b itio n

t o s e c u r e M a d a ga sc a r a s a Fr e n c h colo n y T h e r e l a tio n s .

o f Fr a n c e a n d M a d a g a sc a r h ow e v e r w ill b e d e scrib e d i n
C h a pt e r XV .

D uri n g th e th r e e c e n tu ri e s fol l owi n g th e T urkis h co n qu e st

o f A l g i e rs T u n is a n d T ripoli
, ,
Fra n c e lik e m ost ot h e r C h ri s
, ,

t i a n na tio n s i n th e M e dit e rra n e a n su ffe r e d gr e a tly a t th e h a nd s

,

o f M oorish co r s a irs — su f fe r e d s o muc h t h a t n o t b e i n g a bl e to ,

de fe n d h e r o w n co a sts su ffici e n tly i t prob a bly n e v e r e n t e r e d

,

i n to h e r h e a d to co n qu e r a n d poss e ss th e cors a irs cou n t ry ; ’

t h ough s h e t ri e d i n riv a lry wit h th e G e n o e s e t o obt a i n a

, ,

t r a di n g a nd fi shi ng st a tio n O ff th e e a st A lge ri a n co a st a t ,

L a C a ll e S o fa r a s p olitic a l a spir a tio n s w e n t h e r e y e s w e r e

.
,

tur ne d fitfu lly tow a rds Egypt A t th e e n d o f th e 1 7 t h c e n tury

.

Louis X I V w a s a dvis e d b v L e ib n itz to m a k e a d e sc e n t o n

Egypt a n d to h old it a s a st a tio n o n th e way t o I ndi a
, .

T h e id e a wa s n o t a dop t e d but l ay d orm a n t i n th e Fr e n c h

,

a rchiv e s a n d w a s p r ob a bly discov e r e d t h e r e by th e mi n ist e rs

,

o f th e D ir e ctory a fte r th e Fr e n ch R e voluti o n Ei th e r i t .

wa s com mu n ic a t e d to N a pol e o n B o n a p a r t e wit h th e id e a

o f s e n di n g h im Off o n a fo ol s e rr a n d n otio n h a d
’
o r th e ,

occurr e d to him i n d e p e n d e n tly a s a m e a n s O f striki n g a bl ow

a t th e E nglis h A t a n y r a t e wit h a sudd e nne ss t h a t st a rtl e d
.
,

i n cr e dulous Europ e th e C orsic a n G e n e r a l fre s h fr om th e

, ,

t riump h s of h is first It a li a n c a mp a ig n e lud e d th e Britis h fl e e t

, ,

a n d l a n d e d i n A l e x a n dri a i n 1 7 9 8 wi th a fo r c e o f men .

H e m e t a n d d e fe a t e d th e M a mluk B e ys w h o rul e d Egypt ,

u nd e r T urkish su z e ra i n ty a nd e v e n tu a lly c h a s e d t h e m i n to
,

Upp e r Egyp t H e th e n e st a blis h e d h i ms e lf a t C a iro a nd

.
,

sough t to w i n ov e r th e M u h a m m a d a n p opul a tio n by profe ssi n g

m or e o r l e ss M uh a mm a d a n vi e ws o f r e ligio n But N e lso n .

de stroy e d h is fl e e t a t A boukir Ba y A T u rkis h a rmy l a n d e d

.

i n Egypt but wa s cut to p i e c e s a n d d riv e n i n t o th e s e a by th e

,

i nfuri a t e d N a pol e o n wh o t h e n e n d e a vour e d t o co n qu e r S yri a

, ,
1 34 Th e C o l o n i z a ti on f
o A f i ca [C HA R
r
.

with th e s tu p e ndo u s id e a t h a t h e mig h t c a rry his a rm s to

.

C o n st a n ti n opl e a n d p ossibly p r ocl a im a r e viv a l i n hi s o wn

,

p e rs o n Of th e E a st e rn E mp ir e H e wa s foil e d a ga i n by th e
.

Bri t i sh wh o a ssist e d th e T urks t o hold A c re N a pol e on

, .
,

t h ough vic t orio u s e ls e w h e re i n S yri a e v e n tua lly dr e w b a ck

,

sh a t t e re d b y th e u n succ e ssful si e g e of th is fortr e ss H e t h e n .

a b a n do n e d hi s e a st e r n co n qu e sts wit h disgust a n d s a il e d for

,

Fra n c e H i s a bl e li e ut e na n t Kl e b e r was a ss a ssi na t e d A

.
, , .

British a n d T u rkish a rmy s e ttl e d th e fa t e of th e r e m a i n i n g

Fr e n ch fo rc e s i n Egyp t who a ft e r a c a pit u l a tio n w e r e s e n t
,

b a ck to F ra nc e Bu t t his d a ri n g i n r o a d o n th e E a st by
.

N a p ol e onh a d fa r r e a c h i ng e ffe cts I t b rough t Egypt viol e n tly

-
.

i nt o co n t a ct wit h E urop e a n civili z a t i o n a n d pr e p a r e d th e wa y

,

fo r its d e t a ch m e n t from th e T u r kish Emp ir e Mor e o v e r it

.
,

c a us e d Fra n c e to t a k e h e n c e fort h a n a cut e i n t e r e st i n th e v a ll e y

o f th e Nil e a n i n t e r e st wh ich o n s e v e ra l occ a si o n s h a s b r ough t
,

h e r d a n g e rously n e a r r u ptur e wit h a Pow e r e v e n m or e e a r n e stly

co n c e r n e d with th e Egyp ti a n Qu e stio n .

I n 1 8 2 7 th e D e y of A lgi e rs a cou n try wh ich r e m a i n e d

,

u nde r n o mi na l T urkish s u z e ra i n ty — i n sol e n t b e yo n d m e a su re

i n h is tr e a tm e n t of Europ e a n s b e c a us e hith e r t o a l l Europ e a n
,

st a t e s h a d fa il e d to su b du e h is pr e t e n si o n s — sig na lis e d som e

di ffe re n c e o f o pi n io n wi t h th e F re n ch Co n sul by st riki n g h i m
i n th e fa c e wi t h a fl y whisk -
Fra n c e b r ood e d ov e r th e i n s u l t
.

for t hr e e y e a rs w h e n th e t o tt e ri ng gov e rn m e n t o f C h a rl e s X
,

soug h t to pr o p up th e B o u r b o n dy n a s t y b y a succ e ssful mili t a ry

e xp e ditio n a n d i n J u n e 1 8 3 0 l a n d e d
,
i n fa n try a nd a ,

forc e of c a v a l ry a nd a r t ill e ry a t S idi F e rru j n e a r A lgi e r s , .

C o n sid e ri n g th e ir r e n ow n as fi e rc e figh t e rs th e A l g e ri ari s do

,

n o t s e e m to h a v e m a d e a v e ry s turdy r e sis t a n c e ; th ough p e r

h a ps i n th e l a ps e o f tim e si n c e th e ir l a st w a r wit h a Europ e a n

p ow e r th e s u p e ri ori t y o f Eu rop e a n a rm s b e ga n to b e fe lt A t .

a n y ra t e ,
t hr e e w e e ks a ft e r th e Fr e n c h l a n d e d th e y h a d t a k e n
th e t ow n o f A lgi e r s a n d th e D e y h a d surr e n d e r e d A we e k .

a ft e r w a rds th e D e y wa s b a n is h e d to N a pl e s G r e a t Brit a i n
.
 in
’
v r1 .
] Th e Fre n c h W e s t a na N o r th A fi i c af
. 1 35

t h e n a sk e d for i nform a tio n a s to Fr e n c h proj e cts a nd wa s ,

a ssur e d th a t withi n a v e ry sh ort tim e th e Fr e n c h forc e s would

b e withdr a w n wh e n r e p a r a tio n h a d b e e n m a d e But th e s e .

a ss ur a n c e s w e r e a s w e ll m e a n t a n d a s v a lu e l e ss a s Russi a n

a ssur a n c e s i n C e n t r a l A si a a n d o u r o w n r e p e a te d a n d u n
,

solicit e d a ssura nc e s t h a t we h op e d to b e a bl e to l e a v e Egyp t

shortly T h e gov e r n m e n t of C h a r l e s X fe ll a nd th e ne w
.
,

O rl e a nist gov e r nm e n t could h a rdly d ra w do wn o n its e lf th e

o dium o f a wi th dr a w a l B ut a n u n wis e p olicy ne v e rth e l e ss wa s
.

pursu e d tow a rds th e A r a b s a policy d ic ta t e d by ig n or a n c e

’

.
,

T h e i n h a bit a n t s of A lg e ri a h a d n o t t a k e n a v e ry stro n g p a rt
i n th e d e fe n c e of th e D e y wh o i n t h e i r e y e s wa s a T urk a n d a
,

for e ig n e r ; bu t w h e n t h e y b e ga n to r e a li z e th a t t h e ir cou nt ry
wa s a bo u t t o b e t a k e n po ss e ssio n o f b y C h r is t i a n s a n d ,

C hristi a n s wh o a t th a t tim e did n ot h i n g t o soot h e t h e ir

r e ligiou s susc e p t ibili t i e s th e y fou n d a l e a d e r i n a pri n c e ly
,

m a n A b d al Ka d e r
,
From 1 8 3 5 t o 1 8 3 7 th e Fr e nc h susta i n e d
.

d e fe a t a ft e r d e fe a t a t his h a n ds I n 1 8 3 7 h ow e v e r a truc e w a s
.

m a d e by w h ic h A b d a l K a d e r wa s r e cog n i z e d b y th e Fr e n c h
,

a s S ult a n ov e r a l a rg e p a rt of w e st e rn a n d c e n tra l A lg e ri a .

T wo y e a rs a fte r wa r brok e out a g a i n b e t w e e n th e Fr e nch a nd

A b d a l Ka d e r A n a r my u n d e r M a rs h a l B ug e a u d a tt a ck e d
.

A b d a l K a d e r wit h u n w a v e r i n g e n e r gy— p e r h a p s wit h som e

cru e l t y I n 1 8 4 1 th e na tio na l h e ro h a d lost n e a rly e v e ry
.

poi n t o f h is ki n gdom a n d fl e d i nto M orocco from w h i c h

, ,

cou n t ry h e a ft e rw a rds r e tur n e d wi th a l a rg e a rmy o n ly t o b e ,

a g a i n a n d a g a i n d e fe a t e d t h oug h h e occ a si o na lly i n flict e d

,

gr e a t loss e s o n th e F re n c h F i n a lly t o s a v e h is o wn sp e ci a l
.
,

dist rict from rui n h e c a m e t o t e rm s wi t h th e Fr e n ch Gov e r n or

,

G e n e ra l w h o g a v e h i m p e r m i ssio n t o r e tir e to A l e x a n dri a or

,

N a pl e s B ut th e Fr e n c h Gov e r n m e n t r e pudi a t e d th e t e rm s
.

g ra n t e d to A b d a l K a d e r a n d k e p t h im a clos e p riso n e r for

,

som e y e a rs i n a Fr e n c h fo rt re ss W h e n Lo u i s N a pol e o n .

b e c a m e Emp e r or h e r e l e a s e d him a n d a llow e d h im to liv e a t

D a m a scus wh e r e h e di e d i n 1 8 8 3
, .
1 36 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R
A t th e tim e wh e n th e Fr e n ch i n v a d e d A lg e ri a th a t cou n t ry
w as by n o m e a n s u n d e r a h om og e n e ous gov e rn m e n t T h e re .

w e r e th e D e y o f A lgi e rs th e D e y of O ra n a n d o n th e e a st th e
, ,

Be y o f Co n st a n t i n e ( wh o rul e d ov e r m u c h of e a st e r n A lg e ri a ) ;
whilst th e B e r b e r t rib e s i n th e m ou n t a i n s a n d o n th e v e rge o f
th e d e s e rt w e r e p r a c t ic a lly i n d e p e n d e n t Co n s t a n t i n e wa s a n.

e x t r e m e ly stro n g pl a c e a n d i n t h e ir first w a r s wi th i t s Be
, y th e
Fr e n ch fa il e d to t a k e i t I t wa s n o t fi n a l ly c a p t ur e d till 1 8 4 7
. .

By th is tim e Fra n c e h a d w a rr e d a g a i n s t M o rocco h a d sil e n c e d ,

“
a n y a tt e m pt o n th e p a r t of th e Em p e ro r o f th e W e st to ”

'

i n t e rfe r e i n th e a fl a i rs O f A lge ri a a n d h a d ov e rru n a n d t o som e

,

de gr e e co n qu e re d a ll A lg e ri a n o r t h o f th e A t l a s M o u n t a i n s .

T h e r e for e i n 1 8 4 8 th e Gov e rn m e n t fe lt ju stifi e d i n d e cl a ri ng

, ,

th e n e w A fr ic a n a cqui sitio n to b e F re n ch t e r ritory divid e d ,

i n to t h r e e d e p a rtm e n ts to b e rul e d a s p a rt of Fr a n c e a n d to
, ,

p oss e ss th e righ t o f r e p r e s e n t a tio n i n th e Fr e n ch p a rli a m e n t .

U n d e r th e S e co n d Empi re t his co n sti t utio na l gov e rn m e n t ,

w h ich w a s a n d is n o doubt quit e u n sui t e d t o w h a t wa s fitly

, , ,

t e rm e d by N a pol e o n I I I a n A ra b ki n gdom w a s s e t a sid e

‘
,
’

i n fa vou r of milit a ry go v e r n m e n t B u t this w a s n o t org a n i z e d

.

o n sui t a b l e li n e s , a n d p r ov e d a fa ilu r e I n 1 8 5 8 a n a tt e mpt.

w a s m a d e t o imit a t e th e ch a n g e t h e n t a ki n g pl a c e i n th e
gov e r nm e n t o f Bri ti sh I n di a A n A lg e ri a n m i n ist ry w a s fo rm e d
.

i n P a r is wit h Pri n c e N a p ol e o n a s Mi n ist e r ; b u t t h is fo r m of

a dmi n i str a t io n a lso w a s a fa ilu re a n d w a s a boli s h e d by th e
,

Emp e ror wh e n h e r e tu rn e d from hi s vi sit to A lg e ri a i n 1 8 6 3 .

T h e cou n try w as t h e n gov e rn e d by a mili t a ry gov e rn or ,

g e n e ra lly with a b solut e p ow e rs a n d a tt e mp ts w e r e m a d e to

,

co n cili a t e th e K a b a i l o r H ill B e rb e rs wh om utt e r mi sm a n a ge ,

m e n t h a d d riv e n i n t o r e vol t T h e cou n t ry n e v e rth e l e ss c o n

.

t i n n e d to b e a fli i c te d wit h u nre s t a n d i n 1 8 7 0 a s th e Emp ir e

, ,

w a s dyi n g a commi ssio n s a t t o i n qui r e i n to th e st a t e o f th e

,

colo ny a n d to s u gge st r e m e di e s whic h migh t b e a p pli e d to i t s

,

mi sgov e r nm e n t By a vot e o f th e Ch a mb e r milit a ry gov e rn

.

m e n t wa s a g a i n abolish e d i n fa v ou r of ci v il rul e bu t owi n g t o ,

v ri .
] Th e Fre nc h i n We s t a nd N o r th A fr i c a . 1 37

an i n su rre ctio n i n E a st e r n A lg e ri a w h ic h follow e d o n th e

F ra n co G e r m a n Wa r th e re comm e n d a tio n s o f t h is com missio n
-
,

w e r e n o t fully c a rri e d o u t till 1 8 7 9 w h e n th e first c i v i l g o v e rn o r

, _

was a ppoi n t e d O n e Of th e first a ct s o f th e n e w F re n c h R e

.

public a t th e e nd o f 1 8 7 0 w a s to b e s tow th e fr a n ch i s e o n th e
J e ws o f A lge ri a a n i ll a dvis e d a ctio n whic h by discrimi na ti ng
,
-

b e tw e e n th e J e ws a n d A ra bs h a s si n c e c a us e d a gr e a t d e a l Of
t roubl e .

From 1 8 4 8 t o 1 8 8 0 n um e rous a t t e mpts w e r e m a d e t o

i n duce Fr e nch p e op l e t o s e t t l e i n A lg e ri a no r w e r e th e ,

colo nists o f ot h e r n a t io n s discoura g e d A t o n e t im e you ng .

soldi e rs would b e s e l e ct e d fro m th e a rmy would b e m a rri e d ,

t o p oor gi rls dow e r e d by th e S t a t e a nd s e n t Off t o s e ttl e i n

,

A lg e ri a w h e r e th e y w e r e giv e n gra n ts o f l a n d ; but Ofte n a s

,

soo n a s th e dowry w a s sp e n t th e n e wly w e dd e d wife wa s -

d e s e rt e d by h e r h usb a nd w h o m a d e th e b e s t o f h is w a y b a ck
,

to Fr a nc e I n 1 8 7 1 ne a rly
. n a tiv e s o f A ls a c e a n d

Lorr a i n e w e r e g ra n t e d l a n d i n A lg e ri a a n d s u bs e qu e n t ly som e
,

oth e r Fre n c h colo n i sts w e r e s e ttl e d i n th e cou n t ry a t a

cost of fra n cs Me a n tim e th e p e a c e a n d s e cu rity
.
,

o f tr a d e i n t r oduc e d by th e Fr e n c h h a d a ttr a ct e d l a rg e n u mb e rs

o f I t a li a n s a n d M a lt e s e to th e e a st e rn p a rt o f A lg e ri a a n d s t ill ,

l a rg e r n umb e rs o f S p a n i a rds to th e w e s t e r n d e p a rtm e n t o f

O ra n — s o m uc h so th a t e v e n a t th e p re s e n t day S p a nis h is th e
,

comm o n l a n gu a g e o f O r a n a n d I t a li a n is m or e Oft e n h e a rd a t
,

B o n e Co n s t a n ti n e a n d e v e n i nl a n d a s fa r a s T e b e ss a th a n
, ,

F re n ch S e v e r a l t h ous a n ds o f M a lt e s e a lso s e ttl e d i n e a st e rn

.

A lg e ri a a n d b e c a m e n a tura li z e d a s F re n c h su bj e cts
, I t is .

prob a bly th a t i n t h is way A lg e ri a will h e e v e n tu a lly colo n i z e d

by Europ e n o t by th e n a t io n s o f th e n orth but by thos e
, ,

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,

th e B e rb e r ra c e s o f No r t h A fric a T h e Fr e n ch e l e m e n t th a t
.

p rosp e r s m ost i s t h a t dra w n from th e so u t h of Fra n c e T h e re .

h a s b e e n a c e r t a i n i n t e rmixtur e b e tw e e n th e Fr e n c h a n d th e
n a tive r a c e s a n d b e t we e n t h e s e
, a g a i n a n d ot h e r Eu r op e a n
1 38 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
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s e ttl e rs I t i s my opi n io n b a s e d o n a r e c e n t visit to A l g e ri a

.
, ,

t h a t a r e m a rk a bl e d e gr e e o f fusio n b e tw e e n t h e s e e l e m e n ts is
b e i n g b roug h t a bout T h e A r a bs a n d B e rb e rs i n th e s e ttl e d
.

p a rts of th e c o u n t ry a re a ppr o xim a ti n g m or e a nd m o re i n th e ir

cos t u m e a nd t h e ir m od e o f life to th e Eu r op e a n s w h il e th e ,

l a tt e r curiously e n ough a re b e comi n g to som e e xt e nt A ra bis e d

, , .

T h e r e i s sc a rc e ly a n A lg e r i a n i n a n y tow n wh o c a nn ot t a lk
Fr e nch a n d th e r e i s sc a rc e ly a Fr e n ch s e ttl e r i n A lg e ri a w h o
,

c a nn ot t a lk A ra bic w h il e a m o n g th e low e r cl a ss e s a h or ribl e

,

j a rgo n is spri ngi n g up i n w h ich b ot h l a ng u a g e s a re re pre

,

s e n t e d m ix e d with I t a li a n a n d S p a nis h words

, .

I n 1 8 6 3 th e Em p e ror N a p ol e o n b r ough t a bout th e p a ssi n g

of a l a w whic h e xc h a ng e d fo r trib a l h oldi ng Of l a n d th e r e cog
n i ti o n o f th e A r a bs a s i n dividu a l p rop ri e to r s of th e soil Thi s .

l a w h as to som e e xt e n t b rok e n up th e A r a b trib a l syst e m h a s ,

co rre ct e d th e i r n om a d t e nd e n ci e s a n d h a s do ne muc h to s e ttl e

,

th e m o n th e soi l wi th loy a l t y to th e e xisti ng gov e rn m e n t O f .

cou rs e outsid e th e r e l a tiv e ly w e ll w a t e r e d fe rtil e dis t ricts th e

,
-

n a t u re o f th e c ou n t ry i n duc e s a w a n d e ri n g life a m o n gst th e

sp a rs e p opul a t io n a n d h e re a w a rlik e spi ri t still sh ows its e l f

,

from tim e to ti me i n re v o lts o f e v e r dim i n ishi ng e x t e nt .

Duri ng th e 8 0 s th e F r e n c h w e r e oblig e d t o bri ng l a rg e forc e s

’ ’

i n to th e fi e ld to supp re ss a s e rious i n s u rr e c t io n u n d e r B u
A m a m a a l e a d e r wh o r e p re s e n t e d th e m or e o r l e ss A r a b trib e s
,

i n h a bi t i ng th e st e pp e cou n t ry fa r t o th e sout h of O r a n o n th e ,

bo rd e rs of Mo rocco T h e ir tur b ul e n c e wa s o n ly fi na lly subdu e d

.

by th e bui ldi ng of a r a ilw a y i n th e h e a r t o f t h e ir cou n try

O f la t e th e J e wis h qu e stio n h a s giv e n tr o u b l e T h e J e ws .
,

e qu a lly wit h th e C h ris t i a n s i n A lg e r i a a re e l e c t ors wh il e th i s

, ,

privil e g e i s gra n t e d t o o nly a fe w A ra b p rop ri e t ors A s i n .

T u n is th e J e ws a re t e rr ibly giv e n to u sury a nd t h e y are h a t e d

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i n A lg e ri a wi t h a n i n t e n si t y w h ich is but lit tl e u n d e rs t ood i n

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,

o t h e r subj e c t s of th e Crow n i n th e i r d e m e a n our o r pra ctic e s .

Bu t th e fa ct i s th a t p a rli a m e n t a ry gov e r n m e n t so fa r a s A lge ri a ,

v11 .
] Th e Fr e n c h i n We s t a nd N o r th A fr i c a . 1 39

i s co n c e r ne d is a cru e l fa rc e
,
T h a t cou n try sh ould b e
.

gov e r ne d e x a ctly o n th e li n e s Of Bri t ish I ndi a a nd it woul d ,

th e n a t t a i n a v e ry high d e gr e e of p r osp e ri t y a n d c e a s e t o b e ,

a ch a rg e o n th e F r e n ch e xc h e qu e r .

T h e p a t e n t e x a m pl e Of th e succ e ss o f t h is syst e m i s to b e
s e e n i n th e a dj oi n i ng cou n try o f T u n is w h ic h u n d e r th e fic t io n ,

Of a n A r a b S ov e r e ig n ty is gov e r n e d d e spotica lly a bly wi s e ly , , ,

a n d w e ll by a si n gl e Fr e n c h m a n T u n is w h ich lik e A lg e ri a
.
, ,

a n d T ripoli h a d si n c e th e clos e of th e 1 6 th c e n t u ry b e e n mor e

,

o r l e ss a T urkish d e p e n d e ncy — th a t i s to s a y a cou n try ,

gov e r ne d a t first by T urkis h o ffi c e rs wh o fi n a lly b e c a m e ,

qu a si i n d e p e n d e n t rul e rs wit h a r e cog n i z e d h e r e di t a ry d e sc e n t

-

soo n b e g a n to fe e l th e re sults O f th e co n qu e st of A lg e ri a i n
a n i n cr e a s e o f i n t e r e s t fe lt by th e Fr e n c h r e g a rdi n g its co n di

t io n A t fi rst th e r e l a tio n s b e tw e e n Fra n c e a n d T u n i s w e re

.

fl a tt e ri n g to th e l a tt e r cou n try T h e r e l a tiv e ly e nligh t e n e d

.

ch a r a c t e r o f th e H u s s e i ni te B e ys w a s r e cog n i z e d a nd w h e n ,

Fra n c e w a s i n di fficul t i e s wit h A b d a l K a d e r a n d th e Be y o f

C o n st a n ti n e p rop os a l s w e r e e v e n m a d e t o T u n is to sup p ly
fr om its ruli ng fa mily two o r thr e e p ri n c e s w h o s h ould b e m a d e
B e ys o f Co n s t a n ti n e a nd O ra n u n d e r Fr e n c h pr o t e ctio n ; but
th e id e a wa s n o t c a rri e d o u t I n 1 8 6 3 th e Be y o f T u n is w e n t
.

i n s t a t e t o visi t th e Emp e r or N a pol e o n a t A lgi e rs N e v e rth e .

l e ss du ri ng th e 5 o s a n d 6 o s Gr e a t B rit a i n firmly m a i n
,
’ ’ ’ ’

ta i n e d th e i n d e p e n d e n c e o f T u n is a t w h os e court s h e wa s ,

r e p re s e n t e d fo r m a ny y e a rs b y a s a g e diplom a tist S i r Rich a rd ,

W o od T h e dis e n ch a n tm e n t w h ic h A lg e ri a c a us e d i n th e
.

e a r ly 6 o s dimi n ish e d th e i n t e r e s t wh ic h F ra n c e fe l t i n
’ ’

T u nis a n d du ri n g th i s tim e u n d e r th e fost e r i n g c a r e o f S i r

, ,

Rich a rd Wood Bri t i sh e n t e rpris e h a d a cquir e d so l a rg e a h old

,

ov e r th e R e g e n cy t h a t a t th e b e gi nn i ng of th e 7 o s it
,
’ ’

w ould h a v e b e e n r e a so n a bl e to h a v e e xt e nd e d B riti s h p ro te c
t i o n to th e Be y B u t a n oth e r fa ctor h a d com e i nto pl a y th e
.

n e wly form e d Pow e r o f U n i t e d I t a ly

-
T h e fi n a n c e s O f T u n is .

h a d from th e tim e o f th e Crim e a n Wa r o n w a rds got i n to a .

14 0 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
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di s a rra y r e s e m b li ng i n a mi n or d e g re e th e co n ditio n o f Egyp t

u n d e r I sm a il N o t o n ly wa s th e Be y e x t r a va g a nt ; b u t s till
.

wors e h is m i n ist e rs mos tly o f s e rvil e o rigi n ro b b e d th e

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cou n try sh a m e l e ssly a n d lo a n s w e r e obt a i n e d ov e r a nd ov e r

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a ga i n m e r e ly to sw e ll t h e ir ill gott e n g a i n s A t l a st th e Pow e rs

-
.

h a d to i n t e rv e n e a n d i n 1 8 6 9 th e fi n a nc e s Of T u n is w e r e brough t
,

u n d e r th e co n t rol o f a t rip a r t it e commissio n wit h re pr e s e n ta

ti v e s o f E n gl a n d F ra n c e a nd I t a ly D u ri ng th e e a rly 7 o s ’ ’
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h o we v e r B ritis h comm e rci a l i n t e re s t w a n e d a n d th e e n t e rpris e

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O f Fr a n c e i n cr e a s e d wit h th e r e sul t th a t Fr a n c e ob t a i n e d p e r
,

missio n t o e r e c t t e l e gra p h s a nd t ook ov e r a n imp ort a n t ra ilw a y

,

co n c e ssio n wh ic h h a d b e e n a cc e pt e d a nd t h e n a b a n do n e d by a
Bri t ish firm I t wa s b e comi ng Obvious t h a t th e n a tiv e g o v e r n
.

m e n t of T u n is could n o t c o n ti n u e m uc h lo ng e r with ou t a
d e fi n i t e Europ e a n p ro t e c t or Wh a t e v e r righ t E n gl a n d m ay
.

h a v e h a d to a ssum e suc h a p ositio n s h e qui e tly su rr e n d e r e d ,

i t t o Fr a n c e t hrough h e r Offici a l r e pr e s e n t a t iv e s a t th e C o n
gr e ss o f B e rli n Th e o n ly o t h e r riv a l th e n wa s I ta ly a nd
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,

I t a ly t h oug h s h e would h a v e d e a rly lik e d t o r e sum e co n t r ol

,

i n th e n a m e o f Rom e ov e r th e R om a n provi n c e Of A fric a ,

s hr a n k fr om th e d a ng e r of t hu s d e fyi ng Fra n c e A sm a ll .

B ri t ish r a ilw a y w h ic h h a d b e e n m a d e from th e t ow n o f T u n i s

t o th e port o f Gol e tt a wa s sold to a n I t a li a n comp a ny i n 1 8 8 1 1
.

A t th e s a m e t im e a Britis h subj e ct r e a lly a c t i ng a s a r e pre

, ,

s e n ta ti v e o f th e T u n isi a n Gov e r n m e n t a tt e m p t e d o n a poi n t o f ,

l a w t o p r e v e n t a v e ry l a rg e e s t a t e i n th e i n t e r ior of T u nis fr om
fa lli ng i n to Fr e n ch h a n ds T h e F r e n ch Gov e r n m e n t de .

te r m i n e d t o d e l a y a c t io n n o lo ng e r T a ki n g a dva n t a g e of th e
.

v e ry i n suffici e n t pl e a t h a t a T u n isi a n t r i b e h a d committ e d

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sm a ll robb e ri e s a c ross th e A lg e ri a n fro n t i e r a s t ro ng forc e ,

i n v a d e d T u nis a n d wru ng from th e Be y i n h is suburb a n

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p a l a c e th e tr e a ty of K a sr e s Sa id b y wh ic h h e p l a c e d his
- -

1
This n o w fo rg o tt e n b o ne o f c o nt e n ti o n h a s i n th e a u t m n o f 8 98 , u 1 ,

b e e n s o l d by th e I t a l i a n C o mp a n y to th e F re nc h R a i l w a y C o mp a n y o f
BO n e G u e l m a e t Tu n i s i e
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t e rritori e s u n d e r Fr e n c h p rot e cti o n W h e n th e n e ws spre a d.

i n to ou t lyi n g districts t h e re w e re uprisi n gs a ga i n st th e Fr e n c h

o r a g a i n st th e B e y s gov e r n m e n t w h ic h h a d pl a c e d th e cou n t ry
’

u n d e r F re nc h co ntrol Th e Fr e n c h troop s h a d pr a ctic a lly to

.

co n qu e r muc h o f th e S ou t h o f T u n is but i n a y e a r s tim e ,

’

tra n quillity h a d b e e n r e stor e d I n 1 8 8 3 th e tr e a ty o f K a s r e s

.
-

S a id w as r e pl a c e d by a n ot h e r a gr e e m e n t w h ic h broug h t th e
T u n isi a n Gov e rn m e n t u n d e r compl e t e Fr e n c h co ntrol In .

t h is y e a r th e o t h e r Pow e rs su rr e nd e r e d th e ir co n sul a r ju ri s di c
tio n a n d r e cog n i z e d t h a t o f th e Fr e n c h courts By 1 8 9 7 a ll
,
.

form e r com m e rci a l tr e a t i e s wi th th e Be y w e r e a b a ndo ne d i n

fa vour o f fre s h co n v e n tio n s m a d e wit h Fra n c e F r om th e .

com m e n c e m e n t o f 1 8 9 8 T u n i s h a s b e com e e mp h a tic a lly a n

,

i n t e gra l p o rtio n Of th e Fr e n ch Empir e .

T h roug h a ccid e n t o r d e sig n —l e t us h op e th e l a tt e r — a

succ e ssio n o f a b l e m e n wa s a ppoi n t e d t o dir e ct th e a ffa irs of
Fr a n c e i n T u n i s S e v e r a l o f th e s e h a d a r e l a tiv e ly lo ng t e n ur e
.

o f p ow e r a n d w e r e t h e r e for e a bl e to c a rry out a co n ti n u ous

,

policy A bl e st a m o ngst t h e s e Fr e nch r e sid e n ts h a v e b e e n

.

M C a mbo n a n d M Mill e t T u n is h i th e rt o h a s b e e n th e
.
,
. .

o n e e x a mpl e o f a lm ost u n qu a lifi e d succ e ss i n Fr e nc h col o n i a l

a dmi n istr a tio n O f l a t e h o we v e r th e prot e ctio n ist p olicy

.
, ,

w h ic h fi n d s fa vour wit h th e Fr e n c h Gov e r n m e n t h a s t o som e

e xt e n t striv e n t o s e cur e th e comm e rc e o f th e R e g e n cy for

Fr a n c e a p olicy w h ic h m a y t e n d to qu a lify th e p ra is e w h ich

,

ot h e rwis e would b e b e stow e d o n th e r e m a rk a bl e d e v e lopm e n t

o f th e cou n try u n d e r Fr e n c h dir e cti o n .

T h e e xt e n sio n o f S e n e g a l u n d e r G e ne r a l F a i dh e rb e a n d ,

th e occup a tio n by th e Fr e n c h o f o a s e s i n th e S a h a r a suc h a s ,

W a rgl a a n d Gol e a e a rly sugge s t e d a n ov e rl a n d co nne ctio n

,

b e tw e e n th e two F re n c h p o ss e s si o n s a nd th e Ch e mi n de fe r ,

T r a n s S a h a ri e n w a s h i n t e d a t h a lf i n j ok e duri n g th e
”
-

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o o s a n d b e c a m e a subj e ct o f s e riou s co n sid e r a tio n i n th e
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7o s B ut i n 1 8 8 1 th e m a ss a cr e o f th e Fl a tt e rs e xp e ditio n
.

i n th e S a h a r a D e s e rt a n d th e obviou s h ostility o f th e T a wa re q
,
14 2 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
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to a ny fur t h e r a d v a n c e o f th e F re n c h a c ross th e d e s e r t t e mpo

ra ri l y disco u r a g e d th e id e a ; t hough th e m a i n discou ra g e m e n t

no do u bt a ros e fr om th e t hough t of th e e n ormous cost o f

such a ra ilw a y a n d th e u n fr ui t ful ch a ra ct e r o f th e cou n t ry i t
,

“
woul d t r a v e rs e S t ill Fra n c e wh e n th e w ord h i n t e rl a n d
.
,
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w a s cr e e pi n g i n to p oli t ic a l t e rmi n ology b e g a n to fe e l a n xious,

t h a t n o o t h e r E u ro p e a n Pow e r sh oul d i n t e rv e n e b e t w e e n h e r
No r th A fric a n p oss e ssi o n s a n d h e r e mpi re o n th e Nig e r a nd ,

i n 1 8 9 0 s h e s e cu re d from th e Bri t ish Gov e r n m e n t a r e cog n itio n

o f t h is imp o r t a n t p oi n t th e Bri t is h re c o g n i t io n c a rryi n g th e
,

Fr e n ch sph e r e o f i n fl u e n c e to th e n o r th w e st e r n co a st o f -

L a k e Ch a d a s w e ll a s t o th e Nig e r B ut th e a m b itio n o f . _

Fr a n c e h a d a lr e a dy l e a pt b e y o nd Nig e ri a t o C o ng o l a n d a n d a ,

s t ill wi de r proj e c t fa sci na t e d h e r i m a gi n a ti o n o f a co n ti nu ous

Fr e n ch e m pir e from th e M e di t e rr a n e a n to th e Upp e r C o n go
a n d th e s o u t h A tl a n t ic . O n wh a t m a y b e c a ll e d th e Co n go
C o a s t o r Low e r Gui n e a Fr a n c e h a d s e cu re d a foo ti ng a s
,
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,

e a rly a s 1 8 3 9 , a t th e t im e wh e n th e gov e r n m e n t o f Louis

Ph ilipp e wa s m a ki ng h a l f h e a r t e d e ffo rts to fou n d Fr e n ch
-

s e t t l e m e n t s o n th e W e st Co a s t Of A fric a A t t his d a t e Ki n g .

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D e n is o f th e G a bo o n w h o h a d sh ow n fa vour t o Rom a n
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,

C a t h o lic m issio n a ri e s a n d t o F re n ch t ra d e rs wa s i nd u c e d to ,

t ra n sfe r h i s ki n gdom to Fr a n c e Effe c t iv e p o ss e ssio n wa s n o t

.

h ow e v e r t a k e n t ill 1 8 4 4 a n d Li b re vill e th e p re s e n t c a pit a l

, , ,

w a s n o t fo u n d e d t ill 1 8 4 8 wh e n a c a rgo o f sl a v e s wa s l a n d e d
,

t h e re fr om a c a ptu re d sl a vi n g v e ss e l a n d s e t fr e e t o comm e n c e
th e p opul a t io n o f th e n e w t ow n A t t e n t i o n wa s dra w n t o t his
.

F re n ch s e t t l e m e n t b y th e r e m a rk a b l e j ou rne ys o f P a ul du
C h a i ll u a n d his m a ki n g d e fi n i t e ly k n ow n th e e xis te n c e o f th e
,

l a rg e st k n ow n a n t h rop oid a p e th e gorill a T h e e xist e n c e o f

,
.

t h is a p e h a d b e e n t o som e e x t e n t e s t a b lish e d b y th e A m e ri ca n
n a tur a lis t D r S a v a g e
, ,a n d fr o m skulls s e n t hom e by A m e ric a n

miss i o na ri e s s e ttl e d o n th e G a boo n ; but th e go rill a wa s

sc a rc e ly m a d e k n ow n i n a l l its ch a ra c t e ris t ics a nd c e r t a i n ly ,

w a s n o t k n ow n t o th e g e ne ra l public u n ti l Du C h a i l l u c a m e,
v11 .
] Th e Fr e n c h i n We s t a n d tVo r th A fr i c a . 14 3

t o E n gl a n d wit h h is sp e cim e n s ’
I n th e e a rly 6 o s Fr e n ch
.
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e xplor e rs e st a blis h e d th e e xis t e n c e o f h a lf th e cou r s e of th e

im po r t a n t riv e r O gow e a n d i n th e 7 o s t h e s e e xplo ra tio ns ’ ’

’

w e r e e x t e n d e d by o t h e r tr a v e ll e r s w h o c a rri e d th e k n owl e dg e
,

o f th e O gow e to th e lim i t s o f its w a t e rsh e d a n d p a ss e d ,

b e yo n d— u nk n o wi ngly —t o a ffl u e n ts o f th e Co ngo A m o n g .

t h e s e e xplor e rs w a s th e c e l e bra t e d S a v o rg na n de B ra z z a .

Poli t i ca l i n t e re st i n th e G a boo n l a n gui sh e d so m uch

o n th e p a rt o f Fr a n c e t h a t th e c o u n try w a s o n c e o r twic e

O ffe r e d t o E n gl a n d i n e xch a ng e for th e G a mbi a H ow e v e r i n .

1 880 th e a w a k e n i n g d e sir e t o fou n d a g re a t col o n i a l e mp ir e

,

urg e d Fra n c e to e x t e n d h e r G a b oo n poss e ssio n s up th e co a st ,

tow a rds th e C a m e r oo n s a n d south wa rd i n th e dir e ctio n of th e

,

m o u th o f th a t gr e a t r iv e r th e Co n go th e cours e o f w h ich
, ,

Mr S t a n l e y h a d j us t succ e e d e d i n tra ci n g Ev e n b e for e .

S t a n l e y s r e turn th e Ki n g of th e B e lgi a n s h a d sum mo n e d a

’

n umb e r o f g e o g ra p h e r s to Bru ss e ls t o discu ss th e possibility o f

civili z i n g A fric a b y a n I n t e r n a t i o n a l A fri ca n a ssoci a tio n T his .

co n fe r e n c e b ro u gh t a b ou t th e cr e a t io n of na tio n a l commi tt e e s ,

which w e r e to u n d e rt a k e o n b e h a lf o f e a c h p a r t ici p a ti ng n a tio n

a s e c tio n of A fr ic a n e xplor a tio n T h e F r e n c h comm itt e e s e n t
.

D e Br a z z a to e xpl or e th e h i n t e rl a n d O f th e G a boo n Whil e .

S ta n l e y w a s comm e n ci n g h is s e co n d Co ngo e xp e ditio n fo r th e

Ki ng o f th e B e lgi a n s a n d slowly worki ng hi s w a y up th e low e r
riv e r D e Bra z z a h a d m a d e a r a pid j our n e y ov e rl a n d to S t a n l e y
,

P ool a n d th e up p e r Co n go m a ki n g t r e a ti e s for Fr a n c e a n d
,

pl a n ti n g th e Fr e n c h fl a g wh e r e v e r h e w e n t S oo n a ft e r wa rds .

a n E n glis h m issio n a ry Mr Gre n fe ll discov e r e d th e c ours e o f

, ,

th e gr e a t Ub a ngi a n d Fr e n ch e xplo re rs promp tly di re ct ed t h e ir

,
.

s t e ps th i th e r For som e y e a rs th e r e w a s k e e n a n d e v en bi t t e r
.

riv a lry b e t w e e n M r S ta n l e y s e xp e di t io n w h ic h gra du a lly

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,

b e c a m e a B e lgi a n e n t e rpris e a nd th e F re n ch e xplor e rs u n d e r

,

D e Br a z z a ; a n d wh e n a t th e C o n fere n c e o f B e r li n i n 1 8 8 4 —
, 5 ,

i t wa s sought to cr e a t e th e C o n go Fr e e S t a t e u nd e r th e
1
N o w i n th e B itish Mu s e u m
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14 4 The C o lo n i z a ti o n o f A fr i c a .
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sov e r e ig n ty of th e Ki n g o f th e B e lgi a n s th e a dh e sio n o f Fr an c e

,

t o t h is s ch e m e could o n ly b e ob t a i n e d by h a n di ng ov e r to h e r
’

m uch o f th e w e st e rn a n d n ort h e rn w a t e r sh e d o f th e C o n go ,

b e sid e s givi n g h e r a pro mis e t h a t if th e C o ngo S t a t e w e re e v e r

t o b e tra n sfe rre d from th e B e lgi a n sov e r e ig n t o a n o th e r P ow e r ,

F ra n c e sh ould h a v e th e right of pr e e mptio n B e for e th e .

Fr e n ch h a d b e e n m a ny y e a rs o n th e U b a n gi R iv e r wh ich i s ,

o n e o f th e r a r e m e a n s o f comm u n ic a t io n b e tw e e n th e sou t h e r n

h a lf o f A fric a which i s B a n t u a nd th e n o rth e rn h a lf w h i c h i s

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popul a t e d by n o n B a n t u N e g ro e s N e g ro i ds H a mi t e s a nd
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S e m i t e s t h e y h a d v e ry n a tu ra lly co n ce iv e d th e id e a of p u shi n g
,

n or t hw a r ds t o th e S h a r i riv e r a n d L a k e C h a d I n 1 8 90 P a u l
.

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b ou n d a ry t o l e a v e th e for e s t r e gio n s o f th e C o n go a n d e n t e r
, ,

th e m o re op e n p a r k l a n ds of th e c e n tr a l S u d a n But h e wa s .

a t t a ck e d a n d k ill e d by susp icious M uh a mm a d a n r a i de rs o n th e

r iv e r S h a ri A n o t h e r Fr e n c h m a n o f P olis h d e sc e n t M
.
, , .

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a n d fu r t h e r e xp lo ri n g th e S h a r i A n oth e r missio n u n d e r Li e u
.

t e na n t M a istr e succ e e d e d D yb o ws ki a n d wa s i n turn succ e e d e d

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b y a missio n l e d by th e e xplo re r G e n til whic h is s a id to h a v e,

succ e e d e d i n pl a ci n g a sm a ll a rm e d s t e a m e r o n th e r iv e r
S h a ri a n d t h e n c e to h a v e r e a c h e d th e w a t e r s o f L a k e Ch a d
,
.

By a n a g re e m e n t wi t h G e rm a n y Fra n c e h a s s e cur e d,

G e rm a n r e cog n i t i o n o f h e r sp h e r e o f i n fl u e n c e ov e r th e riv e r
S h a ri o v e r th e B a girmi c o u n t ry a n d th e sout h e r n s h or e s o f
, ,

L a k e C h a d ; w hil e by a tr e a t y m a d e wi t h th e Ki ng of th e
B e lgi a n s i n 1 8 9 4 th e B e lgi a n bou n d a ry li ne is dra w n a t th e
Ub a ngi th e M bomu a n d th e Nil e w a t e rsh e d L a stly b y
, .

th e A n glo Fr e n c h co n v e n tio n o f J u n e 1 8 9 8 Gr e a t B ri t a i n h a s
-
,

r e cog ni z e d th e Fr e n c h sph e r e o n th e sout h e rn a nd e a st e r n

s h or e s o f L a k e C h a d T h u s Fr a n c e will h a v e a co nti nuous
.

e mpir e str e tc h i n g from A lgi e r s to th e Co n go Co a st a stra n g e ,

d e v e lop m e n t o f th e l a ndi n g o f t roop s a t th e Bay o f

S idi F e rru j n e a r A lgi e r s i n th e summ e r o f 1 8 3 0
, , .
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h fl cfim s m
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re a o F r e nc h P o ss e s s z o ns i n 1 88 0
Co lo nies , P r o te c to r a te s , a n d
S th c r e s of i nfl u e nc e in 1 808
v11 .
] Th e Fr e nc h i n We s t a nd N o r th A fr i c a . 1 4 5

Ev e n t his e xt e n sio n is n o t s u ffici e n t for Fr e n ch a mbi t io n ,

a nd t h e r e h a s b e e n t a lk i n Fr a n c e of e x t e n di n g h e r C e n tr a l

A fri c a n poss e ssi o n s e a stw a r d a c r oss th e N il e v a ll e y t o A byssi n i a

a n d th e Gulf o f A d e n . F re n c h ne wsp a p e rs a lt e r n a t e ly tr e a t
th e co u n t ry of A by ssi n i a a s a futur e Fr e n c h prot e ctora t e a n d a
gr e a t i n d e p e n d e n t A fric a n e m p ir e u n d e r a m ost e n ligh t e n e d
sov e re ig n wh o i s t o dir e ct h is p ow e rs a nd c o n qu e sts t o th e
,

d e t r im e n t of E n gl a n d a n d I t a ly F re n c h d e sig n s o n S h o a to
.
,

th e so u t h o f A byssi n i a a re n o t o f v e ry r e c e n t d a t e I n 1 85 7
,
.

Fr a n c e h a d i n t e n d e d to s e i z e th e i sl a n d O f P e ri m a t th e m out h ,

o f th e R e d S e a but wa s for e st a ll e d b y th e B ritis h

, S h e t h e re .

fo re tur n e d h e r a t t e n tio n to th e c o a st o pp osit e A d e n a n d th e r e ,

purc h a s e d from a n a t iv e ch i e f th e Ba y o f O bok T h is pl a c e .

w a s n o t e ffe c t i v e ly o ccupi e d t ill 1 8 8 3 a fte r th e b re a k u p o f th e

,
-

Egypti a n S ud a n e mpi re Fr a n c e t h e n r a p idly pus h e d h e r

.

p oss e ssio n s sou t hw a rd to curt a il a s much a s po ssibl e simil a r

British Op e ra t io n s i n S om a lil a n d S h e thus s e cu re d th e i m
.

p o r t a nt b a y of T aju rra Fr e n c h t e rrito ry n o w st re tch e s i n l a n d

.

t o th e vici n i t y of H a r ra r O n th e n or t h s h e i s bou n d e d
.
,

som e wh a t v a gu e ly by th e I t a li a n colo ny o f Eri t r e a but i n th e

, ,

i n t e rior h e r b ou nd a ry wi th A b yssi n i a r e m a i n s u nd e fi n e d .

Wi th th e e xc e p t io n o f T u n is t h e r e i s n o t a si n gl e Fr e n c h
,

poss e ssio n i n A fr ica w hich i s s e l f supporti n g or ot h e r th a n a

-

dra i n o n th e Fr e n c h e xc h e qu e r T h e r e a s o n s o f t h i s l a ck o f
.

loc a l r e v e n u e a re th e s t ro n g p ro te c t io n i s t p olicy pursu e d ( w h ic h

fe tt e rs tr a d e a n d d riv e s a w a y com m e rci a l e n t e rpris e ) a n d th e
u nn e c e ss a ry m u ltip lic a tio n o f Offici a ls .
 C H A PT E R V I I I .

C HR I STI A N MI SS I O N S .

IF I w e r e w ri t i ng t hi s li t tl e wo rk fo r dr a m a t ic e ffe ct a n d
l e ss wi t h a vi e w t o h i s t o ric a l s e qu e n c e I sh o u ld h a v e b e e n
,

di spos e d t o put t h is ch a p t e r n e x t t o th e o n e d e a li n g with th e

sl a v e t r a d e a s a n e ffe ctiv e p e n d a n t ; fo r if Europ e h a s de a lt
,

wick e dly i n e n sl a vi n g A fric a s h e h a s s e n t th i t h e r a hig h m i n d e d

,
-

a rmy o f m e n a cti n g n e a r ly a lw a ys from n obl e a n d u n s e lfish

,

m otiv e s t o ra i s e th e A fric a n fr om his br u t ish ig n ora n c e t o a

,

glimp s e of b e t t e r t hi n gs A n d a s E n gl a n d w a s th e g re a t e st
.

si n n e r a mo ngst a l l whit e p e opl e s i n th e th o rough n e ss wit h

w h ich s h e p ros e cu t e d th e sl a v e t ra d e s h e d e s e r v e s c re di t o n
,

th e o t h e r h a n d for a d e gr e e o f missio na ry e ffo r t fa r su rp a ssi n g

t h a t a t t ribu t a b l e to a n y o t h e r n a t i o n.

T h e Po rt u gu e s e w e r e th e firs t a m o n g us to s e n d missio n
a ri e s t o A fr ic a a n d t h e ir z e a l w a s gr e a t a n d wi t h o n e o r t wo
, , ,

e xc e p t i o n s
,
wh olly pr a is e worthy . P o r t u gu e s e p ri e s t s a n d
J e sui t s a ccomp a n i e d m o st of th e e a r ly e xp e ditio ns t o A fric a ;
i n fa c t h a rdly a n y e xplor e r o r co n qui s t a dor s a il e d wi t h o u t
ch a pl a i n s i n hi s comp a n y w h o r a is e d th e cross a n d p re a ch e d
,

C h risti a n ity a s soo n a s t h e y s e t fo o t o n shor e I n my ch a p te r .

o n th e Por t ug u e s e i n A fric a I h a v e touc h e d u po n th e i n t ro

ductio n o f C h risti a n i ty i n t o C o n g o l a n di n 1 4 9 1 U n fo rtu n a t e ly

.
,

a n y r a c e o f pur e ly N e g r o b lood a cc e p ts a n d los e s C h ris t i a n ity

wi t h g re a t fa cili t y Th e N e g ro ( u nl e ss h e b e Mu h a m m a da n i z e d)
.
C HA R v111 .
] C h r i s ti a n Mi s s i o ns . 14 7

is ea sily co nv e rt e d a n d a s e a sily r e l a ps e s i n to gross s up e r

,

s ti ti o n o r a n e g a t io n o f a l l r e ligio n i n cludi ng his form e r simpl e

,

but sou n d id e a s o f rig h t a nd wro ng T h a t Ch ris t i a n ity m a y

.

b e com e p e rm a n e n tly root e d i n a N e gro r a c e it i s n e c e ss a ry

t h a t i t b e m a i nt a i ne d by a h ig h e r pow e r for a lo n g p e riod a s
th e r e ligio n o f th e S t a t e T h e N e gro ki ngdom s w h ic h h a v e
.

r e t a i ne d t h e ir i n d e p e nd e n c e h a v e u su a lly lost th e ir C hristi a n ity

i n a r e cog ni z a bl e form I t i s n o t so with Mu h a mm a d a n ism
.
,

th e e xpl a na ti o n b e i ng th a t M u h a mm a d a nism a s t a ug h t t o th e

N e g ro d e m a nd s n o s a crific e o f h i s b odily lusts wh e re a s ,

C h risti a nity wit h its r e strictio n s e n ds by bori n g h im u nl e ss ,

a n d u n til his g e n e r a l m e n t a l co n di t io n by i n dividu a l g e n ius o r

g e n e ra tio n s o f t ra n sm itt e d cul tur e r e a c h e s th e a v e ra g e l e v e l o f

,

th e Europ e a n A s i n st a n c e s o f th e form e r o n e m ig h t m e n t i o n
.
,

som e te n o r a do z e n i ndividu a l s livi ng a t th e pr e s e n t t im e ,

wh o a re pri e sts a n d d e a co n s o f C h ris t i a n ity i n A fri c a w h il e ,

for e x a mp l e s of p e rm a ne n tly root e d C h ris ti a n ity a s th e r e s u l t

o f i n h e rit a n c e i t i s o n ly n e c e ss a ry to poi n t to th e t h ous a n ds

o f r e a lly good N e g r o m e n a n d wom e n to b e fou n d i n th e

U n i t e d S t a t e s a n d th e B ri tish W e st I n di e s P ortug a l h o w .
,

e ve r,
n e v e r a t t e mpt e d to r ul e th e Ki n gdom Of th e C o ngo
till a fe w y e a rs a g o ; so a ft e r a c e n tury s work th e Ba ko ngo ’
-

fe ll a w a y from C h ri s t i a n i t y a n d i n a n ot h e r h u n dr e d y e a rs
,

h a d a bsol ut e ly r e l a ps e d i n t o H e a t h e n ism a n d e xp e ll e d a ll th e
,

pri e s ts
.

J e suit pri e sts a l so a ccom p a ni e d Por tugu e s e co n qu e rors t o

th e Z a m b e z i a n d th e sout h e a st of A fric a -
H e re th e y m e t
.

wi th r e l a tiv e ly lit t l e succ e ss t h o ug h th e y l e ft t h e ir t ra c e s o n

,

Z a m b e z i a i n th e m o st m a rk e d m a nne r by fou n di ng a s e ttl e

m e n t hig h up th e Z a mb e z i a n d e v e n e st a b lish i ng st a t io n s
b e yo n d i n th e lit t l e k n ow n B a tok a cou n try wh e r e th e ir ,

p r e s e n c e i s a t t e st e d to th is da y by th e grov e s o f fru it tr e e s
w h ich t h e y i n t roduc e d T e t e th e m o de r n ca p it a l o f Portu
.
,

g u e s e Z a m b e z i a a l so b e g a n a s a m issio na ry s ta tio n
,
Els e .

wh e re i n Po rt u gu e s e E a s t A fric a th e p ri e s t s h a d v e ry littl e
, ,

I O — 2
 14 8 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
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succ e ss a s M u h a mm a d a n ism h a d a l re a dy g o t a h old I nd e e d

,
.

th e first missio n a ry e xplo re r o f Z a mb e z i a w h o visit e d th e ,

c o u r t o f th e Ki n g of Mo n o m o ta p a wa s m a rtyr e d t h e re a t th e
'

i n stiga tio n o f th e A ra b s ’
.

Portugu e s e pri e s t s a lso t ra v e ll e d ov e r A byssi ni a duri n g t wo

c e n t u ri e s a ft e r th e P ortugu e s e di scov e ry o f t h a t cou n try a t th e
e n d o f th e 1 sth c e n tury C h risti a n A b yssi n i a — th e m ost
.

pr o b a bl e o rigi n o f th e myt h o f th e Ki ngd o m o f P r e st e r J oh n

a t t r a ct e d a good d e a l of a t t e n t io n fr om P or t ug a l si n c e sh e

comm e nc e d h e r e xpl o ra tio n o f th e o u t e r wo rld Bu t th e .

P o rtugu e s e p ri e sts w e re q u it e u n succ e ssfu l i n co n v e rti n g th e

A byssi n i a n s fr om t h e i r d e b a s e d fo r m o f G re e k C h ris t i a n i t y t o
th e Rom a n C a t h olic C h u rch a n d a ft e r bi t te r q u a rr e ls wi t h th e
,

n a t iv e cl e rgy t h e s e m issio na ri e s h a d b e e n e i t h e r kill e d or

e xp e ll e d fr om th e c o u n try by 1 6 3 3 .

S p a n ish Po r t u g u e s e a n d I t a li a n p ri e sts v a i n ly a tt e mp t e d
, ,

a t di f fe re n t tim e s to co n v e r t th e Moo r s o f Nor t h A fric a .

Fi n di n g t h i s a h o p e l e ss t a sk th e y di re ct e d th e ir e fforts t owa rds

,

r e li e vi n g th e su f fe ri ngs o f th e u n fo rtu n a t e C hristi a n c a p t iv e s of

th e B a rb a ry pi ra t e s a n d p ra c tic a lly co n ti n u e d t h e ir wo rk dow n
,

to th e F re n ch o ccup a tio n of A lg e ri a .

T h e P r o t e s t a n t p e opl e s did lit t l e i n th e wa y of m issio na ry

wo rk i n A fric a till q u i t e th e e n d o f th e 1 8 th c e n t ury ; t h o u g h
th e go o d H ugu e n ots wh o w e n t o u t to S o u th A fr ic a a h u n d r e d
,

y e a rs b e for e e n d e a vou re d som e wh a t to th e su r p ris e O f th e

, ,

D utch to t r e a t th e H ott e n t ots a s fe llow m e n fitt e d for

,

b a ptism ; a n d th e M o ra vi a n s a t tr a ct e d by th e H ot t e n tots
b e g a n e v a ng e li z i n g work a t th e C a p e of Good H op e i n 1 7 3 2 .

W e sl e y a n m issio na ry work wa s b e g u n a t S i e rr a L e o n e coi n

e id e n tly wi t h th e e st a b lis h m e n t o f t h a t pl a c e a s a s e ttl e m e n t

fo r fr e e d sl a v e s i n 1 7 8 7 T h e Lo n do n Missio n a ry S oci e ty wa s
.

fou n d e d i n 1 7 9 5 a nd th e Edi n b u rgh M issio na ry S oci e ty i n

,

1 7 96 th e Gl a sgow Missio na ry S oci e ty soo n a ft e rw a rds By th e .

1 G o nc a lo de S i l v e i ra ; ki lle d s o m e wh e re to th e s o u th w e st
-
o f Te t e
a bo u t 1 565 .
v 11 1 .
] C h r i s ti a n M i ss i o ns . 14 9

e nd o f c e n t u ry th e s e t hr e e bodi e s h a d s e n t o u t
th e i 8 th
m issio na ri e s to S i e rr a L e o ne a n d th e a dj oi n i n g S usu cou n try .

I n 1 8 2 1 th e Gl a sgow Missio n a ry S oci e ty s e n t th e first Pr e sby

t e ri a n m issio na ri e s t o S out h A fric a T h e C h urc h M issio n a ry .

S oci e ty w a s fou n d e d i n 1 7 99 I t s e n t m issio na ri e s to S i e rr a.

L e o n e a n d a fte r a lo ng i n t e rv a l e xt e n d e d its op e ra tio n s to

,

L a gos a nd th e Nig e r D e lt a wh e r e i t is s t il l th e l e a di n g ,

C hris t i a n m issio n I n th e 4 o s o f this c e n t u ry t h is mi ssio n

.
’ ’

b e ga n to co n si d e r th e possibility of e v a ng e li z i ng E a st A fric a .

I n comm o n wit h o t h er E n glish m issio na ry soci e ti e s a t th a t

tim e a n d fo r r e a so n s n o t v e ry cl e a r to m e it p re fe rr e d to
, ,

e mploy G e rm a n e v a n g e lis t s t h oug h from th e r e sults a chi e v e d ,

fe w c a n fin d fa ul t wi t h th e ch oic e m a d e T h e C hurc h .

M issio na ry S oci e t y i n t roduc e d t o us m e n o f th e sta mp o f

Kra pf a nd R e bm a n n D r Ludwig Kr a p f i s j u stly a gr e a t
.

n a m e i n A fr ic a n e xplo ra ti o n A fric a n philolog y a n d A fric a n , ,

C h risti a n ity D e sp a tc h e d by th e C h urch Missi o na ry S oci e ty

.

t o p rosp e ct A byssi n i a i n 1 8 4 0 h e wa s oblig e d to d e cid e a ft e r , ,

dis a pp o i n ti n g e xp e ri e n c e s th a t th e r e wa s n o fi e ld t h e r e fo r
,

P r ot e st a n t C h ri s ti a n ity a n d th e r e for e dir e ct e d h is st e ps t o th e

,

Za nz ib a r co a st B e i ng a t a ctful m a n a n d m e e t i ng wit h ki n d
.
,

n e ss a t th e h a n d s o f S a yyi d S a id th e S ul t a n o f Z a n z ib a r
’ ‘ ’ ’
, ,

h e e st a blish e d hims e lf a t Momb a s a a n d th e r e fou n d e d th e ,

work o f th e C h urc h Missio na ry S oci e ty wh ic h e n dur e s a nd ,

p r osp e rs to t h is da y D r Kr a pf will a l so b e r e fe r re d to i n
.

th e ch a p te r o n e xpl or e rs T h e C h urc h Mi ssio n a ry S oci e ty

.

e duc a t e d th e firs t Prot e st a n t N e gro bis h op i n th e p e rso n o f

2

S a mu e l Crowt h e r o f th e Nig e r I ts wo rk m e t wi th som e .

s u cc e ss o n th e W e st C o a s t o f A fric a a s r e g a rd s th e n umb e r o f

1
At t ha t tim e th e c h i e f A b u l e r o f Z a n ib a w a s o nl y k n o w n a s
ra r z r

S a yyi d ( L o rd) ; n o t a s S u l t a n
’
.

T h e P o t u g u e s e C hu rc h h a d p ro du c e d th e fi st R o m a n C a t h o l ic
r r

N e g r o Bish o p i n th e 1 6 t h c e n t y
, H e w a s Bis h o p o f th e C o ng o w a s a
ur .
,

m e mb e r o f th e R o y a l fa mi l y O f C o n go a nd w a s e du c a t e d a t Lisbo n nd , a

Ro m e .
1 50 Th e C o lo n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R

a dh e r e n t s ; b u t lik e m ost C h risti a n m issio n s it h a s no t

, ,

a ch i e ve d r a pid p rog re ss i n m or e or l e ss Mu h a m m a da ni z e d
E a st A fric a T hi s missi o n st a n ds o u t co n sp icuous for th e
.

m a g n ific e n t p h ilologic a l wo rk do n e by its a g e n ts i n A fric a

e sp e ci a lly n ot a bl e a mo n g w h om h a v e b e e n D r S W Ko e ll e . .
,

M r R e ic h a rt th e R e v J a m e s F re d e ric S c h O n Bi sh op C rowth e r
,
.
, ,

Kr a pf R e b m a nn a n d J T L a st
, , . . .

T h e W e sl e y a n M e th odist M issi o n a ry S oci e ty wa s fou n d e d

i n 1 8 1 3 a n d d e vot e d i t s first e ffo r ts to S out h A fric a N a m a
, ,

u a l a n d a n d K a ffra ri a T h e Prim i tiv e Me t h odist S oci e ty w a s

q ,
.

st a rt e d i n 1 8 4 3 a nd comm e n c e d th e e v a ng e li z a ti o n o f
,

Fe rna n do Po T h e y a lso w e n t a t th e s a m e tim e to S ou t h

.

A fr ic a . T h e p r osp e cts o f this missio n i n F e rna n do Po w e r e

a fl e c te d by th e r e sump tio n o f th e a dm i n i str a tio n of t h a t i sl a n d
’

by th e S p a n ish Gov e r n m e n t wh ic h a t t h a t tim e di s c o u n te n

,

a n c e d Prot e st a n t m issio n s i n its t e rritory S om e a r ra ng e m e nt .

wa s com e to h ow e v e r a n d th e missio n still co n ti n u e s to work

, ,

t h e r e a n d t o work a t th e pr e s e n t tim e without a n y v e ry

,

m a r k e d re s t rictio n .

Th e S oci e ty for th e Prop a g a tio n o f th e Gosp e l b e c a m e a

disti n ctl y m issio na ry b ody i n 1 8 2 1 a nd wo rk e d ch i e fly i n ,

S o u t h A fric a Rom a n C a t h olic m issi o n s e nt e r e d N ort h A fric a

.

soo n a ft e r th e co n qu e st of A lg e ri a Lyo n s i n Fra n c e b e c a m e .

, ,

a g re a t c e n t re o f m issio n a ry a c t ivity I t is th e h e a d qu a r t e r s .
-

a t th e p r e s e n t da y o f a pow e rful Fr e n c h Rom a n C a t holic

Mi ssio na ry S oci e ty— th a t o f th e H oly G h ost a nd o f th e
S a cr e d H e a rt o f M a ry — wh ich o f r e c e n t y e a rs h a s b e e n doi n g
a v e ry g r e a t wo r k i n Po r tugu e s e A n gol a a n d o n th e co a st
r e gio n o f th e Co n go a n d a lso i n S e n e ga m b i a an d G e rm a n
,

E a s t A frica I n 1 8 4 6 missio na ry e n t e rp ri s e i n Rom a n C a th olic

.

A us t ri a d e cid e d to t a k e a dv a n t a g e of M u h a mm a d A li s
’

co n qu e st o f th e S u d a n t o push its wa y i n to th e h e a rt o f A fric a

t h roug h Egypt I n 1 8 4 6 t h e s e A u stri a n C a t h olic m issio na ri e s
.

c h os e C a iro a s t h e ir s t a r ti ng p oi nt a n d th is m issio n co n t i nu e d
,

t o wo rk i n th e Egypti a n S ud a n u n til th e r e c e n t up risi ng o f th e

v111 .
] C h r i s ti a n M i s s i o ns . I 51

M a h dists M ost Of th e r e a d e rs o f t his book will h a v e r e m e m

.

b e r e d th e a dv e n tu re s of F a t h e r O h rwa lde r a n d th e n u n s w h o
e sc a p e d fro m th e clu t c h e s o f th e K h a lifa h s e v e r a l y e a rs a g o .

T h is m i ssio n a m o n gst o th e r p h ilologic a l studi e s illustr a t e d

, ,

th e i n t e re s t i n g B a ri l a n gu a g e o f th e up p e r W h it e Nil e and ,

did e xc e ll e n t work i n cou n t r i e s s o r e mot e a s Kordofa n a n d

S e nar I t a li a n pri e sts — be fo re th e dis a st e r s w h ich b e fe ll th e
.

colo n i a l e n t e rpri s e o f I ta ly — wo rk e d a m o n gst th e G a ll a s o f

A byssi n i a .

I n 1 8 7 8 th e l a t e C a rdi n a l L a vig e ri e h a vi n g st a r t e d th e
M issio n o f th e W h i t e F a t h e rs whic h wa s to co n v e r t th e S ud a n
,

a n d a l l C o n o la n d t o C h r is ti a n i t y P op e L e o X I I I g a v e th e m a
g ,

r e sc ript di re cti n g t h e m to e va n g e li z e a l l C e n t r a l A frica T h e y .

h a d s e ttl e d i n T u n i s ( a s w e ll a s i n A lg e ri a ) o n th e Co n go o n , ,

T a n g a nyik a a n d i n W e st A fric a (S e ne g a mbi a ) a n d fi na lly t h e y

, ,

dir e c t e d t h e ir e ne rgi e s towa rds Uga n d a s h ortly a ft e r th e

Churc h M issio na ry S oci e ty h a d e s ta blish e d its e lf i n t h a t
co u n try C a rdi na l L a vig e ri e w a s a m od e r n typ e o f pr e l a t e
.
,

giv e n to som e w h a t n oisy d e cl a m a tio n wh o p os e d a s th e ,

d e n u nci a tor of sl a v e ry a nd th e sl a v e t ra d e wi th out e v e r m a ki n g

a n y p e rso na l a cqu a i n t a n c e wit h its h orrors H e e n d e a vour e d
.

to obt a i n i n th e Ro m a n C a th olic world th e glory o f a Livi n g

sto n e wit h out goi n g t h r oug h Livi ngsto ne s h a rdship s M o re ’

.

ov e r h a n d i n h a n d wit h h is d e sire to spr e a d r e ligio n a m o ngst

,

A r a bs B e rb e rs a n d N e gro e s wa s a n e qu a lly a rd e n t d e sir e t o

,

m a k e th e m a t th e s a m e tim e Fr e n c h o r Fr e n c h p r ot e ct e d -

subj e cts H is stro n g p olitic a l bi a s h a s som e w h a t discolo u r e d

.

h is s tre nuou s e fforts for th e e v a ng e li z a tio n o f A frica si n c e h is ,

work is n o w s e e n to h a v e b e e n by n o m e a n s disi n t e r e st e d .

N o doubt — a s our fo r e ig n critics poi nt o u t— Bri tis h m issio na ri e s

oft e n c o m e a s pr e curso rs to Briti s h rul e ; b ut t h e y d o so
u n c o n sciously a nd i nd e e d fr e qu e n tly prov e i n co nv e ni e n t
,

c h a mpi o n s o f na ti v e i n d e p e nd e nc e B ut th e missio na ri e s o f
.

C a rdi n a l L a v i g e ri e s ord e r a im e d a t a dva n ci ng th e p olitic a l i n t e

’

r e sts O f Fr a nc e a l mos t b e for e t h e y h a d s e cure d th e co n v e rsio n

1 52 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R

o f t h e ir pupils a nd t hi s som e wh a t d e tra cts fr o m th e ir v a lu e

,

as miss i o n a ri e s o f C h ris t i a n i t y T h e d e t e rmi n e d h ostili t y

.

sh ow n by th e s e m e n t o th e B ritis h prot e c t o ra te ov e r Uga n d a

e n d e d i n t h e ir wi t hd ra w a l from th e co u n t ry a n d th e t ra n s
,

fe r e n c e of t h e ir w o rk to I ri sh Rom a n C a t h olics u nd e r wh om i t ,

h a s m a d e fa vou ra b l e p r og re ss T h e Whi t e F a t h e rs w e a r a n
.

A ra b co stum e — a re d fe z a n d a lo n g wh i t e c a ssock ti e d
rou n d th e w a ist wi t h a girdl e T h e ir ch urc h e s a n d sch ools
.

a r e n o t u n fr e qu e n t ly b uilt i n a Moorish s tyl e o f a r c h i t e ctur e .

I t wa s C a rdi na l L a v i g e ri e s id e a th a t a n a pp r oxim a tio n i n

’

dr e ss a n d a rchi t e ct u re t o th e A ra b s mig h t i n duc e t h a t p e opl e

to giv e a h e a ri n g t o hi s prop a g a ndists .

A bout e ight e e n y e a r s a g o th e J e sui ts d e cid e d to r e sum e

t h e ir work o n th e Z a mb e z i w h ic h h a d b e e n i n t e rrupt e d
,

for m ore th a n a c e n tury by na t iv e t rou b l e s a n d by th e

e xpulsio n o f th e J e suits from th e Po r t ugu e s e dom i n io n s by

th e o rd e rs o f th e M a rq u e z de Pomb a l A t fi r s t th e e ffo r ts
.

o f th e J e s u its r e sul t e d i n ut t e r di s a st e r T h e y e s t a b lish e d

.

t h e m s e lv e s o n th e up p e r Z a m b e z i i n th e Ba t ok a cou n try
, ,

n e a r th e Vic t ori a F a lls ,

a n d a l l t h o s e w h o did n o t di e o f

fe v e r w e re m a ss a cr e d by th e B a t ok a T h e n th e y r e s t rict e d
.

t h e ir e ffor t s to th e vici n ity o f th e Portugu e s e s e t t l e m e n ts

a t Zum b o a n d T e t e a n d a t Bo r om a N e a r th e l a st n a m e d
.
-

pl a c e th e y h a v e a m ost prosp e rous a nd w e ll co n duct e d -

e st a b lish m e n t wh e re a go od t e ch n ic a l e d uc a t io n is giv e n to

th e n e g r o e s of th e Za m b e z i . A t th e i n vi t a tio n o f th e Port u
u e s e Gov e rn m e n t th e y dir e ct e d t h e ir a tt e n tio n to N ya s a l a n d
g ,

but th e i r e st a blis h m e n t th e re b e i ng s a ck e d a nd b u r ne d by
Muh a mm a d a n Ya os t h e y r e tir e d from wo rk i n th a t dir e c t io n
,
.

T h e y h a v e su b s e qu e n t ly e st a b l ish e d m issi o n st a t io n s i n
M a sh o na l a n d b e sid e s r e sumi n g wo rk i n M a d a g a sc a r
,
.

Rom a n C a tholic missio n a ri e s m e t with b u t p o or succ e ss i n

M a d a g a sca r u n t il Fre n ch i n flu e n c e b e c a m e d o mi na n t t h e r e
a fe w y e a rs a g o . Th e pri e s t s w h o a t t e mp t e d r e p e a t e dly to
e sta blis h th e m s e lv e s o n th e co a s t o f Ma d a g a sc a r i n th e e a r ly
v 11 1 .
] C h r i s ti a n M i s s i o ns . I 53

d a ys F re n c h colo ni a l e xp e rim e n ts e i t h e r di e d from fe v e r o r

o f
w e re kill e d by th e n a tiv e s T h e J e sui ts wh o proc e e d e d to th e
.

H ova Pl a t e a u du ri ng th e 6 o s o f this c e n tu ry a n d w h o
’ ’

w e r e m a i n t a i ne d th e r e by subsidi e s gra n t e d by th e Fr e n c h
I mp e r i a l Gov e r n m e n t m e t with s o lit t l e succ e ss t h a t t h e y
,

a lmost a b a n do n e d t h e ir work A t th e p re s e n t tim e h ow e v e r

.
, ,

b e i n g s tro ngly suppo rt e d by th e gov e r nm e nt o f t h is F re n c h

c olo ny th e y a re obt a i n i n g a n a sc e n d a n t ov e r th e Prot e st a n ts
, .

Prot e st a n t missio na ry wo rk c h i e fl y co n d u ct e d b y th e Lo n do n
,

Mi ssio na ry S oci e ty a nd s u bs e qu e n tly by th e Qu a k e rs a nd th e

,
‘

No rw e gi a n s b e g a n i n M a d a g a sc a r i n 1 8 1 8 Th e missio n a ri e s
, .

o f th e Lo n do n M issio na r y S oci e ty m e t wit h gr e a t s u cc e ss i n

co nv e rti ng th e n a tiv e s o f M a d a g a sc a r to a n u n d e n omi n a t io na l

fo r m o f Prot e st a nt C h risti a n ity but t h e ir e fforts w e re sudd e n ly
,

c h e ck e d by th e re a ctio na ry p olicy of Qu e e n R a na va l o n a I ,

w h o p e rs e cut e d a nd kill e d th e n a tiv e C h r isti a n s a n d c o m ,

p e ll e d th e m issio na ri e s to l e a v e th e i sl a n d i n 1 8 3 6 A ft e r
‘

v a rious a tt e mpts — which prov e d fu til e — to com e to a n u nd e r

st a n di ng with th e old h e a t h e n q u e e n th e Prot e s ta n t ,

mi ssio na ri e s r e tur ne d i n fu ll forc e a t h e r d e a t h a n d si n c e t h a t ,

tim e u n til th e F re nc h a nne x a t io n o f th e i sl a n d t h e y m a y b e

s a id to h a v e co nv e r t e d th e m a ss o f th e H ova s to C hristi a n i ty ,

a n d to h a v e e s ta blis h e d a stro n g Prot e st a n t n a tiv e C h urch i n

fri e ndly c o op e ra t io n wit h th e A nglic a n s wh o u n d e r a Bis h op

-
, ,

o f M a d a g a sc a r b e c a m e e st a blish e d i n th e isl a n d fro m 1 8 6 3

,

o n w a rds .

T h e Lo n do n Missio n a ry S oci e ty w h ic h h a s do n e suc h a ,

st riki n g work i n M a d a ga sc a r a nd w h ic h wa s th e pio n e e r

,

m issi o na ry soci e ty i n S o ut h A fric a wa s a ttr a ct e d to th e o p e n ,

fi e ld o f T a n ga nyik a a t th e tim e w h e n th e C h urc h M issio na ry

S oci e ty s t ir re d up by S ta n l e y s a pp e a l s e n t i t s e m i ss a ri e s to
’

, ,

Ug an d a T h e fi rst mi ssio na ri e s o f th e Lo n do n Missio n a ry

.

S oci e ty crossi n g Ta n g a n yik a from e a st to w e st m a d e t h e ir

, ,

first e sta blish m e n t o n th e K a v a l a i sl e t o n th e w e st co a st By .

m e a n s o f th e A fric a n L a k e s C omp a ny o f Ny a s a t h e y co n ve y e d ,
1 54 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n o f A fr i c a .
[C HA R

a s t e a m e r i n s e ctio n s to th e w a t e rs o f T a n g a nyik a a st e a m e r ,

w h ic h h a s pli e d succ e ssfully o n th e l a k e si n c e it wa s l a u n ch e d

in 1 8 8 5 . S ubs e qu e n tly h ow e v e r th e Lo n do n Missio n a ry
, ,

S oci e ty r e ti re d from t h os e p a r ts o f T a ng a nyik a u n d e r for e ign

fl a gs a n d dir e c t e d t h e ir a tt e n tio n to th e south shor e of th e
,

l a k e w h ich wa s pl a c e d u n d e r B r iti s h p r o te ctio n by th e a ut h or

,

o f t h is book i n 1 8 8 9 .

A S wiss Pr o t e st a n t m issio n wa s fou n d e d a t B a s e l i n 1 8 1 5 ,

a n d soo n a ft e r wa rds comm e n c e d wo r k o n th e Gold Co a st a ,

work w h ich pr o d u c e d th e m ost r e m a rk a bl e a n d b e n e fici a l

r e sults i n th e i ndustri a l tr a i n i ng of t h ous a n ds o f Gold Co a st
n a tiv e s e n a b li n g t h e m th us to e a r n good w a g e s a n d to ful fil
,

m a n y O f th e t a sks h i th e rto a ssig ne d t o E u rop e a n s Th e .

B a s e l missio n i s n o w e st a blis h e d i n th e a dj oi ni ng G e rm a n
t e rri to ri e s o f T ogol a n d T h e M o ra vi a n Prot e s t a n t Missio na ry
.

S oci e ty w a s fo u n d e d a s fa r b a ck a s 1 7 3 2 a n d s e n t ou t I , ,

b e li e v e th e firs t t ra i n e d C hris t i a n missio na ri e s t o S ou th A frica

,
.

A t th e pr e s e n t da y th i s m issio n h a s flourishi ng e st a blishm e n ts i n

th a t p a rt o f th e c o nti ne nt T h e B e rli n Missi o na ry S oci e ty wa s
.

fou nd e d i n 1 8 2 3 th e R h e n is h Missio n a ry S oci e t y i n 1 8 2 9

, ,

a n d th e No r t h G e r m a n ( B re m e n ) S oci e t y i n 1 8 3 6 T h e t wo .

fi rst n a m e d G e rm a n P ro t e st a n t mi ssio n s di re ct e d t h e i r a t t e n
t io n s t o D a m a ra l a n d a n d t o th e H ott e n t ot cou n t ry i n S o u th
,

W e st A fric a T h e B r e m e n Missio n s e nt its a g e n ts c h i e fly t o

.

We st A fric a S e v e ra l of t h e s e soci e t i e s tog e t h e r wi t h th e

.
,

Mo ra vi a n s h a v e e s t a blis h e d missio n st a t i o n s i n G e rm a n
,

Ny a s a l a n d to th e n o r t h of L a k e Nya s a A B a v a ri a n Rom a n
,
.

C a th oli c missi o n h a s com m e n c e d wo rk i n th e co a st r e gio n s o f

G e rm a n E a s t A fric a .

T h e Fr e n c h Ev a n g e lic a l C h urc h b e g a n its impo r t a n t

mi ssio na ry work i n A fric a a s fa r b a ck a s 1 8 2 9 I ts a g e n t s .

n o t e d a lmos t u n iv e rs a lly fo r t h e i r si n gl e mi n d e d e a rn e st ne ss
-

a n d dissoci a tio n fr om a l l a t t e mp t s t o p roc u r e p oli t ic a l i n fl u

e nc e — h a v e m a d e re m a rk a bl e p rogre ss i n C h risti a n i z i n g
B a su tol a nd a n d ot h e r a dj oi ni ng B e c h u a n a p e opl e s i n S o u th
,
v111 .
] C h r i s ti a n M i s s i o ns . 1 55

A fric a .Followi ng th e B e c h u a na ra c e m ov e m e n ts t h e y w e r e ,

gra du a lly di re ct e d to th e Upp e r Z a m b e z i a nd to th e B a rots e ,

Ki ngd om H e re u nd e r th e disti nguis h e d l e a d e rshi p o f M

.
, .

C o i ll a rd th e y h a v e c a rri e d o u t a wo rk o f civili z a tio n a mo ngst

,

th e B a ro t s e d e s e rvi n g o f th e h ig h e st pr a is e th oug h th e y h a v e ,

su ffe re d s e v e re loss e s a m o n gst th e ir a g e n t s by ill h e a lt h -

.

S w e d e n n o t to b e b e h i n d oth e r Pr o t e st a n t s ta t e s fou n d e d a
, ,

mi ssio n a ry soci e ty i n th e e a rly p a rt o f th is c e nt u ry w h ic h ,

d e vo te d i ts e lf to th e s till u n occ u pi e d fi e ld of Ga l l a l a nd ,

a tt a cki n g t his c o u n try h o we v e r r a th e r from th e A byssi n i a n

‘

, ,

sid e t h a n from th e E a st Co a st o f A frica w h e nc e it i s e a si e r ,

p e ne tra t e d a t th e pr e s e n t da y T hough th e work o f t h is

.

soci e ty r e sul t e d i n import a n t a dditio n s to our ph ilologic a l

k n owl e dg e its e ffor ts to prop a g a t e Christi a n ity a mo ngst th e
,

G a ll a s — wh o w e r e e i th e r obsti na t e M u h a m m a d a n s o r e qu a lly
obsti na t e P a ga ns — w e r e u n succ e ssful T h e F re e S wiss C h urc h
.

h a s s e n t m issio n a ri e s a m o n gs t th e B a suto i n S o u th A fric a .

T h e D utc h R e fo rm e d C h urch h a s do n e a good d e a l o f

missio n a ry wo rk i n S o u th A fric a a n d o f l a t e i n N ya s a l a nd
, .

Th e A m e ric a n Pr e sbyt e ri a n Churc h st a rt e d a n A fric a n

m issio na ry soci e ty i n 1 8 3 1 a n d s e n t its e mi ss a ri e s to Lib e ri a ,

wh e r e i t h a s m a ny a d h e re n ts .

Bri t is h Pr e sbyt e ri a ns h a ve e st a blish e d s e v e r a l i mp orta n t

missi o na ry b o di e s T h e e a rli e st ( a m o n g e xisti n g soci e ti e s ) to
.

comm e n c e wo rk wa s th e U n it e d Pr e sbyt e ri a n C h urc h of S c o t

l a nd wh ic h e s ta blish e d a m issio n a t O ld C a l a b a r o n th e W e st
, ,

Co a st of A fric a i n 1 8 4 6 a n d h a s si n c e m a d e g re a t progr e ss i n
, ,

co n v e r t i ng th e n a tiv e s o f O ld C a l a b a r a nd th e Cross Riv e r to

C h ris t i a n ity a n d a c e rt a i n d e gr e e o f civili z a tio n I t is m a i nly .

owi ng to th e w o rk o f th is missio n t h a t O ld C a l a b a r h a s b e com e

a n imp ort a n t c e n t r e for Eu r op e a n e n t e rp r is e a n d th e c a pit a l o f
,

th e N ig e r C o a st P r o t e ctora t e T h e Edi n burg h a n d Gl a sgow

.

M issi o na ry S oci e ti e s o f th e e a rly p a rt of th is c e n tury w h ic h ,

s e n t o u t missio na ri e s t o S out h A fr ic a w e re dissolv e d a nd to o k

, ,

s h a p e i n oth e r form s a s th e for e ig n missio n s of th e Fre e C h urc h

1 56 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n o f A fr i c a .
[C HA R

o f S co t l a n d , a ndEs t a b lish e d C hurc h of S co t l a nd T h e

th e .

form e r w h ich wa s org a n i z e d i n th e 5 o s e st a b li sh e d s t ro n g

,
’ ’
,

mi ssio n s i n S o u th A fric a a n d th e re fou n d e d th e e duc a tio na ry

,

e s t a b lis h m e n t o f Lov e d a l e wh e nc e m a n y hu n dr e ds o f S o u th
,

A fric a n n e gro e s h a v e go n e ou t i n t o th e wo rld wi th a p ra ctic a l

e d u ca t i o n W h e n Li v i n gs t o ne h a d d i re c t e d a t te n ti o n to th e
.

Z a m b e z i th e Fr e e C hu r ch o f S co t l a n d t h ought o f e st a blishi ng
a mi ssio n t h e re b u t a fte r th e re p o r t of i t s commissio n e r
,

d e cid e d t h a t th e tim e wa s n o t co m e for s u ch a n e n t e rpri s e .

B ut i n 1 8 7 5 a ft e r Livi ngsto n e s d e a t h th e Fr e e Kirk s e n t out

,
’

a n e xp e ditio n to Ny a s a l a n d for th e e s t a b lishm e n t o f a missio n ,

w h ich n o w h a s s t a t i o n s a ll a lo n g th e w e st co a s t o f th a t l a k e 1
.

T h e Es t a blish e d C hu r ch o f S co t l a n d fo llow e d suit i n 1 8 7 6 ,

wh e n a s e t tl e m e n t w a s m a d e o n th e S hi re H ighl a n ds t o th e ,

sou t h o f L a k e Ny a s a a n d th e h e a d qu a r t e rs of th e missio n
,
-

“
w a s s t yl e d Bl antyr e a ft e r th e li t t l e to wn i n L a na rkshir e
w h e r e Livi ngs t o n e wa s b o r n Bl a n t y re i s n o w i n m a n y re .

s p e c ts th e p ri n cip a l t o wn i n th e B riti sh C e n tra l A fric a

Pro t e ctor a t e .

T h e N o rw e gi a n C h u rch s e n t ou t missi o na ri e s t o Zulul a n d

( 1 8 4 2
) a n d t o M a d a g a sc a r i n l a t e r y e a rs .

B e sid e s th e A m e rica n Pr e s b yt e ri an mi ssio n i n Lib e ri a ,

o t h e r A m e ric a n missio na ri e s ( B a p t ists Episcop a l Me t ho dis t s , ,

u n d e n omi n a t io n a l ) s e t t l e d i n th e G a boo n a nd o n th e co a st
b e tw e e n th e C a m e r oo n s a n d t h a t F re n ch colo n y o n th e ,

C o ngo i n A n gol a a n d a b ov e a l l o n th e highl a n ds o f Bih e

, , , , ,

b e h i n d B e ngu e l a A mo n g th e a g e n t s o f t h e s e A m e rica n
.

mi ssio n s r e m a rk a b l e fo r th e li n guis t ic wo r k th e y h a v e do ne i n
,

A fric a n l a n gu a g e s w e re th e R e v J L Wilso n who tog e t h e r

, . . .
, ,

with Pr e sto n a n d B e s t wro te o n th e l a n gu a g e s o f th e G a boo n

,

co a st ; D r Sims wh o h a s compil e d th e m ost v a l u a bl e v o c a b u

,

l a ri e s o f Co n go l a n g u a g e s Mr H e li C h a t e l a i n whos e work i n ,

1
s a m e b o dy h a s a l s o e st bl ish e d a n i ndu st i a l missi o n ( i niti t e d by
Th e a r a

D r J a m s S t e w a t th e fo u n de r f L o v e da l e ) i n B itis h E a st A fric
e r , o ha l f r a ,

w a y to Ug a nda .
v1 1 1 .
] C h r i s ti a n Mi s s i o n s . 1 57

co nn e c t io n wi th th e A n gol a l a ngu a g e is o f e xc e p t io na l v a lu e ;
a n d l a stly th e R e v W M S tov e r wh o h a s a bly ill u str a t e d th e
, . . .
,

B i h e l a ngu a g e .

B e sid e s th e C h urc h Missio na ry S oci e ty th e A nglic a n ,

Ch u r c h h a s b e e n re pr e s e n te d i n A fri ca b y th e w e ll k n ow n -

”
U n iv e r siti e s M issio n fou n d e d i n 1 8 5 6 a s th e r e s u lt of a n
’

a pp e a l by Livi ngsto n e t o th e u n iv e rsiti e s o f O xford a n d

C a m b ridg e J ust a s th e C h urc h Missio na ry S oci e ty i s m a i n ly
.

support e d b y th e Ev a ng e lic a l sid e of th e E nglis h C h u rc h so ,

th e U n iv e r siti e s Missi on i s th e o u t com e of th e missio na ry

’

e n t e rpris e o f th e H igh C h u rch p a rty I ts first e st a blis h m e n t .

i n Ny a s a l a n d u n d e r Livi n gsto n e wa s u n for t u n a t e a n d r e sult e d ,

i n th e d e a t h of B is h op M a ck e nz i e ( th e first missio n a ry bish op

o f C e n tr a l A fric a ) a n d m os t of th e missio n a ri e s wit h h i m .

H is s u cc e sso r B is h op T o z e r r e s o lv e d t o susp e n d work i n

, ,

Ny a s a l a nd a nd co n c e ntra t e th e e ffo rts o f th e missio n upo n

,

Z a n z ib a r w h ich t h e n c e forw a rd b e ca m e i ts pri n cip a l s e a t i n

,

A fric a ; but l a t e r o n w h e n h e wa s succ e e d e d by B ish op S te e r e

, ,

a no t h e r e ffo rt w a s m a d e t o r e a c h Ny a s a From th e b e gi n n i n g .

Of th e 8 0 s to th e p re s e n t da y t h oug h a t tim e s m uc h
’ ’

h a r a ss e d by th e M u h a m m a d a n Y a os t h is m issio n h a s t a k e n a ,

firm h o l d i n Ny a s a l a n d b e sid e s e st a blis h i ng a n d m a i n t a i n i n g

,

a n um b e r o f missio n st a ti o n s i n G e rm a n E a st A fr ic a In .

Nya s a l a n d i t occupi e s chi e fly th e e a s t co a s t of th e L a k e a nd ,

h a s o n e st a tio n o n th e w e st co a st h a vi n g c h os e n t o wo r k ,

m a i n ly a m o ng t h os e pop ul a tio n s w h ic h h a v e b e e n to som e

d e gre e u n d e r A ra b o r Ya o i n flu e n c e T o t h is m issio n is du e .

th e e r e ctio n o f a fin e c a t h e dr a l a t Z a n z ib a r a nd muc h v a lu a bl e ,

li nguistic wo rk o n th e p a r t o f th e l a te Bis h op S t e e r e ,

M r M a d a n a nd th e l a te Bishop of Likom a ( b e tt e r k n ow n
,

a s A rc h d e a co n C h a u n c e y

T h e Plymout h B r e th re n h a v e e st a blish e d a missio n i n

S outh C e n tr a l A frica a cross th e Z a mb e z i Co n go w a t e r p a rti n g
-
,
- -
.

1 Wh o w o rk e d fo r m a n y y e a r s in N ya s a l a n d a n d i n E a st A fric a , a nd

w a s dro w ne d , un h a ppi l y , in L kea N ya sa in 1 8 95 .

1 58 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C H A R

Th e E nglish B a p t is t s o rg a n i z e d a m issio na ry soci e ty e a rly

i n th e ce n t u ry a n d s e n t out missio n a ri e s a s fa r b a ck a s 1 8 4 0
,

to F e r na n do Po O wi n g t o t h e i r e xp u lsio n from th e isl a n d b y

.

th e S p a n i sh Go v e r nm e n t th e y mov e d a cross t o th e C a m e r oo n s
, ,

wh e re th e y e s t a b lis h e d th e flouris h i ng s e t tl e m e n t o f A mb a s
Ba y a n d m a d e E n glish a lm ost th e s e co n d l a n gu a g e o f th e
,

C a m e roo n s p e opl e T h e spl e n did wo rk o f t his m issio n i n th e

.

C a m e ro o n s wa s chi e fly do n e u n d e r th e l a t e Edwa rd Sa k e r ,

wh o s e n a m e is still v e ne ra t e d o n th e C a m e ro o n s r iv e r for th e
g r e a t g o od th a t h e did to th e co u n t ry b y spr e a di ng th e k n ow
l e dg e O f m a ny u s e fu l a rt s a nd i n dus t ri e s a n d e duc a t i ng th e
D u a l a p e opl e to a r e m a rk a bl e d e g re e From th e C a m e roo n s .

th e missio n u n d e r th e g u i da n c e o f th e R e v T hom a s Comb e r

, .

a n d th e R e v H olm a n B e n tl e y m ov e d o n t o th e C o ngo wh e re 1
.
, ,

th is B a p t ist m issio n n o w h a s n um e rous s ta tio n s O ne o f its .

m issio n a ri e s th e R e v H Gre n fe ll m a d e h im s e lf fa m o us by
, . .
,

di sc o v e ri ng th e gr e a t U b a n gi riv e r th e most imp o rt a n t o f th e ,

C o ng o t ri b u t a ri e s a n d k n ow n i n its upp e r w a t e r s a s th e W e ll e
, .

T h e li n guis t ic wo r k d o n e by t his m issio n wa s imp o r t a n t a n d ,

i n clud e d a n ill u s t ra t io n o f th e l a n gu a g e o f F e r n a n do PO b y
Mr J oh n Cl a rk e a lik e s e rvic e re n d e re d to th e Du a l a l a ngu a g e
,

O f th e C a m e r o o n s by Mr S a k e r a n d a v a l u a bl e C o n g o dic ,

ti o n a ry a n d g ra mm a r by th e R e v H B e n t l e y . . .

Fi n a lly Plym o u t h B re th re n a n d o t h e r E nglish Prot e st a n ts

,

of diffe re n t de n omi na t io n s o rg a n i z e d P r o t e st a n t missio na ry

“
e n t e r p r is e i n N o r t h A fr ic a i n t o th e N o r th A fric a n Missio n ,

e s t a b lish e d i n 1 8 8 6 T h is missio n h a s n um e rous r e p re s e n t a

.

ti v e s i n M o rocc o A lg e r i a T u n is T r ipoli a n d Eg y p t
, , A s it , ,
.

de vo t e s i t s e lf m a i n ly to th e co n v e rsio n o f Mu h a mm a d a n s i t ,

h a s h a d b u t sligh t succ e ss a t p re s e n t .

T h e S co t ch B a p t is t s e s t a b lish e d a m issi o n i n Ny a s a l a n d
a n d i n th e so u t h w e s t e r n p a rt o f th e B ri t ish C e n t ra l A fric a
-

1
q itt e d th e
It u C a m e ro o n s a l t o ge t h e r s o o n ft e r th e e st a b l ish m e n t
a o f
th e G e m a n c o l o n y
r , th e G e man
r G o v e n m e nt h a m g e xp o p i a t e d m o st
r v r r o f
its e st a b l is h m e nts .
v111 .
] C h r i s ti a n M i ss i o ns . 1 59

Prot e cto ra t e a nd a lso o n th e Z a m b e z i i n 1 8 9 5 T h e r e a lso

,
.
, ,

i s th e Z a mb e z i I n dustri a l M issi o n ( u n d e n o mi n a tio na l ) w h i c h ,

wa s fo u n d e d i n 1 8 93 a n d wh ic h e nd e a vours t o b e s e lf sup port

,
-

i ng by its i n dustri a l wo r k A fe w A m e ric a n missio n a r i e s h a v e

.

a tt e m pt e d s e t t l e m e n t i n th e Portugu e s e po ss e ssi o n s o n th e
S out h e a st co a st o f A fric a a n d th e r e a re o f cours e u n a tt a c h e d
-
,

m i s s m na ri e s c a rryi n g o n work o n t h e ir o wn a ccou n t a n d

with ou t b e i ng co nn e ct e d wit h a n y sp e ci a l soci e t y .

T h e o n ly C hristi a n st a te wh ich e xist e d i n A fric a b e for e th e

b e gi n n i n g of Europ e a n colo n i z a tio n wa s A b yssi n ia w h i ch i s to ,

som e d e gr e e d e p e nd e n t o n th e C optic C h u rch i n Egyp t a n d ,

is i n com mu n io n wi t h th e Gr e e k C hurc h C h risti a n ity is s a i d

.

t o h a v e b e e n i n troduc e d h e re i n th e 4 th c e n tury T h e .

A byssi ni a n s h a ve us u a lly r e s e n t e d th e a rriv a l o f Rom a n

C a t h olic mi ssio na ri e s a nd h a v e n o t s h ow n much gr e a t e r
,

e n co u r a g e m e n t t o e miss a ri e s from P r o t e st a n t C h urch e s A bys .

si ni a n Christi a n ity is a s might b e i m a gi n e d s o d e gra d e d a nd

, ,

mix e d up wi th fe t ish ism t h a t i t i s di fficult to r e cog n i z e it a s a

bra n ch of th e C h risti a n fa i t h wh ich i s th e r e ligio n o f s o mu c h
o f Eu rop e a nd A m e ric a .R u ssi a h a s o f l a t e b e e n much c o n
c e r ne d a t th e spiritu a l d a rk n e ss pr e va ili ng i n A b yssi n i a a n d ,

h a s e nd e a v ou re d t o s e n d t h it h e r mi ssio na ri e s fro m th e Gr e e k
Chur c h th e dom a i n o f w hic h s h e id e n t ifi e s wit h h e r o w n
,

e mpi re But th e s e h a v e b e e n p rop a g a n dis t s o f a si ngul a rly

.

mi li ta ry typ e — wolv e s i n s h e e p s clot h i ng if o n e m a y com mit

’
,

o n e s e lf to r a t h e r a s t r o n g m e t a p h or — a n d h a rdly to b e cl a ss e d
wi th th e u n a rm e d e mi ss a ri e s o f Christi a n ity wh o o n b e h a lf o f
, ,

th e Rom a n C a th olic a n d P r ot e st a n t C h risti a n s o f Eu rop e a n d

A m e ric a h a v e s t riv e n usu a lly wit h si ngl e mi nd e d m otiv e s

,
-

a lm ost a l wa ys wit h d e e p p e r so n a l u n s e lfis h n e s s e v e r with z e a l

, ,

som e tim e s wi th i ndiscr e tio n a nd n o t u nfre qu e n t ly wi th bi t t e r

,

s e l f d e lusio n s a nd cru e l su ffe ri ngs to e v a ng e li z e A fric a

-

.
 C H A PT E R I X .

THE B RI TI SH IN AFRI C A ,
II .

( S o a th a nd S o u th —
C e n tr a l .
)
IN 1 7 95 E n gl a n d h a vi n g fo r som e y e a r s pr e viously ca st
,

lo ngi n g e y e s a t th e C a p e of Good H op e a s a vic t u a lli ng st a tio n

,

fo r h e r sh ip s o n th e wa y to I n di a wh ich co u ld n o t r e m a i n
much lo nge r i n th e w e a k gr a sp o f a D u tch c o mp a n y a nd m ust
n o t fa ll i n to th e h a n ds o f F ra n c e ,
d e sp a tch e d a st ro n g e x
e di ti o n wi t h th e a uth o ri t y of th e P r i n c e of O r a n g e a n d took
p
p oss e ssio n o f C a p e T ow n a ft e r a b ri e f str u ggl e wi t h th e loc a l
,

a uthoriti e s . F re e tr a d e wi th som e pr e fe re n c e fo r British goods

, ,

a t o n c e took th e p l a c e of th e gri n di n g m o n op oly o f th e o l d

D utc h comp a ny a nd v ar io u s oth e r lib e ra l m e a su re s w e r e

,

e n a ct e d whic h would h a v e do n e m u ch to r e co n cil e th e Dutc h

,

colo n ist s to B ritish r u l e w e r e i t n o t t h a t w h e n E ngl a n d a t th e

P e a c e o f A mi e n s i n 1 8 0 3 r e st o re d th e C a p e o f Good H op e to
th e D u t ch R e pu b lic t h e re follow e d th re e y e a r s o f dir e ct Dutc h
rul e u nde r two m ost e n light e n e d m e n wh o di d m uch t o e ffa c e
,

from th e s e t tl e rs r e m e mb ra n c e th e j ustly h a t e d r e s t rictio n s o f

’

th e old D u t c h E a st I ndi a Comp a ny . T h e r e fo re wh e n Gr e a t ,

Brit a i n r e sum e d i n a m a n n e r i n t e n d e d to b e p e rm a ne nt th e
, ,

a dmi n istr a tio n o f C a p e C olo n y i n 1 8 0 5 a still mo re d e cid e d

,

opp ositio n wa s s h ow n to h e r fo r c e s th a n b e for e ; a nd e v e n a ft e r

th e c e ssio n o f t h is colo ny by H oll a n d i n 1 8 1 4 th e r e r e m a i n e d
a m o n g th e D utc h s e ttl e rs a c e rt a i n luk e w a r m n e ss a n d a dis ,

p ositio n to find fa u lt with th e a c t io n s a nd mo t iv e s o f th e

C HAR 1x .
] Th e Br i ti s h in Af ica r
, 1 61

C o l o n i a l Gov e r n m e n t a n d of th e Britis h p e opl e I n 1 8 0 6 .

,

w h e n C a p e Colo ny p a ss e d d e fi n i te ly u n d e r B ritis h co n trol it ,

‘
h a d a n a r e a of a b o ut squ a r e mil e s T h e bou n d a ry .

o n th e E a st w a s th e G re a t Fis h riv e r a n d t h e n c e a curvi n g ,

li ne w h ich e n d e d a t Pl e tte n b e rg s B e a co n a bout fifty mil e s ’

,

so u t h of th e O r a n g e r iv e r T h e b o u n d a ry o n th e Nort h wa s .

a n i rr e gul a r li n e fr om Pl e tte n b e rg s B e a co n ( di ppi n g fa r sout h

’

i n th e middl e ) to th e m out h o f th e B uffa l o riv e r ( Littl e

N a m a qu a l a n d ) o n th e A tl a n tic O c e a n T h e p opul a tio n o f th e .

colo n y ( n o t c o u n ti ng th e milit a ry fo rc e s ) wa s a bout ‘

E u rop e a n s ( o f wh om liv e d i n C a p e T ow n) a bo u t ,

M a l a y a n d n e gr o sl a v e s som e h u n dr e d thous a n d H ott e ntots ,

a n d h a l f b r e e ds p e rh a ps a n o th e r hu n dr e d th ous a n d K a fli rs
-

, ,

a n d a fe w t h ous a n d B us h m e n T h e i n dustri e s a n d p u r suits .

of th e E u ro p e a n s e ttl e rs w e re limit e d t o vi ne growi n g th e -

,

r a i si ng of gra i n a nd th e ca r e o f l a rg e h e rds o f ca ttl e a nd sh e e p

, .

T h e c a t t l e we re mo stly th e lo n g h o r n e d n a tiv e c a ttl e o f th e -

H ott e n tots a nd th e s h e e p th e h a iry fa t t a il e d dom e stic s h e e p

, ,
-

o f A fr ic a O stric h fa rmi n g wa s u n k n ow n a nd a lt h oug h th e

.
,

D utch commissio n e r s D e Mist a n d J a n ss e n s h a d b e gu n t o

, ,

i n t rod u c e m e ri n o s h e e p j ust b e fo re th e e xp ir a tio n o f t h e ir

a dmi n istr a tio n wool h a d n o t ye t figur e d a m o n gst th e e xp o r ts
, .

T h e first b e n e fici a l e ffe ct o f B riti s h r u l e w a s fe lt i n th e

st e mmi ng o f th e tid e o f K a ffir i n v a sio n T h i s ra c e of Ba n tu .

n e gro e s h a d du ri n g th e p r e viou s c e n tury b e e n p re ssi n g clos e r

a n d clo s e r o n th e e xtr e m ity of S out h A fric a from th e North

E a st T h e e a rli e st bra n c h o f th e B a n t u to r e a c h S outh A fric a

.

w e re th e H e re r o wh o i n v a d e d w h a t i s n o w k n o wn a s D a m a r a
,

l a n d B ut th e d e s e rt a nd th e H ott e n tots k e pt t h e m fr om
.

e ith e r r e a c h i n g th e A t l a n tic co a st or p e n e tra t i ng a ny fu r t h e r

s ou th T h e n c a m e th e B e chu a na w h o b a r e ly c ro ss e d th e
.
,

O r a ng e riv e r ; a nd t h e n ove r ridi ng t h e s e l a tt e r l a t e st o f a l l i n

, ,

As a g a i nst a n
1
a re a fo r a ll B itis h S o u t h A f ic a (wh ic h h a s sp ru ng
r r

fro m C a p e C o l o n y ) o f sq a re mi l e s i n 8 98 t o ge t h e r wit h
u 1 , a

su e a i n ty o v e r
z r sq u a re mi l e s m o re .

J . A .
162 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n o f A fr i c a .
[C HA R

th e fi e l d th e Zulu K a ffirs wh o a t t e mpt e d to e n t e r C a p e Colo ny

, ,

from th e co a st r e gio n b ord e ri ng o n th e I n di a n O c e a n Th e .

first B ritish K a ffir wa r to o k p l a c e i n 1 8 0 9 a n d e n d e d i n th e

-

e xpulsi o n o f th e K a ffirs fr om th e Z u u rv e l d ( th e m od e r n district

o f A lb a n y ) to th e w e st o f th e G re a t Fis h riv e r wh ic h h a d
, ,

th e n b e e n fix e d a s th e K a ffir bou n d a ry I n 1 8 1 7 Lord .

Ch a rl e s S om e rs e t th e n th e Gov e r n or o f th e C a p e visit e d th e
, ,

Z u u rv e l d a n d d e ci d e d th a t th e b e st ob st a cl e i n th e wa y o f
,

r e p e a t e d K a ffir i n va sio n s wo u ld b e t o s e t tl e t h a t district wi th

a sto u t r a c e o f colo n ists H e t h e r e fo re ob t a i n e d a g ra n t from
.

th e B ritis h Gov e rn m e n t o f to p r omot e e migr a ti o n to

th e C a p e ; a n d i n 1 8 2 o B ritish e migra n ts l a n d e d i n
S out h A fric a o f whom w e r e
, s e ttl e d i n th e e a st e rn
districts pri n cip a lly i n th e cou n ty o f A l b a ny T h is s e ttl e m e n t
, .

wa s a t first a fa ilu re F e w if a n y of th e s e ttl e rs w e r e skill e d

.

a griculturists th e y w e re with out a ny e xp e ri e n c e of li fe i n a

,

s e mi tropica l co u n t ry th e cost o f l a n d tr a n spo rt pr e ss e d h e a vily

-
,

o n t h e m a n d th e g ra n ts of l a n d m a d e to e a ch i n dividu a l w e r e
,

to o sm a ll T h e firs t fe w y e a rs N a t u re pl a y e d h e r usu a l
.

tricks for N a t ur e s e e m s t o h a t e th e m ov e m e n t of sp e ci e s a nd
th e ups e tti n g o f h e r a rra n g e m e n ts T h e re for e s h e s e n t blig h t .

duri ng t hr e e y e a rs th e n floods for a n o t h e r s e a so n

,
Th e .

s e ttl e rs fe ll i n t o g re a t distr e ss but i n tim e th i n gs right e d t h e m ,

s e lv e s S om e s e ttl e r s m ov e d t o th e tow n s o f th e colo n y a n d

.

o bt a i n e d high w a g e s a s a rtis a n s ; a nd ot h e rs wh o h e ld o n t o th e
Z u u rv e l d a t l a s t a tt a i n e d prosp e rity b y e xt e n di n g th e a r e a o f
l a nd th e y occ u pi e d a n d goi ng i n for sh e e p a n d c a t tl e r u n s i n
,

p re fe r e n c e to c o r n growi n g -
.

T h e s e immig ra n ts of 1 8 2 0 a n d 1 8 2 1 c r e a t e d for th e first

t im e a st ro ng British e l e m e n t i n th e popul a tio n o f C a p e
C olo ny T h e y w e r e pri n cip a lly E nglish i n o rigi n bu t a lso
.
,

i nclud e d S co tch I rish a nd W e ls h th ough th e I rish i mmi

, , ,

g ra n t s wh o h a d s e ttl e d i n th e w e st e rn p a r t o f C a p e C o lo ny
, ,

di d n o t prosp e r G ra d u a lly o wi ng to th e dis t rib u t io n o f th e

.
,

n e w s e ttl e rs th e e a st e r n p a rt of C a p e C ol o n y b e c a m e E nglis h
,
ix .
] Th e B r i ti s h i n A fr i c a , I ] . 1 63

in r a c e a nd l a ngua g e a s comp a r e d t o th e w e st e r n a nd c e ntra l

,

p a rts w h ic h r e m a i n e d pri n cip a lly D utc h I n 1 8 1 8 —1 9 a n ot h e r

,
.

K a fli r w a r brok e o u t origi n a ti ng from a n i n t e r n e ci ne co n flict

,

a m o n gst t h e s e B a n tu n e g r o e s i n w h ic h Britis h i n t e rv e n tio n wa s

i nvok e d T h e Kos a K a ffirs m a d e a d a s h a cross th e bord e r a nd

.

b e si e g e d th e n e wly fou n d e d Gr a h a m stow n but t h e y w e r e b e a t e n

-
,

o ff a n d e v e n tu a lly t h e ir bou n d a ry wa s s h ift e d furt h e r e a st to

, ,

th e K e i ska m m a A s th e r e sult o f t h is w a r th e fro n ti e r district

.

wa s e st a blis h e d e a st o f th e Gr e a t Fis h riv e r w h ic h wa s a t firs t ,

r e g a rd e d a s a n e ut ra l l a n d t o b e p oss e ss e d by n e it h e r K a fli r
n o r w h it e m an Gr a du a lly h ow e v e r t h i s syst e m b e c a m e
.
, ,

impossibl e a n d a t l a st i n 1 8 3 1 th e C olo n i a l O ffic e g a v e i ts

,
.
, ,

a ss e n t t o gr a n ts o f l a n d b e i n g m a d e i n th e c e d e d t e r r itory to

r e sp e ct a bl e s e ttl e rs U n fortu na t e ly i n t h is d e sp a tc h a di s ti n c
.

ti o n wa s d ra wn b e tw e e n E nglishm e n a nd H ott e n tots o n th e

o n e h a n d a n d th e D utc h Bo e rs o n th e ot h e r a n d th e l a tt e r ,

w e re n o t p e rmitt e d to obt a i n l a n d o n th e n e w fro n ti e r district .

T h is t a ctl e ss a n d u nj ustifi e d a n n ou n c e m e n t tog e t h e r wit h th e ,

a tt a cks m a d e o n th e B o e rs by th e B r itis h missio n a r i e s a n d th e ,

k n owl e dg e t h a t th e a bolitio n o f sl a v e ry wa s n e a r a t h a n d m a d e ,

m a ny o f th e D utc h s e ttl e rs p rofou n dly diss a tisfi e d wit h th e

Britis h Gov e r n m e n t a n d a n xious to m ov e b e yo n d i ts co n trol .

T ill 1 8 2 5 th e C a p e h a d b e e n gov e r n e d d e spotic a lly b y th e

Gov e r n o r b ut i n t h a t y e a r a n e x e cutiv e cou n cil o f six m e mb e rs
, ,

a l l Gov e rn m e n t o f fici a ls wa s a ppoi n t e d t o a d v is e th e Gov e r n or

,

i n his l e gisl a tio n I n 1 8 2 8 two colo n ists w e r e i n trod u c e d i n to

.

t h is cou n cil i n pl a ce o f two o ffici a l m e mb e rs B ut i n 1 8 3 3 th e .

C a p e r e c e iv e d a r e gul a r co n stitutio n a s a Cro wn colo ny wi th

a l e gisl a tiv e cou n cil i n w h ic h th e u n o f fi ci a l e l e m e n t wa s fa i r ly
r e pr e s e n t e d I n 1 8 2 7 th e E nglis h l a ngu a g e h a d b e e n sub
.

stit u t e d fo r Dutch i n courts o f l a w ( a n a dditio na l c a us e of

diss a tisfa ctio n to th e Bo e r s ) but th e a dmi n istra tio n o f j ustic e
,

i n th a t y e a r w a s gr e a tly i mprov e d by th e a pp oi n tm e n t o f a
s u pr e m e co u rt wit h j udg e s a pp oi n t e d di re ctly by th e Crow n ,

w h il e th e low e r co u rts w e r e e n tir e ly r e m od e ll e d a n d ci vi l ,

I I — Z
 1 64 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C H A R

commissio n e r s a n d re sid e n t m a gistra t e s w e r e a pp oi n t e d I n .

1 82 2 th e n um b e r o f E u rop e a n s s e t t l e d i n S out h A fr ic a wa s

a bo u t I n 1 8 2 8 Owi n g to th e growi n g i mp or t a n c e o f
,

th e A lb a n y s e ttl e m e n t C a p e Colo n y w a s divid e d i n to two

,

p r ovi nc e s th e w e st e rn a n d th e e a st e rn a n d th e l a tt e r wa s fo r
, ,

a t im e go v e rn e d wi t h som e d e g re e of i n d e p e n de n c e By 1 8 2 4 .

C a p e Colo ny h a d t a k e n w h a t i s n o w th e sout h e rn limi t of th e

O r a ng e Fr e e S t a t e a s its n o r t h e rn b ou n d a ry .

A t t h i s t im e th e r e w a s a sl a v e p op u l a t io n i n British S ou th
A frica of a bo u t of w h om l e ss th a n h a lf w e re H ott e n t o t s
( w h o w e r e ra t h e r s e r fs t h a n sl a v e s ) a n d th e r e m a i n d e r M a l a y s
,

i n t rod u c e d by th e D u t ch a n d b l a ck n e gr o e s b ro u g h t from
,

Mo ga m b i q u e a n d from A ngol a T h e British Gov e rn m e n t .

h a vi n g a b olish e d th e sl a v e tr a d e i n 1 8 0 7 th e furth e r impor ,

ta ti o n o f sl a v e s c e a s e d ; b u t th e r e c a m e i n t o th e col o n y a
c e rt a i n n umb e r o f fre e n e g ro e s w h o w e r e r e scu e d fro m th e ,

sl a v e ships b y c ru is e r s a n d l a n d e d i n S ou t h A fric a I n 1 8 3 3
, .

sl a v e ry w a s a bolish e d I t wa s h ow e v e r e na ct e d t h a t a lt h o u gh
.

th e e m a n cip a tio n should com e i n to e ffe ct o n D e c e mb e r r s t ,

compl e t e fr e e do m should n o t b e giv e n t o th e sl a v e s till

D e c e mb e r r s t 1 8 3 8 fu rth e r th a t th e I mp e ri a l Gov e rn m e n t
, ,

s h ould p a y comp e n s a tio n to th e e x t e n t of millio n p o u n ds .

A s th is c o mp e n s a tio n wa s s a d dl e d wit h v a r io u s d e ducti o n s a n d

d ra wb a cks th e sl a v e ow n e r s — c h i e fly D u t chm e n — did n o t g e t
,
-

fa ir v a l u e fo r t h e i r sl a v e s a n d t h e re fo re h a d fu r th e r c a us e for
,

grum b li ng .

A t th e e n d o f 1 8 3 4 s h o rt ly a ft e r o n e of th e m ost dis
,

ti ng u i s h e d of S o u t h A fric a n G o v e rn o r s S i r B e nj a mi n D Urb a n
’
, ,

h a d a rr i v e d t o t a k e u p hi s a ppoi n t m e n t a rm e d K a fli rs ,

cross e d th e e a s t e r n b o rd e r i n to th e colo n y wi t h som e thi ng lik e

a d e t e rmi n e d r e solv e to oust th e E u rop e a n s from th e n e w l y

s e ttl e d dist ric t s F o r n e a rly a fo r t n igh t th e Kos a h a d it a l l

.

t h e ir o wn w a y fr om S om e rs e t E a st to A lgo a Ba y killi n g m a ny ,

1
Th e N e g ro a nd Ma l a y sl a v e s t h e n nu mb e re d in a ll a bo u t
1x .
] Th e Br i ti s h i n A fr i c a ,
I] 165

o f th e wh it e m e n bu rn i ng t h e i r h ous e s d e s troyi ng or c a rryi n g

, ,

Off t h e ir prop e rty a nd tu rn i n g a b e a u tiful provi n c e i n to a

,

d e s e rt T h is r a id wa s a b sol u t e ly u n provok e d e xc e pt i n so fa r
.
,

t h a t for y e a rs th e K a ffir s h a d b e e n n ursi n g a gri e va n c e o n

a ccou n t o f t h e ir e xpulsio n fr om th e cou n t ry w e st o f th e

K e i s ka m m a w h ich th e y th e ms e lv e s h a d n o t lo n g b e for e t a k e n
,

from th e H ott e n tots P rompt m e a sur e s w e r e t a k e n t o r e p e l

.

t h i s i nv a si o n a n d p u n ish th e Kos a t rib e Col o n e l S mit h .

a ft e rw a rds Gov e r n or S i r H a r ry S mit h — m ust e re d wh a t forc e s

we re a v a il a bl e a n d d r ov e th e Kos a K a ffirs b e yo n d th e
, \

K e i ska m m a E a rly i n 1 8 3 5 th e B ri tish forc e s h a d r e a c h e d

.

th e K e i r iv e r o n a cou n t e r i n v a sio n o f K a ffirl a n d S i r Be n .

j a mi n D Urb a n d e a lt m e r cifully with th e co n qu e r e d K a ffirs ;

’

v e ry fe w e v e n o f th e e n e my w e r e disposs e ss e d o f t h e ir h om e s ,

w h il e t h os e n a tiv e s w h o h a d r e m a i ne d fri e n dly w e r e r e w a rd e d

by gr a n ts of l a n d B e yo n d th e K e i r iv e r th e s o n a n d h e ir o f
.

H i n ts a wh o h a d b e e n kill e d whil e a tt e mpti n g to e sc a p e fr o m

,

imp riso n m e n t wa s r e cog ni z e d a s rul e r ov e r a s e ctio n of th e

,

Kos a s whil e i n th e n e w provi n c e a ft e rw a r ds to b e k n ow n a s

, ,

British K a ffra ri a B ritis h r e sid e n ts w e r e p l a c e d wit h th e K a ffir

,
'

chi e fs to a dvis e th e m a nd missio na ri e s w e re e nc o u rag e d to

,

r e tur n to th e ir wo rk Y e t t h is s e ttl e m e n t ( st a t e sm a n lik e an d

.

fa r sig h t e d i n its d e t a ils — w h ic h I h a v e n o t sp a c e to giv e — a s

-

i n its g e n e ra l outli n e s ) wa s ups e t a n d th e p rosp e r ity o f S out h

,

A fr ic a s e r iously d a m a g e d by a Whig s t a t e sm a n Lord Gl e n e lg , ,

th e first o f t h a t n e w sc h ool i n th e Lib e ra l p a r ty w h ic h fa vour e d

a r e a ctio n a r y policy o f a b a n d o n i n g cu r t a ili n g o r disi n t e gr a ti n g
,

wh a t t h e y co n c e iv e d to b e th e u n wi e ldy Britis h Empir e .

Lord Gl e n e l g w a s a s e n tim e n t a l do ct ri na ir e w h o h a d e volv e d ,

from h is i n n e r co n scious n e ss a n u n r e a l S out h A frica i n whic h

K a ffir r a id e rs o f ox e n w e re n o b l e mi n d e d bl a ck ki ngs w hom a
-

h a r sh pro—co n sul wa s disposs e ssi ng from t h e ir a n c e stra l t e rri

to ri e s H e n o t o nly up s e t a ll t h a t w a s n e w i n S i r B e nj a mi n
.

D Urb a n s a rra n g e m e n t b u t e v e n com p e ll e d th e r e troc e ssio n

’ ’
,

to th e K a ffirs o f l a n d w h ic h h a d l o ng b e e n occup i e d by w h it e
1 66 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R
s e ttl e rs a n d furth e r d a m a g e d th e a ut h o rity o f th e pop ul a r
,

Gov e r n or o f th e C a p e by e r e cti ng th e e a st e r n provi n c e i n to a

s e p a r a t e gov e rn o rship ov e r w h ic h h e pl a c e d a B o e r n a m e d
,

A n d ri e s S to c k e n s tro m T h e im m e di a t e r e s u lt of th is r e v e rs a l
.

o f S i r B e n j a mi n D Urb a n s p olicy wa s te n y e a rs o f i n t e rmitt e n t

’ ’

Wa r wit h th e K a ffirs ( wh o took o u r g e n e r o sity for w e a k n e ss ) ,

a n d gra v e diss a tisfa cti o n a mo n g th os e colo nists o f D utch

origi n who h a d suffe r e d from th e K a ffir ra id s I n fa ct Lo rd .
,

Gl e n e l g s blu n d e r prov e d th e l a st st ra w th a t b r ok e th e b a ck o f
’

D utc h tol e r a n c e o f British rul e a n d i n 1 8 3 6 a n umb e r of th e

,

D utch colo n ists ( w h o h a d com e t o b e k n ow n a s th e Bo e rs or ,

’

fa rm e rs ) tr e kk e d a w a y from th e lim its o f C a p e Colo n y a c ro ss

th e O r a n g e riv e r a n d th e V a a l riv e r a n d so u t h e a stw a rds i n to
,
-

N a ta l S O fa r b a ck a s 1 8 1 5 th e Dutc h fa rm e r s h a d r is e n
.

a g a i n st th e gov e r n m e n t o f Lord C h a r l e s S om e r s e t b e c a us e i t

i n t e rfe r e d wit h th e ir summ a ry t re a tm e n t of th e n a tiv e s ; bu t

t h e y w e r e surr ou nd e d a n d l a id dow n t h e ir a rm s a t S la c h te r s ’

N ek . Y e t fiv e w e r e a ft e r wa r d s h u n g for h ig h tr e a so n a ,

s e n t e n c e w h ic h did m uc h to a li e na t e D utc h symp a t h i e s .

S till i n a l l histo ric a l wo rks d e a li n g with C a p e C olo n y it i s

,

r e it e r a t e d t h a t th e m a i n c a us e of th e s h a ki n g o ff of Britis h -

citi z e n s h ip by so m a n y Bo e r fa rm e rs wa s Lord G le ne lg s ’

r e v e rs a l o f D Urb a n s fro n ti e r s e ttl e m e n t T h e a dv e ntur e s o f

’ ’
.

t h e s e Bo e rs a ft e r l e a vi n g Britis h t e rritory I h a v e d e a l t wit h i n

th e c h a pt e r o n Dutc h A fric a .

I n 1 8 2 3 a sm a ll e n t e rp ris e u n d e r th e l e a d e rs h ip o f F a r e we ll
a nd Ki n g o fli c e rs i n th e Roy a l N a vy st a rt e d from C a p e T ow n
, ,

to e xplo r e th e co a st of N a t a l T h e y l a n d e d a t Port N a t a l
.

rb a n u l u ki n g C h a k a a n d o bt a i n e d from
( n o w D u ) visit e
, d t h e Z ,

h im i n 1 8 2 4 a gr a n t o f th e p o rt o f N a t a l wi t h 1 0 0 squ a r e m il e s
o f t e rritory i n l a n d a n d a co a st li ne o f 3 5 mil e s
, O th e r t e rr i
.

tori e s i n w h a t i s n o w th e m od e rn colo ny of N a t a l we re a lso

O b t a i n e d l a t e r o n fro m th e Zulu chi e f T h e p urc h a s e rs of
.

t h e s e l a n ds p rocl a im e d t h e m to b e Britis h t e rritory A lt h oug h .

t h e s e a dv e ntur e rs w e re occa sio na lly driv e n a w a y by th e viol e n t

1x .
] Th e Br i ti s h i n A fr i c a ,
I] . 1 67

w a r s a n d dist u rb a n c e s goi ng o n a mo ngst th e Zulu s a nd K a fli rs ,

th e y h e ld o n to t h e ir po ss e ssi o n s a n d i n J u ne 1 8 3 4 Si r ,

B e nj a mi n D Urb a n forw a rd e d to th e Colo n i a l O ffic e a p e titio n

’

from C a p e C olo ny for th e e st a blis h m e n t o f a d e fi nit e gov e rn

m e n t i n N a t a l T his p e titio n th e fa t u ous Lo r d Gl e ne l g s e e ms
.

to h a v e fo u n d som e pl e a su re i n d e cli n i ng o n th e scor e o f

e xp e n s e I n 1 8 3 5 th e whit e e l e m e n t i n N a ta l wa s i n cr e a s e d
.

by m issio na ri e s from A m e ric a a n d by C a p t a i n A ll e n Ga rd e n e r

, ,

a pi o n e e r o f missio n a ry e n t e r p ris e o n b e h a lf o f th e C hurc h o f

E ngl a n d T h e s e s e tt le rs d re w up th e pl a n s o f a r e gul a r to wn
.

ship b u il t a c h u rch christ e ne d th e i r t e rr it o ry Victo ri a ( i n h o n our

, ,

o f th e h e ir to th e B ritis h th r o n e ) a n d p rop os e d to c a ll th e
,

t ow n th e y w e r e l a yi ng o u t D urb a n a ft e r th e e ne rg e tic Gov e r n o r

,

o f C a p e C o lo n y I n 1 8 3 5 th e y p e t itio n e d t h a t t h e i r t e rritory
.

migh t b e m a d e a colo ny b u t a g a i n th e I mp e r i a l G o v e r n m e n t
,

r e fus e d t h e n a s fo r m a ny y e a rs a ft e rwa rds pr e fe rri n g to

, , ,

p os t po n e a cti o n u ntil i t wa s cos tly a nd fra ug h t wit h blood

sh e d T h e D u t ch immig ra n ts w e r e a llow e d to form a r e public
.

i n th e i n t e r io r o f N a t a l I n J uly 1 8 3 8 G e n e r a l N a pi e r a cti n g
.
,

n o do u bt o n i n st r u c tio n s fr om hom e i n vi t e d th e B ri t ish s e ttl e rs

,

i n N a t a l to re t u rn to C a p e C o lo ny ; but a fe w m o n t h s a ft e r
w a rds h e s e n t a sm a ll d e ta chm e n t o f troop s to k e e p o rd e r a t
th e por t a nd a g a i n p r e ss e d th e H om e Gov e r n m e n t to d e cl a r e
,

N a t a l a B r i t is h colo ny th oug h th e fo llowi ng y e a r th e soldi e rs

,

w e re withd ra w n T h is w a s t a k e n by th e Bo e rs to b e a t a cit
.

co n s e n t to th e e st a blis h m e n t o f a v a ss a l r e p u b lic u n d e r Britis h

su z e ra i n ty T h e y would p rob a bly h a ve h a d t h e ir wa y but for
.

imp rud e n t d e a li n gs o n t h e ir p a rt with na tiv e s pl a c e d u nd e r

B ri t ish p r ot e ctio n A t th e s a m e tim e a fe e li ng b e ga n to grow
.
,

t h a t th e U n i t e d S t a t e s o f A m e ric a w e r e goi ng to h a v e politica l

d e a li ngs wi th th e t e rrito ry o f N a t a l ; whil e a v e ss e l h a d com e
ou t from H oll a nd s e n t it is tru e by p riv a t e p e rso n s but
, , , ,

s e e mi n g to co nv e y a p romis e o f D utc h a lli a n c e to th e

Burgh e r s of N a t a l B ri t is h troops h a d a g a i n o cc u pi e d Durb a n
. .

I n 1 8 4 2 th e y w e re a tt a c k e d by th e B o e r s w h o w e r e e v e n tu a lly ,
1 68 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n o f A fr i c a .
[C HA R

r e puls e d a n d a ft e rw a rds t e n de re d th e i r submi ssio n to th e

,

Qu e e n s a u t h o ri ty A t l e ng t h i n 1 8 4 3 a C o n s e rva tiv e mi n is t ry
’
.
, ,

b e i n g i n pow e r it wa s i n t im a t e d t h a t th e s e t t l e r s o n th e co a s t
,

o f N a t a l m igh t b e t a k e n u n d e r B ritish p r o te ctio n wi th th e ,

e v e n t u a l O b j e c t o f co n s t i t u t i n g N a ta l a s e l f go v e rn i n g colo n y -

i n whic h th e B o e r s w e re to h a v e a sh a re p r opo r t i o n a t e to t h e i r
n umb e rs . A fte r m u ch n e goti a tio n N a t a l b e c a m e a B ri t is h
,

colo ny wi t h a l e gisl a tiv e c o u n cil i n 1 8 4 3 T h e figh t i n g Bo e rs .

l e ft th e co u n t ry a n d r e t ir e d b e yo n d th e O r a ng e r i v e r u n de r a
som e wh a t i nd e fi n i t e a ssur a n c e th a t B ri tish ru l e w o u l d n o t
follow t h e m T h e ki n g of th e Z u l u s re c e iv e d a re c o g nitio n o f
.

his i nd e p e n d e n c e a n d i n r e t u r n r e c o g n i z e d th e T u g e l a a s th e
,

b ou nd a ry of th e B r i t is h colo n y o n th e e a s t T o th e so u t h th e .
,

t e rri t o ry o f N a t a l wa s so m e w h a t r e s t ric t e d a n d th e po r t io n c u t ,

o ff fr om it b e c a m e k n ow n a s Po n dol a n d which r e m a i n e d a n ,

i nd e p e n d e n t K a ffir s t a t e till 1 8 8 4 : it w a s fi na lly a n ne x e d to

C a p e C olo ny i n 1 8 9 4 I n 1 8 4 7 th e mis t a k e o f Lo rd Gl e n e lg
.

wa s to som e e x t e n t r e p a i r e d u n de r Gov e r n o r S i r H a rry S m i t h ,

a n d th e e a s t e r n b o u n da r y of C a p e Colo ny w a s o n c e m o re
a dv a n c e d to th e K e i r i v e r T h is s t e p w a s t a k e n a ft e r a v e ry
.

s e ri o us K a ffir w a r which b r ok e o u t i n 1 8 4 6 I n 1 8 5 0 h o w .
,

e ve r ,
a w a r b e g a n a g a i n with th e re s tl e ss Kos a K a ffirs It .

e xt e n d e d fa r a n d wid e a n d wa s m a rk e d b y n o t a fe w dis a s t e r s ;
,

o n e b e i n g th e loss a t s e a off S imo n s Ba y o f th e t r oopship ’

Bi rk e n h e a d wh ich fo u n d e re d wi t h l a rg e re i n fo rc e m e n t s of
,

t ro o ps o n bo a rd 4 0 0 soldi e rs a n d s e a m e n b e i ng d ro wne d A t
, .

l e n g t h i n 1 8 5 3 G e n e ra l C a t hc a r t wh o h a d s u cc e e d e d Si r
, , ,

H a rry S mi t h ca p t u r e d a ll th e st r o n gh o lds of th e K a ffirs i n th e

,

A m a to l a Mou n t a i n s a n d d e p o r t e d th e K a ffirs from t h a t dis

,

t ri e t wh ich s u bs e q u e n t ly b e c a m e ( from i t s s e t t l e m e n t by
,

H o t t e n t o t h a lf b re e ds ) Gri kwa l a n d E a s t
-
.

I n 1 8 5 2 th e S a n d R iv e r Co n v e n t io n wa s co n cl u d e d by ,

which th e i n d e p e n d e n c e of th e Tra n sv a a l B o e rs w a s re cog

n i z e d ; but th e O ra n g e Ri v e r S ov e re ig n t y s t ill re m a i ne d u n d e r

British co ntrol a n d its di fl c u l ti e s wi th th e B a suto comp e ll e d

,
i
1x .
] Th e B r i ti s h i n A fr i c a ,
I] . 1 69

an i n t e rv e n t io n o f th e B ritish fo r c e s T h e i nv a sio n of m ou n
.

ta i no u s B a s u t ol a n d b e g a n with a d ra wn b a t t l e i n whic h th e
“

B a s u to h e l d t h e ir o wn T h e y a ft e rw a r ds s e c u re d fa v o ur a bl e
.

t e rm s o f p e a c e by s e n di ng i n t h e i r s u bmissio n T his i n cid e n t .

disco u ra g e d th e B ri t ish G o v e rn m e n t wh o d e cid e d to a b a n do n

,

th e O r a n g e Riv e r S ov e r e ig nty ra t h e r t h a n b e u n de r a ny
r e spo n si bili t y fo r i t s d e fe n c e A ccordi n gly i n d e p e n d e n c e wa s
.
,

fo rc e d o n th e s e tt l e rs m a n y of wh om w e re E n glishm e n
,
.

B a s u t o l a n d a ft e r h a vi n g fre q u e n tly e n g a g e d i n w a r s wi th th e
,

O r a ng e F r e e S t a t e a nd h a vi ng to c e d e a p ortio n o f its t e r ritory

,

to t h e m w a s fi na lly ta k e n u n d e r B r i ti sh pr o t e c tio n i n 1 8 6 8
,
.

I n 1 8 7 1 it w a s a n n e x e d to th e C a p e b u t owi n g t o th e , ,

t urb u l e n c e o f its p e op l e a n d th e m ism a n a g e m e n t o f th e

Col o n i a l G o v e r n m e n t i t wa s tr a n sfe rre d t o dir e c t I m p e ri a l
,

a dmi n ist ra t io n i n 1 8 8 3 .

D u ri n g s e v e ra l y e a rs prio r to 1 8 4 9 th e I mp e r i a l Gov e r n
m e n t h a d b e e n e n de a v o u ri n g to a r ra ng e for th e d e sp a tch o f
B ri t is h c o n v ic t s to S outh A fric a a s i t wa s b e comi ng i n c o n
,

v e ni e n t t o m a i n t a i n th e p e n a l e st a blishm e n ts i n A u st ra li a .

Wh e n e v e r th e q u e s t io n c a m e u p th e C a p e Col o n is t s p ro t e st e d
a g a i n st th e id e a N e v e r th e l e ss i n S e p t e m b e r 1 8 4 9 a sh ip
.
, ,

broug h t ov e r from B e rmud a a n u mb e r o f t ick e t o f— l e a v e m e n to

-

b e l a n d e d a t th e C a p e T h e ship a n chor e d i n S imo n s Ba y

’
.
,

b ut th e colo n ists took s t ro n g m e a s u r e s to pr e v e n t th e l a n di n g -

o f th e co n victs . A ll w e re u n i te d t o thi s e n d T h e Gov e r n or

.

m e t th e d a n g e ro us si t u a t io n wi th g re a t wisd o m H e k e pt th e
.

co n vic t s o n bo a rd sh ip u n t il th e o rd e r could b e r e co nsid e r e d i n

E ngl a n d . T h e H o m e Gov e rn m e n t for a wo n d e r did n o t
, ,

p ush th e p oi n t t o th e r a isi n g of r e b e llio n ; th e co n vic ts w e r e

s e n t o n t o Va n D i e m e n s L a n d whil e a n O rd e r i n C o u n ci l
’
,
- -

a u th o risi n g tr a n spo r t a t i o n to th e C a p e was r e vok e d By 1 8 5 0

.

th e prosp e ri ty o f C a p e C o lo ny h a d b e com e e s t a blish e d I ts .

p o pul a ti o n whit e a n d colou re d a t t h a t t im e r e a ch e d a to t a l o f

, ,

T h e re v e n u e a t th e s a m e p e rio d s t o o d a t a b out

p e r a n n u m w h il e th e va l u e o f th e colo n i a l p r oduc e
,
I 70 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R
e xp ort e d duri ng t h a t y e a r wa s a p proxim a t e ly
Wi n e w a s n o lo n g e r th e pri n cip a l e xp ort a nd e v e n th e e xpo r t ,

o f g ra i n h a d dimi n is h e d ; wool h a d t a k e n th e first pl a c e In .

1 8 0
5 it r e p r e s e n t e d 5 3 p e r c e n t o f th e tot a l e xports . H a ir .

from A n go ra go a ts w h i ch h a d b e e n i n tr o d u c e d duri ng th e
,

’
3 o s wa s b e gi n n i n g to t a k e a n impo r t a n t pl a c e i n th e list
’
,

of e xp ort e d p ro d u cts a n d o st ric h fe a th e rs ( chi e fly d e ri v e d from

,

th e wild bi rd h ow e v e r ) w e r e a l so a n imp o rt a n t it e m
, O stric h .

fa rm i ng w h ic h h a s n o w p l a c e d th e ost ric h— h a p pi l y — ou th e
,

lis t of i n e xti nguis h a b l e dom e s t ic b i rds did n o t com e i nto ,

v o gu e till th e 6 o s th ough th e e migr a n t B o e rs a t a m uch

’ ’
,

e a rli e r d a t e h a d b e e n a ccustom e d to h a tc h a n d r e a r you n g

ost ric h e s a bou t th e ir fa rms .

O n th e 2 3 r d o f Ma y 1 8 5 0 th e G o v e r n m e n t a n d Cou n cil
, ,

o f C a p e Colo n y w e r e a uth ori z e d to p r e p a r e for th e e st a blish

m e n t of a R e pr e s e nt a t iv e g o v e r n m e n t a n d t hr e e y e a rs l a te r ,

this w a s e st a blish e d a Col o n i a l l e gisl a t u re b e i n g fo rm e d ; bu t

,

th e mi n istry wa s to b e r e sp o n sibl e o n ly to th e Gov e r n or .

R e sp o n sibl e gov e rn m e n t simil a r i n m a ny r e sp e c t s t o th a t

,

which Ob t a i n s i n th e g re a t colo n i e s o f C a n a d a a nd A ustr a l a si a ,

wa s brough t i n t o fo r c e i n 1 8 7 2 .

I n 1 8 5 4 th e gr e a t S i r G e o rg e G re y b e c a m e Gov e r n or o f
th e C a p e H e e v e n mo r e t h a n h is pr e d e c e ss o r s wa s a n xious
.
, ,

t o b u ild up a g a i n s t K a fli r i n v a sio n o n th e E a st a w a ll Of
milit a ry c o lo n is t s wh o s h ould b e a bl e t o d e fe n d t h e ir flocks
,

from ra ids wi t h out co n ti n u a lly c a lli n g o n th e Col o n i a l Gov e r n

m e n t fo r i n t e rv e n tio n A ft e r th e Crim e a n Wa r a m e a n s
.

pr e s e n t e d i t s e lf i n th e dis b a n di n g o f th e F o r e ig n L e gio n ,

whic h G re a t B rit a i n h a d r e c ru i t e d a n d wh ich co n sist e d of ,

G e r m a n S wiss a n d I t a li a n sol di e rs A ft e r th e co n clusio n o f

, ,
.

p e a c e it w a s n e c e ss a ry to disb a n d this fo rc e a n d t h e y w e r e ,

i n vi t e d to volu n t e e r for A fric a n colo n i z a tio n T h e r e sul t wa s .

t ha t G e r m a n s a cc e pt e d th e t e rm s O ffe re d a n d s t a r t e d fo r ,

S o u th A fric a T h e y w e re s e t t l e d i n th e E a s t e r n P r ovi n c e
. .

But t rou b l e th e n b e g a n to a ris e fr om t h e i r b e i ng u n m a rri e d

1x .
] Th e Br i ti s h i n A fr i c a , I] . 1 71

m e n, a nd Si r G e o rg e Gr e y sough t to r e m e dy th e d e fe ct by
im p or t i ng a l a rg e n umb e r O f G e rm a n wom e n T h e I mp e ri a l .

Gov e r n m e n t h ow e v e r t h ought th a t t h is wo u ld n o t b e a p olitic

, ,

st e p t o t a k e to cr e a t e a littl e G e rm a n y i n Bri tish A fric a

,
.

Fi na lly th e C a p e Gov e rn m e n t s e n t o n o f th e G e r m a n

b a ch e lors t o I ndi a a n d th e , wh o r e m a i n e d b e hi n d fou n d

wi v e s i n th e colo ny a n d m e rg e d t h e ir o wn n a tio n a li t y i n t h a t o f
,

Britis h subj e cts N e v e rth e l e ss th e i n troductio n o f t h e s e

.
,

G e rm a n s e t tl e r s l e d t o th e goi n g o u t o f m a n y e migr a n ts from

G e rm a ny for som e y e ar s a ft e rw a rds a n d th e s e s e ttl e d i n suc h
,

n umb e rs i n i n d e p e n d e n t K a ffr a r i a t h a t th e r e s e e m e d a d a n g e r

a t o n e ti m e of t h e ir i n voki n g G e rm a n i n t e rv e n tio n .

I n 1 8 5 6 a t e rribl e d e lusio n took h ol d o n th e Kos a K a ffirs .

T h e y h a d e nd u r e d a good d e a l o f mis e ry from th e d e st ru ctio n

o f m uc h of t h e i r c a ttl e by a n e pid e mic o f ri n d e rp e st a n d w e r e ,

i n a m ood t o b e i n flu e n c e d b y th e wild s a yi n gs of t h e ir witc h

docto rs O ne of t h e s e wi z a rd s wh o h a d r e c e iv e d a sm a tt e ri n g
.
,

o f e duc a tio n a t a missio n sc h ool a ros e a n d procl a im e d a st ra n g e

,

gosp e l H e a nn ou n c e d t h a t th e d e a d a n d go n e K a ffi r ch i e fs
.

wo u ld r e tu rn t o e a r t h wi th t h e ir follow e rs a n d b ri ng wit h th e m
,

a n e w r a c e of c a ttl e e x e mp t from dis e a s e a n d t h a t followi n g

,

o n t h i s r e sur re ctio n would com e th e t r iump h o f th e bl a ck m a n

ov e r th e w h it e T h e prop h e t h a d h e a rd of th e C rim e a n Wa r
.
,

a n d a nn ou n c e d t h a t th e d e a d K a ffir c h i e fs w ou ld b r i n g w i t h

t h e m m a ny R u ssi a n soldi e rs a n d a t t a ck th e B ritis h B ut o n e .

t h i ng wa s n e c e ss a ry to s e c u re this M ill e nni u m : th e e xisti n g

c a ttl e a n d crops mu st b e d e stroy e d A p ortio n o f th e K a ffir.

trib e s b e li e v e d t h is rubbish S om e o f th e c h i e fs e v e n wh o
.

k n e w b e tt e r a nd wh o smil e d a t th e impos tu re e n cou ra g e d i t

, , ,

t h i n ki ng th a t a ft e r t a ki n g t h e s e d e sp e ra t e m e a su re s t h e ir m e n
would stick a t n oth i n g a n d would r e a lly br e a k dow n th e
,

British p ow e r T h e r e for e m os t o f th e Kos a K a fli rs s e t t o

.
,

work to sl a ught e r th e ir ox e n a nd cut dow n th e i r corn a n d a l l ,

l ook e d for wa r d e a g e r ly to th e d a w n i n g o f F e bru a ry 1 8 1 8 5 7 , ,

o n w h ic h d a t e th e r e surr e c t io n wa s to t a k e pl a c e N o thi n g .
1 72 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C H A R

h a pp e ne d h o we v e r a n d th e c o n s e qu e n c e s o f th is h a t e fu l
, ,

impos t u r e w e r e t e r ribl e I t is s t a t e d th a t 2
. K a ffirs di e d
o f st a r v a t io n a n d n e a r ly
,
o th e rs l e ft B r itish K a ffr a ri a

a n d th e t e rrito ri e s b e yo n d th e K e i to s e e k a n o t h e r hom e .

S o me of t h e s e K a ffirs s e t t l e d i n C a p e C o l o ny b e i n g '

t a k e n i n t o s e r v ic e th e r e th r ough th e i n t e r v e n t io n o f th e Gov e r n
m e n t a n d fr om t h e m mix e d wi t h H ot t e n tots a n d e m a n cip a t e d
, ,

sl a v e s a re de sc e n de d th e C a p e Bo y s who h a v e si n c e a tt ra ct e d
,
‘
,
’

a t t e n t io n by th e ir v a lu e a s s o ldi e r s i n s u ppr e ssi n g th e M a t a b e l e

r e vol t Si r G e o rg e G re y i n 1 8 5 8 w a s o b lig e d t o s e n d a
.

mili t a ry fo rc e a g a i n s t som e o f th e K a ffir t rib e s r e n d e re d

d e sp e r a t e b y d e s t i tu t i o n a n d th e y w e r e d riv e n fo r a t im e i n to
,

P o n dol a n d B ri t is h K a ffra ri a b e i ng a n n e x e d t o C a p e C olo n y

, ,

a n d th e T r a n sk e i b e i n g t a k e n u n d e r B ri t ish p r o t e c t io n T h is .

T ra n sk e i t e r ri t o ry wa s subs e qu e n t ly r e p e o pl e d p a rtly wi th ,

Fi ngo K a fli rs a n d p a r tly by th e d e sc e n d a n ts o f th e K a fli r
'

t rib e s wh o w e re r ui n e d b y th e t e a ch i n g of th e fa ls e p r o ph e ts .

I n 1 8 7 7 th e G a l e k a s a s e c t io n o f th e K o s a t r ib e com m e n c e d
, ,

fig ht i ng th e Fi n gos T h e y w e re j oi n e d l a t e r o n b y th e Ga i k a s
.
,

a n oth e r Kos a p e opl e wh o h a d fo r l o n g b e e n dw e lli n g p e a c e

,

a b ly i n th e E a st e r n Provi n c e a n d du r i n g 1 8 7 7 a n d 1 8 7 8 th e
,

l a st K a ffir wa r ra g e d e n di ng i n e vit a bly i n co n q u e st a n d

,

s u b missio n .

T h e Bri t is h h a d t a k e n fr o m th e D u tch i n 1 6 5 1 th e littl e

isl a n d o f S t H e l e n a ( i n th e A tl a n tic O c e a n ) th e D u tch h a vi ng
‘
,

p r e vio u sly t a k e n i t fro m th e P o r t u gu e s e i n 1 6 4 5 T his isl a n d .

b e c a m e o f som e v a lu e a s a pl a c e o f c a ll fo r ships p a ssi ng t o

a n d fr om I n di a r o u n d th e C a p e I n 1 8 1 5 i t wa s s e l e ct e d a s
.

th e p l a c e o f b a n ishm e n t for th e d e p o s e d N a p ol e o n Bo na p a r t e ,

a n d to m a k e s e curi t y dou b ly su r e th e i sl a n ds of A sc e n sio n to , ,

1
Disco v e e d by th e P o rt u g e s e i n 1 5 0 2 its e xist e n c e w a s k e pt s e c re t
r u ,

by th e m u n ti l 1 5 8 8 wh e n C pt i n C a v e ndis h e t n i n g f o m a c is e o nd
,
a a r u r r ru r u

th e w o l d s u dde n l y l igh t e d o n it
r T h e D tc h twic e s e i e d it a nd h e l d it
. u z

e a c h tim e fo r a fe w m o n t h s i n 1 66 5 a n d 1 6 7 3 I n t h is y e it w as . ar

de fi n it e l y a ll o tt e d to th e E a st I n di a C o mp a n y .
1x .
] Th e Br i ti s h i n A fr i c a , I ] . 1 73

th e o r th a n d T ri st a n d A c u nh a to th e e xtr e m e sout h w e r e
n ,
’
,
‘
,

occup i e d a lso a b out th e s a m e tim e a n d h a v e r e m a i n e d B r itis h ,

e v e r si n c e W h e r e a s A sc e n sio n h a s a lw a ys b e e n m a na g e d
.

dir e ctly b y th e B riti sh A dm ir a lty S t H e l e na wa s from 1 6 7 3 ,

u n til 1 8 1 5 a nd from 1 8 2 1 to 1 8 3 4 gov e r n e d by th e E a st I n di a

,

C omp a ny I n 1 8 3 4 it b e c a m e a Crow n Colo n y T rist a n

. .

d A c u n h a w a s occup i e d by a B ri t ish g a rriso n fr om 1 8 1 5 to

’

1 82 1 of wh ich th re e m e n r e m a i n e d b e h i n d volu nt a rily a n d

,

with som e shipwr e ck e d s a ilo r s st a rt e d th e e xisti ng colo ny ,

wh ich i s a s e lf go v e r n i ng com mu n i t y
-
.

S t H e l e n a wa s profo u n dly a ffe ct e d b y th e Op e n i n g o f th e

Su e z C a na l i n 1 8 6 9 S h e l ost n e a r ly a ll th e s h ippi n g w h ich
.

form e rly sough t h e r h a rbour a n d t h r e e qu a rt e rs o f h e r tr a d e

,
-

but s h e i s n o w b e gi n n i n g to r e cov e r p r osp e rity to som e d e gr e e

a s a v a lu a bl e h e a l th r e s o r t e sp e ci a lly for th e s h ip s o f th e W e s t
,

A fric a n S qu a d r o n a n d a s a possibl e co a li n g st a ti o n i n tim e

,

o f wa r .

Capeolo n y migh t a lso h a v e s u ffe r e d from th e op e ni ng o f

C
th e S u e z C a na l but th a t s h e w a s a lr e a dy b e gi n n i n g to b u ild u p
a n i m p o r t a n c e o f h e r o wn du e to h e r e xpo r ts o f w ool hid e s
, , ,

wi n e a n d o s t rich fe a th e rs
,
Mor e ov e r a h a ppy discov e ry
.

i n t e rv e ne d wh ich e ffe ctu a ll y gu a rd e d a g a i n st a ny w a n i n g of

i n t e r e st i n S o u t h A fric a I n 1 8 6 7 th e fi rst di a m o n d wa s dis
.

cov e re d n e a r th e O ra n g e riv e r b u t it wa s no t u n t il 1 8 7 0 t h a t a
,

l a rg e find o f th e s e p re cious sto n e s wa s m a d e n e a r th e sit e o f

m od e r n Kimb e rl e y T h is discov e ry o f di a m o n ds t o th e n o rt h
.

o f th e O ra n g e r iv e r a n d i n cou n try o f doubtfu l ow n e rs h ip b ut

, ,

cl a im e d by th e O r a n g e Fr e e S t a t e drov e th e n o w a w a k e n e d ,

B ritis h Gov e rnm e n t t o ra t h e r sh a rp pr a ctice T h e di a mo n d .

b e a ri n g l a n d wa s cl a im e d by a G rikw a ( H ott e n tot h a lf ca st e ) -

c h i e f n a m e d Wa te rb o e r O n th e oth e r h a n d th e O ra ng e F r e e
.
,

S t a t e a ss e rt e d t h a t it h a d a cquir e d th e gr e a t e r p a r t o f th e

1
Th e la rge st o f a l itt l e g ro p o f isl e ts u i n th e S o u t h At la n tic a b o u t
1 2 60 mi l e s w e st o f th e C p e o f G o o d H o p e
a .
1 74 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R

c o u n try fro m th e origi na l G rikw a o wne rs a nd th e n ort h e rn p a rt ,

o f D i a m o n dl a n d w a s cl a im e d by th e T ra n sv a a l T his l a st cl a im
.

w a s submitt e d t o th e a rbi t ra ti o n o f th e Li e ut e n a n t Gov e r n or o f -

N a t a l w h o a w a rd e d m o st o f th e di a mo n d cou n try to th e G rikw a

,

a n d B e chu a n a c h i e fs T h e s e l a t t e r h a d r e a lly b e com e th e m e n

.

o f st ra w hidi n g th e h a n d of th e B ritis h Gov e r n m e n t Fi na lly .

,

i n 1 8 7 1 Wa te rb o e r a n d o t h e r Grikw a chi e fs c e d e d th e ir rig h ts

to th e B ri t ish Gov e r n m e n t w h o promp tly e r e ct e d th e di a mo n d
,

c ou n t ry i n t o a provi n c e u nd e r th e n a m e of G ri kwal a nd W e st .

T h e O r a n g e Fr e e S t a t e p ro t e st e d a n d n o doub t th e a ctio n o f
,

th e British Gov e r n m e n t wa s ra t h e r h igh — h a nd e d a nd i n rar e ,

co n t ra st to th e a b n e ga to ry p olicy us u a lly p u rs u e d Fi n a lly .

th e cl a im s of th e O r a n g e Fr e e S t a t e w e r e s e ttl e d by Lord

C a r n a rvo n wh o i n 1 8 7 6 a w a rd e d t o its gov e rn m e n t th e sum o f

,

i n co n sid e r a t io n o f th e a b a n do n m e n t of th e ir cl a im .

I n 1 8 4 5 N a t a l h a d b e e n a nn e x e d to C a p e Colo ny b ut ,

l a t e r o n i n th e s a m e y e a r i t w a s gi v e n a s e p a ra t e a dmi n istra
ti o n co n sisti n g of a Li e ut e n a n t Gov e r n or a n d a n e x e cutiv e
,
-

C ou n cil ; thoug h i n l e g a l m a t t e rs it s t ill r e m a i n e d d e p e n d e n t

o n C a p e T ow n Bu t i n 1 8 4 8 a loc a l L e gi sl a t iv e C ou n cil w a s
.

cr e a t e d a n d fi n a lly i n 1 8 5 6 th e colo n y wa s e n t ir e ly s e v e re d
,

from th e C a p e a n d wa s e ndow e d wi th a p a rti a lly r e p re s e n t a tiv e

,

gov e rn m e nt S om e y e a r s p re viously th e Gov e rn o r o f C a p e

.

C olo n y h a d b e e n a lso c r e a t e d H M H igh Commissio n e r i n . .

S o u t h A fric a so th a t h e might h a v e pow e r t o re p re s e n t th e

,

B ri t ish Gov e rnm e n t outsid e th e limi t s of C a p e Colo n y I n .

thi s ca p a ci t y t h e re for e h e s t ill re t a i n s s o m e a ut h o ri t y o v e r th e

gov e rn m e n t of N a t a l a nd i ts r e l a tio n s wit h th e a dj oi ni n g st a t e s .

T h e i n fl u e n c e of th e H ig h C omm issio n e r e xt e n ds ov e r a ll
A fr ic a so u t h o f th e Z a mb e z i a n d th e Po rt u g u e s e W e st A fric a n
T h e t e rri t o ry of N a t a l w a s n o t c a p a bl e fo r som e
‘
p oss e ssio n s .

t im e o f a ny g re a t e x t e n sio n b e i n g girt a b ou t wi t h B o e r st a t e s
,

a n d N e g r o t ri b e s w h os e i n d e p e n d e n c e w a s to som e e x t e n t
1
I t wi ll a l s o i n c l u de B a ro ts e l a nd s h o r t l y a n d wi ll t h u s e xt e n d to th e
,

C o ngo F e e S t t e
r a .
i x.
] Th e B r i ti s h i n A fr i c a , I ] . I 7S

gu a ra n t e e d by th e I mp e ri a l Gov e r n m e n t But i n 1 8 6 6 i t .

r e c e iv e d b a ck a sm a ll t e rritory o n th e sout h ( th e cou n ty o f

A lfr e d ) wh ic h w a s wi t hi n th e o r igi n a l limits cl a im e d by th e
,

fou n d e rs O f N a t a l b ut h a d b e e n for a tim e h a nd e d ov e r to th e

,

Po n do c h i e f T h e s e ttl e d gove rn m e n t of N a t a l a n d th e
.

ki n dly a ttitud e o f th e B ritis h C ol o n i a l Gov e rn m e n t broug h t

a bout th e r e p e opli n g of t h a t fe rtil e cou n t ry by K a fli r trib e s .

“
T h is G a rd e n o f S out h A fri ca h a d b e e n a lm ost d e p opul a t e d ”

b y th e Zulu ki ngs wh o h a d sl a ug h t e re d som e th i ng lik e

,

n a tiv e s fr om first to l a st B e for e th e r is e o f th e .

Zulu t rib e N a t a l o r Emb o h a d b e e n a thi ckly p opul a t e d

,
1 ‘ ’

cou n try U nd e r whi te rul e th e n a tiv e im migra ti o n a n d p o pu

.

l a tio n i n cr e a s e d so r a p idly t h a t w h e n th e colo n y w a s o nly n i n e

y e a rs o l d it co n t a i ne d K a ffirs T h e whit e colo n is ts .

w e r e o f m ix e d o rigi n a bo u t o ne th ird b e i n g th e o rigi na l D u t ch

,
-

s e ttl e rs w h il e th e r e m a i n d e r w e r e e ith e r e m ig ra n ts from Gr e a t

,

Brit a i n C a p e Colo ni a ls o r G e rm a n s T h e G e rm a n fa m ili e s

, ,
.

m a i nly c a m e from B re m e n A t first th e pri n ci p a l a rticl e of.

e xport wa s ivory o b t a i n e d from Zulul a n d wh e r e e l e ph a n t s

, ,

still r iot e d i n gr e a t n u m b e r s b ut t his w a s n o t to l a st l o n g fo r ,

w h a t wit h British spo rtsm e n a n d D utc h h u n t e r s a n d th e i ntro ,

d u ctio n o f fir e a rm s a m o ngst th e n a t iv e s big g a m e w a s ra pidly ,

e xt e rmi n a t e d T h e n duri n g th e 5 o s th e sug a r c a n e a n d th e

’ ’
.
, ,

cotto n pl a n t w e r e i n tr o duc e d th e e xport o f suga r risi n g i n ’

,

1 872 to a n a n n u a l v a lu e o f T h e s e s e mi t rop ic a l -

pl a n t a tio n s b ro u gh t a bo u t a fre sh w a n t — t h a t o f p a ti e n t c h e a p , ,

a g r ic u l tur a l l a b ou re r s U n h a ppily th e bl a ck m a n th ough so

.
, ,

st r o n g i n body a n d so u n a spiri n g i n id e a ls h a s a s a r ul e a ,

stro n g obj e cti o n t o co n ti n uous a g ric u ltura l l a bo u r H is o wn .

n e e ds a re a m ply s u ppli e d by a fe w w e e k s till a g e sc a tt e r e d ’

1
O r L a n d o f th e A b a m b o th e n m e o f o ne o f th e o igi n a l B an t u
“
, a r

t r ib e s o f th e c o u n t y T h e ro o t —m ho is v e y c o mm o n a s a t iba l n a m e
r . r r

a m o n g th e B a n t a n d o cc rs re p e t e dl y i n C e n t a l A f ic a
u , u a r r .

T o w h ic h w a s a dde d i n l a t e y e a s te a ( g re a t s u cc e ss ) a n d c o fl e e
'
2
r r a

th e l tt e r de st o y e d by th e C e y l o n c o f
a r fe e dis e a s e .
1 76 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R

t h ro u gh o u t th e y e a r ; a n d e v e n t h is is g e n e ra lly p e rfo rm e d b y
th e w o m e n o f th e t rib e th e m e n b e i n g fre e to figh t h u n t fi sh
, , , ,

t e n d c a t tl e a nd lo a f T h e r e fo r e th e
,
.
, o dd bl a ck m e n

o f N a t a l though th e y m a d e us e ful dom e s t ic s e r v a n ts a n d polic e

, ,

w e r e of b u t li tt l e u s e i n th e pl a n t a tio n s A s sug a r c u ltiv a tio n .

wa s i n t roduc e d fr o m M a uriti u s so with t h i s i n t r o d u ctio n c a m e

,

n a t u ra lly th e id e a of e m ployi n g I n di a n Cooli e s a l r e a dy t a ki n g ,

th e pl a c e i n th e M a sc a r e n e I sl a n ds wh ich wa s fo rm e rly o ccupi e d

by N e gr o sl a v e s I n 1 8 6 0 th e fi r st i n d e n t u r e d Cooli e s re a ch e d
.

N a t a l fr om I n di a a n d by th e e n d o f 1 8 7 5
, n a tiv e s o f

B ritis h I n di a w e r e e st a blish e d i n N a t a l A n u m b e r o f t h e s e .

h a d p a ss e d o u t o f th e i r i n d e n t u r e s a n d h a d b e c o m e fre e s e t t l e r s
,

a n d p e t t y tra d e r s N ow a d a ys th e I n di a n p o p u l a t i o n o f N a t a l
.

h a s r is e n to som e t h i n g lik e F r om N a t a l th e s e Bri t ish

I n di a n s h a v e cr e pt i n to th e T ra n sva a l i n t o th e O ra n g e Fr e e ,

S t a t e a n d e v e n i n t o B e c h u a n a l a n d a n d R h o de si a
,
M a ny o f .

t h e m a re e mploy e d o n th e N a t a l r a ilw a ys a n d i n th e town s ,

th e y form a thrivi ng cl a s s of p e t t y t ra d e rs H e re a n d th e re .

t h e y h a v e mi ngl e d wi t h th e K a ffirs produci n g a ra t h e r fin e ,

looki n g hyb rid simil a r i n a pp e a ra n c e to th e b l a ck Po r t u gu e s e

,

o n th e Z a mb e z i wh o ar e d e sc e n d e d fro m a cr o ss b e tw e e n
,

n a t iv e s of G o a i n Po r t u gu e s e I n di a a n d Z a mb e z i N e g ro e s
, , .

A dd e d t o th e o rdi n a ry C ooli e cl a ss a r e t ra de rs w h o b e lo n g
p a rtly to T a mul a n d o t h e r D ra vidi a n ra c e s o f S o u t h I n di a a n d
p a rtly to co a st trib e s from W e st e rn I n di a m os t ly p ro fe ssi n g ,

th e Kh oj a fa i t h T h e Kh oj a s a re i n a fa r o ff wa y Mu h a m
.
-

m a da n s .T h e i n h a bi t a n ts of N a t a l h a v e wi t h g r e a t i na ccu ra cy
“
t a k e n t o c a lli n g th e s e W e st C o a st I n di a n s A ra bs T hi s .
”

I n di a n e l e m e n t i s lik e ly to h a v e its e ffe ct o n th e h istory of

N a t a l I t is str o ngly u n pop u l a r a m o n gst th e whit e col o n ists
.

fo r s e lfish r e a so n s O n th e wh o l e i t is n o t u n popul a r a m o n gs t
.
,

th e bl a cks but th e id e a o f a n e v e n tu a l fu sio n b e tw e e n N e g ro

,

a n d I n di a n i s n o t a n a gr e e a bl e o n e to c o n t e mpl a t e from th e

col o nis t s p oi n t of vi e w a s i t woul d cr e a t e a ra c e stro n g both

’
,

m e n t a lly a n d physic a lly fa r ou t n u mb e ri n g th e w h it e s a n d

, ,
1x .
] Th e B r i ti s h i n A fr i c a , I ] . 1 77

lik e ly to m a k e a da nge r o u s struggl e fo r sup re m a cy O n th e .

ot h e r h a n d from th e I m p e ri a l p oi n t of vi e w —fr om wh a t I c a ll
, ,

th e p olicy o f th e Bl a ck Whit e a n d Y e llow — i t s e e m s u nj ust

, ,

t h a t H e r M a j e sty s I n di a n s u b j e cts s h oul d n o t b e a llow e d to

’

ci rcul a t e a s fr e e ly a s t h os e of h e r li e g e s wh o c a n cl a im
E u rop e a n d e sc e n t P e rh a ps o n th e wh ol e th e solutio n whic h
.

h a s b e e n i n i ti a t e d i n th e B ritish sph e r e n o rth o f th e Z a m b e z i

is th e b e st : na m e ly th a t I n di a n immigra tio n sh ould b e d ra w n
,

r a th e r to thos e cou n t ri e s w h ich a re a d mi n is t e r e d o n th e s a m e

li n e s a s I n di a t h a n to th e t e mp e ra t e r e gio n s sout h o f th e
Z a mb e z i wh e r e th e whit e m a n m igh t b e a llow e d to e xp a n d
,

without l e t o r h i n d ra n c e .

T h e first ra ilw a y w o rk e d i n S o u t h A fr ic a i s s a id t o h a v e
b e e n a li n e co n n e cti n g th e t o wn o f D urb a n wi t h th e l a n di ng
pl a c e o f its h a rb o u r which wa s Op e n e d i n 1 8 6 0
,
B ut soo n .

a ft e rw a rds a r a ilw a y b e g a n to st a rt n o r t hw a rds from C a p e

T ow n t o P a a rl a n d this wa s dir e ct e d wi t h m a n y z ig z a gs a nd
, ,

wit h a s e e mi n g a i ml e ss n e ss towa r ds th e K a roo T h e discov e ry .

o f th e Di a mo n d fi e l ds g a v e r a ilw a y e xt e n si o n a n obj e ctiv e a nd ,

Kimb e rl e y b e c a m e th e go a l which wa s fi na lly r e a ch e d i n 1 8 8 5

I n 1 8 7 2 th e C a p e Gov e rn m e n t by A c t o f P a rli a m e nt took ov e r
th e e xisti n g r a ilw a ys i n C a p e Colo n y whic h t h e n o n ly co n sist e d ,

o f a tot a l l e ngt h of 6 4 mil e s S oo n a ft e rw a rd s a n e xp e n ditur e

.

o n r a ilw a y e xt e n sio n of w a s a ut h o ri z e d I n Na tal .

a Gov e r n m e n t r a ilw a y wa s c o mm e n c e d i n 1 8 7 6 co n n e cti n g

D u rb a n wi t h th e c a p it a l Pi e t e r m a r i t z b u rg T his li n e n o w
, .

t ra v e rs e s th e Colo n y t o th e T ra n sv a a l bord e r a nd i n a n oth e r

di r e c t io n e n t e r s th e O ra ng e F r e e S t a t e .

T h e history of N a t a l h a s b e e n si n g u l a rly p e a c e ful a n d

p rosp e rous a s comp a r e d wi th th e w e a ry K a ffir w a rfa r e o f th e
,

E a st e rn Provi nc e of C a p e Colo ny But i n 1 8 7 3 th e n a tiv e s o f .

N a t a l r e qui re d a l e sso n O n its n o r t h w e s te r n fr o n ti e r th e

.
-

T w e l v e y e s l t e r th e ra i l w a y l i n e h d t ra v e s e d B itis h B e c h u a n
1
ar a a r r a

l n d nd h a d e a ch e d Bu l u w a yo I t is n o w h e a di ng fo r th e Z a mb e i
a a r . z .

J . A .
1 78 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R
H lubi r e fug e e s fr om Zulul a n d h a d b e e n a llow e d to e st a blish
th e m s e l v e s u n d e r a ch i e f o f gr e a t imp ort a n c e L a ng al i b al e l e ,
.

H is you ng m e n h a d go n e t o wo rk i n th e D i a m o n d fi e lds o f
Kim b e rl e y a n d h a d r e t u rn e d with gu n s th e i n t r oductio n of
, ,

w h i ch i n to th e colo n y without r e gist ra tio n w a s pr o hibit e d .

L a n g a l i b a l e l e t a ki ng n o n otic e o f a summ o n s to a n sw e r for thi s

,

br e a ch o f th e l aw fl e d i n t o B a sutol a n d Fort u n a t e ly th e
, .

B a suto ga v e him n o suppo rt a nd h e w a s e v e ntu a lly c a ptur e d

,

a n d e xil e d fo r a tim e to C a p e C olo ny But th is ou t b re a k

.

c a ll e d a t t e n t io n t o th e gr e a t i n cr e a s e o f th e n a tiv e p op u l a tio n
o f N a t a l a n d th e u n wi sdom o f a llo wi n g it a n y l o n g e r to re m a i n
,

u n d e r th e gov e r n m e n t o f th e K a fli r c h i e fs A ccordi ngly i n .

1 8 7 5 S i r G a r ne t ,
a fte rw a r ds Visc o u n t Wols e l e y wa s s e n t t o
,

N a t a l to r e por t o n th e n a tiv e qu e sti o n a n d i n iti a t e d c h a ng e s

,

w h i c h h a d th e e ffe ct of b r i ngi n g th e n a tiv e s m o re compl e t e ly

u nd e r th e co n trol of th e Ex e c u tiv e a n d a pproxim a ti ng th e m
,

m ore t ow a rds th e posi t io n o f citi z e n s of th e colo n y .

A ll th is t im e di a m o n ds h a d b e e n a tt ra cti n g m a n y e migr a n t s
to S outh A fric a chi e fly from G re a t B r i t a i n b u t a lso from
, ,

Fra n c e a n d G e r m a n y . A mo ngst th e s e e m ig ra n ts w e r e a
n um b e r of J e ws b e lo n gi n g t o a ll th r e e n a tio n a liti e s who w e r e ,

n a tur a lly a tt ra c te d t o th e di a m o n d t ra d e T h e growi n g i n t e r e st

.

fe lt i n S outh A fric a from th e discov e ry of di a m o n ds h a d n o t

o n ly t e nd e d to m a k e th e B ritish Gov e rn m e n t v e ry p a rticul a r a s
t o th e e x a c t rights it p oss e ss e d i n th e vi ci nity o f th e D u tc h
r e pu b lics b u t a lso l e d it t o re v i v e i t s cl a i ms t o th e sout h s h or e
,

o f D e l a g o a Ba y . T h e Port u gu e s e Gov e r n m e n t fo re s e e i ng this , ,

h a d com m e n c e d t o r e a ss e r t i t s cl a i m to th a t h a rb o u r i n
its b o u n d a ry t re a ty wi t h th e T r a n sv a a l i n 1 8 6 9 I n 1 8 7 0 —7 1 .

th e B ri t ish Go v e r nm e n t r a is e d i t s cl a im i n th e m a nn e r I h a v e
a l r e a dy d e scrib e d i n th e ch a pt e r o n Po r t ug u e s e A fric a I n .

1 8 7 2 Gr e a t B ri t a i n a gr e e d t o submit th e q u e s t io n a t issu e to

th e a r b i t ra tio n o f Ma rsh a l Ma c Ma h o n wh os e a w a rd d e liv e r e d

, ,

i n 1 8 7 5 w a s wh olly i n fa vour o f th e Port u gu e s e

,
But G re a t .

Brit a i n h a d a l re a dy s e cur e d from Po rt u ga l a promis e co n firm e d ,

1x .
] Th e B r i ti s h i n A fr i c a , I ] . 1 79

by a mor e r e c e n t co n v e n tio n th a t s h e sh oul d b e a llow e d th e ,

rig h t o f pre e mptio n ov e r D e l a g o a Ba y

-
D uri n g th e 5 o s a n d ‘
.
’ ’

6 o s m issio n a r i e s a n d t ra d e rs h a d push e d du e n ort h a cross

’ ’

th e O ra ng e riv e r t h r oug h B e c h u a na l a n d to th e Z a m b e z i
, , ,

a n d w e stw a rd t o L a k e Ng a m i a n d D a m a ra l a n d D uri n g th e .

6 o s a good d e a l o f tr a d e w a s do n e i n th e l a st m e n tio n e d
’ ’
-

cou n t ry i n os t ric h fe a th e rs a nd ivory a n d th e D a m a r a w h o , ,

sh ould m or e prop e rly b e k n ow n a s th e O va h e r e ro c a m e u n d e r -

’
,

Europ e a n i n flu e n c e W a r s a risi ng b e tw e e n th e D a m a r a a nd
.

th e H ott e n tot N a m a kw a a n d th e com pl a i n ts o f th e G e rm a n

,

m issio na ri e s a t work i n t h e s e cou n tri e s brough t a bout th e ,

d e sp a tc h o f a comm issio n e r to D a m a ra l a n d by th e C a p e
Gov e r n m e n t H e r e port e d i n 1 8 7 6 i n fa vour of e xt e n di ng
.

Britis h pro t e ctio n ov e r D a m a r a l a n d but a l l t h a t D ow ni n g S tr e e t ,

would co n c e d e wa s th e a nn e x a ti o n o f Wa lfis h Ba y ( T w e lv e .

littl e isl e t s o ff th e S W co a st h a d b e e n a n n e x e d i n 1 8 6 7 b e
.
,

c a us e t h e y w e r e l e a s e d to a gu a n o coll e cti ng comp a ny ) A littl e -

.

l a t e r o n a n oth e r com missi o ne r wa s d e sp a tch e d fro m th e C a p e

to s e t tl e th e i n t e rt rib a l qu a rre ls n or t h o f th e O r a n g e riv e r a n d ,

a fur t h e r r e comm e n d a tio n w as s e n t h om e by th e Gov e r n or ;

but Lord Kimb e rl e y th e n e w Col o n i a l S e cr e t a ry d e fi n it e ly
, ,

fo rb a d e th e e x t e n sio n o f a n y B ritish i n flu e n c e ov e r N a m a k wa
l a n d o r D a m a ra l a nd I n 1 8 8 3 G e rm a ny dir e ctly qu e stio ne d
.

E n gl a n d a s to w h e th e r s h e l a id cl a im to t e rritory n ort h o f th e
O ra n g e riv e r A n e va siv e r e ply wa s s e n t i n w h ic h d e l a y wa s
.
,

a sk e d for so t h a t th e C a p e Gov e rn m e n t could b e co n sult e d .

Ev e n tu a lly th e G e rm a n s w e re told th a t E ngl a n d l a id cl a i m to

Wa l fis h Ba y a n d th e Gu a n o I sl a n ds o n ly but t h a t th e i n t e r ,

v e n ti o n of a n oth e r P ow e r b e tw e e n th e Po r tug u e s e fro n ti e r a n d

th e O ra ng e riv e r would i n fri n g e l e gitim a t e B ri t i s h righ ts Th e .

i na ctio n o f o u r Gov e r n m e n t o n t h is occ a sio n s e e m s to u s i n

1
To wh ic h was a dde d la te r , o ve r all P o t u gu e s e A f ic a s o u t h
r r o f th e
Z a mb e i z .

D a m a a is th e
2
r H o tt e n t o t na m e a pp l i e d to t h e s e b la ck B a n t u ne g ro e s ,

w h o c ll t h e ms e l v e s
a O va - he re ro , O va - m bo , e tc .

1 2 — 2
1 80 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n o f A fr i c a .
[C H A R

th e pr e s e n t da y a n d by o u r m od e rn ligh t s i n c o n c e iva bl e
, , .

Li t e ra lly th e o n ly r e a so n t h e y s e e m to h a v e h a d i n n o t p o lit e ly
de cl a ri n g t h a t S o u t h W e st A fr ic a w a s u n d e r B ritish p r o t e c t io n
-

w a s th e r e mot e dre a d t h a t th e y would h a v e to p r o t e c t G e r m a n

mi ssi o na ri e s a n d t r a d e rs .

Bu t n o t o n ly D ow n i ng S tre e t i n th e g r e a t e r d e g re e b ut th e
C a p e Gov e rn m e n t i n th e l e ss e r w a s t o bl a m e for t h i s stupid
i n a c t ivi t y Th e C a p e Gov e r n m e n t a t th a t t im e w a s di re c t e d
.

b y mi n is t e r s wh o w e r e much u n d e r p ur e ly colo n i a l i n flu e n c e ,

a n d wh o discou ra g e d by t h e i r fa ilu r e to a dmi n is t e r B a s u t ol a n d

, ,

h a d n o v e ry s t ro n g de si r e to sp e n d th e m o n e y o f th e colo n y
i n a n n e xi n g a n d a dmi n i st e ri n g a v a st t e rr it o ry m a i n ly d e s e r t .

B e sid e s th e id e a o f G e rm a n y b e c o m i n g a colo n i a l p ow e r w a s
,

l a u gh e d a t i n th os e d a ys i n Gov e r n m e n t ci r cl e s a s a n i m p o s s i
b i l i ty
. A t l e n g t h a l l do u b t s w e re e n d e d b y th e d e cl a ra t io n
of a G e rm a n p r o t e c t o ra t e Ov e r S o u th W e st A fric a i n 1 8 8 4
-
.

B ri t ish missio n a ri e s du ri ng th e 3 o s a n d 4 o s h a d c ross e d

’ ’ ’

th e O ra n g e r iv e r a n d s e t t l e d i n B e ch u a n a l a n d a s t e r il e ,

p l a t e a u b e t w e e n th e N a m a kw a a n d K a l a h a r i d e s e r t s o n th e
o ne h a n d a n d th e r e l a t iv e ly w e ll wa t e re d r e gi o n s of th e
,
-

T ra n sv a a l a n d Ma t a b e l e l a n d o n th e o th e r By 1 8 5 1 B ritis h .
,

spo rtsm e n rovi ng a fi e l d a ft e r b ig g a m e a n dth e g re a t missio n a ry

, ,

e xplo r e r Livi n gs t o n e h a d r e a ch e d th e Z a m b e z i whic h t ill t h e n,

w a s o n ly k n ow n fr o m th e s e a for a bo u t 5 0 0 m il e s i n l a n d .

Livi ngs t o ne s e xplo ra t io n s o n th e Z a m b e z i a t tra c te d th e a tt e n

’

t io n o f th e B ri t ish Go v e rn m e n t wh ich a t th a t t im e wa s m uc h
,

m or e i n t e re s t e d from phil a n t h r o p ic m otiv e s i n a cqui r i n g t e rri

t o ri e s i n T r opic a l A fric a th a n i n e x t e n di n g i t s i n fl u e n c e ov e r
fa r m o r e v a l u a bl e r e gi o n s which e n j oy e d a t e mp e ra t e clim a t e .

Livi n gs t o n e wa s s e n t b a ck wi t h a fa irly w e ll e q u ipp e d e xp e di t io n

-

to e xplo re Z a m b e z i a a n d disc o v e r th e r e po r t e d L a k e Ny a s a ,

t h e n k n ow n a s L a k e Ma r a v i F o r fiv e y e a r s his e xp e di t i o n
.

t ra v e rs e d t h e s e c o u n t ri e s a d di n g imm e n s e l y to o u r g e o g ra p hic a l
,

k n owl e dge ; bu t i t s m e m b e r s suffe r e d t e rr ibl y fr om ill h e a lt h -

.

A l t h o u gh th e P o rtug u e s e t re a t e d th e m with ki n d n e ss a n d p u t ,
1x .
] Th e B r i ti s h i n A fr i c a , I ] . I 81

no obst a cl e i n t h e i r w a y still Portugu e s e p olitic a l susc e p tibiliti e s

,

w e r e a rous e d F o r t h is a n d oth e r r e a so n s — o ne of t h e m b e i ng
.
,

th a t E a rl Russ e ll a W h ig wa s For e ig n M i n ist e r a n d h a d n o

, , ,

sym p a t h y with th e e xp a n si o n o f th e B ritish Emp i re — Livi n g

sto n e wa s r e c a ll e d a nd his p r op os a ls i n r e g a rd t o L a k e Ny a s a
,

qu a sh e d N e v e r th e l e ss th e s e e d h a d b e e n sown a n d p roduc e d
.
, ,

a sp a rs e cr o p o f a dv e n tur e rs e l e p h a n t h u n t e rs m issi o n a r i e s a n d
, ,

tra d e r s wh o fou n d t h e ir w a y t o Ny a s a l a n d Livi n gsto n e h im

,
.

s e lf r e sum e d hi s e xpl o r a ti o n s t h e r e an d a n e xp e di tio n u n d e r , ,

Li e ut e na n t E dwa rd Y o u ng R N w h ic h wa s s e n t t o obt a i n
‘

, . .
,

n e ws o f h im k e p t th e Bri tis h i n fa vour a bl e r e m e mb ra n c e

,

a m o n gst th e n a tiv e s Fi na lly Livi n gsto ne s d e a t h r e viv e d

.
,
’

missio na ry e n t h usi a sm a n d two st r o n g S c o tc h m issio n s i n

,

1 8 7 5 —6 occ u pi e d th e Sh ir e H igh l a n d s a n d th e w e st co a st o f
L a k e Ny a s a pu t ti n g a st e a m e r o n th a t l a k e T wo y e a rs l a t e r
, .

th e A fric a n L a k e s T r a di n g C omp a n y spra n g from missio n a ry

l oi n s a n d th e U n iv e rsiti e s M issio n i n 1 8 8 1 a dv a n c e d ov e rl a n d
,
’

fr om Z a n z ib a r t o th e e a st s h or e o f L a k e Ny a s a .

I n co n s e qu e n c e o f th e i n cr e a s e o f Britis h i n t e r e sts i n
t h i s q u a r t e r th e B ritish Gov e rn m e n t d e cid e d t o e st a blis h a
co n sul a t e for L a k e Nya s a i n 1 8 8 3 P ortug u e s e susc e ptibiliti e s .

a g a i n b e c a m e r u ffl e d A lt h oug h n o a tt e mp t h a d e v e r b e e n
.

m a d e by Po r t u ga l t o e st a blish h e rs e l f a nyw h e r e n e a r L a k e
Ny a s a n o r e v e n o n th e riv e r S h i re w h i c h co nn e cts th a t l a k e
, ,

wi th th e Z a m b e z i a n d th e s e a it w a s fe l t i n Po r t ug a l th a t th e
,

growi ng B r itish s e t t l e m e n t s i n Ny a s a l a n d s h oul d b e m a d e to

co n tribu t e t o th e r e v e n u e of Port u gu e s e E a st A fr ic a a n d t h a t ,

si n c e through fu rt h e r e xt e n sio n t h e y m ig h t forc e a w a y to th e

co a st it would b e b e t t e r th a t t h e y s h ould b e b rough t u nd e r
,

P ort u gu e s e co n trol A lt h oug h th e B ritis h Gov e r n m e n t wa s

.

a bsolut e ly d e t e rmi n e d if p ossibl e n o t t o a ssum e di r e ct r e s p o n

s i b i l i ti e s i n Ny a s a l a n d th e y w e r e e qu a lly a n xious th a t t h e ir
,

subj e cts sh ould b e l e ft a fre e h a n d a n d n o t b e fe tt e r e d by ,

P ortugu e s e co n trol T h e r e for e a n a tt e mpt w a s m a d e by Lord

.

Gr a n vill e ( i n th e proj e ct e d Co n go T r e a ty o f 1 8 8 4 ) to d e fi n e
1 82 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n o f A fr i c a .
[C HA R

sp h e r e o f P o rtugu e s e i n flu e n c e o n th e S h ir e so a s t o
’

th e ,
.

l e a v e th e gr e a t e r p a r t of th a t r iv e r a nd a l l Ny a s a l a n d outsid e
th e Po r t ugu e s e dom i n io n s . H a d th a t C o n go T r e a t y b e e n
r a t ifi e d th e re would pr o b a bly n e v e r h a v e b e e n th e Ny a s a
,

Q u e stio n wit h th e P ortug u e s e Bu t i t w a s n o t a n d th e r e

.
,

fo re P o rt u g a l wa s e qu a lly fre e wi th Gr e a t B rita i n to m a k e

th e b e st u s e o f h e r oppo r tu n i t i e s which s h e did i n th e m a n n e r
,

a l r e a dy d e scrib e d i n C h a pt e r I I T h e a u th or o f this book

.

h a pp e n e d t o b e o n e of th e pri n cip a l a g e n ts e mpl oy e d i n

bri n gi n g Ny a s a l a n d u n d e r Bri t ish p ro t e ctio n a n d i n e x t e n di n g ,

t h a t p rot e ctio n to th e w e st a n d n o r th a s fa r a s th e sh o re s o f
T a n g a n yik a a n d th e bo u n d a ry o f th e Co n go Fr e e S t a t e As .

Mr C e cil R h od e s a g e n ts h a d a dd e d th e r e t o th e P rot e c t o ra t e
’

“
o f th e B a ro t s e ki n gdom th e t e rm British C e n tr a l A fric a ”
,

s e e m e d m or e fit t e d t o d e sc r ib e thi s sph e r e i n S outh C e n t ra l -

“
A fr ic a t h a n th e r e s t ric t e d n a m e o f Ny a s a l a n d T r e a ti e s
”
.

wi th G e rm a ny ( 1 8 9 0 ) a n d P o r tug a l ( 1 8 9 1 ) h a vi n g s a n c t io n e d
t h e s e a cqu isitio n s n o r th o f th e Z a mb e z i th e a dmi nist ra t io n o f ,

th e n e w t e rrito ry w a s divid e d b e tw e e n th e I mp e ri a l Gov e rn

m e n t — w h i c h d e cid e d to co n t rol th e m o re o rg a n i z e d t e rr i
tori e s rou n d L a k e N y a s a — a n d th e n e wly fo u n d e d B ri t i sh S out h-

A fric a C h a r te re d Comp a n y .B e tw e e n 1 8 9 5 a nd 1 8 9 8 th e
C h a rt e r e d Comp a n y di r e ct e d th e a dmi n ist ra t io n a n d p o lici ng
o f its No r t h Z a mb e z i a t e rr i t o r i e s i n d e p e n de n t ly o f th e Pro te c

to ra te ; b u t i n th e summ e r of 1 8 9 8 th e Com p a n y pl a c e d its

p olic e forc e u n d e r th e co n t rol o f th e offic e r comm a n di ng th e

t roop s i n th e B ri t ish C e n t ra l A frica Prot e ct o ra t e a n d ch os e ,

o n e o f th e P r o t e c t o ra t e s o fli c i a l s t o c o n du ct i ts civil a dm i n i s
’

tra ti o n i n th e t e rri t ori e s e a st o f B a r ots e

1
.

Duri ng th e s e v e n y e a r s h istory o f Bri t ish C e n t ra l A fric a

’

1
Ev e n tu a l l y it w o u l d s e e m a s t h gh th e C h t e e d C o mp n y w o u l d
ou ar r a

a dmi n ist e r R h o de si
a a n d B a o ts e l a n d n de
r u th e S o t h A f ic a n H ig h C o m
r u r

missi o n e wh i l e th e a dmi nist ti o n o f th e t e it i e s e a st o f th e K f e a n d

r, ra rr o r a u

n o t h o f th e Z a mb e i wi ll b e f s e d wit h t h a t o f th e B itis h C e n t
r z u l A f ic a r ra r

P ro t e ct o a t e
r .
1x .
] Th e B r i ti s h i n A fr i c a , I ] . 1 83

m u ch h a s b e e n e ffe ct e d i n d e v e l opi n g a n d m a ki n g k n ow n
t h e s e t e rri t ori e s which a re u n h a pp ily t oo u nh e a lt h y t o a dmit
,

o f m u ch Eu r op e a n c o lo n i z a tio n t h oug h t h e y will b e com e o f

,
“
g re a t v a l u e a s t ropic a l pl a n t a tio n col o n i e s a nd a s mi n i n g
”

dist ric t s a n d w ill supp o rt a n a b u n d a n t n a t iv e p opul a ti o n which

,

i n t im e t o com e will n o d o ubt b e gov e r n e d o n I n di a n li n e s .

D u ri ng t h e s e s e v e n y e a r s th e sl a v e t ra d e h a d t o b e m e t a n d
co n qu e re d N u m e rous A r a b s from Z a n z i b a r h a d e st a bli sh e d
.

th e m s e lv e s i n Ny a s a l a n d a s sul t a n s a n d h a d Mu h a m m a da n i z e d
,

c e r t a i n trib e s a nd i n fus e d i n t o t h e m a dislik e to Eu rop e a n

d omi n a t io n T h e cou n t ri e s w e st of L a k e Ny a s a w e re r a v a g e d
.

by t rib e s o f m o re o r l e ss Z u l u de sc e n t th e r e m a i n s of form e r ,

Zul u i n v a sio n s o f C e n tra l Z a mb e z i a I n s e v e n y e a r s h ow e v e r

.
, ,

t h e s e e n e mi e s w e r e a l l sub d u e d by m e a n s of Sikh soldi e r s l e n t

by th e I n di a n Gov e rn m e n t th e n a t iv e l e vi e s t h a t w e re drill e d
,

by th e S ikh s a n d fiv e g u n b o a t s m o re or l e ss work e d b y th e
, ,

Roy a l N a vy which w e re p l a c e d o n th e Z a m b e z i th e S hir e a n d

, ,
’

o n L a k e Ny a s a M r Rh od e s b e g a n i n 1 8 9 3 h is gr e a t sch e m e
.

o f co nn e cti n g C a p e T ow n wi th C a iro by a t e l e g ra p h li n e .

I n fiv e y e a rs h e h a s a t a ny r a t e co n n e ct e d C a p e T ow n wit h
T a ng a n yik a th rough Bri t is h C e n t ra l A fric a T h e s e t e rr ito ri e s
.

n o r t h of th e Z a m b e z i h a v e prov e d p e culi a r ly fa vo u r a bl e t o th e

cultiv a t io n o f co ffe e wh ic h w a s o rigi na lly i n troduc e d by

,

S c o ttis h missio n a ri e s a n d pl a n t e rs a n d which will pr o b ab ly

,

e n d by m a ki n g th e fortu n e of th is p a rt of A fric a t h oug h ,

t h e s e cou n t ri e s poss e ss o t h e r v a lu a bl e r e sou rc e s i n v e g e t a b l e

p rod u c t s i n mi n e r a l s a n d i n i v ory
, ,
.

D u ri ng Lo r d C a rn a rv o n s pr e s e n c e a t th e Colo n i a l O ffic e
’

b e tw e e n 1 8 7 4 a n d 1 8 7 8 th a t e n lig ht e n e d st a t e sm a n e n d e a vo u r e d
to r e p e a t i n S ou t h A fric a th e succ e ss w h ich h a d a t t e n d e d hi s
c o n solid a t io n of th e No rth A m e ric a n colo n i e s i n to o n e c o n
fe d e r a t e d D o mi n io n H e s e n t o u t th e histori a n Fro u d e t o
.

r e pr e s e n t h im a t th e prop os e d co n fe re n c e of S out h A fric a n

s t a t e s T h e gr e a t S i r G e org e Gr e y h a d t r i e d h a rd to bri n g
.

a bout t h i s u n ific a t io n o f S outh A fric a u n d e r th e Bri tis h fl a g

1 84 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R

duri ng th e 5 o s a nd i n 1 8 5 8 h e p re ss e d s t ro n gly upo n th e

’ ’
,

Imp e ri al P a rli a m e n t a sch e m e wh ic h would h a v e w e ll e ffe ct e d

t his n o w d e sir e d e n d F o r h is p a i n s h e wa s r e c a ll e d a nd
.

s h a rply r e prim a n d e d b ut m a i n ly o wi ng to th e i n fl u e n c e of th e
, ,

Qu e e n h e w a s s e n t b a ck to h is gov e rn o r s h i p though h e wa s
, ,

n o t a llow e d to c a rry out th e fa r r e a chi n g p olicy h e h a d fo rm u -

l a te d . I n C a p e C olo n y th e F e d e r a tio n C ommissio n w a s

a p p oi n t e d i n 1 8 7 2 But th e a lw a ys p re s e n t v a ryi n gly bitt e r
.
,

dissid e n c e Of sym p a thi e s b e tw e e n th e E n glish a nd th e Dutch

sp e a ki ng s e t t l e r s — a di ffi culty c o n st a n t ly disc e r n ibl e i n th e
d e b a t e s of th e C a p e P a rli a m e n t —pr e v e n t e d a n y rip e n i n g o f th e
fe d e r a tio n id e a a n d Lord C a r narv o n s com mi ssio ne r M r Froud e
,
’
, ,

wa s s n ubb e d fo r his p a i n s by th e C a p e D u tch Foil e d i n o n e .

dir e ctio n Lord C a r na rvo n soug h t t o e ffe c t hi s e n d i n an ot h e r

,

way . H e s e n t out S i r B a r t l e Fr e r e to b e Gov e rn or a n d H igh

C omm i ssio n e r a t th e C a p e H e h a d b e e n c h os e n by Lord .

C a rn a rvo n six m o n t h s b e fo re a s th e st a t e sm a n m ost c a p a bl e

o f co n solid a ti n g th e S outh A fric a n Empir e ; wi th i n two y e a rs
it wa s hop e d th a t h e would b e th e fi r st Gov e r n o r— G e n e ra l o f
th e S out h A fric a n D omi n io n T h e s e co n d s t e p i n w h a t
”
.

s e e m e d t o b e th e right di r e ctio n w a s th e a n ne x a t io n o f th e
T ra n sv a a l Wi th t h is t e rrito ry of a bo u t
. squ a r e m il e s
i n e xt e n t i n B ri ti s h h a n ds th e r e w ould o n ly r e m a i n th e O r a n g e
Fr e e S t a t e a s a n obst a cl e t o th e u n ific a tio n o f S out h A frica .

Th e T ra n sv a a l a s a n i n d e p e n d e n t st a t e h a d b e t w e e n 1 8 5 3 a n d
1 8 7 7 com e to gri e f I t wa s b a n kr u p t a n d it w a s p ow e rl e ss
.
,

t o subdu e th e p ow e rfu l n a tiv e t rib e s wi t hi n its bo rd e r s som e ,

o f wh om h a d r e a l wro n gs to a ve ng e M o re ov e r i t wa s .
,

t h r e a t e n e d by Zulu i n v a sio n I t w a s th e re fo re a nne x e d by th e

.

Bri t ish Commissio n e r S i r T h e ophilus S h e p sto n e i n th e b e gi n

, ,

n i n g of 1 8 7 7 .

U n fortu n a t e ly S i r B a r tl e Fr e r e s a dmi n ist ra tio n a ft e r two

,
’
,

a n d a h a lf y e a r s o f e xc e ll e n t wo r k w a s clo u de d by u n m e r it e d ,

m isfo rt u n e T h e Zul u p o w e r to th e e a st o f N a t a l h a d b e e n
.

g rowi n g thr e a t e n i n gly s t r o ng A t th e b e gi nn i n g of th e pr e s e n t

.
1x .
] Th e B r i ti s h i n A fr i c a ,
I] . 1 85

c e n tu ry a n obsc u re t rib e of K a ffirs k n ow n a s th e A m a z u l u -

r o e i n to p rom i n e n c e u n d e r a ch i e f n a m e d C h a k a w h o
s
,

b e c a m e a ki n d o f N e gro N a pol e o n bu t u n h a ppily a g re a t ,

sl a ug h t e r e r H e a n d h is ch i e fs i n cl u d e d i n th e ir co n qu e sts a l l
.

m od e r n N a t a l a nd Zulul a nd muc h o f th e T r a n sv a a l a nd th e ,

O r a ng e F re e S t a t e a n d A m a to ng a l a n d u p to D e l a g o a B ay
,
l
.

C h a k a s s o n D i ng a n e th ough h e m ost tr e a ch e r ou sly a tt a ck e d

’
, ,

th e B o e rs w a s fa irly fr i e n dly i n h i s r e l a tio n s with th e B ri tish

, ,

a n d tol e r a t e d th e i r e st a blish m e n t i n N a t a l I n fa ct h e s e e m s .

t o h a v e a llow e d th e m to r e org a ni z e th e t e rritory o f N a t a l whic h

h is fa t h e r h a d a lm os t d e p op u l a t e d O wi n g to th e fou n di n g .

o f th e T r a n sv a a l R e public a n d th e O ra n g e Riv e r S ov e r e ig n ty

i n a ddi t io n to th e colo ny o f N a t a l th e Zulus w e r e h e n c e fort h ,

shut up i n a r e l a tiv e ly sm a ll tra c t o f S out h E a st A fric a re p re -

s e n t e d by m od e r n Zul u l a n d a n d A m a to ng a l a n d th oug h th e
A m a to ng a w e r e p ra ctic a lly a n o th e r p e opl e Di n ga n e w a s .

succ e e d e d by P a n d a a n d P a n d a by C e tywayo T h e l a st n a m e d
,
.
-

p e rfe ct e d th e syst e m of a st a n di n g a rmy of w e ll drill e d -

b a ch e lors A n xious to fin d a n outl e t for his e n e rgi e s h e Op e n ly

.
,

m e n a c e d th e T r a n sva a l a n d wa s o n e o f th e c a us e s o f B r itis h
,

i n t e rv e n tio n i n th a t b e d ra ggl e d r e p ublic S h u t o ff from th i s .

Outl e t h e s e e m e d b e com i n g d a ng e r o u s a n d thi n ki n g it b e st t o

, , ,

prick th e bl a dd e r b e for e i t burst S i r B a rtl e F re r e fo rc e d wa r o n ,

h i rri by a n ultim a tum

. T h e i n v a si o n o f Zulul a n d a t th e o u ts e t
.

"
w a s n o t v e r y wis e ly co n duct e d a n d l e d to a t e rribl e dis a st e r ,

by wh i ch e igh t h u nd re d B ritis h t r o op s w e r e cu t to pi e c e s 2

a n d subs e qu e n tly th r ough m ism a n a g e m e n t th e Pri n c e I mp e ri a l

o f F ra n c e w h o h a d c o m e o u t a s a v o lu n t e e r wa s a llow e d to
, ,

str a y i n to d a n g e r a nd b e kill e d by th e Z u l u s A ft e r a tim e

, .
,

D riv e n o u t o f th e O ra ng e F e e S t a t e a n d th e T a n sva a l by th e a cti o n

1
r r

o f Bo e s B itish a n d B a s t o a s e cti o n o f th e Z u l s c o n q e e d m c h o f
r ,
r , u , u u r u

Po tj g u e s e S o t h E st A f ic a n e a l y a ll m o de n R h o de si a n d c a rri e d
”
i
r u -
a r , r r ,
a

t he i a i ds p a st N ya s a a nd T a nga n yik to th e vici n ity o f th e Vict o i a

r r a r

I J ya n z a .

2
A nd o ve r fo u r hu nd e d n a tiv e s o ldi e s
r r .
1 86 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C H A R

h ow e v e r Lord C h e lm sford succ e e d e d i n com pl e t e ly co n qu e ri ng

,

th e cou nt ry a n d C e tyw a yo w a s t a k e n priso n e r

,
A l t houg h S i r .

B a rtl e F r e re w a s i n n o w a y a n sw e ra b l e fo r t h e s e m is t a k e s i n a
c a mp a ig n w h ich w a s e v e n t u a lly com pl e t e ly succ e ss fu l his ,

p r e s t ig e w a s dimm e d a n d a s th e Lib e ra l Gov e r n m e n t o f 1 8 8 0

,

w a s i n cli n e d to p u r su e a r e a ctio na ry p olicy i n A fr ic a S i r B a rtl e ,

Fr e r e wa s r e c a ll e d .

T h e B o e r s t a ki n g a dv a n t a g e of B ritish discou ra g e m e n t a n d
,

th e ch a ng e of g o v e r n m e n t i n E n gl a n d r os e a n d d e m a n d e d
,

t h e i r i nd e p e n d e n c e I t w a s r e fu s e d b y Mr Gl a dsto n e s
’
.

a dmi n ist ra t io n a n d troop s w e r e h a s t ily s e n t o u t to sub du e t h e m

, ,

w i th th e r e s u l t I h a v e d e t a il e d i n Ch a p t e r I V A s to th e a fte r
.

h is t o ry of Zul u l a n d i t m a y b e b ri e fly s u mm a ri z e d a s foll o ws
,
.

T h e B o e r s w e re a llow e d t o a dd a l a rg e slic e o f th e cou n t ry t o

th e i r r e o rg a n i z e d r e p u blic C e tyw a yo wa s re i n s ta t e d a s ki ng
.
,

but soo n di e d T h e cou n try w a s t h e n divid e d i nto v a ri ous

.

n a tiv e p r i n cip a li t i e s b u t D i n i z u l u C e tywa yo s s o n fom e n t e d

’

, , ,

a n i n su rr e c t io n a n d w a s e xil e d to S t H e l e n a T h e cou n t ry .

w a s th e n gov e r n e d m o r e o r l e ss a s a B ri t is h p r ot e cto ra t e b y
th e a bl e S i r Ma rsh a ll Cl a rk e a n d i n co n ne c t i o n w i t h th e colo n y

o f N a t a l th e Gov e r n o r o f w h ich w a s a ls o m a d e Gov e r n or o f

,

Zulul a nd I n 1 8 9 7 Zulul a n d wa s i n co rp o ra t e d wi th th e colo n y

.

o f N a ta l . I n 1 8 8 7 B ritish prot e c t io n w a s e xt e n d e d ov e r
A m a to n g a l a n d u p to th e Portugu e s e b o u n d a ry a n d i n 1 8 9 5 ,

t his s t rip o f co a st t e rritory wa s t a k e n u n d e r m o re di re ct a d

mi n istr a tio n .

A s w a s r e l a t e d i n C h a pt e r I V th e D u t ch R e public o f th e
,

T ra n sv a a l soo n a ft e r r e co v e ri ng i t s i n d e p e n d e n c e s o u gh t to
i n v a de a n d a b so r b B e ch u a n a l a n d b u t th e e xp e ditio n u n d e r
,

S i r C h a rl e s W a rre n p u t a n e n d to t h e ir h o p e s i n th a t di r e c t io n ,

a nd a cl e a r p a t h wa s m a d e fo r th e B r i tish n or t h w a rds to
th e Z a mb e z i I n th e e a rly 7 o s e xplo ra t io n s o f m e n lik e
’ ’
.
,

B a i n e s a n d th e G e r m a n K a r l Ma uch h a d r e v e a l e d th e
e xis t e n c e o f gold i n th e cou n t r i e s b e tw e e n th e Limpopo a n d

th e Z a mb e z i cou n t r i e s w h ich h a d com e u n d e r th e sw a y of a

,
 1x .
] Th e B r i ti s h i n A fr i c a , I ] . 1 87

Zulu ki ng Lob e ngul a s o n of U m s i l i ka s i

, ,
Mr C e cil J oh n 1
.

R h od e s a n E nglishm a n wh o h a d broug h t a b out th e co n soli

,

d a ti o n of th e m i n e s a t Ki mb e rl e y a nd h a d a cqui r e d gr e a t
w e a lth a n d a p ositio n o f p olitic a l im p o r t a n c e a t th e C a p e ,
'
h a d i n t e r e st e d h ims e lf firs tly i n th e s e t tl e m e n t o f th e B e chu a n a
Qu e stio n with th e B o e rs ; a n d w h e n B e c h u a n a l a n d h a d b e e n
d e cl a r e d a B ri tish p rot e cto ra t e h i s t h oughts tur n e d to th e
p ossibility o f gold b e yo n d ; for th e gold discov e ri e s i n th e
T r a n sv a a l w e re b e gi nn i n g t o m a k e a gold e n S out h A fri c a
d a w n o n m e n s im a gi n a tio n s H e d e sp a tc h e d e nvoys t o
’
.

Lob e n gul a a n d s e cu re d from h i m th e righ t t o mi n e

,
O the r .

i n dividu a ls o r sy n dic a t e s h a d s e cur e d m i n i n g righ ts i n t h a t

di re cti o n but Mr R h od e s wit h p a ti e n ce a n d fa ir d e a li n g boug h t
,

up o r a b so rb e d t h e s e rights a nd i n 1 8 8 8 b e ga n to t h i n k o f
,

ob t a i ni n g a ch a r t e r from th e I mp e r i a l Gov e rn m e n t wh ic h
woul d e n a bl e th e C om p a ny h e i n t e n d e d to form to gov e rn
S ou t h C e n tr a l A fric a
-
A t o n e tim e h e s e e m s to h a v e t h oug h t
.

t h a t th e D e B e e rs di a m o n d m i n i ng comp a n y s h ould r e c e iv e
t h is c h a rt e r a n d p e rfo rm th e s e fu n cti o n s fo r wh e n h e h a d ,

fr a m e d th e a r t icl e s o f a ssoci a tio n o f th e D e B e e rs sh a r e h old e rs

h e h a d i n s e rt e d cl a us e s e n a bli n g th e C om p a n y t o t a k e up
suc h a n e n t e rp ri s e B ut t h e r e w e r e m a n y r e a so n s why thi s
.

would n o t h a v e work e d w e ll a n d it wa s r e solv e d to co n stitut e

,

a n i n d e p e n d e n t comp a n y to work Lo b e n g u l a s co n c e ssio n fi r st

’

a n d to c re a t e a n oth e r S outh A fric a n st a t e a ft e r w a r ds A lr e a dy .

i n 1 8 8 8 th e H ig h C om missio n e r S i r H e rcul e s Robi n so n h a d , ,

som e wh a t r e luct a ntly e xt e n d e d a v a gu e form o f prot e ctio n

ov e r Lob e n gul a s cou n try a nd it h a d b e e n m a d e cl e a r t o
’
,

G e rm a n y th a t Gr e a t B rit a i n would n o t submit to b e c u t o ff

fr om th e Z a mb e z i I n th e e a rly sum m e r of 1 8 8 9 a c h a rt e r
.

w a s gr a n t e d to th e British S outh A fric a Comp a n y o f whic h ,

Mr Rh od e s b e c a m e a n d r e m a i n e d th e pra ctic a l a dmi n istra tor .

Mr R h od e s a mbitio n s t h e n cross e d th e Z a mb e z i a n d h e
’
,

1
A e b e ll i o u s G e ne ra l o f C ha k a s o ft e n k n o w n by h is B e c hu a n a n a m e
r
’

, ,

Mo s ili k a ts i .
”
1 88 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R

co -
op e r a t e d wit h th e p r e s e n t writ e r i n e st a blis h i ng B ri tis h i n
fl u e n c e u p to T a n g a n yik a F o r s e v e r a l y e a rs h is Comp a n y
.

a fford e d a s u b sidy to th e a dmi n ist ra tio n o f th e B r itis h C e n t ra l

A fric a P r ot e cto ra t e a s w e ll a s to th e t e rr ito r i e s u n d e r th e

C om p a n y s o w n co n trol T h e A fric a n L a k e s C omp a ny wa s
’
.

giv e n fi n a n ci a l supp o r t a n d e na bl e d t o e xt e n d its op e r a tio n s

,

to T a ng a n yik a I n 1 8 9 1 Mr R h o d e s comm e n c e d th e o rg a n
.

i z a ti o n o f th e E a st C o a st Rout e from Ma sh o n a l a n d to th e s e a ,

a n d h e a n d his fri e n ds p ra ctic a lly subsc rib e d th e c a pit a l for

th e B e ir a R a ilw a y Fort S a li sb u ry a n d oth e r s e ttl e m e n t s i n

.

M a sh o na l a n d a nd o n th e E a st o f Ma t a b e l e l a nd w e r e fou n d e d
b e tw e e n 1 8 9 1 a n d 1 8 93 I n th e l a st na m e d y e a r th e Ma t a b e l e
.
-

m a d e a n e n t i re ly u n p r ovok e d a tt a ck o n th e C omp a ny s forc e s

’
,

a n d a cou n t e r — i n v a sio n most a bly di re ct e d by D r J a m e so n

a ch i e v e d a com pl e t e victory ov e r th e M a t a b e l e Ki n g .

Lo b e n gul a fl e d a n d di e d s o o n a ft e r h e h a d c ross e d th e
,

Z a m b e z i H is c a pit a l Bu l u wa yo b e c a m e th e a dmi n istr a tiv e

.
, ,

c a pit a l of th e Comp a ny s poss e ssi o n s to whic h th e i n clusiv e

’
,

n a m e of Rh od e si a w a s subs e q u e n tly giv e n T h e d e v e lopm e n t .

o f Rh od e si a proc e e d e d a p a c e Mr Rh od e s h a d si n c e 1 8 90
.

b e e n Pr e mi e r o f C a p e C o lo n y h e w a s h igh i n fa vour wi t h ,

th e D utc h P a rty i n S out h A fric a a n d h e wa s fa st b e comi n g ,

th e a ctu a l i f n o t n omi n a l D ict a t or o f A fr ic a south o f th e

,

Z a m b e z i w h e n h e m a d e th e fa t a l m is t a k e o f o rg a n i z i n g a r a id
i n t o th e T ra n sv a a l S i n c e t h e n h is sp e ci a l provi n c e h a s u n de r
.

go n e s e v e re t r i a ls fr om which h o w e v e r i t i s e m e rgi ng wit h

, , ,

e v e ry sig n o f futu r e p r osp e rity Mr Rh od e s h a s do n e muc h

.

to a t o n e fo r h is o n e mi st a k e b y th e e n orm ous p e cu n i a ry
s a c r ific e s h e h a s m a d e i n p ushi n g o n th e r a ilwa y to B e ir a
a n d th e Z a mb e z i a n d i n co n s t r uc t i n g th e t e l e gr a p h li n e from
,

M a fe ki n g t o T a n g a n yik a T h e r e a re sig n s th a t h e will

.

r e cov e r t o a co n sid e ra bl e e xt e n t h is i n flu e n c e i n C a p e Colo n y ,

a n d h e m a y ye t pl a y a g r e a t p a r t i n S ou t h A fr ic a .

A ft e r d e a li n g wi th such st r ik i ng e v e n ts ,
such pot e n t
1x .
] Th e B r i ti s h i n A fr i c a ,
1 89

p e rso na g e s a n d v a st t e rritori e s i t is r a th e r a n a n ti clim a x to h a v e

,
-

t o tr e a t o f th e littl e isl a n d of M a uri t ius which i s n o t a s l a rg e a s

,

th e cou n ty o f S u rre y a n d whic h wi th th e e xc e ptio n of it s fi r st

, ,

Gov e r n or —S i r Rob e rt F a rq u h a r — h a s p r od u c e d n o g re a t a d
m i n istr a to r b u t h a s ra th e r s e r v e d a s th e h a ppy h u n ti ng g ro u n d
,

o f p e e vi s h r e c re a n ts lik e th e l a t e S i r J oh n Pop e H e n n e ssy

,
.

M a uri ti u s w a s t a k e n by th e B ri tis h from th e Fr e n c h i n 1 8 1 0 .

T h e Fr e n c h h a d k n ow n i t by th e n a m e of I sl e de Fr a n c e b ut ,

th e British r e viv e d th e old e r Dutch n a m e o f M a u r itius The .

Fr e n c h h a d i n trod u c e d th e sug a r c a ne a n d oth e r v a lu a bl e

p l a n ts a n d t h e s e pl a n t a t i o n s w e r e h a lf h e a r te dly c u ltiv a t e d b y
,
-

m e a n s of sl a v e l a b ou r u n til th e sl a v e tra d e wa s a bolis h e d .

T h e n i n th e 5 o s I n di a n cooli e l a bour wa s i n troduc e d wit h

,
’ ’
,

gr e a t s u cc e ss a nd n o w th e i n h a bit a nts of I n di a n d e sce n t i n th e

,

colo ny n um b e r n e a rly whil e I n di a n h a lf b r e e ds a re -

still m o r e n um e rous T h e Eu rop e a n p opul a tio n i s a lmost

.

e n ti re ly o f F re n c h d e sc e n t a n d th e m a rk e d F r e n ch symp a t h i e s
,

o f th e whi t e i n h a b it a n ts h a v e som e tim e s c a us e d a disso na n c e

b e tw e e n th e Gov e r n o r a n d th e gov e rn e d t h ough a mp l e c o n ,

c e ssi o n s h a v e b e e n m a d e to th e Ma uriti a n s by th e e qu a l
r e c o g n i t i o n a fford e d to Fr e n ch l a ws a n d th e F r e n c h l a n gu a g e .

N e v e r th e l e ss i n sp it e o f t h e s e p oli tic a l qu e stio n s a n d th e

, ,

o cc a si o n a l h u rric a n e s w h ic h visi t th e isl a n d wi t h di s a s t e r it i s ,

a p r osp e ro u s colo n y i n o r di n a r y y e a r s a n d o n ly h a s to a pp e a l
,

t o th e S t e p Mo th e r Cou n t ry for a ssist a n c e o n such r a re occ a

-

sio n s a s wh e n u n usu a lly gr e a t d a m a g e h a s b e e n do n e by

cyclo n e s .

N u m e r o us sm a ll isl a n ds i n th e I n di a n O c e a n a re d e p e n d e n t
o n th e G o v e r n m e n t o f M a u r iti u s A l l h a d m u ch th e s a m e
.

history— discov e r e d by P o rtug a l t h e y w e re e v e n t u a lly utili z e d

,

b y F ra n c e a n d fi n a lly c a ptur e d a n d a n n e x e d b y E n gl a n d Th e
, . .

most imp o rt a n t a m o n g t h e s e M a u ri t i a n d e p e n d e n ci e s a re th e
S e yc h e ll e s g r o u p th e I sl a n d of Rod rigu e z a n d th e O il I sl a n ds
, ,

Group ( D i e go G arci a ) .
 C H A PT E R X .

G R EA T E X PL O RE R S .

THE colo n i z a tio n o f A fric a i n a ll its e a rli e r st a g e s is so

clos e ly a ki n to e xplo ra ti o n t h a t i n s e v e r a l of th e p re c e di ng
,

ch a pt e rs I h a v e s e e m e d to d e a l r a th e r wi t h g e og ra phic a l dis
c o v e r i e s th a n wit h p olitic a l s e ttl e m e n t
. Bu t a s t h e r e i s m uc h
e xplo ri n g wo rk wh ic h h a s n o t b e e n dir e ctly co n n e ct e d wi t h

col o ni z a t io n (j ust a s a ll m issio na ry wo rk h a s n o t r e sult e d i n

th e fou n d a t io n o f Eu rop e a n s t a t e s i n A fric a n o r h a v e m e a sur e s
,

for th e suppr e ssi o n of th e sl a v e tra d e i n v a ri a bly giv e n ris e to

a nn e x a tio n ) I t hi n k it b e t t e r to d e vo t e a ch a p t e r t o th e e n u m e

r a t io n of gr e a t e xplor e rs wh o s e wo rk h a s p r ov e d t o b e a n
i n di r e ct c a u s e o f th e u l t im a t e Eu rop e a n co n trol n o w e st a blis h e d
ov e r n e a r ly a ll A fri ca .

T h e first e xplor e rs k n ow n to his t ory t h ough n o t u nfo rtu

, ,

h a t e ly m e n tio n e d by n a m e w e r e t h os e P hoe n ici a n s d e sp a t ch e d

, ,

by th e Egyp t i a n Ph a ra oh N e ch o ( s o n o f Ps a m m e ti k) a bout
6 0 0 B C t o ci rc u m n a vig a t e A fric a
. . . We o n ly r e c e iv e our k n ow
l e dg e of th e m th r o u g h H e r odotus who de riv e d h is i n fo rm a tio n
,

from Egypt ; b u t th e a ccou n t giv e n o f th e voy a ge b e a rs th e

st a mp of v e r a ci t y a n d p r o b a bility .

C a m b ys e s th e P e rsi a n ki ng wh o i n v a d e d Egyp t i n 5 2 5 B C
,
. .
,

i s s a i d to h a v e lost h is li fe i n e nd e a v o uri ng to t ra c e th e
cou r s e of th e Nil e h e a n d hi s a rmy h a vi ng dis a pp e a r e d i n
,

th e de s e rts o f Upp e r Nu b i a . A b o ut 5 2 0 B C .H a nn o th e
.
C H AP . x .
] Gr e a t E xpl o r e r s . 191

C a rt h a gi n i an a s a lr e a dy r e l a t e d i n C h a p t e r I co n duct e d a n
, ,

e xp e di t io n rou n d th e W e st co a st of A fr ic a w h ic h p e n e tr a t e d ,

a b o ut a s fa r south a s th e co n fi n e s o f Li b e ri a .

T h e Gre e k H e rodot u s j o u r n e y e d i n Egypt a nd i n th e

Cy r e n a ic a a b o u t 4 5 0 B C E ra tosth e n e s a G re e k b o rn a t
. .
, ,

Cyr e n e i n 2 7 6 B C b e c a m e th e li b ra ri a n o f o n e of th e Ptol e m i e s
. .
,

a t A l e x a n dri a a n d a l th o u g h h e d e riv e d muc h o f h is i n form a

, ,

tio n a bo u t th e v a ll e y o f th e Nil e from o th e r t ra v e ll e rs still h e ,

co nd u c t e d a c e rt a i n a m ou n t o f e xplora tio n him s e lf Polybius .

,

a Gr e e k bor n i n 2 0 4 B C
,
e xplo r e d m uc h o f th e N o r t h co a st
. .
,

o f A fr ic a i n t h e s e rvic e of th e Rom a n s a bou t 1 4 0 y e a rs b e for e

th e C h r isti a n E ra .

T h e c e l e b ra t e d S t ra bo fl ou r ish e d duri n g th e r e ig n o f
A u gustus C ae s a r a n d wrot e a g re a t w o rk o n g e ogr a phy a bout
,

th e y e a r A D 1 9 .H e a ccomp a n i e d th e Rom a n gov e r n o r

. .

[E l i u s G a llus o n a j o u r n e y up th e Nil e a s fa r a s P h il ae t h oug h ,

h is k n owl e dg e o f th e Cy re na ic a wa s limit e d to a j ou rn e y
a lo n g th e co a st N e ro s e n t two c e nturio n s ( a ccordi n g to
.

Pli ny ) wi t h o rd e rs to a sc e n d th e Nil e a n d discov e r its sourc e .

T h a n ks to r e com m e n d a tio n s fr om th e ki n g o f Ethiop i a t h e y ,

w e r e p a ss e d o n from t rib e t o t r ib e a n d a pp a re n tly a sc e n d e d ,

th e Nil e a s fa r a s its j u n c tio n wi t h th e S ob a t wh e r e th e y w e r e ,

stopp e d b y i mm e n s e m a ss e s o f flo a t i n g v e g e t a tio n ( th e
T hough Pli ny th e Eld e r do e s n o t a pp e a r to h a v e visit e d
‘

A fric a o r a t a ny r a t e t o h a v e c a rri e d h is e xp lor a tio n s fa rt h e r

,

t h a n a t r ip to A l e x a nd r i a a n d vi si t s to th e p o r ts a lo n g th e
B a rb a ry co a st h e n e v e r th e l e ss did m uc h to coll e ct a n d e di t
,

th e g e ogr a p h ic a l k n owl e dg e o f th e da y ; a n d h a s thus tr a n s

m i tte d to o u r k n owl e dg e th e sl e n d e r i n fo r m a t i o n which th e
Rom a n s poss e ss e d of i n t e r ior A fr ica du ri n g th e e a rly y e a rs o f
th e Empi re Pli n y i s r e m a rk a bl e for h a vi n g h a n d e d d o w n t o
.

u s th e fi rst m e n ti o n of th e Nig e r w h ic h h e ca lls Nigir o r Nig ri s ,

-

1
P l i n i u s S e c u ndu s : b o n a t V e ro na o r C o m o A D 2 3
C a i ns r . . . His
g e o gra p h ic l p u b l ic a ti o n o r N a t r a l H i t j w a s p u b l ishe d ( s ys
a u s oz / a Sir
E B n b ry ) i n A D 7 7
. u u . . .
1 9 2 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
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and som e wh a t co n fou n ds with th e humbl e r r iv e r D ra a to th e

sou t h o f Mo r o cco .

A b ou t th e m iddl e of th e s e co n d c e n t u ry o f th e Ch risti a n
E ra t h e r e flo u rish e d i n Egyp t th e fa mous g e og ra p h e r c a ll e d
Cl a udius P t ol e m ae u s b e tt e r k n ow n to u s a s Ptol e my T h oug h
,
.
’

h e a l so w a s m a i n ly a c o mpil e r a n d ow e d m u c h of his i n form a

t io n to th e w o rks o n g e og ra ph y p ubli sh e d by h is p r e d e c e ssor
o r co n t e mp o ra r y M a r i n u s o f Ty r e
, y e t i t s e e
, m s pro b a b l e t h at

h e tra v e ll e d up th e Nil e fo r a c e r t a i n dist a n c e a n d visi t e d th e ,

A fric a n co a s t s a lo n g th e R e d S e a a n d th e Me dit e rra n e a n At .

an ra t e h e p u blish e d th e m ost e x t e n d e d a ccou n t of A fric a n

y
g e o g ra phy giv e n b y a n y cl a ssic a l w r it e r H is a ccou n t o f th e .

N il e l a k e s o f th e E a s t A fr ic a n co a st a n d of th e S a h a r a D e s e r t
,

a re th e n e a r e st a pp r o a ch t o a c t u a li t y of a ny g e og ra p h e r b e fo re

th e M uh a mm a d a n e p och .

Wi t h th e d e cli n e o f th e Rom a n E m p ir e c a m e a c e ss a t io n o f
a l l g e ogr a ph ic a l e xp lor a t io n a n d th e r e w a s n o r e v iv a l u n t il th e
,

M u h a mm a d a n i n v a d e r s of A fric a h a d a t t a i n e d suffici e n t civili

z a ti o n to r e co r d t h e i r j o u r n e ys a n d obs e rv a t io n s M a sudi a n d .

I b n H a u k a l i n th e 1 0 th c e n t u ry a n d oth e r A r a b t ra v e ll e rs
,

wh os e w a n d e ri n gs h a v e n o t b e e n r e c o rde d fu r nis h e d from ,

th e i r j o u rn e y s i nfo r m a t io n e m b o di e d i n th e m a p o f I d ris o r
Ed ri si dra w n up b y a S icili a n S a ra c e n g e ogra ph e r fo r C o u n t
Ro b e r t of S icily i n th e 1 2 th c e n t u ry By t h e s e j o u r n e ys th e
.

fi rst de fi n i t e a n d r e li a b l e i n fo rm a t i o n a bo u t th e g e o g ra phy o f
A fric a s o u t h o f th e S a h a r a a n d a l o n g th e E a st c o a s t t o Z a n z ib a r
,

a n d S ofa l a w a s b r ough t t o Europ e a n k n owl e dg e I b n B a tut a .

,

a n a t iv e o f Mo r o cco i n th e 1 4 t h c e n t u ry a n d L e o A fric a n u s
‘
, ,

a S p a n ish Mo o r w h o a fte rw a r ds t u r n e d Chris t i a n ) i n th e 1 6 t h

( ,

c e n t u ry h a d v isi t e d th e N ig e r a n d th e re gio n s r ou n d L a k e
,

C h a d T h e g e og ra p h ic a l e n t e r p ris e of th e Moo rs commu n i

.

c a te d i t s e lf t o t h e i r co n q u e r o r s th e P o r t u g u e s e
. ,
B e sid e s th e ir .

g re a t n a vig a t o r s th e P o r t u g u e s e s e n t o u t o v e rl a n d e xp lor e r s
, ,

1
Visi te d th U pp e
e r N ig e r i n 1 35 2 .
x .
] Gr e a t E xpl o re rs . 1 93

th e first na m e d J o a O F e r na n d e z h a vi n g i n 1 4 4 5 e xplore d th e
, ,

S a h a r a D e s e r t i n l a n d fro m th e Ri o d O u ro I t is st a t e d t h a t
’
.

P e ro d E v o ra a n d G o n ca l v e z E a nn e s a ctu a lly tr a v e ll e d ov e rl a n d
’

i n 1 4 8 7 fr om S e n e g a m b i a to T imbuktu ; but doubt h a s b e e n

th row n o n t h e ir h a vi n g r e a c h e d t his dist a n t city ; t h e y m a y
p ossibly h a v e g o t a s fa r a s J e nn e Muc h m or e r e a l a n d .

imp ort a n t w e r e th e e xp lora tio n s o f P e ro de C o v ilh a O w h o ,

tra v e ll e d i n A byssi n i a i n 1 4 90 o n h is r e tur n from I ndi a a nd ,

r e m a i ne d i n t h a t cou n try for th e r e st o f h is life P a ssi ng .

ov e r Fra n cisco B a rr e to w h o e xp lor e d Z a mb e z i a m or e for im m e

,

di a t e p olitica l purpos e s i n 1 5 6 9 a n d subs e qu e n t y e a rs w e m a y ,

n e xt n o t e th e j our n e y o f a Po r tugu e s e g e n tl e m a n n a m e d
J a sp a r Bo c a rro w h o i n 1 6 1 6 m a d e a j our n e y ov e rl a nd from
,

th e c e n tr a l Z a mb e z i a cross th e riv e r S h i r é n e a r L a k e Ny a s a
, ,

a nd th e Ruvum a riv e r a n d th e n c e t o th e e a st co a st a t ,

Miki nd a n i F r om M iki n d a n i h e co n ti n u e d h i s j our n e y to

.

M a li n di by s e a I n th e 1 7 t h c e n tury two P ortugu e s e J e suit

.

missio na ri e s P e dro P a e z a n d J e ro n im o Lob o e xplor e d A bys

, ,

si ni a e v e n fa r to th e sout h P a e z visi te d th e sourc e o f th e

, .

Blu e Nil e a n d Lob o di re ct e d h i s tr a v e ls to th e qu a si C h r isti a n

,
-

st a t e s to th e sout h o f A byssi n i a N um b e rs o f u nn a m e d u nre .

,

m e mb e r e d Portugu e s e soldi e rs a n d mi ssio na ri e s must h a v e

p lu n g e d i n to th e i n t e rior o f A fric a b e tw e e n 1 4 4 5 a n d th e e n d
o f th e 1 7 t h c e n tury b r i n gi n g b a ck j umbl e d i n form a tio n o f
,

l a k e s a n d riv e rs a n d N e gro st a t e s ; b u t t h e ir i n fo r m a tio n h a s

p e rish e d — e xc e pt i n a n i ndir e ct form — a nd t h e ir n a m e s a re
lost to h isto ry .

I n 1 5 2 0 A n d re w B a tt e l a fi s h e rm a n o f L e igh i n Ess e x wa s, ,

r e scu e d fr om th e I n di a n s o f Bra z il b y a Portugu e s e ship w h ic h ,

st a rte d fo r th e co a st o f A ngol a t o t ra d e for sl a v e s T h e .

v e ss e l r e a c h e d B e n gu e l a a t a tim e wh e n it wa s b e i n g r a v a ge d
by th e p r e d a tory T h e Portugu e s e b e i n g oblig e d t o

P ro b a b l y i de n tic a l wit h
1
th e Ba -
ya k a or Wa y a k a
-
o f th e K wa ng o
r ive r to th e N W o f Ango la . . .

J . A .
 1 94 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n o f A fr i c a .
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l e a v e a h ost a g e wi th th e J a ga s l e ft B a tt e l b e h i n d a n d i n th e
, ,

com p a ny o f th e s e wild p e opl e h e s e e m s to h a v e tra v e rs e d much

o f th e Co ngo cou n try b e hi n d A n gol a b e for e h e e v e n t u a lly
r e a c h e d th e co a st a g a i n n e a r a Por t ugu e s e fort wh e r e h e wa s ,

a llow e d by th e J a g a s to l e a v e t h e m a n d r e t u r n to his o w n l a n d .

H e a pp e a rs t o h a v e r o a m e d ov e r S outh W e st A fric a fo r n e a rly

-

1 8 y e a rs a n d h e b r ough t b a ck wi t h h im fa i rly tr u th ful a ccou n ts

,

o f th e pigmy r a c e s th e a n throp oid a p e s a n d s o m e o f th e big

, ,

g a m e which p e n e t ra t e s th e i n t e ri o r o f B e n gu e l a from th e so u t h .

A t th e com m e n c e m e n t of th e 1 7 t h c e n t u ry Willi a m Li t h ,

gow a S cotti sh t ra v e ll e r vi si te d T u n i s a n d A lg e r i a I n 1 6 1 8
, , .

th e Lo n do n Comp a n y of A dv e n tu re r s d e sp a tch e d G e org e

T h omps o n wh o h a d a l re a dy t r a v e ll e d i n B a r b a ry t o e xplo r e
, ,

th e riv e r G a m b i a . D u ri n g hi s a bs e n c e u p th e r iv e r th e ship
by wh ich h e h a d com e from E n gl a n d w a s s e i z e d a n d th e ,

cr e w m u rd e re d b y P ort u g u e s e a nd h a l f c a st e sl a v e t ra d e rs w h o
-

r e s e n t e d th i s i n v a sio n o f t h e ir sp e ci a l dom a i n T h o m p so n .

m a n a g e d to s e n d b a ck wo rd o f h i s di ffic u l t i e s a nd th e C omp a n y ,

o f A dv e n t u r e r s s e n t out a n o t h e r sm a ll s h ip A ft e r s e n di n g h e r
.

b a ck wi t h l e t t e rs T h omp so n co n t i n u e d h i s j ou rn e ys fo r a
,

dist a n c e o f a bo u t 8 0 m il e s a bov e th e m o u t h o f th e G a m b i a .

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, , ,

n o t io n s a n d i s s u pp os e d to h a v e b e e n kill e d b y th e n a tiv e s
, A .

t hi r d v e ss e l w a s s e n t o u t from Lo n do n com m a n d e d b y Rich a r d

,

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.
,

th ough h e re a ch e d th e p o i n t wh e re T hompso n h a d dis a pp e a re d ,

wa s n o t v e ry s u cc e ss fu l . O n h i s r e t u rn fr om G ra v e s e n d wi th
two ship s i n 1 6 2 0 h e s a il e d u p th e G a mbi a to a pl a c e c a ll e d
,

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,

th e i n s t ig a t o r o f th e d e s t ru cti o n of hi s p r e d e c e ssor s ship T his

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.

m a n fl e d a t J o b s o n s a ppr o a ch a n d th e l a t te r co n t i n u e d o n h is
’

wa y till h e re a ch e d T e n d a wh e r e T h om p so n h a d dis a pp e a r e d
, .

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T h e n fo ll o w e d th e j o u r n e y of J a n n e q u i n de R o ch e fo r t a n d
his comp a n io n s i n S e n e g a l a n d th e still m o re i m p o r ta n t e x
, .
x .
] Gr e a t E xpl o r e rs . 1 95

l
p o ra ti o n s o f B ru e a nd C a m pa g n o n gio n j ourn e ys i n th e sa m e re ,

wh i c h h a v e b e e n r e fe rr e d to i n Ch a p t e r VI I Duri n g th e .

re ign o f ki n g C h a rl e s I I a D utc h o r A n glici z e d Dutc h m e rc h a n t ,

n a m e d V e r m u yde n a ss e r t e d t h a t h e h a d a sc e n d e d th e G a m bi a
,

a n d r e a ch e d a cou n t ry b e yo n d full o f gold b u t th e tru th o f

, ,

th i s st o ry is op e n to co n sid e ra bl e susp icio n I n 1 7 2 3 C a pt a i n .

B a rth olom e w S ti b b s a n d l a t e r still a m a n na m e d H a rri so n

, ,

r e p e a t e d J o b s o n s e xplo ra tio n s o f th e G a mbi a I n 1 7 2 0

’
.

D r S h a w a n E nglish m a n tra v e ll e d i n Egypt A lg e ri a a n d

, , ,
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T u n is a n d g a v e th e first fa irly a ccur a t e a ccou n t o f th e B a r b a ry

,

S t a t e s wh ich h a d b e e n r e c e iv e d si n c e t h e y b e c a m e Mu h a m
m a da n i z e d A b o u t th e s a m e tim e S o u mi n i a n I t a li a n e xplo re d
.
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.

1 768 3 J a m e s B ruc e a S cotc h m a n o f good fa mily wh o h a d

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b e e n e d u c a t e d a t H a rr ow a n d h a d sp e n t two a n d a h a lf y e a rs
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a s Co n sul a t A lgi e rs t ra v e ll e d fi rs t i n T u n is T r ipoli a n d S yri a

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.

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, ,

qu e sti o n h e voy a g e d dow n th e R e d S e a to M a ss a w a a n d

, ,

j our n e y e d to Go n d a r th e c a pi t a l o f A byssi n i a H a vi n g s o m e
, .

k n o wl e dg e o f m e dici n e h e fou n d fa vour wi t h th e a uth ori t i e s

, ,

a n d w a s giv e n a comm a n d i n th e A byssi n i a n c a v a l ry A ft e r .

m a ny dis a pp oi n tm e n ts his a r d e n t wish wa s g ra n t e d a nd h e

, ,

a rr iv e d a t wh a t h e b e li e v e d to b e th e so u r c e s o f th e N il e but ,

wh ic h r e a lly w e re th e h e a d wa t e rs o f th e B lu e Nil e to th e ,

sout h o f A byssi n i a H e j o u rn e y e d hom e b y w a y o f S e n nar

.

a n d th e N u b i a n D e s e r t to C a i ro I n 1 7 93 Willi a m G e o rg e .

B ro w n e a Lo n d o n e r a n d a m e mb e r o f O ri e l Coll e g e O x fo rd
, , , ,

a tt r a ct e d by th e a ccou n t s o f B r uc e s tr a v e ls e n t e r e d Egyp t
’
, ,

a n d c r oss e d th e Liby a n D e s e rt fro m A s i u t t o D a r fu r i n 1 7 93 .

T h e re h e w a s tr e a t e d e xtr e m e ly b a dly b y th e s u l t a n of th e
cou n t ry a n d pr a c ti c a lly e n d u r e d a c a p t ivity o f t h re e y e a rs
,

b e fo re h e succe e d e d i n r e tu rn i ng t o Egyp t .

Duri n g th e 1 8 th c e n tury r u m o u r s h a d g ra du a lly b e e n t a ki ng

sh a p e i n th e b e li e f th a t th e re w a s a g r e a t r iv e r i n W e st e r n
1
Wh e e h e w as B ritish C h a p l a i n
r .

1 3— 2
1 96 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
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A fric a o n w h os e b a nk s s t ood th e fa m o us ci t y of T imbuk tu .

T hi s ri v er w a s id e n tifi e d with Pli ny s Nig ris o r Nig e r At

’ ‘
.

fi rst i t wa s t h o u gh t t h a t th e Nig e r w a s th e G a m b i a o r S e n e g a l ,

but a t l a s t i t w a s b e li e v e d th a t th e N ig e r m u st r is e so u th wa rd ,

b e yo n d th e so u rc e s o f t h e s e riv e r s a n d fl o w t o th e e a stw a r d ,
.

S i r J os e p h B a n ks Pr e sid e n t o f th e Roy a l S oci e ty w h o h a d

, ,

a ccomp a n i e d C ook o n h is j o u r n e y rou n d th e wo r ld j oi n e d ,

with oth e r p e r so n s o f dis t i n ctio n a n d fo r m e d th e A frica n ,

A ssoci a tio n o n th e 1 9th o f J u n e 1 7 8 8 wi t h th e sp e ci a l obj e ct , ,

o f e xplori ng th e Nig e r A t first th e y r e s o lv e d t o t ry fr om th e

.

Nort h co a st o f A frica or fr om Egypt b ut th e s e e xp e ditio n s ,

provi n g u n succ e ssful a n a t t e mpt wa s m a d e to m a rch i n t o

,

th e u n k n ow n from S i e r ra L e o n e M a j o r H o u gh t o n wh o .
,

h a d b e e n C o n s u l i n Mo r occo w a s e mploy e d a m o n gst ot h e r ,

t ra v e ll e r s a n d h e succ e e d e d i n p a ssi ng t h ro u gh B a mbuk o n h is

,

w a y t o T imbuktu ; b u t h e w a s i n t e rc e p t e d b y th e M oors o f th e
S a h a ra r ob b e d a n d l e ft to di e n a k e d i n th e d e s e rt
, ,
From .

Egypt a G e rm a n tr a v e ll e r n a m e d Fr e d e ric H o rn e m a nn w a s
d e sp a tc h e d b y th e s a m e a ssoci a tio n H e r e a ch e d F e z z a n .
,

s e t o u t o n a j our n e y t o B o rn u a n d w a s n e v e r h e a r d o f ,

a ft e r w a rd s I n 1 7 9 5 th e z e a lous A ssoci a t i o n a cc e pt e d th e
2
.

s e rvic e s of a yo u ng S c o t c h su rg e o n n a m e d M u ngo P a rk a n d ,

s e n t h i m o u t to disc o v e r th e Nige r fro m th e W e st co a s t .

M u n go P a rk s t a r t e d a t th e a g e o f 2 4 h a vi n g h a d a p r e vi o u s ,

e xp e ri e n c e i n sci e n tific e xplo r a t io n a s a ssist a n t s u rg e o n o n a n

E a st I n di a m a n wh ich h a d m a d e a voya g e t o S um a tra P a rk

, .

r e a ch e d Pi s a ni a a s t a t i o n high up th e G a mbi a R iv e r i n 1 7 9 5
, ,
.

H e st a rt e d a t th e e n d o f t h a t y e a r a n d a ft e r c r ossi n g th e ,

S e n e g a l riv e r a n d goi n g th r ough m a n y a dv e n t u r e s h e e n t e r e d ,

1
Pl iny a nd o n e s cc e e di ng c l ssic l g o g a p h e r s m e n ti o n th e
or tw o u a a e r

G e o r G i a n d th e N ig e
r r s r iv e rs o f W e st e n A f ic
r a th e fo m e be i ng r r a, r r

p o ssib ly th e iv e r D a B o t h w o ds m a y b e de ive d f o m B b e ro o ts
r ra . r r r er r .

2
I t is s i d t h t h e w s th e a n c e st o o a re l tiv e o f th e fo n de o f a
a a a r r a u r

f m o s te a fir m w h o s e te — a s th e p s e n t w it e c a n t e sti fy— is fo u n d o n
a u , a re r r

s a l e i n th e b a a a s o f th e S ha n t o wn s
z r a ra .
x .
] Gre a t E xp l o r e rs . 1 97

th e M oo rish c o u n t ri e s o f K aar ta a n d L u da m a r to th e n ort h

e a st . H e n c e a ft e r e nd u ri ng c a ptivi ty a n d gr e a t h a rdships h e
, ,

e sc a p e d a n d g ra du a lly fou n d hi s wa y to th e Nig e r a t S e g o

, ,

a n d s t r uggl e d a l o n g th e riv e r till h e w a s wit h i n a bout 2 0 0 mil e s

of T i mbukt u H is r e tur n j ou rne y w a s a t t e n d e d by suc h h a rd

.

s h ip s t h a t o n e m a r v e ls a t th e p h ysic a l str e ng th whic h brought

h im t h ro u gh a liv e H ow e v e r a t l a st h e re a ch e d B a m a ku a nd
.
, ,

t h e n c e a ft e r a lm ost i n cr e di b l e di fficul t i e s r e tu rne d to Pi s a n i a

o n th e G a m bi a a bou t a y e a r a n d a qu a r t e r a ft e r s e t ti n g o u t
,

t h e n c e t o discov e r th e Nig e r O wi n g t o h is re tu rn voy a g e

.

t a ki ng h im to th e W e st I n di e s h e di d n o t r e a c h E ngl a n d till
,

th e 2 2 n d of D e c e mb e r 1 7 9 7 a ft e r p e r form i n g a j our n e y wh ic h
, ,

e v e n i f h e h a d n o t subs e qu e n tly b e com e th e S t a n l e y o f th e

Nig e r wo u ld h a v e m a d e hi m l a s ti n gly fa m o u s Lo n do n re .

c e i v e d him wi t h e n t h usi a sm b u t a fte r th e first n ov e lty h a d

,

wo rn o ff a p e riod o f forg e tfu l n e ss s e t i n P ar k m a rr i e d a nd .

,

s e t t l e d dow n i n P e e bl e s a s a m e dic a l pr a ctiti o ne r B ut i n .

p roc e ss of t im e th e i n flu e n c e o f th e A fric a n A ssoci a tio n filt e re d

e v e n i n to th e s t o n y h e a r t of a Gov e r n m e n t d e p a r tm e n t a n d ,

i t wa s r e sol v e d b y th e C olo n i a l O ffic e ( th e n a b ra n ch o f th e

Wa r O ffic e ) t o s e n d M u n go P a rk b a ck to co n ti nu e h is e xp lora
t io n o f th e N ig e r H e wa s giv e n
. fo r h is e xp e n s e s a n d ,

a n a mpl e o u t fit o f sto r e s a n d a rm s a n d o t h e r e quipm e n t He .

h e ld a C a pt a i n s commissi o n a n d w a s a llow e d t o s e l e ct
’
,

soldi e rs from th e g a rriso n o f Gor e e H e took h i s brot h e r i n .

-

l a w wi th him a s s e co n d i n co mm a n d a d ra ugh tsm a n n a m e d ,

S co t t a n d s e v e ra l bo a t b uild e rs a n d c a rp e n te r s
,
A t Go re e h e .

s e l e c t e d o n e O ffic e r 3 5 p riv a t e s a n d two s e a m e n T h e p a rty

, ,
.

l e ft th e G a m b i a i n 1 8 0 5 T h e y w e r e soo n a tt a ck e d with fe v e r
.
,

a n d by th e t im e t h e y h a d r e a c h e d th e Nig e r o n ly s e v e n o u t o f

th e 3 8 s o ldi e r s a n d s e a m e n wh o h a d l e ft Go re e w e r e livi n g .

D e sc e n di ng th e Nig e r p a st S e go M u ngo P a r k b ui lt a roug h ,

a n d r e a dy ki n d o f b o a t a t S a n s a n di n g w h ich h e n a m e d th e ,

J o li b a By thi s tim e h i s p a r ty h a d b e e n r e duc e d to fiv e

.
,

i n cludi ng him s e l f O n th e 1 2 th o f N ov e mb e r 1 8 0 5 th e y s e t
.
, ,
1 98 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R

o u t from S a n s a n di n g ( wh e n c e th e y s e n t b a ck to th e G a mbi a
t h e ir l e tt e r s a n d j o u rn a ls ) t o t ra c e th e Nig e r to its m outh .

M u ngo P a r k w a s n e v e r h e a rd from a ny m o re I t w a s a s c e r .

ta i n e d by th e i nfo r m a t io n wh ich c o uld b e subs e q u e n t ly g a t h e re d

,

from n a tiv e t ra d e rs a n d sl a v e s t h a t Mu n g o P a rk s p a rty m e t

,
’

with co n st a n t opp ositi o n fro m th e n a t iv e s i n t h e ir d e sc e n t o f

th e riv e r wit h th e r e s u l t t h a t th e y w e re co n t i n u a lly figh t i n g
, .

A fte r M u n go P a rk e n t e re d th e H a us a sp e a ki n g c o u n tri e s of
“

S ok o to th e e n m ity o f th e n a t iv e s i n c re a s e d a pp a r e n tly b e c a us e ,

h e wa s u n a b l e to p a y h is w a y wi t h pr e s e n t s A t la st a t B u sa .
, ,

wh e r e fu r th e r n a vig a t i o n wa s Obs truc t e d by r ocks th e n a t iv e s ,

clos e d i n o n him Fi n di n g n o w a y o f e sc a p e P a rk j ump e d

.
,

i n to th e riv e r wi t h Ma r t i n a nd wa s d r ow n e d A ft e r P a rk s ’
“

.
,

d e a t h M aj o r P e ddi e C a p t a i n C a m pb e ll Maj or Gr a y a nd Dr
, , , ,

D o c h a r d a ll s t r o v e t o foll o w i n P a rk s footst e p s from th e

’

di re c t io n o f th e G a m b i a b u t a ll di e d u n t im e ly d e a th s from fe ve r
, ,

th o ugh D r D o c h a rd s u cc e e d e d i n r e a ch i n g S e go o n th e N ig e r .

T h e p re s e n c e of th e D u tch i n S out h A fric a di d n o t l e a d t o

g re a t e xp lo ra t io n s S u ch j o u r n e ys a s w e r e m a d e w e r e ch i e fl y
.

p ara ll e l t o th e co a s t I n 1 6 8 5 Com m a n d e r V a n de r S t e l
.

e xplo re d N a m a k w a l a n d wi t h i n a v e ry sh o r t dist a n c e o f th e

O ra n g e ri v e r ; bu t i t w a s s o m e 6 0 y e a rs l a t e r b e fo re th a t riv e r
wa s a ctu a lly disco v e r e d by a B o e r e l e ph a n t hu n t e r a n d its ,

discov e ry m a d e k n ow n sci e n t ific a lly by a n e xp e di t io n u n d e r

C a p t a in H op i n 1 7 0 1 T hi s e xp e di t io n ob t a i n e d s e v e ra l
.

gi ra ffe s which w e r e s e n t h om e b y Go v e rn or T ulb a gh a n d

‘

, ,

w e r e th e fi r st t o r e a ch E u r op e I n 1 7 7 7 C a p t a i n R ob e r t
.

J a co b Gordo n a S co t ch m a n i n th e s e rvic e o f th e D utch E a st

,

I n di a C o mp a n y disco v e re d th e O r a n g e r iv e r a t i t s j u n c t io n
,

wi t h th e V a a l S u b s e q u e n t ly C a p t a i n G o rdo n with Li e ut e n a n t
.

Willi a m P a t t e rso n a n E nglishm a n m a d e a j o u rn e y o v e rl a n d

, ,

from th e N a m a kw a co u n t ry t o th e m ou t h o f th e O ra ng e riv e r ,

w h ich t h e y a sc e n de d fo r 3 0 o r 4 0 mil e s T h e y christ e ne d .

wh a t th e Du t ch h a d h i t h e r to c a ll e d th e G re a t ( G r o ot e ) riv e r ‘

th e O ra ng e riv e r out o f complim e n t to th e S t a d houd e r

,
.
x .
] Gr e a t E xpl o r e r s . 19 9

T h e re lso a rumour t h a t two Dutc h commissio n e rs

is a

T ru s t e r a n d S om m e rvill e w e n t o n a c a ttl e purc h a si n g e xp e di -

tio n i n 1 8 0 1 b e yo n d th e O r a n g e riv e r a nd p e ne t ra t e d throug h ,

th e B e c h u a n a c o u n t ry to th e vici n i ty o f L a k e Ng a mi .

Fir e d by th e ne ws o f A fr ica n di scov e ri e s Po rt u g a l a wok e ,

from o ne o f h e r s e cul a r slum b e rs i n 1 7 9 8 — a s s h e simil a rly

a wok e i n 1 8 7 7 — a n d d e sp a t ch e d D r Fr a n cisco J os e M a ri a
’

de L a c e rd a to th e Z a m b e z i to a tt e mpt a j our n e y a cross A fric a

,

from E a st to We st T h e r e s u l ts o f t h is first r e a lly sci e n tific

.

e xp lo ra tio n o f C e n tra l A fri c a h a v e b e e n touc h e d o n i n Ch a p t e r

’

II . I t m a y b e su ffici e n t t o m e n tio n h e r e th a t Dr de L a c e rd a
tra v e ll e d up th e Z a mb e z i to T e t e a n d fro m T e t e n ort h , ,

w e stw a rds to th e vici n i t y o f L a k e Mw e ru n e a r th e s h or e s of ,

w h ich h e di e d H e h a d b e e n pr e c e d e d by two Go a ne s e o f th e
.

n a m e o f P e r e i ra I n th e b e gi n n i n g o f th e pr e s e n t c e n tu ry two
.

h a lf c a st e Por tu gu e s e n a m e d B a ptist a a n d A m a r o J os é cro ss e d

-

A fric a fr om th e Kw a n go r iv e r b e h i n d A n gol a to T e t e o n th e
, ,

Z a mb e z i I n 1 8 3 1 M a j or Mo n t e iro a n d C a pt a i n G a m i tto
.

r e p e a t e d D r de L a c e rda s j our n e y fro m T e t e to th e K a z e m b e s

’ ’ ‘

cou n t ry n e a r La k e M w e ru a n d i n 1 8 4 6 a Po rtugu e s e
, ,

m e rch a n t a t T e t e n a m e d C a n dido de Co st a C a rdoso cl a im e d ,

to h a v e sig h t e d th e south w e st cor n e r o f L a k e M a ra vi ( Ny a s a )

-
.

T o r e tur n a g a i n t o S out h A fric a — Britis h rul e b roug h t a bout

a gr e a t d e v e lopm e n t i n e xplora tio n C a mpb e ll a S cotc h .
,

missio n a ry i n 1 8 1 2 l a i d d ow n th e cours e o f th e O ra n ge riv e r

,

o n th e m a p a n d discov e r e d th e sourc e of th e Limp opo .

C a pt a i n ( a ft e rw a rds G e n e ra l S i r J E ) A l e x a n d e r m a d e a n . .

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th e Cross r iv e r t o th e e a st ,
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o u t a n import a n t surv e yi n g e xp e ditio n to th e Nig e r u n d e r four

n a v a l offic e rs T his e xp e ditio n w a s d e sp a t ch e d a t th e i n stig a

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h ad throw n h ims e lf h e a r t a n d soul i n t o th e a n ti —

sl a v e ry
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.

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wa s b e gi n n i n g to bu b b l e up i n th e p a g e s o f D ick e n s w h o h a s ,
“
so d e liciously s a ti r i z e d this Nig e r e xp e di t io n i n Bl e a k H o u s e ”

wi th i t s i n im i t a bl e Mrs J e llyby a n d h e r i n dust ri a l mi ssio n o f

Bo rri a b o o la —G h a T h e g h a s tly u n h e a lt h i n e ss o f th e l o w e r
.

Nig e r wa s ig n o r e d a n d a n it e m i n th e p r ogr a mm e o f th e e xp e
,

di tio n wa s th e e s t a blis h m e n t o f a m od e l fa rm a t th e j u n ctio n of

th e B e n u e a n d th e Nig e r T h e o th e r a ims of th e e xp e ditio n
.

w e r e n ic e ly b a l a n c e d b e tw e e n th e spr e a di ng o f C hristi a n
civili z a t i o n a n d th e s u ppr e ssio n o f th e sl a v e t ra d e o n th e o n e
h a n d a n d th e z e a lous pushi ng o f M a n ch e st e r goods o n th e
ot h e r N u m e rous t r e a ti e s w e re m a d e but th e r e sults of th e
.
,

e xp e ditio n w e re dis a pp oi n t m e n t a n d dis a st e r occ a sio n e d by ,

ut t e r ig n or a n c e o f th e co n di ti o n s u n d e r w h ic h a sm a ll d e gr e e
o f h e a l th migh t b e r e t a i n e d a n d a m uddl e h e a d e d i n d e cisio n ,
-

a s t o th e pr a c t ic a l r e sul t s w hic h w e r e t o b e s e cur e d b y th e

op e n i ng up o f th e Nig e r T h e loss o f life wa s e n orm ous . .

S till i n spi t e o f this ch e ck B ri t is h tr a d e r s g ra d u a lly cr e p t i n t o

, ,

a n d up th e Nig e r wi t h th e r e sults d e t a il e d i n Ch a p t e r V I
, .

I n 1 8 3 6 J oh n D a vidso n a n E n glish m a n of co n sid e ra bl e ,

a tt a i n m e n t s s t a r t e d from th e A tl a n tic co a st of Mo ro cco for

,

T im b ukt u but wa s m u rd e r e d a t T e n du f i n th e S a h a ra D e s e rt
, ,
.

I n 1 8 4 9 th e B ritis h Gov e r n m e n t d e t e rmi n e d to m a k e

a n ot h e r e ffort t o op e n up comm e rci a l r e l a tio n s wi th th e Nig e r
a n d C e n t r a l A fr ic a but r e solv e d a g a i n to try th e ov e rl a n d
,
2 0 6 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R

r o u t e from T rip oli A ft e r th e N a p ol e o n ic w a r s w e r e fi n is h e d

.
,

th e B ri t ish G o v e r n m e n t h a d s e n t o u t v a rio u s s u r v e yi n g p a r ti e s

t o m a p th e co a s t s o f A fric a a n d a w e ll e qu ipp e d e xp e dition

,
-

u n d e r A dm ir a l Be e c h e y m a d e a tho r ough i n v e s t iga tio n of th e

co a sts o f T ripoli a n d B a rk a i n 1 8 2 1 a n d 1 8 2 2 a n d s e n t b a ck ,

th e first trustwo rthy a cc o u n ts o f th e Gr e e k rui n s of th e

Cyr e n a ic a S i n c e t h a t tim e s e v e ra l co n s u l a r r e p r e s e n t a tiv e s
.

o f G re a t B r i t a i n i n T r ip o li h a v e c a rri e d o n e xplo ra tio n s i n

th e i n t e r ior A m o n g t h e s e w a s J a m e s Rich a r dso n wh o h a d
.
,

o r igi n a l ly a ccomp a n i e d A dmi r a l Be e c h e y a n d wh o fu r t h e r ,

m a d e m o st impo rt a n t e xplo ra ti o n s of th e T rip o lit a n Sa h a ra ,

disc o v e ri n g m a n y i n t e re s t i n g r ock p a i n t i n gs a n d i n sc rip tio n s .

H e w a s a pp o i n t e d t o b e th e h e a d of t h is ov e rl a n d e xp e ditio n
o f 1 8 4 9 a n d a ssoci a t e d wi t h h im w e r e two G e r m a n s B a r th a n d
, ,

O v e r w e g Dr H e nr y B a r t h w a s b o rn a t H a mb u rg i n th e y e a r
.

1 8 2 1 . H e h a d t ra v e ll e d e x t e n siv e ly i n A si a M i n or i n ,

M e dit e r ra n e a n A frica a n d u p th e Nil e

, .

T h is e xp e di t i o n l e ft T ripoli i n th e sp ri n g o f 1 8 5 0 a n d ,

r e a ch e d B o rn u with o u t a ny difficul t y H e re its m e mb e rs

.

s e p a r a t e d Rich a rdso n di e d soo n a fte r wa rds a n d wa s b u ri e d

,

ne a r La ke C ha d O ve r w e g di e d i n 1 8 5 2 h a vi ng b e e n th e
.
,

fi r st E u ro p e a n t o n a vig a t e L a k e C h a d H e wa s b u ri e d o n
‘
.

th e sh o re s o f t hi s l a k e For th e n e x t fou r y e a r s B a rth c a rri e d

.

o n gig a n t ic e xplo ra tio n s o n h is o w n a cc o u n t H e j o u rn e y e d .

fr om L a k e Ch a d a lo n g th e r i v e r K o m a du g u a n d th e n c e a c r oss ,

n o r th e r n H a u s a l a n d to th e Nig e r a t S a y F rom S a y h e cu t
.

a c r oss th e b e n d o f th e Nig e r t o T im b uktu a n d d e sc e n d e d th e ,

r iv e r b a ck to S a y a n d th e n c e t o S ok o t o
,
fro m which h e m a d e
,

his w a y t o Kuk a w a i n Bo r n u wh e r e h e m e t D r Vog e l a n d two

,

n o n c o mmissio n e d o ffic e rs o f th e R oy a l E n gi n e e r s
-
wh o h a d ,

b e e n s e n t by th e B ri t ish Go v e r n m e n t to r e i n fo r c e h i s e xp e di
t io n B a rth h a d p re vi o u sly i n 1 8 5 1 m a d e a j o u rn e y du e
.

so u t h a n d h a d str u ck th e riv e r B e n u e v e ry high u p its cours e

,
.

Vog e l st a rt e d to com pl e t e th e disco v e ri e s i n th is di re ctio n ,

1
I n a p t e n t c o ll psib l e b o a t
a a .
x .
] Gr e a t E xp lo r e r s . 2 0 7

a nd e v e n tu a lly to m a k e h is w a y t o th e Nil e H e w a s a c c o m .

a n i e d by Co r p or a l Ma c Gu i r e but th e two qu a rr e ll e d a n d
p ,

p a rt e d a n d bo t h w e r e m u rd e r e d i n th e vici n i t y of W a d a i D r
,
.

B a rt h a n d th e oth e r n o n comm i ssi o n e d o fli c e r m a d e th e ir w a y

-

’
b a ck a cr os s th e d e s e r t to T ripoli a nd E n gl a n d B a rth s .

j ou r n e y w a s prod u ct iv e of a lm o st m or e solid i n fo rm a ti o n th a n

t h a t o f a ny o f th e g re a t A fric a n e xpl o re rs e xc e pti ng S t a n l e y , ,

a n d possibly J u n k e r S c h we i n fii r th a n d Emi n P a sh a

,
B e sid e s .

th e g e og ra p hic a l i n fo rm a tio n giv e n h is b o o k i n fiv e v o lum e s

,

a n d h is v a ri o us li n g u ist i c works o n th e C e n t ra l S ud a n l a n g u a g e s

r e p r e s e n t a n a m o u n t Of i nfo rm a t io n th a t h a s n o t b e e n suf
fic i e n tl y dig e st e d ye t H e n ry B a rth st a n ds i n th e fi r st r a nk o f
.

th e ve ry g re a t e xplor e rs a cl a ss wh ich sh o u ld p e r h a p s i n clud e

,

M u ngo P a rk Li v i n gsto n e S t a n l e y S p e k e a n d G ra nt Bu rto n

.
, , , ,

B a k e r S c h w e i n fii rth N a chtig a l Rohlfs J ii nk e r a n d J os e p h

, , , , ,

T h om so n ; m e n wh o h a v e n o t o n ly m a d e g re a t g e ogr a phic a l
di scov e ri e s b u t wh o h a v e e n rich e d u s a s w e ll wi th th a t i n form a
ti o n w h ic h clo t h e s th e dry bo n e s of th e m e r e d e li n e a tio n o f
riv e rs l a k e s a n d m o u n t a i n s
, ,
H e r e c e iv e d a som e wh a t
.

gru dgi n g r e wa rd fo r h i s s e rvic e s i n E ngl a n d A ft e r som e .

d e l a y h e wa s c r e a t e d a C B a n d t h e n h is e xist e n c e wa s
,

ig n o re d by th e G o v e r n m e n t to wh om s t ill a nd fo r m a ny y e a r s
, ,

to com e a n A fric a n e xplo re r l a yi n g b a r e to o u r k n owl e dg e

, ,

h u n d re d s o f th o u s a n ds of squ a r e m il e s of v a l u a bl e t e r ri t o ry
w a s i n fi n it e ly l e ss w o rthy o f r e m e mbr a n c e th a n a C h a r g e
d A ffa i re s a t th e c o u r t of th e G ra n d D uk e o f Pum p e rn ick e l
’
.

I n 1 8 5 8 a Mo r occo J e w n a m e d Mo rdo kh a i A b i S e rti r m a d e ‘

'

a j our n e y fro m th e s ou th o f M orocco t o T im b u ktu a n d a ft e r

w a rds r e sid e d i n th a t ci t y t ill 1 8 6 2 t h e n c e fo r wa r d r e p e a ti n g h i s

,

j our n e ys t h i t h e r u n t il 1 8 6 9 I n 1 8 3 0 th e Ch u r ch M issio n a ry
.

S oci e ty h a d s e n t e miss a ri e s t o A byssi n i a w h o i n clud e d a mo n g ,

th e m l a t t e rly such m e n a s Kr a p f a n d R e b m a n n Bu t th e s e .

a g e n t s w e re e xp e ll e d i n 1 8 4 2 a n d s e ttl e d o n th e e a st c o a st o f
,

1
His na m e is sp e l t by th e F re n c h Ma r do ch e e
’
.
”
 2 0 8 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
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A fric a two y e a rs a ft e rwa rds M a ki n g Mom b a s a th e ir h e a d

.

qu a r te r s Kra pf a nd R e bm a nn e x e c u t e d som e r e m a rk a bl e
'

j our n e ys i n t o th e i n t e rior o f wh a t wa s t h e n a n ut t e rly u nk n ow n

cou n t ry R e bm a n n i n 1 8 4 8 s a w fo r th e firs t tim e Kilim a
.

nja r o th e high e st mo u n t a i n i n A fric a n e a r ly

,
fe e t hig h , .

I n 1 8 4 9 K ra pf n o t o n ly sigh te d Kilim a nja ro b ut push e d h i s -

w a y m uch fu r th e r n o rth a n d c a u gh t a glimps e of Mt K e n i a

, .

B e sid e s th e s e r e m a rk a bl e discov e ri e s ( th e t r u th o f whic h wa s

stro n gly do u b t e d b y a rm ch a ir g e ogra ph e r s i n E ngl a n d ) t h e y
-

b r ought b a ck wi th t h e m s u ch circums ta n t i a l a cco u n t s o f th e

gr e a t C e n t ra l A fric a n l a k e s a s to l u r e o t h e rs o n to th e e xpl o
r a tio n o f th e s e r e gio n s .

D u ri n g th e 3 o s A b yssi n i a a n d S ho a w e re e xplor e d by
’ ’

R ii p p e l ( a G e rm a n t ra v e ll e r wh o a dd e d g re a tly t o o u r k n o w
l e dge of A fric a n n a t u ra l h is t ory ) ; d u ri n g th e 4 o s a n d 5 o s ’ ’ ’ ’

by th e Fr e n chm a n d A b b a di e ( wh o m a de th e m ost e l a bora t e

’

surv e ys ) b y S i r W Cor n wa llis H a rris ; a n d l a t e r o n by T h e op h il e

,
.

L e F é b v re M a n sfi e l d P a rki n s H D ufto n a n d th e g e o g ra ph e r
, ,
.
,

C T B e k e I n 1 8 5 6 Mr J a m e s H a mil to n m a d e a most
. . .

i n t e r e s t i ng j our n e y of e xplo ra tio n i n th e C yr e na ic a a n d t h e n ce ,

tr a v e ll e d ov e r l a n d t hro u g h th e o a sis o f S iw a t o Egypt .

Me a n t im e i n S out h A frica Livi n gsto n e h a d a ris e n H e

,
.
.

h a d s e t tl e d i n B e ch u a n a l a n d i n 1 8 4 1 a n d h a d gr a du a lly ,

e x t e n de d his j o u rn e ys fu r t h e r a nd fu r th e r n or t h u n til i n , ,

comp a ny wit h Willi a m O sw e ll a n d Mu rr a y two E n glis h spor ts ,

m e n h e discov e r e d L a k e Ng a mi
,
Mr Fr a n cis G a l t o n h a d .

a tt e mpt e d t o r e a ch t his l a k e i n 1 8 5 1 b y a n i n t e r e sti n g b ut

v e ry di ffi c u l t j o u r n e y t hroug h D a m a ra l a n d ; b ut h e did n o t
succ e e d i n g e t t i n g n e a re r t o Ng a mi t h a n th e b e d of a dri e d u p -

w a t e rco u rs e th e O m a ra m b a A n d e rsso n a S w e d e h ow e v e r i n
,
.
, , ,

1 85 1 l e ft Wa l fis h Ba y a n d t ra v e lli n g t h r ough O v a mbol a n d

, ,

m a n a g e d to a r ri v e a t th e s h o re s o f Ng a mi G re e n e xp lo re d .

th e low e r cou r s e o f th e O k a b a ng o T e o g e i n 1 8 5 6 In 1 85 1 -
.

Livi n gs t o ne a ccomp a n i e d b y hi s wife a n d fa mily a n d b y

, ,

Mr O sw e ll re a ch e d th e Z a mb e z i a t S e s h e k e F e e li ng him s e lf
, .
x .
] Gr e a t E xpl o r e rs . 2 09

o n t h re s h old o f v a st discov e ri e s Livi ngsto ne d e sp a tc h e d

th e ,

h is wife a nd fa mily to E ngl a n d wit h th e m o ne t a ry h e lp o f

,

Mr O sw e ll a n d pl a c e d h im s e lf u n d e r th e t u i t io n o f S i r T h om a s
,

Mc C l e a r th e A stro n om e r Roy a l a t C a p e T ow n T urn i ng h is

,
.

fa c e n or th wa rd i n Ju ne 1 8 5 2 h e r e a c h e d th e Z a mb e z i a g a i n i n
,

th a t y e a r tr a c e d it a lo ng its upp e r cou rs e n e a r to its sourc e

, , ,

a n d t h e n t ra v e ll e d a cross to A n gol a whic h h e r e a ch e d i n Ma y

,

1 8 4
5 R e t u r n i ng a ga i n from A n gol a to th e Za mb e z i h e
.
,

followe d th a t riv e r mor e o r l e ss cl os e ly to n e a r its m out h a nd ,

t h e n m a de h i s way to Qu e lim a n e by th e ro u t e a lwa ys follow e d

u n t il th e r e ce n t discov e ry o f th e Chi n d e m out h of th e Z a mb e z i .

From Qu e lim a n e h e wa s co n v e y e d by a B riti s h gu nbo a t t o

M a uritius a nd a rriv e d i n Lo n do n o n th e 1 2 th o f D e c e mb e r
, ,

1 856 .

b e e n first e xp lore d i n 1 8 5 4 by Ric h a rd

S om a lil a n d h a d
Fra ncis B urto n a nd J o h n H a nn i ng S p e k e B u rto n wa s a n .

offic e r i n th e I ndi a n a r my a nd h a d pr e viously m a d e a r e m a rk

,

a b l e j our n e y to th e h oly pl a c e s o f th e H e dj a z I n 1 8 5 6 th e .

Roy a l G e ogr a p h ic a l S oci e ty ( w h ic h h a d d e ve lop e d from o u t o f

th e A fric a n A ssoci a tio n i n 1 8 3 0 ) d e sp a tch e d a n e xp e ditio n

u nd e r th e comm a n d o f Bu r to n w h o c h os e S p e k e fo r h i s
,

li e ut e na n t to discov e r th e gr e a t l a k e s wh ic h th e G e rm a n mis
,

s i o n ari e s r e p ort e d to e xist A s th e r e sult o f thi s e poc h m a ki ng

.
-

e xplo ra tio n B urto n di scov e r e d T a n g a n yik a

( t h oug h h e o nly
m a pp e d o u t th e n ort h e r n h a lf) a n d S p e k e discov e r e d th e
,

sou t h sh or e o f th e Victori a Ny a nz a H u rryi ng h om e b e for e .

Burto n S p e k e got th e e a r o f th e G e ogra phic a l S oci e ty a n d

, ,

wa s a t o n c e s e n t b a ck ( wit h C a pt a i n J A Gr a n t a s his c o m . .

p a n io n) to discov e r th e sourc e s of th e Nil e Burto n wa s .

r a t h e r h a rdly tr e a t e d i n th e m a tt e r but h e wa s a m a n to o
,

cl e v e r for h is tim e s a n d o ne w h o m a d e m a ny e n e mi e s
,

a mo n g th e p ompous r e sp e ct a b l e r e tir e d m e rc h a n ts w h o i n
, ,

th os e d a ys dir e ct e d g e og ra phic a l e xplor a tio n a t h om e S p e k e .

a nd Gra n t r e a ch e d th e south e r n e n d o f th e Victori a Ny a n z a ,

j our ne y e d n ort h wa rds a nd m i ss e d th e A lb e rt Ny a n z a t h e n , ,

J . A . 1 4
2 10 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R

met and r e li e v e d by Si r S a m u e l B a k e r tr a ve ll e d down th e ,

N i l e to Egyp t I t wa s a m ost r e m a rk a bl e j our ne y but i n

'

,
.

som e s e n s e s a blu n d e ri ng o ne re m a rk a bl e a s much for w h a t,

wa s m iss e d a s for w h a t w a s g a i n e d i n e xplo ra ti o n T hroug h .

n o t h a vi n g m a d e a ny surv e y o f th e v a st l a k e t h e y b e li e v e d

t h e y h a d fou nd a n d n o t b e i ng a bl e to giv e muc h id e a o f

,

its s h a p e o r a r e a its v e ry e xist e n c e c a m e a ft e rwa rds to b e

,

doubt e d u n ti l i t wa s co n clusiv e ly e st a blis h e d by S t a nl e y .

S p e k e a nd Gra n t h a d l e ft E ngl a n d i n A p ril 1 8 6 0 and ,

r e a c h e d K h a rtum o n th e 3 o th of M a rch 1 8 6 4 a n d E ngl a n d , ,

soo n a ft e rwa rds S p e k e di e d from a g u n a ccid e n t i n S e p

.
-

t e mb e r 1 8 6 4 Gra n t a ft e rw a rds m a d e a Colo n e l a n d a

.
,

C B a ccomp a n i e d th e B ritish e xp e ditio n to A byssi n i a a nd

, ,

liv e d till 1 8 9 2 .

Prior t o th e j ou rne y o f S p e k e a n d Gr an t dow n th e Nil e ,

t h a t riv e r h a d b e e n a l re a dy m a d e k n ow n up to th e vici nity o f

th e gr e a t l a k e s by e xplo r e rs followi n g i n th e footst e p s o f th e
m ilit a ry e xp e di t io n s s e n t by M u h a mm a d A l i to co n qu e r th e
S ud a n A C a th olic m issio n h a d e st a blish e d its e lf o n th e
.

Upp e r Nil e i n 1 8 4 8 m a i n ly support e d by th e A ust ri a n Gov e rn

,

m e n t A mo ngst th e m issio na ri e s wa s D r Ig na ti u s K no b l e c h e r
.
,

wh o i n 1 8 4 9 e xp lo r e d th e W h i t e Nil e a s far a s Go ndokoro a n d

M ou n t L o g w e k O th e r e xplo ra ti o n s w e re c a rri e d o u t by Gio
.

v a n n i B e lt ra m e a n oth e r m issi o na ry A Ma lt e s e ivory m e rc h a n t

,
.

n a m e d A n d re a D e b o n o a n d a V e n e ti a n n a m e d Giov a nn i Mi a n i

h a d a lso e xplor e d th e Whit e Nil e a n d th e l a tt e r wa s th e first ,

Europ e a n to vi si t th e Nya m n y a m cou n try A n E ngli sh ivory-

.

tra d e r n a m e d P e th e rick h a d st a rt e d from Kh a rtum i n Nove mb e r

1 85 3 ,
a n d h a d a sc e n d e d th e B a h r a l Gh a z a l Riv e r for som e - -

dist a n c e H e m a d e o th e r j o u r n e ys i n to th e u n k n ow n m or e or
.
,

l e ss i n th e r e gio n o f th e B a hr a l Gh a z a l a n d th e Ny a m ny a m
- - -

co u n try H e wa s e n tru s t e d wit h th e missio n of m e e ti ng a n d

.

r e li e vi n g S p e k e a n d G ra n t b ut by som e a ccid e n t h e fa il e d to
,

do so O n o n e o f h is l a t e r j our n e ys h e wa s a ccomp a n i e d by
.

D r Muri e a n a tura l ist ( wh o is o n e of th e fe w e arly Nil e

,
x] . Gr e a t E xp l o r e r s . 2 1 1

e xplor e rs livi ng a t th e pr e s e n t ti m e ) a s fa r a s Go n dokoro , .

H e ngli n K i e z e lb a c h Mu nz i ng e r a nd S te u dn e r w e re a m o n g
, , ,

th e m e th odic a l G e rm a n e xplor e rs w h o tr a v e ll e d i n th e Egypti a n

S ud a n a nd i n A byssi n i a i n 1 8 6 1 a n d 1 8 6 2 T h e gre a t e st .

e xplor e r o f th e s e r e gio n s h ow e v e r n e xt to S p e k e a n d Gr a nt
, , ,

wa s Mr a ft e r wa rds S i r S a mu e l B a k e r w h o wit h h is wife

, , ,

co n duct e d a n e xplor a tio n o f th e Upp e r Nil e o n h is o wn a ccou n t

wi t h th e i n t e n tio n o f m e e ti n g a nd i f p o ssibl e succouri ng S p e k e
a n d Gr a n t B a k e r h ad pr e viously e xplor e d th e A byssi n i a n trib u
.

t a ri e s o f th e Nil e A ft e r l e a vi ng S p e k e a n d Gra n t to co n ti n u e
.

t h e ir h om e w a rd j o u r n e y h e sta rt e d o ff fo r th e sout h to fill up

,

th e bl a n ks i n t h e i r discov e ri e s T h e Nil e wa s r e a ch e d i n th e
.

Bu nyoro cou n t ry a nd a ft e r a lo ng d e t e n tio n a t th e court o f th e

,

scou n dr e lly Nyoro ki n g a nd a ft e r i n cr e dibl e su ffe ri ngs B a k e r

, ,

a n d h is wife discov e re d th e A lb e r t Ny a n z a w h i c h from v a rious ,

c a us e s h e took to b e muc h l a rg e r t h a n it r e a lly is Th e .

e n tr a n c e a n d th e e xit of th e N il e fr om th e A lb e rt Ny a n z a w e r e

visit e d Th e B a k e rs r e a c h e d Go n dokoro a nd t h e n r e turne d

.
,

h om e w a rds i n M a rc h 1 8 6 5 T h e ir j our n e y dow n th e W h it e

.

Nil e w a s block e d by th e Obstructio n o f a v e g e t a bl e growt h (th e

A t l a st t h is w a s cu t t h roug h a n d Egyp t wa s e v e n tu a lly
,

r e a ch e d W h e n B a k e r r e tur ne d to Lo n do n h e wa s k nig h t e d
.

fo r th e discov e ri e s h e h a d m a d e T h e A lb e rt Ny a n z a wa s
.

a ft e rw a rds circum na viga t e d by G e ssi P a sh a a L e va n ti n e

’

I t a li a n i n th e s e rvic e o f th e Egyp ti a n Gov e rn m e n t a n d b y ,

C olo n e l M a so n Be y n e it h e r o f wh om cu riously e n oug h

, , ,

n otic e d th e S e mliki flowi n g i n to th e l a k e n o r did t h e y c a tc h ,

sigh t o f th e s n ow cov e r e d Ruw e nz ori

-
.

Livi ngsto n e s first gre a t j our ne y r e sult e d i n h is b e i ng s e n t

’

b a ck wi t h a st r o ng e xp e ditio n t o p ursu e h i s di scov e ri e s i n

Z a mb e z i a D uri ng t h e s e j our n e ys b e tw e e n 1 8 5 8 a n d 1 8 6 4 th e
.

r iv e r S h ir e wa s e xplor e d a n d L a k e Ny a s a wa s discov e r e d a n d
,

p arti a lly m a pp e d Livi ngsto ne wa s a ccomp a n i e d by D r ( a ft e r

.

w a rds S i r J o h n ) Kirk wh o m a d e m ost v a lu a bl e na tura l history

,

1 4
— 2
2 12 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n o f A fr i c a .
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coll e ctio n s a n d w h os e subs e q u e nt lo ng c a r e e r a s Politic a l

,

A g e nt a t Z a nz ib a r a n d m a ny e xpl o r a tio n s a lo ng th e E a st co a st
of A fric a h a v e c a us e d h is n a m e to b e imp e ris h a bly co nn e ct e d
wit h t h a t p a rt of th e co n ti n e n t .

T h e F re n ch occ u p a tio n of A lg e r i a a n d th e ir co n qu e sts i n

S e n e g ambi a h a d n a tu ra lly prod u c e d co n sid e ra b l e e xplori n g
wo rk th ough a s m u ch o f t his w a s do n e pi e c e b y pi e c e it h a s
,

n o t r e sult e d i n th e h a n di n g dow n of n ot a b l e n a m e s with som e ,

fe w e xc e p ti o n s P a n e t a Fr e n chm a n i n 1 8 5 0 t ra v e ll e d ov e r
.
, ,

l a n d a lo ng th e Sa h a ra co a st fr om S t Louis a t th e mout h of th e ,

S e ne ga l to M orocco
,
Vi n c e n t a n oth e r Fr e n ch m a n i n 1 8 6 0
.
, ,

e xplor e d th e co u n t ry from S t Lo u is to th e A dr a r dis t rict of th e

S a h a r a b e h i n d wh a t is n ow a d a ys th e S p a nis h Prot e ctor a t e o

,

th e Rio de 0 1 0 P a ul S o l e i ll e t d e sc rib e d th e A lge ri a n S ah a ra

.
,

a n d Duv e y r i e r a r e a lly sci e n tific t ra v e ll e r

, m a d e import a n t ,

j ourn e ys from A lg e ri a southw a rd a n d s o ut h e a stw a rd a ddi ng -

muc h to o u r k n owl e dg e o f th e No rt h e rn S a h a r a D uv e yri e r .

visit e d th e i n t e rior o f w e st e r n T ripoli a n d brought b a ck ,

co n sid e r abl e i n form a t io n a bout th e T a ware q a n d t h e ir

di a l e cts .

I n 1 8 6 6 Livi ngsto n e r e sum e d h is e xp lor a tio n s o f E a st

C e n tr a l A fric a H e t ra v e ll e d ov e rl a n d so u th w e stwa rds from
.
-

th e Ruv u m a Riv e r t o th e south e n d o f L a k e Ny a s a t h e n n ort h ,

w e st a n d n ort h to th e sou th e n d of T a nga nyik a th e n ce from ,

T a n g a n yik a to L a k e Mw e r u to th e mig h ty Lu a p ul a Ri v e r a n d
, ,

to Ba ng we o l o which l a k e s a nd r iv e r h e disco v e r e d i n 1 8 6 8
,
.

A ga i n r e a chi n g T an g a nyik a h e j oi n e d som e A ra b s a n d cross e d

,

th e M a ny e m a cou n t ry e a stw a rd to Ny a n gw e o n th e Lu a l a b a ,

Co n go From h e re h e r e tu rne d to Ujij i w h e r e h e w a s m e t by

.
,

Mr H M S t a n l e y w h o h a d b e e n s e n t out by th e N e w Var é
. .
,

H e r a ld to r e li e v e th e g re a t e xplo re r A ft e r t ra v e lli n g with

.

S t a n l e y h a lf way b a ck to Z a n z ib a r Livi n gsto n e r e tu rn e d to L a k e

-

Ba ng we o l o a n d di e d t h e re i n 1 8 7 3
,
Va ri ous e xp e di t i o n s h a d
.

b e e n d e sp a tch e d to h is r e li e f O ne u n d e r Li e ut e na n t Gr a ndy
.
x .
] Gr e a t E xp l o re r s . 2 1 3

wa s s e n t o u t i n 1 8 73 to a sc e n d th e C o n go but th e e xp e diti o n ,
‘
w as m ost u n fortu na t e a n d th e e xplor e r di e d n e a r 8 5 0 S a lv a dor
, .

A ft e r m a n y c h a n g e s a n d wit h dr a wa ls a gr e a t e xp e ditio n o r , ,

g a ni z e d by th e Roy a l G e ogr a p h ic a l S oci e ty st a rt e d from ,

Z a nz iba r i n 1 8 7 3 to fin d a n d r e li e v e Livi ngsto n e I t wa s .

u n d e r th e l e a d e rs h ip of Li e ut e n a n t ( a ft e rw a rds C a pt a i n) V e rn e y
Lov e tt C a m e ro n C a m e ro n soo n h e a rd o f Livi ngsto n e s d e a t h
.
’
,

but pus h e d o n to T a ng a n yik a a nd m a pp e d t h a t l a k e for th e

,

first tim e a ccur a t e ly H e t h e n tr a v e ll e d a cross t o th e Lu a l a b a

.
,

w h ic h h is a ltitud e s p r a ctic a lly d e t e rm i n e d t o b e n o ne ot h e r

t h a n th e Up p e r Co ngo ; bu t d e t e rr e d from d e sc e n di ng i t by
th e tr e m e n dous di fli c u l ti e s t h a t o ffe re d t h e m s e lv e s h e struck ,

sout h w e stwa rds a cross a cou n t ry n o t v e ry di ffi cult t o tr a v e rs e

-

th e slig h tly civili z e d Mw a t a Y a n v o s e mpir e ( impr e g n a t e d wit h

’

P ortugu e s e i nfl u e n c e ) a n d r e a c h e d B e n gu e l a i n Nov e mb e r
,

1 8 7 5 th e first E n glis h m a n t o cross A fric a

,
.

A t th e b e gi nn i n g o f th e 6 o s Dr G e r h a rd Ro h l fs o ne o f th e
’ ’
,

gr e a t e st o f A fric a n tr a v e ll e rs b e gan to e xplor e Morocco H e h a d

,
.

e n list e d i n th e For e ig n L e gio n s e r v i n g i n A lg e ri a wa s a doctor ,

o f m e dici n e a r e n e g a d e a n d h a d a gr e a t k n owl e dg e o f A r a bic

, , .

H e t h e r e for e tr a v e ll e d a bout th e sou th e r n p a rt o f M orocco ,

a n d p e n e tr a t e d to th e o a s e s of T w a t a n d G h a d a m e s i n th e

Sa h a r a a n d i n 1 8 6 5 r e a c h e d F e z z a n a n d T ib e sti In .

1 8 6 6 h e st a rt e d o n a j our n e y to B or n u a nd e v e n t u a lly p e ne ,

tra te d a cross th e Nig e r t o L a gos o n th e Gui n e a co a st th us , ,

b e i n g th e first E u rop e a n t o m a k e a compl e t e j our ne y from th e

M e dit e rr a ne an t o th e Gulf of Gui ne a I n 1 8 7 3 h e e xp lor e d .

th e o a s e s i n th e Liby a n D e s e rt a n d i n 1 8 7 8 h e co n duct e d a n
,

e xp e ditio n d e sp a tc h e d by th e G e rm a n Gov e r nm e n t to Wa d a i ,

but got n o furth e r th an th e o a sis o f Kufra S ubs e qu e n tly two .

I t a li a n s D r P e ll e gri n o M a tt e ucci a n d Li e ut e na n t A lfo n so

, ,

M a ri a Ma ss a ri a ccomp a n i e d a s fa r a s D a rfur by Pri n c e

,

1
B a sti a n h a d e xp lo e d th e L o w e r C o ngo i n 1 8 5 8 a nd th e re gi o n o f
D r r ,

Lo a ngo was e x a mi n e d by a G e rm an sci e n tific e xp e diti o n i n 1 8 75 —8 0

( by B a sti a n Pe c h u e l L o e sch e F a l k e nst e i n a nd o th e r G e rm a n e xp l o re s )
, , , r .
2 14 Th e C o lo n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
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Giova nn i B orgh e s e t ra v e ll e d a cross A fric a from e a st to w e st

,

by wa y of S u ak i n Kordofa n W a d a i B orn u K a n o a n d Nup e

, , , , ,

to th e Nig e r w h e n c e th e y r e tu rn e d to E ngl a n d wh e r e M a tt e ucci

, ,

u n fort u na t e ly di e d T h e y w e re th e first Europ e a n s to cross

.

A fric a from e a st to w e st but t h e i r j our n e y w a s n o t productiv e

,

o f much g e og ra p h ic a l k n owl e dg e From th e p oi nt o f vi e w o f

.

k n o wl e dg e a cqu i r e d a n d t r a n smitt e d o n e o f th e m ost r e m a rk ~

a bl e j our n e ys e v e r m a d e i n A fric a w as t h a t o f D r N a ch tig a l ,

who a fte r h a vi n g s e rv e d a s physici a n to th e Be y o f T u n is wa s

a pp oi n t e d i n 1 8 6 8 by th e P russi a n Gov e rn m e n t to t a k e p re

s e n ts to th e S ult a n o f Bor n u L e a vi n g T rip oli i n F e bru ary .

1 86
9 N a c h ti g a l h a lt e d a t first i n F e z z an a nd fr o m t h a t cou n try
, ,

m a d e a v e ry i n t e r e sti n g j ou rn e y to T ib e sti a m oun t a i n ous ,

r e gi o n i n th e v e ry m iddl e o f th e S a h a r a D e s e r t H e wa s th e .

first a n d o n ly Europ e a n wh o h a s r e a lly e x a mi n e d t h is r e m a rk

a bl e m ou n t a i n o u s r e gio n R e tur n i n g to Mur z uk h e r e sum e d
.
,

h is j ourn e y to Bor nu wh e r e h e a rriv e d i n 1 8 7 0 H e t h oroughly

,
.

e xplor e d L a k e C h a d a n d muc h o f th e S h a ri Riv e r ; visi t e d

,

B a girmi W a d a i ( w h e r e a n e a rli e r G e rm a n tr a v e ll e r M orit z v o n

, ,

Be u rm a nn h a d b e e n m u rd e r e d i n 1 8 6 3 w h e n s e a rc hi n g fo r
, ,

Voge l ) S o ngh a i D a rfu r D a r Ru n g a a n d Kordofa n t h e n c e

, , , , ,

r e tur n i n g h om e t h roug h Egyp t H e b r ough t b a ck wit h h i m .

a n e n ormou s m a ss of g e ogra p h ica l a n d li ngu istic i nform a

tio n I n h is j our n e y from T rip oli to F e z z a n N a ch tigal wa s
.

a ccomp a n i e d by a n e xtr a ordi n a ry p e rso n a g e Miss T i nn e ,

’

p e rh a p s — if sh e p re c e d e d Mrs I da Pfe i ffe r w h o e xplor e d ,

M a d a ga sc a r i n 1 8 6 0 — th e first Europ e a n wom a n to e xplor e

‘
A fric a o n h e r o wn a ccou n t Miss T i nn e w a s s a id t o b e th e
.

ric h e st h e ir e ss i n th e N e th e rl a nds S h e h e r m ot h e r an d h e r .
, ,

a u nt h a d b e e n i n th e h a bit o f p a ssi n g t h e i r wi n t e rs i n Egypt .

I n 1 8 6 1 t h e y a sc e n d e d th e Nil e a s fa r a s th e S ob a t Riv e r In .

1 8 6 3 a most impo r t a n t e xp e di t io n wa s org a n is e d b y M iss T i n n e ,

1
For it m u st no t be fo r g o tt e n th a t Livingst o n e S a m u e l B a k e r , ,

P e t h e rick a nd Mo n t e i ro w e re a cc o mp a n i e d by t h e i r wiv e s o n m a n y o f t he i r

j o u rn e ys .
x .
] Gre a t E xp l o r e rs . 2 1 5

co n sisti n g of h e r moth e r a n d a u n t t h r e e G e rm a n ge ntl e m e n , ,

a n d h e rs e lf T h e y s e t o u t to e xplo re th e B a h r al Gh a z a l a n d
.
- -
,

fi na lly r e a c h e d th e Nya m ny a m cou n try T h e y w e r e a c c o m

-
.

p a n i e d e v e n by Eu r op e a n l a di e s m a ids a n d 2 0 0 s e rv a n ts
’
By , .

J uly 1 8 6 4 o n r e tur n i n g to K h a rtum M iss T i n n e h a d l ost

, , ,

through fe v e r h e r m ot h e r h e r a u n t a n d o n e o f th e Ge rm a n
, , ,

e xplor e rs .S h e t h e n tr a v e ll e d a lo n e for four y e a r s i n Nort h

A fric a . D e t e rmi n i ng t o m a k e a n e xp e ditio n t o L a k e C h a d ,

s h e a tt a c h e d h e rs e lf t o N ac h ti g al s e xp e diti o n a s fa r a s Mur z uk
’
.

A ft e r w a rds tra v e lli n g O n by h e rs e lf s h e w a s tr e a ch e rously

, ,

a tt a ck e d by th e T a wa r e q o f th e S a h a r a a n d m u r d e r e d ; fo r it ,

wa s s u p p os e d t h a t th e i ro n w a t e r t a n ks c a r ri e d o n c a m e ls w e r e
full of t re a s u r e W h a t b e c a m e o f th e u n fort u n a t e m a ids e rva n ts
.

s h e h a d wi t h h e r h istory do e s n o t r e l a t e
, T h e y p r ob a bly l e d .

fo r a fe w y e a rs a n i n d e scrib a bly wr e tc h e d e xist e n c e a s th e

wiv e s o f T a wa re q r a id e rs S o p e rish e d o n e o f th e m ost .

pictur e squ e o f A fric an e xplor e rs — A l e x a n d ri n e T i nn e .

O n th e W e st co a st of A fric a th e m ost r e m a rk a bl e j our n e ys

m a d e i n th e 5 o s a n d 6 o s w e re t h os e o f P a ul du C h a ill u w h o
’ ’ ’ ’
,

tr a v e ll e d i n th e G a boo n co u n try a n d whos e na tur a l h istory ,

coll e ctio n s a lm ost su r p a ss thos e o f a ny ot h e r tr a v e ll e r for t h e ir

ric hn e ss a n d th e r e m a rk a bl e forms t h e y r e v e a l e d H e wi ll .

a lw a ys b e r e m e mb e r e d a s th e m a n wh o pr a ctic a lly discov e r e d

th e gorill a Wi n wood R e a d e th e first A fric a n tra v e ll e r wh o

.
,

wa s a t th e s a m e tim e a lit e r a ry m a n vi sit e d th e w e st co a st o f ,

A frica i n th e 6 o s a nd tr a v e ll e d i n l a n d to th e sourc e o f th e
’ ’
,

N ig e r . H is e xplori n g j our n e ys w e r e o f sm a ll a ccou n t but h is ,

d e scrip t io n s Of W e st A fric a a re th e most vivid th e m ost trut h ful , ,

a n d will p e rh a p s prov e t o b e th e m ost e n duri n g o f a n th a t we

y ,

p oss e ss C a pt a i n Ric h a rd Burto n o f T a n g a n yik a fa m e w h o

.
,

h a d b e e n a pp oi n t e d C o n sul a t F e r n a n do PO a sc e n d e d th e ,

p e a k o f th e C a m e roo n s a n d visit e d D a h om e a n d th e fa lls of

,

th e C o ngo b e tw e e n 1 8 6 0 a n d 1 8 6 4 T h e M a rquis de C om .

p i ég n e a n d H e rr O sk a r L e n z e xplor e d th e O gow e Riv e r i n ,

Fre n c h W e st A fric a i n 1 8 7 3 a n d l a t e r o n Mr Gre n fe ll o f th e

, ,
2 16 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
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B a ptist M issio n ( a ft e rw a rds to b e com e still m o re fa mous ) c o n ,

s i de ra b ly i n cr e a s e d o u r k n owl e dg e of th e C a m e roo n s .

Livi n gsto ne s d e a th a nd C a m e ro n s succ e ssful crossi n g of

’ ’

A fric a did a gr e a t d e a l to a rous e Europ e a n i n t e r e st i n th a t

co nti ne n t S t a n l e y wa s d e sp a tch e d b y th e N e w Yo r h H e r a l d
.

’
a n d th e D a i ly Te l eg rap h to compl e t e Livi ngsto n e s e xplo ra
tion s of th e U n k n ow n Riv e r I n 1 8 7 5 h e st a rt e d o n t h a t
.

j our n e y which i n its discov e ri e s a nd its r e sults is th e gr e a t e st

to b e fou n d i n th e a n n a ls of A frica n e xplo ra tio n H e circum .

n a vig a t e d th e V icto r i a Ny a n z a circum na viga t e d T a n ga nyik a

, ,

m a rch e d a cross to th e Lu a l a b a a n d follow e d its co u rs e r e so

,

l u te ly a n d i n th e t e e th of fe a rful obst a cl e s u nti l h e prov e d it to ~

b e th e Co ngo , a n d e m e rg e d o n th e A tl a n tic O c e a n .

C a m e ro n s j our ne ys h a d a rous e d th e Po rtugu e s e from th e ir

’

l e t h a rgy T hr e e e xplo re rs S e rp a Pi n to Brito C a p e llo a n d

.
, , ,

Rob e rto I v e n s w e r e d e sp a tc h e d to A n gol a L e a vi n g S ao

,
.

P a ulo de Lo a n d a i n 1 8 7 7 S e rp a Pi nto j ou rn e y e d i n z ig z a gs to
,

th e Z a m b e z i a n d d e sc e n d e d th a t r iv e r to th e Ba ru ts e cou n t ry
, ,

w h e n c e h e a ccomp a n i e d M C o i l l a rd th e Fre n c h m issi o na ry

.
, ,

a cross th e K a l a h ari D e s e rt to th e T ra n sv a a l C a p e llo a n d .

I v e n s e xplor e d th e n orth e r n p a rt of A n gol a a n d th e Riv e r

Kw a ng o T wo o r t h re e y e a rs l a t e r t h e y st a rt e d o n a j o u rn e y
.

r e m a rk a bl e for th e imp o rt a n c e o f th e g e og ra phic a l r e sults

o b t a i n e d T h e y e xp lor e d much o f th e Upp e r Z a mb e z i t ra ci ng
.
,

th a t riv e r to i ts so u rc e t ra v e ll e d a lo n g th e w a t e r p a rti n g b e
,
-

tw e e n th e Za mb e z i a n d th e Co n g o a n d t h e n tu rn e d s o uthw a rds
,

a g a i n t o th e Za m b e z i a n d so o u t t o th e I n di a n O c e a n
, .

I n th e Nil e re gio n s e xplor a ti o n s w e r e st e a dily co n ti n ui n g .

O n e of th e g re a t A fric a n tr a v e ll e rs G e org A ugust S chw e i n

‘ ’

fii r th a n a tiv e of G e rm a n Russi a ( R ig a ) fi r st visit e d th e

, ,

Nil e v a ll e y a s a bot a n ist I n 1 8 6 8 h e st a rt e d o n a j ou rn e y

.

o f e xplor a tio n up th e Whit e Nil e a n d th e B a hr a l G h a z a l - -

a ccomp a n yi n g Nu b i a n ivory m e r c h a n ts Wit h th e s e h e p e ne .

tra te d fa r to th e so u thw a rds t h r oug h th e Ny a m ny a m c o u n try -

till h e r e a c h e d th e M o n b u ttu a n d t h e r e h e discov e r e d th e

,
x .
] Gre a t E xpl o re rs . 2 1 7

W e l l e Riv e r flo wi ng to th e w e st w h ic h ultim a t e ly tur ne d out ,

to b e o n e o f th e p ri n cip a l fe e d e rs o f th e Ub a ngi th e gr e a t ,

n ort h e r n co n flu e n t o f th e Co n go S c h we i n fii rth r e tur ne d to .

Egypt i n 1 8 7 2 a nd h as si n c e d e vot e d h ims e lf to th e bot a n ic a l

,

e xplor a t io n o f Egypt A r a bi a a n d A byssi n i a ,

H i s j ourne y from .
,

th e e n o rm ous a m ou n t o f m a t e ri a l g a t h e r e d tog e t h e r wa s sur ,

p a ss e d l n import a nc e by fe w A fric a n e xplor a tio n s S i r S a mu e l .

B a k e r ( 1 8 6 8 3 ) a n d l a t e r G e ne r a l Gordo n b e c a m e Gov e r n ors

Ge n e ra l o f th e Egypti a n S ud a n a v a st d e p e n d e n cy o f th e ,

h a lf Europ e a n st a t e o f E gyp t w h ic h na tur a lly w h e t h e r u nd e r

-
, ,

Europ e a n o r Egyp ti a n gov e r n ors e mploy e d l a rg e n umb e r s o f ,

Europ e a n s A mo ngst t h os e wh o a dd e d to our g e ogra phic a l

.

k n owl e dg e w e r e Colo n e l P urdy— Be y Colo n e l Colsto n th e gr e a t , ,

G e ne r a l Go rdo n M a rn o ( a Vi e nn e s e ) ; C o l o n e l C h a i ll é Lo n g ( a n
,

A m e ric a n ) w h o visi t e d Ug a n d a discov e r e d L a k e I br a h im a n d

, , ,

a ctu a lly prov e d t h a t th e Nil e flow e d o u t o f th e Victori a Ny a n z a ,

a n d t h e n i n to th e A lb e rt Ny a n z a
; a n d Li n a n t de B e ll e fo n ds a ,

B e lgi a n w h o a lso visi t e d Ug a n d a w h ilst S t a n l e y wa s t h e re i n

,

1 8
7 5 S t a n l e y givi n g hi m a fa mou s l e t t e r to b e p ost e d i n
,

T h e r e w e r e a l so Colo n e l M a so n Be y a n d G e ssi
‘
Egypt .

P a s h a w h o c i rc u m na v i g a te d th e A lb e r t Ny a nz a ; p oo r Lupto n
,

Be y w h o e xplor e d th e B a hr e l G h a z a l a n d N ya m ny a m cou n t ry
,
- - -

a n d di e d a ft e r l o n g c a p t ivity i n th e M a h di s h a n ds a nd S la t i n
’

P a s h a o nc e Gov e rn or Of D a rfur w h o h a s h a d a h a ppi e r fa t e

, , .

Th e e st a blis h m e n t o f missi o n s i n Ny a s a l a n d dr e w e xplor e rs

t h ith e r C a pt a i n Fr e d e ric Elto n wh o h a d b e e n a ppoi n t e d
.
,

Co n sul a t Mo gam b i q u e j our ne y e d to L a k e Ny a s a wit h s e v e r a l

,

comp a nio n s e xp lor e d th e n o rth e r n e xtr e mity o f th e l a k e a n d

, ,

1
This w a s th e l e tt e r wh ich S t a n l e y w ro t e to E ng la n d a pp e a l i ng to
missi o nari e s to c o m e o u t a n d s e tt le a t th e c o u rt o f th e Ki n g o f Ug a nda .

I t w a s t a k e n a w a y by Li na n t de B e ll e fo n ds to b e p o st e d i n Egypt A ft e r .

l e avi ng Ug nda de B e ll e fo n ds w a s ki ll e d by th e B a i o n th e Upp e r N i l e

a , r .

S t a nl e y s l e tt e r w a s c o n c e a l e d i n o n e o f th e b o o ts o f th e c o ps e w h e n
’
r

it w a s r e c o ve re d I t w a s ha nde d to G e n e ra l G o rdo n nd t ra nsmitt e d by

.
,
a

h im to E ngl and .
2 1 8 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n
f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R

st a rt e d to r e turn ov e rl a n d to Z a n z i b a r but di e d o n th e way , .

H is s ucc e ssor a s C o n sul Li e ut e n a n t H E O N e i ll cross e d

,
. .
’

b a ckwa rds a nd for wa rds ov e r utt e rly u nk n ow n grou n d b e tw e e n

M o ca mbiqu e a n d Ny a s a fix e d m a ny p ositi o n s a t th e s o ut h
,

e n d of th e l a k e a n d i n th e S h ir e H ig h l a n ds a n d e xplor e d m a n y ,

p a r ts o f th e Portu gu e s e Ea st A fric a n ort h of th e Z a mb e z i .

Bishop S te e r e A rchd e a co n C h a u n c e y M a pl e s Bis h op S m yth i e s

, , ,

a n d oth e r missio n a r i e s o f th e U n iv e rsiti e s Missio n a lso e xplor e d

’

th e cou n t ry b e tw e e n L a k e Ny a s a a n d th e Riv e r Ruvum a a n d

th e MO ga m bi q u e c o a st S out h of th e Z a mb e z i e xplo ra tio n s
.
,

h a d b e e n c a r ri e d o u t by B a ldwi n B a i n e s A n d e rso n Ericsso n, , , ,

a n d oth e r spo r tsm e n tra v e ll e rs -

C a rl M a uc h a n d Edwa rd
.

Mohr ( G e rm a n s ) h a d e xp lo re d M a sh o na l a nd a nd h a d dis ,

cov e re d th e re m a rk a bl e r ui n s o f Zimb a bw e I n 1 8 7 5 D r Pogge .

h a d m a d e a j ou rn e y from A n gol a to th e court o f th e Mw a t a

Ya n vo T w o oth e r G e r m a n s n a m e d R e ic h a rdt a nd BO h m
.
, ,

h a d i n th e l a t e r 7 o s c r oss e d T a ng a nyik a from Z a n z ib a r a n d

’ ’

e xplor e d th e cou n try to th e n orth o f L a k e Mw e ru .

A r e m a rk a bl e j our n e y w a s m a d e i n 1 8 7 8 —9 by Dr
R W F e lki n wh o with o ne o r m or e m issio n a ry comp a n io n s
. .
,

of th e C h urch Missio n a ry S oci e ty j ourn e y e d ov e rl a n d from

S u a ki n up th e Nil e to U g a n d a T h e y c a m e b a ck a g a i n ( wit h
.

th e R e v C T Wilso n ) i n 1 8 8 1 fr om Ug a n d a v i a th e W h it e
. . .

Nil e B a h r a l Gh a z a l a n d D a rfu r to Egypt

,
- -
.

T h e r e tu rn of C a m e ro n a n d th e subs e qu e n t succ e ss o f
S t a n l e y h a d c a us e d th e Ki ng of th e B e lgi a n s to b e com e
i n t e n s e ly i n t e r e st e d i n th e e xp l o ra tio n of A frica a t first n o , ,

do u bt from a disi n t e re st e d lov e o f k n owl e dg e b ut soo n a ft e r

, ,

w a rds wit h th e d e fi n it e id e a o f c re a ti n g i n th e u n occupi e d p a rts

of th a t co n ti n e n t a h u g e na tiv e co n fe d e r a tio n o r st a t e which
s h ould b e com e d e p e n d e n t o n B e lgium Th e ki ng summ o ne d .

to B russ e ls disti nguis h e d A fric a n s from most Eu rop e a n‘ ’

cou n tri e s wi t h th e d e si re o f formi n g a n I n t e r na tio na l Committ e e

w h ic h sh ould b ri n g a bout th e co m p l e t e e xplora ti o n o f A frica .

But this i n t e r na tio na l e n t e rpris e soo n split up i n to n a tio na l

x .
] Gr e a t Expl o r e rs . 2 19

s e ctio ns a nd w h a t th e Ki ng o f th e B e l gi a n s h a d i n t e n d e d
,

s h ould b e e n tire ly disi nt e re st e d g e ogra phic a l work ultim a t e ly

“
d e v e lop e d i n to th e S cra mbl e for A frica . S till i t did l e a d
”
,

co n sid e ra bly to th e i ncr e a s e of g e ogra p hic a l k nowl e dg e T h e .

Roya l G e ogra p hic a l S oci e ty s e n t o u t a we ll — e quipp e d e xp e ditio n

to Z a n z ib a r to e xp l o re th e cou n try b e tw e e n T a n g a nyik a a n d

Nya s a I t wa s u nd e r th e ord e rs o f K e ith J o h n sto n w h o
.
,

di e d soo n a fte r st a rti n g l e a vi ng h is t a sk to b e fu lfill e d by

,

J os e p h T h omso n Mr T h om so n wa s compl e t e l y succ e ssful

.
,

a nd cov e r e d muc h n e w grou n d b e tw e e n Ny a s a a n d T a n g a nyik a

to th e w e st of T a ng a nyik a a n d t o th e south w h e r e h e dis

, ,

cov e r e d th e n ort h e n d of L a k e Rukwa ‘

.O n th e W e st co a st
th e Fr e n c h S e ctio n d e sp a tc h e d D e B ra z z a t o e xplor e w h a t i s
n o w Fr e n c h Co n go .H is g e ogra phic a l discov e ri e s l e d to
a nn e x a tio n A n to n e lli a n d ot h e r I t a li a n s dir e ct e d th e ir e ffor ts
.

to th e e xplor a t io n o f S ho a to th e sout h o f A byssi n i a

,
.B ut
th e m a i n outcom e o f t h is a ctio n o n th e p a r t of th e Ki n g of th e
B e lgi a n s wa s th e fou n di n g of th e C o ngo Fr e e S t a t e Mr .

S t a n l e y wa s s e n t b a ck to th e Co n go a t th e e xp e n s e o f a sm a l l
com mitt e e — e v e n tu a lly a t th e sol e c h a rg e o f th e Ki n g o f th e
B e lgi a n s Whi lst h e wa s by d e gr e e s r e a sc e n di ng th e Co ngo
.

a n d m a ki n g m a ny g e ogra p hic a l disc ov e r i e s suc h a s th e L a k e s

,

L e opold a n d Ma n tu m b a a B a ptist missio na ry a lr e a dy r e fe rr e d

,

to M r G e org e Gr e n fe l l m a d e k n ow n th e Ub a ngi Riv e r a

, , ,

n ort h e r n a fflu e n t o f th e C o ngo w h ic h V a ng el e a n d ot h e r

,

B e lgi a n e xplor e rs a ft e rwa rds d e t e rmi n e d to b e th e We ll e .

Li e ut e na n t H e rm a n n Wissm a nn (a ft e rwa rds M aj or v o n Wiss

m a nn ) m a pp e d out th e cours e of th e K a s a i a nd oth e r sout h e rn
,

affl u e n ts o f th e Co ngo a nd cross e d a nd r e cr oss e d A frica

, ,

comi ng ou t a t Z a nz ib a r a n d a t th e Z a mb e z i .

I n 1 8 7 9 Dr O sk a r L e n z wh o h a d p r e viously e xplor e d th e
,

O gow e j our ne y e d from Morocco to T imbuk tu a nd from

, ,

T imbuktu to S e n e g a mbi a S ubs e qu e n tly Dr L e n z a sc e n d e d

.

1
Th e a u t h o r a nd D r C ro ss disc o v e r e d th e s o u t h e nd o f t h is l a k e
in 1 889
.
2 2 0 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n o f A fr i c a .
[C HA R

th e Co ngo a n d cross e d ov e r to T a ng a nyik a r e turn i ng to

, ,

Eu rop e by th e Z a mb e z i o n a m or e o r l e ss futil e a tt e mpt to

discov e r th e wh e re a bouts of Emi n P a s h a I n th e e a rli e r 8 o s .
’ ’

a n ot h e r A u stri a n e xp lor e r D r H ol ub tr a v e ll e d i n S out h A fri ca

, ,

a nd m a de a n u n succ e ssfu l j ourn e y i n to C e n tr a l Z a mb e z i a .

T h e c e l e b r a t e d hu n t e r o f big g a m e Mr F C S e lous n o t o n ly ,
. .
,

a dd e d much to o u r k n owl e dg e of S outh C e n t ra l A fr ic a

( th e
R h o de si a o f to d a y ) but p e n e t ra t e d n or t h o f th e Z a mb e z i i n to
,

th e v a ll e y o f th e K a fu e r iv e r his e xplor a tio n s i n th a t di re ctio n

,

h a vi n g o nly b e e n c a ug h t up wi th quit e r e c e n tly Mr F S ”

. . .

A rn ot a m issio n a ry m a d e a r e m a rk a bl e j our n e y from S out h to

, ,

C e nt ra l A fric a e xplori n g th e sout h e r n p a rt of th e C o n go b a si n

,

( K a t a n ga ) a n d r e a chi n g th e w e s t co a st a t B e ngu e l a I n 1 8 8 4 .

Li e u t e n a n t Gi ra ud a F r e n c h m a n m a d e a n i n t e re s t i n g j ou rn e y
, ,

to L a k e Ba ng w e o l o wh ich h e wa s th e first Eu r op e a n to m a p
,

wit h a n y d e gre e o f a ccu ra cy I n 1 8 8 2 th e E a rl o f M a yo .

,

a ccom p a n i e d by th e p r e s e n t writ e r e xp lo r e d th e R iv e r K u n e n e, ,

i n S o uth W e st A fric a
-
S ubs e qu e n tly th e a ut h or of t h is book
.

t ra v e ll e d throug h A n gol a a n d up th e Riv e r C o n go a nd o n his ,

r e t u rn j ou rn e y to E n gl a n d vi si t e d t h a t littl e k n ow n p a rt o f
A fr ic a P o r t ugu e s e Gui ne a
,
H e wa s subs e q u e n tly s e n t o n a n
.

e xp e ditio n to Mt Kilim a n j a ro i n E a st A fric a A mo ngst ot h e r

,
.

g e og ra ph ic a l wo rk h e visit e d littl e k n ow n p a rts o f T u n is i n

1 8 8 0 a n d 1 8 9 7 ; discov e r e d
( wi t h D r Cross ) th e sout h e rn e n d
o f L a k e R ukw a i n E a st C e n t ra l A fr ic a i n 1 8 8 9
,
-
i n 1 8 8 6 —8 8 ,

e xplo re d th e C a m e roo n s a n d th e Nig e r D e lta ; a n d m a d e

n um e r ous j ou rn e ys i n B r itish C e n tr a l A fr ic a ( 1 8 8 9

I n 1 8 8 3 J o s e ph T h o m so n a l r e a dy fa mous a s a n A fr ic a n
, ,

e xp lor e r w a s s e n t o n a m os t imp or t a n t missio n by th e R oy a l

,

G e o g ra p h ic a l S oci e t y H e wa s to cross th e n e a rly u n k n ow n

.

co u n t ry s e p a ra t i ng th e M omb a s a li t to ra l from th e e a s t co a st o f
th e Victo ri a Ny a n z a b e tw e e n th e two gr e a t s n ow mou n t a i n s
,

o f K e n i a a n d Kilim a — nja r o ( Kilim a njar o si n c e K ra p f s a n d

’
-

R e b m a n n s r e p orts h a d b e e n t h oro u gh ly m a pp e d by B a ro n v o n
’

de r D e ck e n it h a d a lso b e e n a sc e n d e d n e a rly to th e s n ow l e v e l
x .
] Gr e a t Expl o r e r s . 2 2 1

by M r C h a rl e s N e w) Mr T h omso n s visi t to Kilim a nja ro

.
’
-

n e ar ly coi n cid e d wit h t h a t o f th e p r e s e n t writ e r a n d w a s of ,

s h ort dur a tio n H e pr a ctic a lly r e discov e r e d K e n i a ( K ra p f s

.
’

a ccou n t b e i ng s o v a gu e t h a t it h a d b e com e r e g a rd e d a s s e mi
[

m yt h ic a l ) a n dph otogr a p h e d t h is s e co n d gre a t e st s n ow m ou nt a i n

o f A fr ic a A ft e r som e di fficulti e s h e succ e e d e d i n p e n e tr a ti ng
.

th e M a s a i cou n try a n d discov e r e d th e gr e a t Rift v a ll e y o f

,

L a k e N a iv a s h a tog e t h e r wit h L a k e B a ri ngo a n d s u cce e d e d i n

, ,

r e a c h i ng th e n or th e a st co a st o f Victori a Ny a nz a — a m ost
-

r e m a rk a bl e j our n e y r e sulti n g i n g re a t a dditio n s t o o u r g e o g ra

,

p h i c a l k n owl e dg e Mr .T h om so n subs e q u e n tly m a d e a j our n e y

from th e m out h o f th e Nig e r to S okoto e xplor e d th e A tl a s ,

M ou n t a i n s of M orocco m a pp e d muc h fr e s h cou n try i n C e n tr a l

,

Z a mb e z i a a n d di e d still a you n g m a n a n d muc h r e gre tt e d i n

, , ,

1 8 95 . T h e H u n g a ri a n Co u n t S a mu e l T e l e ki w h o fo llow e d i n
, ,

T h om so n s foots t e p s discov e r e d L a k e s Rudolf a n d S t e ph a n i e

’
.
,

Li e ut e n a n t H ii h n e l who w e nt with h im a ccomp a n i e d ot h e r

, ,

e xp e ditio n s i n th e s a m e dir e ctio n a n d a ccomplish e d a dmir a bl e

surv e yi n g wo rk .

T h e n c a m e th e l a st e poc h m a k i ng j our n e y of S t a n l e y — th e
-

s e a rc h for Emi n P a s h a A ft e r th e Britis h occup a tio n o f Egyp t

.

a n d th e loss o f th e S ud a n Emi n P a s h a h a d re tr e a t e d to th e
,

E qu a tori a l P r ovi n c e T h roug h Dr Willi a m J u n k e r ( a Russi a n

.

tra v e ll e r w h o h a d m a d e j o ur ne ys of th e fi rst r a n k i n th e
,

w e st e rn w a t e rsh e d of th e Nil e a n d h a d broug h t b a ck a n

,

imm e n s e m a ss of v a lu a bl e i n fo r m a tio n ) h e m a n a g e d to c o m “

m u n i c a te wit h Eur o p e by wa y of U g a n d a m a ki n g k n o wn h i s ,

co n ditio n a nd a pp e a li ng for h e lp S t a n l e y wa s pl a c e d a t th e
,
.

h e a d o f a g re a t E nglis h e xp e ditio n w h ic h w a s to go to his

r e li e f H e tr a v e ll e d by w a y of th e Co ngo a n d a t th e ju n ct i o n of
.
,

th e Co n go a n d th e A r u wi n i e n t e r e d th e u n k n ow n H e c r oss e d .

t h a t a lw a ys di ffi c u lt b a rri e r th e B a n t u b o rd e rl a n d — i n t h is c a s e
,

a n a lm ost imp e n e tr a bl e for e st A fte r ov e rcom i n g i n n um e r a bl e

.

obst a cl e s S t a nl e y m e t Emi n P a s h a o n th e A lb e rt Ny a n z a
, ,

a n d e v e n tu a lly e sco r t e d h i m t o th e co a st a t Z a n z ib a r I n th e .
2 2 2 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R

cours e o f t h is j ou rne y S t a n l e y discov e r e d Ruw e nz o r i th e t h ird ,

h ig h e st m ou n t a i n i n A fric a th e A lb e rt Edwa rd Nya n z a ( o n e

,

o f th e ultim a t e l a k e sourc e s o f th e Nil e ) a n d th e S e mliki ,

R iv e r w h ic h co nn e cts th e A lb e rt Edw a rd wit h th e A lb e r t

,

Ny a nz a .

I n W e st A fr ic a w h ic h h a d for som e tim e b e e n n e gl e ct e d

,

a s a fi e ld for e xplora tio n t h e r e still r e m a i n e d g a p s to b e fill e d

,

u p — i n th e gr e a t b e n d o f th e Nige r a n d b e h i n d th e C a m e roo n s ,
.

I n th e l a st na m e d cou n try G e rm a n tr a v e ll e rs Dr Z i ntg ra ft

-
, ,

Morg e n Ku n d a nd T a pp e n b e ck Vo n S t e tti n Ue c h tri tz a n d

, , ,

P a ss a rg e e xplor e d th e m ou nt a i n ous cou n try b e t we e n th e

,

C a m e roo n s a n d th e B e n u e w a t e rsh e d o r tr a c e d th e cours e ,

o f th e g r e a t a n d h i t h e rto quit e u n k n ow n riv e rs of Lom a n d

Mb a m w h ic h u n it e a n d form th e S a na g a a riv e r whic h e n t e rs

, ,

th e s e a o n th e sout h sid e o f th e C a m e r oo n s e stu a ry Dr .

B a um a nn a lso e xplor e d th e n e gl e ct e d isl a n d of F e r na n do Po

1
.

I n th e b e n d o f th e Nig e r v arious Fr e n c h e xplor e r s a n d o n e

o r tw o G e rm a n s a n d E n glis h m e n fill e d up th e b l a n ks N ot a bl e .

a m o n g th e s e w as C a p t a i n B i n g e r wh o w a s th e first to m a k e ,

k n own m u c h o f th e co u n t ry b e tw e e n th e Upp e r Nig e r a n d th e

Gui n e a co a st a n d Colo n e l Mo n t e il wh o tr a v e ll e d a cross from
, ,

th e Upp e r Nig e r to th e C e n tr a l Nig e r a n d th e n c e t o L a k e ,

C h a d a n d T rip ol i T h e g a p b e tw e e n th e b a si n o f th e
Co ngo a n d L a k e C h a d wa s p a rtly fill e d up by th e e xp lora tio n s
o f C ra mp e l D yb o ws k i Ma ist re
, Ge n til a n d ot h e r F r e n ch
, , ,

t ra v e ll e rs .

T o com e dow n to q u it e r e c e n t tim e s M r A l fr e d S h a rp e ,

( no w H M Commissio n e r i n B ri tis h C e n t ra l A fric a ) gra du a lly

. .

m a pp e d L a k e Mw e ru disc o v e r e d th e l a rg e s a lt m a rs h b e
,

t w e e n t h a t l a k e a nd T a n g a n yik a e xplo re d th e Lu a pul a a n d,

th e Lu a n gw a a n d m a d e oth e r i n t e r e sti n g discov e ri e s i n S outh

,

C e n t ra l A fric a discov e ri e s si n c e s u ppl e m e n t e d b y th e surv e y

,

1
B m a nn m a de a c are f l e x mi na ti o n o f th e m o u n t a in o s c o u n t ry o f
au u a u

Us a mb a a i n E a st A fric a a nd m a pp e d th e l an ds d e w e st o f th e Vict o i a
r , u r

N ya n az .
x .
] Gr e a t E xp lo r e r s . 2 2 3

o f L a k e Ba ng we o l o b y Mr Po u le tt W e a th e rl e y M Lio n e l . .

D ee l e th e w e ll k n ow n Fr e n c h tra v e ll e r m a d e a j ourn e y from

,
-
,

C a p e T ow n Ov e rl a nd to th e Wh it e Nil e by wa y o f L a k e s ,

Ny a s a T an g a nyik a a n d Victori a Nya nz a Cou n t Go e tz e n

, ,
.

e xplor e d th e u n k n ow n cou n try b e tw e e n L a k e A lb e rt Edw a r d

Ny anz a a nd T a n g a nyik a discov e ri n g th e lofty volc a n o o f

,

V i ru n g a a n d L a k e Kivu a n d M r S cott Elliott j our ne y e d from

th e e a st co a st to M t Ruw e n z ori a n d t h e n c e to British C e n tra l
,

A fric a fo r b ot a n ic a l purp os e s .

T h e gr e a t e a st e r n h or n o f A fric a S om a lil a n d a n dG all a l a n d , ,

wa s lo ng l e ft u n e xplor e d a ft e r Bu rto n a n d S p e k e s j our ne y t o

’

H a rra r i n th e 5 o s ’
A t th e b e gi nn i n g o f th e 8 o s its e x
’
.
’ ’

plor a tio n wa s a g a i n a tt a ck e d M e ssrs F L a n d W D J a m e s . . . . .

,

wit h t h r e e comp a n io n s p e n e tra t e d S om a lil a n d a s fa r sout h a s

,

th e W e h b e S h e b e i l i Riv e r T h e y w e r e follow e d i n e xplor a tio n

.

by Rusp oli Bricch e tti R o b e c c h i B ott e go ( I t a li a n s ) a nd R evoil

,
-

a n d Bor e lli Fr e n c h m e n) h l a st n a m e d m a de m ost

( T e . a -

im p ort a n t j our n e y south from A byssi n i a a nd discov e re d th e ,

O m o Riv e r H is a ccou n t o f h i s tr a v e ls p ublis h e d by th e

.
,

Fr e n c h Gov e rn m e n t i s a n a lm ost p e rfe ct e x e mp l a r o f w h a t

,

suc h a work should b e Mr W A stor C h a n l e r a n A m e ric a n

. .
, ,

a ft e rw a r ds m a d e a v e ry i mp ort a n t e xplo r a tio n o f Ga ll a l a n d ,

n orth o f th e T a na Riv e r D r J W G re go ry o f th e B r itis h

. . .
,

M us e um t ra v e ll e d t o L a k e B a ri n go a n d K e n i a w h ic h m ou n t a i n
, ,

h e a sc e n d e d high e r th a n a ny pr e c e di n g e xp lor e r Dr Gr e gory s ’

.

j our n e y wa s p r oductiv e o f m uc h i nform a tio n r e g a rdi n g th e

g e ology o f th e cou n tri e s tra v e rs e d D r D o na ldso n S mit h (a n .

A m e r ic a n ) tr a v e ll e d ov e r th e s e cou n t ri e s b e tw e e n S om a lil a n d
a n d B a n tu E a st A fri c a bri n gi n g b a ck much n e w i n form a tio n
, , .

C a p t a i n Sw a y n e h a s e xplor e d th e i n t e rior o f S om a lil a n d ;

Li e ut e n a n t V a n d e l e ur h a s surv e y e d Ug a nd a a n d U nyo ro
( w h e r e a lso Maj or M a cdo na ld th e l a t e C a pta i n B L S cl a t e r, . .

a n d C a pt a i n Pri n gl e R E h a v e do n e e xc e ll e n t s urv e yi ng work ) ;

,
. .
,

a n d Mr H C a v e n dis h h a s j ust p e rfo r m e d a r e m a rk a bl e j our n e y

.

rig h t a cross th e e a st e rn h o rn o f A fric a .

2 2 2 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R

cours e o f t h is j ou rne y S t a n l e y discov e r e d Ruw e nz ori th e t h ird ,

h ig h e st m ou n t a i n i n A fric a th e A lb e rt Edwa rd Ny a nz a ( o n e
,

o f th e ultim a t e l a k e s ourc e s o f th e Nil e ) a n d th e S e mliki ,

R iv e r w h ic h co nn e cts th e A lb e rt Edwa rd wit h th e A lb e r t

,

Ny a nz a .

I n W e st A fr ic a w h ic h h a d for som e tim e b e e n n e gl e ct e d

,

a s a fi e ld for e xplo ra tio n t h e r e still r e m a i n e d g a ps to b e fill e d

,

u p — i n th e gr e a t b e n d of th e Nig e r a n d b e h i n d th e C a m e roo n s ,
.

I n th e l a st na m e d cou n try G e rm a n tr a v e ll e rs D r Z i ntg ra ft

-
, ,

Mo rg e n Ku n d a n d T a pp e n b e ck Vo n S t e tti n U e c h tri tz a n d
, , ,

P a ss a rg e e xplor e d th e m ou nt a i n ous cou n t ry b e tw e e n th e

,

C a m e roo n s a n d th e B e n u e w a t e r sh e d o r tr a c e d th e cours e ,

o f th e g r e a t a n d h it h e rto quit e u n k n ow n riv e rs of Lom a n d

Mb a m w h ic h u n it e a n d form th e S a na ga a riv e r whic h e n t e rs

, ,

th e s e a o n th e so u t h sid e of th e C a m e r oo n s e stu a ry Dr .

B a um a nn a lso e xplor e d th e n e gl e ct e d isl a n d of F e rna n do Po

1
.

I n th e b e n d o f th e Nig e r v a rious Fr e n c h e xplor e r s a n d o n e

o r tw o G e rm a n s a n d E n glishm e n fill e d up th e b l a n ks N ot a bl e .

a mo n g th e s e w a s C a p t a i n B i n g e r w h o w a s th e first to m a k e ,

k n ow n m u c h o f th e co u n t ry b e tw e e n th e Upp e r Nig e r a n d th e
Gui n e a co a st a n d C olo ne l Mo n t e il w h o tra v e ll e d a cross fr om
, ,

th e Upp e r Nig e r to th e C e ntra l Nig e r a n d th e n c e to L a k e ,

C h a d a nd T rip oli T h e g a p b e tw e e n th e b a si n o f th e
Co ngo a n d La k e C h a d wa s p a rtly fill e d up by th e e xp lora tio n s
o f C ra mp e l D yb o ws ki Ma ist re G e n til a n d ot h e r F r e n ch
, , , ,

t ra v e ll e rs .

T o com e dow n to q u it e r e c e n t tim e s Mr Al fr e d S h a rp e ,

( no w H M Commissio n e r i n Britis h C e n t ra l A fric a ) gra du a lly

. .

m a pp e d L a k e Mw e ru disc o v e r e d th e l a rg e s a lt m a rs h b e
,

t w e e n t h a t l a k e a nd T a n g a n yik a e xplor e d th e Lu a pul a a n d,

th e Lu a n gw a a n d m a d e oth e r i n t e r e sti n g discov e ri e s i n S outh

,

C e n t ra l A fric a discov e ri e s si n c e s u ppl e m e n t e d by th e surv e y

,

1
B u m an n m a de a c a re f l e x mi na ti o n o f th e m o u n t a i no s c o u nt ry o f
a u a u

Us a mb a a i n E a st A fric a a nd m a pp e d th e l a nds du e w e st o f th e Vict o i a

r , r

N ya n az .
x .
] Gr e a t E xp lo r e r s . 2 2 3

o f L a k e Ba ng we o l o b y Mr Po u l e tt W e a t h e rl e y M Lio n e l . .

D ee l e th e w e ll k n own Fr e n c h tra v e ll e r m a d e a j ou rn e y from

,
-
,

C a p e T ow n ov e rl a nd to th e Wh it e Nil e by wa y o f L a k e s ,

Ny a s a T a ng a nyik a a n d Victori a Nya nz a Cou n t Go e tz e n

, ,
.

e xplor e d th e u n k n ow n cou n try b e tw e e n L a k e A lb e rt Edw a r d

Ny anz a a nd T a n g a nyik a discov e ri n g th e lofty volc a n o o f

,

Vi ru n g a a n d L a k e Kivu a n d M r S co tt Elliott j our ne y e d from

th e e a st co a st to M t Ruw e n z ori a n d t h e n c e t o British C e n tr a l
,

A fric a fo r b ot a n ic a l purp os e s .

T h e gr e a t e a st e r n h or n o f A fric a S om a lil a n d a n d Gall a l an d , ,

wa s lo ng l e ft u n e xplor e d a ft e r Burt o n a n d S p e k e s j our n e y t o

’

H a rra r i n th e 5 o s ’
A t th e b e g i nn i n g o f th e 8 o s its e x
’
.
’ ’

plor a tio n wa s a g a i n a tt a ck e d M e ssrs F L a n d W D J a m e s . . . . .

,

wit h t h r e e comp a n io n s p e n e tr a t e d S om a lil a n d a s fa r sout h a s

,

th e W e h b e S h e b e i l i Riv e r T h e y w e r e follow e d i n e xplor a tio n

.

by Rusp oli Bricch e tti R o b e c c h i B ott e go ( I t a li a n s ) a n d R e voil

’
-

, ,

a n d Bor e lli Fr e n ch m e n) h l a st n a m e d m a de m ost

( T e . a -

im p ort a n t j our n e y south from A byssi n i a a nd discov e re d th e ,

O m o Riv e r H is a ccou n t o f h is tr a v e ls p ublis h e d by th e

.
,

Fr e n c h Gov e rn m e n t i s a n a lm ost p e rfe ct e x e mp l a r o f w h a t

,

suc h a work should b e Mr W A stor C h a n l e r a n A m e ric a n

. .
, ,

a ft e rw a rds m a d e a v e ry imp ort a n t e xplo r a tio n Of Ga ll a l a n d ,

n o rth o f th e T a na Riv e r D r J W G re go ry o f th e B ri tis h

. . .
,

M us e um t ra v e ll e d t o L a k e B a ri n go a n d K e n i a w hi c h m ou n t a i n
, ,

h e a sc e n d e d high e r th a n a ny pr e c e di n g e xp lor e r D r Gr e gory s ’

.

j our n e y wa s p r oductiv e o f m uc h i n form a tio n r e ga rdi n g th e

g e ology o f th e cou n tri e s tra v e rs e d Dr D o na ldso n S mit h (a n .

A m e ric a n ) tra v e ll e d ov e r th e s e cou n t ri e s b e tw e e n S om a lil a n d

a n d B a n tu E a st A fric a b ri n gi n g b a ck much n e w i n form a tio n
, , .

C a p t a i n Sw a y n e h a s e xplor e d th e i n t e rior o f S om a lil a n d ;

Li e ut e n a n t V a n d e l e ur h a s surv e y e d Ug a nd a a n d U nyo ro
( w h e r e a lso Maj or M a cdo na ld th e l a t e C a pt a i n B L S cl a t e r
, . .

a n d C a pt a i n Pri n gl e R E h a v e do n e e xc e ll e n t s ur v e yi ng wo rk ) ;
,
. .
,

a n d Mr H C a v e n dis h h a s j ust p e rfo r m e d a r e m a rk a bl e j our n e y

.

rig h t a cross th e e a st e rn h o rn o f A fric a .

2 2 4 Th e C o l o ni z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R x
.

Inthis r e vi e w of e xp lo re rs m a ny na m e s h a v e b e e n omitt e d ,

a n d on ly th e l e a di n g j ou rn e ys h a v e b e e n touc h e d o n A gr e a t
.

d e a l o f th e e xisti ng m a p of A frica h as b e e n qui e tly a n d u n

os t e n t a t iously compil e d by p a ti e n t o ffi ci a ls w h os e work h a s
,

oft e n b e e n a n o nym ous a n d w h o h a v e do n e muc h to c o rr e ct

,

a n d compl e t e th e light n i n g fl a s h st r e a ks a c r oss th e d a rk n e ss o f

-

u n e xplo re d A fric a d ra wn by th e gre a t pi o n e e rs .

C ivili z e d A fric a will som e da y r e cog ni z e th e g re a t d e b t

whic h i s ow e d to th e e xplo re r s of th e 1 9 th c e n t u ry th e re cord
,

o f whos e suffe r i n gs a n d n o t u n fre qu e n t m a rtyrd o m s i s gr an d e r

, ,

i n its e n th usi a stic h e r oism th a n e v e n th e a nn a ls of C h risti a n

mi ssio na ri e s wit h w h os e work it is clos e ly a ssoci a t e d
, .
 C H A PT E R XI .

B E LG I A N A F R I C A .

I T h as b e e n a lre a dy r e l a t e d i n th e pr e c e di n g c h a p t e r h o w
th e g e og ra phic a l a r dour of th e Ki ng o f th e B e lgi a n s r e sult e d

i n th e s e n di n g o f S t a n l e y wit h a n imp ort a n t e xp e di t io n to

e xplor e th e C o n go . I n 1 8 7 9 fr om o u t of th e A fric a n I n t e r
n a tio n a l A ss o ci a tio n th e r e gr e w th e C om it é d Etu de s du H a ut
’

C o n go which p ro j e ct e d th e id e a of S t a n l e y s co n cludi n g i n its

,
’

n a m e t r e a ti e s with th e p a ra m ou n t ch i e fs o f th e Co ngo r e gio n ,

tr e a ti e s by m e a n s of w hic h th e s e c h i e fs s h ould a gre e to j o i n i n

a sor t o f co n fe d e ra t io n fo r purp os e s of m u tu a l s u pp o r t w h il e a t
,

th e s a m e t im e th e y a dmi t t e d i n t o th e i r t e rr i t o ri e s th e t r a d e r s
wh o w o ul d b e s e n t o u t by t h is commi t t e e which w a s i n ,

som e sor t to b e c o m e th e s u z e ra i n o f t his C o n go F e d e ra t i o n .

Mr S t a n l e y a pp e a r s to h a v e b e e n u n d e r th e impr e ssio n t h a t
th e fi n a l p r ot e c t o ra t e o v e r th e c e n tr a l C o n go w o u ld b e a B r itish
o n e ; u n til 1 8 8 4 fe w p e opl e s e e m e d to thi n k th a t th e Ki n g o f

th e B e lgi a n s w o u ld m a k e him s e lf th e s o v e re ig n of th e C o n g o .

I n th e e a rly y e a rs of th e 8 0 s a ki n d o f A ngl o F r e n ch du e l
’ ’
-

h a d t a k e n pl a c e o n th e C o n go D e Br a z z a re pr e s e n t i ng th e
,

F r e n ch i n t e r e s t a n d S t a n l e y th e E n glish Wh e n it b e ga n to
.

d a w n o n th e B r i t ish Gov e rnm e n t th a t th e Ki n g o f th e B e lgi a n s

.

w a s worki n g fo r p u re ly B e lgi a n i n t e r e s t s i t o ccu rr e d to t h e m

th a t t h e r e w a s n o r e a so n why E ngl a n d a n d Po r tug a l migh t n o t
com e to t e rm s a t a n y r a t e a b o u t th e Low e r Co n go S o th e
,
.

I S
2 2 6 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n o f A fr i c a .
[C H A R

a b o r tiv e t r e a ty o f 1 8 8 4 wa s d ra w n u p but no t ra tifi e d B e li e vi ng

, .

t h a t this wa s a p re limi n a ry t o a B ri t ish P r o t e c to ra t e o f th e

Co ngo Fr a n c e a n d G e rm a n y j oi n e d h a n ds a n d a Co n fe r e n c e
, ,

o n A fr ic a n a f fa i rs wa s co n v e n e d a t B e rli n th e first of a lo n g ,

s e ri e s o f a c t io n s t a k e n j oi n tly by th e o th e r st a t e s o f Eu r op e
t o ch e ck th e e xt e n si o n o f B ri t is h i n fl u e n c e .

A t th e B e r li n Co n fe re n c e of 1 8 8 4 —5 th e C o ngo F r e e S t a t e
w a s r e cog n i z e d b y a ll th e l e a di n g p ow e r s of Eu r op e a s a
sov e re ign st a t e with th e Ki n g Of th e B e lgi a n s a t i t s h e a d .

B e for e givi ng h e r co n s e n t h ow e v e r F ra n c e is s a id to h a v e
, ,

r e s e rv e d to h e r s e lf th e rig h t of pr e e mpti o n ov e r th e s e Co ngo

t e rri tori e s b e sid e s s e cu ri n g by a n a gr e e m e n t wit h th e Ki n g o f
,

th e B e lgi a n s a l a rg e p o r t io n o f w e st e r n C o n g o l a n d Mr S t a n l e y .

th e n c e a s e d to a dmi nist e r th e C o n go Fr e e S t a t e a n d w a s s u c ,

c e e de d first by S i r F r e d e r ick G o l ds m i d a n d th e n b y S i r F ra n ci s ,

D e Wi n to n w h o gov e r n e d fo r th e Ki n g of th e B e lgi a n s but g a v e

, ,

a dis t i n ctly E n glish to n e to th e a dmi n ist r a t io n G ra du a lly h ow .

e v e r th e i n t e rn a t i o n a l ch a ra ct e r o f th e st a t e w a s d ropp e d a n d ,

th e B ri t is h F r e nch Po r tu gu e s e S w e dish a n d G e rm a n O ffici a ls

, , ,

w e r e r e pl a c e d by B e lgi a n s s o t h a t by a b o ut 1 8 9 0 th e e n t i re
,

a dmi n is t ra t io n w a s B e lgi a n Mr S t a n l e y h ow e v e r o n c e m o re
.
, ,

i n t e rv e n e d ( i n 1 8 8 7 ) i n th e a ffa i r s of th e F re e S t a t e whic h h a d ,

got i n t o gr e a t di ffi c u lti e s owi n g t o th e a t t a cks o f th e Z a nz ib a r

A ra bs o n th e Upp e r Co n go M r S t a n l e y t e mp o ri z e d s e e ki n g
.
,

to g a i n t im e for th e you n g st a t e a n d r e cog n i z e d T ipu T ipu

1
, ,

th e l e a di n g A r a b a s Gov e r n o r fo r th e K i n g o f th e B e lgi a n s
,

ov e r th e Upp e r C o ngo Ti p u T ipu wi t hd re w a bo u t 1 8 9 0 wh e n

.
,

th e A r a b re volt a g a i n s t th e G e rm a n s h a d c a us e d g ra v e t e n sio n
b e tw e e n th e A r a b s a n d Europ e a n s i n C e n t ra l A fric a A ft e r .

h is with dr awa l th e A ra bs wh o h a d n o w b e com e e xt re m e ly

, ,

p ow e rful i n th e Upp e r Co ngo a tt a c ke d th e B e lgi a n s a nd , ,

m a ss a cr e d s e v e r a l o u tp osts T h e fo r c e s o f th e S t a t e — l a rg e l y
.

comp os e d o f Co ngo n a tiv e s wit h a fe w H a us a s fr om th e

1
Ha me d b i n Mu ha mm a d bin Ju ma ,
n ick n a m e d T ip u T ip u or
”
Ti pp o o ti b .
XL ] Be lg i a n A fr i c a . 2 2 7

i n t e rior — w e r e a bly l e d by B e lgi a n O fli c e rs r e m a rk a b l e a m o n g

,

w h om wa s Li e ut e na n t Dh a n is wh o i n th e y e a r 1 8 9 2 com m e n c e d
,

a ga i n st t h e m a n o t e worthy c a mp a ig n wh ic h e n d e d i n th e c a p
,

tu re o f Ny a ng we a n d th e e v e n tu a l co n qu e st o f th e w h ol e o f
th e cou n t ry up to th e w e st sh o r e s of T a n g a nyik a a n d th e d e a t h ,

o r e xp ulsio n from C o n g o l a n d of a ll th e A r a b l e a d e r s T h is .

b ri ngs dow n th e hi s t o ry of th e Co n go F re e S t a t e to 1 8 94 .

D u ri n g t hi s t im e m os t o f th e i ndig e n o u s prod u cts lik e ,

ivo ry a n d r u b b e r h a vi n g b e e n co n stitut e d S t a t e m o n op oli e s

, ,

comm e rc e wa s chi e fly 1 e s tri c te d to th e S t a t e a n d t o v a rious ,

B e lgi a n fi rm s th o ugh th e com m e rc e o f th e Lo we r C o ngo still

,

r e m a i n e d op e n to th e m e rc h a n ts o f a ll n a t i o n s T hi s policy .

o n th e p a r t o f th e Co n go F r e e S t a te ,
whic h o n th e s t re n g th
o f i t s phil a n t h ropi c a ss u ra n c e s h a d obt a i n e d p e rmissio n i n

1 8 1
9 t o l e vy i mpo rt duti e s wa s m u c h cri t ici z e d a n d l e d to
, ,

som e a li e n a t io n o f s y mp a t h y i n E n gl a n d A dd e d t o this w e r e
.

th e e x t r a o rdi n a r y s t o ri e s o f a t roci ti e s sp re a d by B ri t ish G e rm a n , ,

a n d S we dis h missio n a ri e s . I t wa s s a id th a t to e n forc e th e

p a ym e n t of tri b u t e i n ru b b e r th e B e lgi a n o ffic e rs o rd e re d t h e ir
n e g ro subo rdi n a te s to cut o f f th e h a n d s o f a ll wh o r e fu s e d
p a ym e n t I t wa s s t a te d th a t th e n a t i v e s w e re pl u n g e d i n t o a
.

sl a v e ry wors e t h a n a n y t hi ng th e A ra b s h a d i n troduc e d t h a t ,

th e y w e re sh ot dow n fo r trifli n g c a us e s a n d t h a t th e p olic e

,

a nd soldi e rs o f th e Fr e e S t a t e w e re a llow e d wi th out hi n d ra n c e

to d e v o ur th e bodi e s of th e sl a i n i n b a t t l e T h e s e ch a rg e s
.

i n s o m e c a s e s w e r e sc a rc e l y cr e di b l e a s a pp li e d to th e a c t io n s
o f civili z e d hum a n b e i n gs ; b ut th e Ki n g o f th e B e lgi a n s a t
o n c e i n stitut e d a com mi t t e e t o i n quir e i n to th e m a n d i n s o m e ,

sligh t d e gr e e t h e y w e re sup p ort e d b y e vid e n c e T h e ch a rg e .

o f p e rmi t t i n g c a n n i b a lism w a s subs t a n t i a t e d by th e a ccou n ts

o f Ca p ta i n S L H ind e
. . wh o h a d s e rv e d i n th e Co n g o Fr e e
,

S t a t e fo rc e s a s a milit a ry surg e o n . Th e fa c t is th a t a t e rri tory

n e a r ly a s l a rg e a s B ra z il wa s h a n d e d ov e r t o a n u mb e r
of

you n g B e lgi a n o ffi c e rs t o gov e rn Th e m e n w h om th e y e m

.

ploy e d i n th e ir a dm i n ist ra t io n a nd w a rfa r e w e r e s a v a g e s b a r e ly

1 5—2
2 2 8 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R

r e cl a im e d from th e m os t b a rb a rou s p ra ctic e s : a n d j u st a s i n a ,

fa r l e ss d e gr e e th e M a t a b e l e p olic e of th e Bri t ish S o u t h A fri c a

,

Comp a n y w e re guilty of m a lp ra c t ic e s t h a t th e Comp a n y w o uld

n e v e r k n owi n gly h a v e a llow e d t o b e p e rp e t ra t e d so th e s o ldi e rs ,

o f th e Co n go Fr e e S t a t e committ e d th e m ost a pp a lli n g o u t

r a g e s b e fo re th e S t a t e c o u l d b e com e cog n i z a n t o f t h e i r a c t io n s
a n d pr e v e n t th e m A b o ut two y e a rs a fte r th e d e fe a t o f th e
.

A r a bs Li e ut e na n t D h a n is wh o h a d b e e n m a d e a B a ro n h a d
, , ,

to fa c e a n d ov e rcom e a t e rribl e m u t i ny a m o n g th e C o n go Fr e e
S t a t e t r oops m ostly M a n y e m a a n d B a t e t e l a r e crui t e d from th e
, ,

e a st e r n p o r t io n o f th e t e rr ito ry T hi s r e v olt is n o t e v e n ye t
.

wholly s u bdu e d I n 1 8 9 2 th e Ki n g of th e B e lgi a n s a l a r m e d

.
, ,

by th e p r og re ss of th e B ri t ish S ou t h A fric a C o mp a n y s e n t out ,

a n e xp e di t io n u n d e r C a p t a i n S t a i r s ( a n E n glish o ffic e r— a N ov a

S coti a n ) to occupy i n his n a m e th e t e rrito ry o f K a t a n g a which ,

wa s a d e b a t e a bl e l a n d t o s om e e x t e n t u n d e r B r i t ish missio n a ry
,

i nflu e n c e b u t cl a im e d a s lyi ng withi n th e b o u n da ri e s of th e

,

Co ngo Fr e e S t a t e I ts ki n g wa s a n Mnya m w e z i a dv e n tur e r a n d

.

sl a v e t r a d e r ; n e v e rth e l e ss h e h a d ru l e d h is co u n t ry wi t h a c e r
t a i n d e g re e o f wis dom a n d h a d p e rmitt e d B r itish missi o na ri e s
,

t o s e t t l e th e re a n d B ri t ish t ra v e ll e r s to e xplo re ; t h e re fo r e i t
,

w a s l e a r n e d wi t h som e r e g r e t t h a t h e h a d b e e n s u m m a ril y shot

for r e fu si n g to h a n d ov e r his t e rr i t o ry to th e B e lgi a n s N o t .

co n t e n t wi t h th e gig a n t ic t e rri t o ry a l re a dy u n d e r hi s co n t r o l ,

th e Ki n g o f th e B e lgi a n s a spi r e d to e x t e n d i t t o th e b a n ks

o f th e Whi t e Nil e I n 1 8 9 4 a som e wh a t u n fo r t u n a t e a g r e e

.

m e n t w a s co n clu de d wi t h th e B ri t ish Go v e rn m e n t by wh ich ,

i n e xch a n g e fo r a s t rip o f t e rr i t o r y which wo u ld e n a bl e th e

l a tt e r t o c o n n e c t th e n o r th e nd o f T a n g a n yik a wi t h Uga n d a ,

th e Ki n g o f th e B e lgi a n s t o o k ov e r o n l e a s e th e a dmi n ist ra t io n

o f t e r r ito r i e s a s fa r n o r t h a s th e B a h r a l Gh a z a l a n d th e Whi t e
- -

Nil e But t his s e ttl e m e n t w a s p ra c t ic a lly a nnu ll e d by th e

.

s u bs e qu e n t B e lgi a n co n v e n ti o n wi t h Fra n c e w hich re s t ric t e d ,

th e n orth e r n b ou n d a ry of th e Co ngo Fr e e S t a t e t o th e Mbom u

a fflu e n t o f th e W e ll e R iv e r w h il e th e Ki n g o f th e B e lgi a n s
,
x1 .
] Be lg i a n A fr i c a . 2 2 9

r e t a i n e d th e l e a s e o f a sm a ll p a tch o f t e rritory o n th e W e st
b a n k o f th e Whit e Nil e opp osi t e La do ,
.

A n o th e r e v e n t i n th e r e c e n t h isto ry o f th e Co n go F re e
S t a t e w h ich h a s c a u s e d som e a n g e r i n E n gl a n d wa s th e
, ,

summ a ry e x e cutio n o f th e u n for tu n a t e Mr S tok e s b y a B e lgi a n

Offic e r n a m e d Loth a i r e Mr S t o k e s ( wh o w a s a n Ulst e r
.

I ri shm a n ) h a d o n c e b e e n a missi o n a ry a nd us e d to t r a v e l ,

b a ckw a rds a n d forwa r ds to Ug a n d a H e th e n s e t up for .

h im s e lf a s a t ra d e r a n d a l t h o u gh a B ri t ish subj e c t h e wa s
,

su ffi ci e n tly i n t e r na tio n a l i n hi s symp a thi e s to wo rk fo r th e

G e rm a n s i n h e lpi n g to fo u n d th e i r E a s t A fric a n colo ny I n .

th e co u r s e o f his ivo ry t ra di n g e xp e ditio n s h e e n t e r e d th e

-

Co n go F re e S t a t e I t w a s susp e c t e d by Lo t h a i re t h a t h e w a s
.

fu rn is h i ng th e A ra b s wi t h p o wd e r ; h e th e re fo re s e n t a m e s
s e n g e r to S t ok e s s u mmo n i ng him t o his c a mp S to k e s c a m e
‘
, .

u n s u sp e c t i n g H e w a s p u t t h ro u g h a cr o ss e x a mi na tio n ov e r
.
-

n igh t a n d i n th e e a r ly m o rn i n g t a k e n o u t of his hu t a n d
,

h a nge d I n pl a i n l a n gu a g e
. h e w a s murd e r e d ,
F o r no t .

o n ly di d h e re c e iv e n o t ri a l but a t th a t tim e a n d e v e n a t
, ,

th e pr e s e n t da y Britis h c o n s u l a r j u risdic t io n w a s m a i n t a i n e d
,

i n th e C o n go F re e S t a t e a n d a t n o t i m e w a s s u ffici e n t
,
-

e vid e n c e b r o u gh t fo r w a r d to sh o w th a t S t o k e s h a d sold a n y

p o wd e r to th e A r a b s o r do n e a n ythi n g worthy of d e a t h
, .

M a j o r L o t h a ir e wa s tri e d fo r th e mu r d e r of S t ok e s both at
B om a a n d a ga i n a t B russ e l s b u t wa s pro n ou n c e d n o t g u ilty
,

a t e a ch t ri a l a n d w a s r e g a rd e d by a po r ti o n of th e B e lgi a n
,

p re ss a s h a vi ng b e e n a n a t i o na l h e ro H e w a s how e v e r .
, ,

dismiss e d from th e s e r vic e of th e C o n go Fr e e S t a t e a n d a n ,

i nd e m n i t y o f £ 6 0 0 0 wa s p a id t o th e ch ild o f S t o k e s .

I n th e p re s e n t y e a r a r a il w a y ( a bo u t 3 3 5 m il e s lo ng ) c o n ,

n e c ti n g th e L o w e r Co n go a t Ma t a di wit h th e C e n t ra l C o n go

a t S t a n l e y Po o l h a s b e e n op e n e d fo r tra ffic a nd will prob a bly

, ,

h a v e a n e x t ra ordi n a ry e f e ct o n th e d e v e lopm e nt o f th e Co n go
F re e S t a t e O c e a n goi n g st e a m e rs c a n a sc e n d th e riv e r a s fa r a s
.
-

B om a th e c a pi t a l o f th e S t a t e a n d cr a ft o f co n sid e ra bl e si z e
, ,
2 30 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R x1 .

c an p roc e e d t o M a ta di A ft e r St a n l e y P o ol h a s b e e n re a c h e d
.

by r a i lw a y th e re a re b e tw e e n two a n d t h re e th ous a n d mil e s

o f u n obs t ruct e d riv e r n a vig a tio n right i n to th e h e a rt of A fric a ,

a nd e v e n t o th e vici n ity o f th e Eg y pti a n S ud a n .

T h e r e i s a g re a t fu t u r e b e for e th e Co n g o Fr e e S t a t e a n d
,

t h e r e i s n o r e a so n wh a t e v e r wh y g a ll a n t a n d a r ti s t ic Fl a n d e rs
s h ould n o t pl a y a gr e a t p a rt i n C e n t ra l A frica ; s h e is a lr e a dy
suffici e n tl y illust rious i n th e h istory o f Eu r op e .
 BR IT IS H A F R IC A
30

Sn Ii HJ dm m
str K C B al e ] t
.

EX P L A N A T O RY N OT E

C o l o ni e s , Pr o t t
ec ts
o ra e , S p h e re s o f I n fl u e n c e o r Co n t ro l

l [In 1 8 15 ( Th i s l
da r ke r c o o u r i n C a pe C o l o ny r e p r e s e n ts th e e x tr e m e ex te n t
o f D u tc h S o n th A fr i c a w h e n ta k e n o v e r b y th e Br i ti s h ) .
 C H A PT E R X I I .

THE B R IT I S H IN AFRI C A . I II .

( Eg ypt a nd E a s te r n A fr i c a .
)

E VER si n c e th e b e gi nn i ng o f t h is c e n t u ry wh e n E ng l a n d ,

e xp e ll e d th e Fr e n ch from Egypt s h e h e r s e lf h a s h a d lo ngi n gs

,

for th e c o n trol of th a t cou n t ry O ne r e a so n for t h is d e si re

.

wa s v e ry cl e a r : a c r oss Eg y pt l a y th e sh o r te st r o u t e t o I n di a .

Eve n wi t hou t th e S u e z C a na l a d ay s j ou rn e y o n a ra ilwa y o r

,
’

t h r e e d a ys j our n e y by c a na l a n d c a rri a g e would tra n sfe r o ne

’

from A l e x a ndri a o n th e M e di t e rra ne a n to S u e z o n th e R e d S e a .

T wo hu n d r e d a n d t we n ty y e a rs a g o i n th e re ig n o f L oui s X I V
, ,

a n d o n e h u n dre d y e a rs a g o i n th e d a w n i n g e mp i re of N a pol e o n
,

Bo n a p a rt e wh e n st e a m wa s u n k n ow n a s a m o t iv e p o w e r th e
, ,

i d e a wa s co n c e iv e d a n d b o r n th a t Egyp t co n troll e d th e b a c k
doo r th e g a rd e n ga t e o f I n di a Bu t wh e n st e a m c a m e i n to
,
.

vogu e o n th e s e a a n d l a t e r o n th e l a n d a nd p e opl e co n t ra s t e d
, ,

th e s a vi ng o f tim e ov e r th e Egyp t i a n rou t e wi th th e w e a ry

th r e e mo n th s voy a g e r o u n d th e C a p e it b e c a m e a p p a r e n t
’
, ,

e v e n to Bri tis h s t a t e sm e n th a t B ri t is h i n fl u e n c e m us t h a v e full

,

pl a y if no t e xclusiv e co n trol i n Egyp t .

S u b s e qu e n t o n th e withd ra w a l o f th e F re n ch a si mp l e ,

M aj or o f a rtill e ry from E u rop e a n T u rk e y — Mu h a mm a d A l i

h a d sudd e n ly ris e n t o p o we r b y proc e dur e whic h w a s fa ithfully
cop i e d 8 0 y e a rs a ft e rwa rds by A r abi H e h a d a tta i ne d suc h
. .

co n t rol ov e r th e milit a ry fo rc e s o f Egypt th a t i n 1 8 0 6 —7 h e

2 32 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R

d e fe a t e d a B ritis h forc e which a t t e mpt e d to l a n d a n d t a k e

p o ss e ssio n o f th e c o u n t ry H e pr o b a bly t h us sta v e d o ff fo r
.

6 y r s th e B ri t is h occup a t io n o f Egyp t a n o ccup a ti o n wh ich

7 e a ,

i n 1 8 0 6 would h a v e b e e n fa r m o r e ra pidly co n v e rt e d i n t o
a n n e x a t io n t h a n i t co u ld possi b ly b e a t th e pr e s e n t da y .

E n gl a n d r e sp e ct e d M uh a mm a d A li s st u r dy r e sist a n c e a n d
’

a l t h o u gh s h e opp os e d his a t t e mp t to co n qu e r th e T u rkish

E mpi re a n d— i n o pp osi t i o n t o th e foolish e n cou ra g e m e n t h e
,

r e c e iv e d from F ra n c e — s e e m e d a t o n e tim e his e n e my s h e ,

n e v e r th e l e ss s a v e d him from dow n fa ll a n d a ssist e d him t o ,

e st a blish a dy na sty i n Egypt which h a s r u l e d di re ctly o r ,

i n di re ctly fo r n e a rly a c e n t u ry S t ill k n o wi ng E nglis h h a n k e r

.
,

i ngs th e T s a r N ichol a s I o ffe r e d Egypt a n d C re t e t o E ngl a n d

,

a sh o r t t im e p rio r to th e C r im e a n Wa r i n r e t u r n for a fr e e
h a n d a t Co n s t a n t i n op l e U n fo r t u n a t e ly w e de cli n e d a n d
.
,

h a v e b e e n th e p o o re r si n c e b y m a ny m illio n s o f m o n e y a nd
m a n y b ra v e m e n T h e n c a m e th e m a ki ng of th e c a n a l by
.

L e ss e ps th e i n fl u e n c e o f whic h how e v e r wa s som e w h a t

, , ,

cou n t e r a c t e d b y th e fa ct t h a t a l l th e Egypti a n ra ilwa ys w e re

Bri t ish N e v e rth e l e ss B ri t ish i n fl u e n c e n e v e r st o od so low i n
.
,

Eg yp t a s a t th e Op e n i ng o f th e S u e z C a n a l wh e r e th e H e ir to ,

th e B ri t ish C ro w n wa s l o s t a mi d a g a l a xy o f Emp e ro r s a n d
Emp re ss e s B u t a l t h o u gh F re n ch i n flu e n c e h a d g row n so
.

st ro n g i n Eg y p t th e Fr e nch Gov e rn m e n t did n o t— ov e rtly a t

,

a n y ra t e — s t ri v e fo r m o r e th a n a n e qu a l v o ic e with E n gl a n d i n

th e a ffa i r s o f Egyp t p a r t ly o wi n g to a fe e li ng o f loy a l t y to th e

,

B ri t ish a lli a n c e wh ich N a pol e o n I I I displ a y e d wh e n e v e r h e

,

could a n d l a t e r to th e e n fe e b l e m e n t of F ra n c e a ft e r th e
, ,

G e r m a n Wa r Bu t Egyp t h a d b e e n r u i n e d a n d r e duc e d t o
.

b a n k rup t cy b y a s e n s e l e ss sq u a n d e ri ng of m o n e y T h e r e fo l .

l owe d th e r e fr om th e D u a l Co n t ro l i n 1 8 7 6 I n 1 8 8 1 occur re d .

th e r e vol t o f th e a rmy h e a d e d by C olo n e l A hm e d A r ab i .

Fr a n c e u nd e r th e i n flu e n c e of G a m b e t t a pu rs u e d th e s a m e
p olicy a s E ngl a n d n a m e ly th e d e li v e ri n g o f v e r b a l a ssur a nc e s
, ,

a t i n t e rv a ls wi th out th e displ a y o f fo rc e A t l a s t i n J u ne 1 8 8 2
.
, ,
 x1 1 .
] Th e B r i ti s h i n A fr i c a . 2 33

t h e r e wa s a riot a n d a m a ss a cr e o f C h ris t i a n s a t A l e xa n d ri a .

Wh e n th e Britis h fl e e t p re p a r e d to t a k e a c t io n th e F re n c h
“
wi t hd re w a hos t il e vot e o f th e C h a mb e r h a vi n g di s sol v e d th e
,

Du a l C o n t rol E ngl a n d th e n i n t e rv e n e d i n Egyp t a n d re

.
,

c o n qu e re d th e co u n try for th e Kh e div e Wh e n t his h a d b e e n .

d o n e th e B ri t ish Gov e r n m e n t w a s i n a dil e mm a H a d i t s a y .

,

s om e o n th e c a p tu re of C a i r o d e cl a r e d Eg yp t to b e a B ri tis h
,

p rot e c t o ra t e outrig h t i t would h a v e o n ly do ne w h a t a ll th e

p o w e rs of E urop e e xp e ct e d O n th e O t h e r h a n d t his b old .
,

st e p would h a v e m e a n t th e t e a ri n g u p o f t r e a t i e s a n d th e
p a rtiti o n i n g of th e T u rkish Empi re P e rh a ps t h is might h a v e .

b e e n g o t o v e r b y di re c t n e goti a t i o n wi t h th e S ul t a n a nd
a ssu ra n c e s o f th e co n t i n u a n c e or composi t io n o f th e tribut e .

T h e B riti s h Gov e r n m e n t w a s p r ob a b ly si n c e r e a t th e t i m e
i n its a ssu ra n c e s o f sp e e dy e v a cu a t i o n b u t i t s e e m e d a s ,

t h ough fa t e h a d o rda i n e d t h a t E ngl a n d sh o u ld re m a i n th e

co n t r oll e r o f Egyp t I n th e y e a r fo llowi n g th e b a t t l e o f
.

T e l e l K e b ir th e M a h di s r e vol t b ro k e o u t i n th e S u d a n
’ ‘
- -
.

H icks P a sh a s fo rc e wa s c u t t o pi e c e s i n th e wilds of Kor

’

do fa n Go rdo n wa s s e n t to r e li e v e a n d re mov e th e g a rriso ns

.
,

i n s t e a d of doi n g which h e r e m a i ne d a t Kh a rtum i n th e v a i n

h op e of re s t ori ng b e fo re h e l e ft i t s o m e ki n d of o rd e r t o th e
cou n t ry th a t h e l o v e d A n a r my wa s s e n t t o re sc u e him I t
. .

a r r i v e d a fe w d a ys t oo l a t e ye t might e v e n t h e n h a v e r e t a k e n
,

Kh a rt u m a n d pu t do wn th e re vol t; b u t R u ssi a wa s t hr e a t e n i n g
us o n th e b o rd e rs o f I ndi a a nd w e could n o t a ffo r d to lock up
,

s o m a ny soldi e rs i n C e n t ra l A fric a N ot b e i n g a b l e th e r e fo re.

, ,

to s e t tl e th e S u da n qu e s t io n w e w e re fo rc e d t o r e m a i n i n
,

Egypt t o p re v e n t th a t c o u n t ry from b e i ng ov e rru n b y th e

M a h dis t s A n a t t e mp t w a s m a d e i n 1 8 8 5 —6 to n e g o ti a t e
.

1
Th is w as e vo l t g i n st Egypti a n ru l e nd t x a ti o n a nd i n t e rfe e nc e
a r a a a a r

with th e sl a ve t a de st a t e d by a n A a b f n a tic n a m d M ha mm d Ah m a d
r , r r a e u a ,

w h o c ll d h ims e l f th e Ma h di o r Me ssi a h
a e H e di e d i n 1 8 8 5 n d w s s u c
. a a

c e e de d by h i s Li e u t e na n t th e Kh a l i f h Ab da ll a h
, H i s f n tic a l fo ll o w e s
a . a a r

a re u s u a ll y c a ll e d th e D e vish e s ’
r .
2 34 Th e C o lo n i z a ti o n of A fr i c a .
[C HA R

t e rm s withdra wa l wit h th e S ult a n bu t th e p ro pos e d c o n

o f ,

v e n ti o n wa s n o t ra tifi e d o wi n g to t h e Oppositi o n of F ra n c e a n d
,

R u ssi a G ra d u a lly owi n g to th e a b ility a nd t ruly B ri tis h c a lm

.
,

o f Lo rd C r om e r th e sit u a tio n g re w i n t o a p o ssibl e o n e

, A .

m od e ra t e Bri t ish g a rriso n wa s re t a i ne d T h e Exch e qu e r wa s .

p l a c e d u nd e r B ri t is h co nt ro l a s w e re pu b lic wo rks th e a d , ,

m i n is t ra t io n O f j u s t ic e th e o rg a n i z a ti o n o f th e a rmy p o s t s a nd
, ,

t e l e gra ph s a n d o th e r d e p a rtm e n t s wh e r e a n i nfu si o n of o rd e r ,

ho ne s t y a n d e co n omy wa s n e c e ss a ry Th e K h e div e of Egyp t

, .

co n t i n u e d to r e ig n with B ri t ish s u ppo rt a nd u n de r B ri t ish a d v ic e .

I n 1 8 90 th e co n clusio n of th e A n glo G e rm a n a g re e m e n t fo r -

d e lim i t i n g th e B ri t ish a n d G e rm a n sph e re s o f i n flu e n c e i n E a s t ,

W e s t a nd C e n t ra l A fri c a h a d s e c u r e d from o n e E u rop e a n

,

p ow e r a t l e a st re c o g n i t io n of a n e v e n t u a l B ri t ish c o n t rol ov e r
, ,

th e form e r Equ a t o ri a l provi nc e s o f Egyp t F r om t his e v e n t a nd .

from th e c o n t e mpl a t i o n o f m a ps a r os e th e id e a o f th e C a p e to ‘

a n d B r i t is h m i n is t r i e s b e g a n slowly to co n t e mp l a t e th e

r e co n q u e s t o f th e S u da n T h e M a h dis t s a id e d th e grow th of
.

th is r e s o lv e by t h e i r fa t u o u s h o stility a nd c o n s t a n t a t t a cks o n
S u a ki n a n d o n th e W a dy H a lfa bou n da ry t o th e so u th o f
Eg y p t p r op e r b e hi n d which th e Eg y p t i a n fo rc e s withdr e w i n
,

1 885 . I n 1 8 9 4 —9 5 th e v ici n it y of S u a ki n w a s fre e d from

th e s e m a ra ud e r s a nd th e e a s t e rn S ud a n re co n q u e re d I t a ly ,

gr e a t ly a idi ng by h e r g a ll a n t c a pt u re of Ka s a l a Th e t e rr i b l e
’
.

dis a s t e r w h ic h b e fe ll th e I t a li a n a rm s i n A b yssi n i a i n 1 8 9 6
c a u s e d th e B ri t ish Gov e r nm e nt to pr e ss fo r wa rd th e co n q u e st
o f th e S u d a n i n o rd e r to dis t ra c t th e D e r v i sh e s fr o m a tt a cki n g

1 Th is p hra s e fi st m de its a pp e a n c e i n a l e ct u e giv e n by th e u t h o r

r a ar r a

o f t h is b o k a t Liv r p o o l
o I n its f ll e st f m it a n t h s
e . F o m th e C a p e
u or r u : r

to C i a nd C i to O ld C l b r i e a st e tc h o f B itis h c o n t ro ll e d
”
a ro a ro a a a ,
. . r r -

t e rrit o ry f o m th e I n di a n O c e a n to th e Me dit e rra ne a n a n d f o m th e G u l f

r , r

o f G u i n e a to th S e e a l s o th e a u t h o r s a rtic l e i n th e Ti m s
’
Re d S e a e . e

o f A u g u st 2 2 1 888 ,
.

2 T k
a e n by th e I t a l i a n s f o m th e D e rvis h e s i n 1 8 94 r a nd e st o e d to r r

A ng l o Egypti a n c o n t o l i n 1 8 97
-
r .
x1 1 .
] Th e B r i ti s h i n A fr i c a . 2 35

th e I t a li a n s T h e Egypti a n comm a n d e r i n chi e f— S i r H e rb e rt

.
- -

Kitch e ne r n o w Lo rd Ki t ch e ne r o f K h a r tu m — h a d t h oroughly
,

r e org a n is e d th e n a tiv e Egypti a n a rm y u n d e r B ri t i sh o ffic e rs ,

a n d wit h t h is m a t e ri a l a lo n e h e r e co n qu e r e d th e p r ovi n c e o f

Do ngol a du ri ng th e summ e r o f 1 8 9 6 I n 1 8 9 7 a n d th e e a r ly .

p a r t o f 1 8 9 8 th e a dv a n c e u p th e Nil e v a ll e y wa s co n ti n u e d ,

a n d o n th e 2 n d o f S e pt e mb e r 1 8 98 Occ u rr e d th e de cisiv e
, ,

b a ttl e o f O mdu r m a n i n w h ic h a mix e d a rmy o f B r i t is h a n d

,

Egypti a n r e gim e n ts u n d e r Si r H e rbe rt Kitch e n e r fi na lly

, ,

sh a t t e re d th e Kh a li fa h s pow e r a n d a v e n g e d Gord o n s de a th
’ ’
.

A nglo Egyp t i a n co n t rol wa s r a pidly e xt e n d e d e a stw a rd t o th e

-

A byssi n i a n fr o n t i e r a n d sou t h w a rd t o th e S o b a t riv e r but a ,

h a lf e xp e ct e d o b st a cl e c a m e to lig h t wh ic h im p os e d a te m
-

p o ra ry ch e ck t o th e C a p e to C a iro p olicy : M a j o r M a r ch a n d
h a d r e a ch e d F a s h o d a n e a r th e co n fl u e n c e o f th e Whi t e N il e
,

a nd th e B a hr a l Gh a z a l a n d h a d h o is t e d th e Fr e n ch fl a ov
g er
- -
,

t h a t a b a n do n e d Egyp t i a n post B e for e th e d e t e rmi n e d a t t i t ud e

.

o f G r e a t B r it a i n Fr a n c e a ft e r two m o n t h s d e l a y wi t hd re w ’
, ,

M aj o r Ma r ch a n d but th e m a i n qu e s tio n a s to th e re cog n i t io n ,

o f Gr e a t Bri t a i n s e xclusiv e co ntrol ov e r th e Kh e div e s do ’

mi n io n s s t ill r e m a i n e d t o b e d e cid e d
,
.

Exc e p t fo r this r e cog n itio n o f o u r p r ivil e g e d p osi t io n we

h a v e p r ob a bly n o w a tt a i n e d a l l th e co n t rol i n Eg y pt whic h is
strictly n e c e ss a ry to th e i n te re st we fe e l i n th a t cou n t ry a s th e
h a lfw a y h o u s e to I n di a provi de d of cours e t h a t th e titul a r
-
, , ,

rul e r o f Egyp t s e e s e ye to e ye wi th us a n d m a i n t a i n s a l o y a l ,

u n d e r s t a n di n g th a t h e is t o r u l e u n d e r o u r a d v ic e a nd ro
p
te c ti o n .

A d e n, sout h w e st e xt re m ity o f A ra b i a h a d b e e n
at th e -
,

t a k e n b y th e I n di a n Gov e r n m e n t i n 1 8 3 9 i n vi e w o f th e o p e n i ng
up to s t e a m s h ip s of th e Egypti a n rou t e t o I n di a T o A d e n .

wa s a dd e d th e isl a n d o f P e rim i n 1 8 5 8 a n d—th e isl a n d o f ,

S okot ra i n 1 8 7 6 1
Egyp t h a d a n ne x e d th e co a st o f S om a li
.

1
F o rm a ll y p l c e d u nde r B r itis h p o t e cti o n i n
a r 1 8 84 .
2 36 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R

l a nd opp o sit e A d e n wi t h th e e xc e ptio n of th e Fr e n c h p ost o f

,

O bok Wh e n th e Egypti a n domi ni o n o f th e S u d a n c o ll a ps e d

;

i t w a s n e c e ss a ry t o o u r i n t e r e s t s th a t th e S om a li co a st o pp o sit e
A d e n sh o uld n o t com e u n d e r th e i n fl u e n c e o f a n o th e r Eu r o
p e a n p o w e r so a B ri t ish p ro t e c t o ra t e wa s e st a blish e d t h e re
,

( 1 8 8 —
4 8 9 ) by a cc o r d wi t h F ra n c e a n d I t a ly F ra n c e e x t e n di n g ,

h e r O b o k t e rri t o ry to m e e t th e B ri t ish S om a li P r ot e c t ora t e ,

wh il e th e t o w n of H a r a r i n th e i n t e rio r which w a s lik e ly to ,

b e a b o n e of co n t e n t io n w a s wis e ly t ra n sfe rr e d to A b yssi n i a

,

t og e th e r wi t h a sm a ll a dj oi n i n g pi e c e o f t e rri to ry i n 1 8 9 7 .

A ft e r th e Po r t ugu e s e h a d b e e n e xp e ll e d b y th e A ra b s fr om
Z a n z i b a r a nd M o m b a s a a l l th e E a s t co a st o f A fric a from
,

S om a lil a n d t o th e R u vum a r iv e r h a d com e u n d e r th e co n trol

of th e I m a m o f Ma sk a t wh o u su a lly d e p u t e d a b r o t h e r o r
,

s o m e o t h e r re l a t io n to b e his V ic e r oy a t Z a n z i b a r O wi ng to .

i n t e rn e ci n e q u a rr e l s which a ros e i n th e roy a l fa mily o f M a sk a t ,

th e B ri t ish G o v e rn m e n t i n t e rv e n e d i n 1 8 6 1 a n d d e fi n it e ly
,

s e p a ra te d th e S ul t a na t e o f Za n z ib a r from th e I m a m a t e o f
’
O m a n o r Ma sk a t A s th e Fr e n ch w e r e b e gi n ni n g t o t a k e a
.

k e e n i n t e re s t i n th e a ffa i rs o f Z a n z i b a r a n d Ma sk a t th e B ri t ish ,

Go v e rn m e n t a t t h a t t im e co nclud e d a t re a ty wi t h th e F r e n ch
Emp e r o r b y wh ic h bo t h pow e rs b ou n d th e ms e lv e s to r e sp e ct
th e i n de p e n d e n c e of Z a n z i b a r a n d M a sk a t M a ny y e a rs p re
.

v io u sl
y , i n 1 8 2 5 C
, a p t a i n O w e n h a d h oi s t e d th e Bri t i sh fl a g a t

M o m b a s a a n d h a d e n d e a vo u r e d to t a k e t h a t tow n fo r th e
,

E a s t I n di a C o m p a n y b u t his a c t io n wa s dis a llow e d N e v e r

,
.

th e l e s s B ritish i n flu e n c e a t Z a n z ib a r gr e w v e ry st ro n g t h r o ug h
,

th e Poli t ic a l A g e n t wh o m w e e s ta b lish e d a t th e S u l t a n s cou r t

’
,

a n d a pow e rfu l squ a d r o n o f c ru is e r s which w e r e m a i n t a i n e d i n

Z a nz ib a r w a t e rs t o p u t dow n th e sl a v e t r a d e I n 1 8 6 6 D r .
,

a ft e r w a r ds S i r J oh n Kirk wh o h a d b e e n Li v i n gs t o n e s s e c o nd
’

, ,

i n c o mm a n d o n th e Z a m b e z i wa s a ppoi n t e d V ic e C o n sul a n d
,
-

g ra d u a lly ros e to b e Co n s u l a n d t h e n P o li t ic a l A g e n t a n d
Co n s u l— G e n e ra l H e t hr e w hi ms e lf z e a lo u sly i n t o th e t a sk of
. .

suppr e ssi n g th e Z a nz ib a r sl a v e t ra d e which h a d b e com e a n,

XII .
J Th e B r i ti s h i n A fr i c a . 2 37

outra g e o n hum a n ity T h e Bri t is h Gov e r n m e n t suppo r t e d

.

h im a nd i n 1 8 7 3 S i r B a rtl e Fr e r e wa s s e nt t o Z a n z ib a r to
,

n e goti a t e a t re a ty with th e S ult a n .

Th e S ult a n wa s r e c a lcitra n t a n d e v e n w e n t to th e l e n g th o f
,

o ffe ri n g h is t e rritory to F ra n c e Fi na lly how e v e r b e for e a

.
, ,

t h r e a t e n e d British bomb a rdm e n t could t a k e pl a c e o r th e

Fr e n ch squ a d ro n a rriv e S i r J o h n Ki rk h a d p e rs u a d e d th e
,

S ul t a n t o sig n th e tr e a t y a ft e r whic h S a id B a rg h a sh b i n S a id
,

r e sol v e d to visit E ngl a nd w h ic h h e did i n 1 8 7 4

,
I t is s a id .

th a t e v e n a t th a t d a t e h e h a d s o m e id e a o f i n v oki n g G e rm a n
‘

p rot e c t io n p rovid e d h e w e r e a llow e d to t e a r up th e sl a v e t r a d e

,
-

t re a ty H o w e v e r th e wisd o m a nd t a c t o f S i r J oh n Ki rk did
.
,

wo n de rs for B ri t is h i n flu e n c e a t Z a n z i b a r a n d i n 1 8 7 6 th e ,

S ult a n O ffe r e d th e c e ssi o n of n e a rly a ll hi s co n ti n e n t a l t e r r i

to ri e s to M r a ft e rw a r ds S i r Willi a m M a cki nn o n th e ch a irm a n
, , ,

o f th e B ri t ish I n di a S t e a m N a vig a tio n C o mp a ny B u t Mr .

M a cki nn o n wa s a n o v e r c a u t i o u s m a n I n st e a d o f a cc e p t i ng
-
.
,

a n d th e n fo rci n g th e h a n d of th e Bri t ish G o v e r n m e n t h e ,

r e fus e d t o t a k e th e S ult a n s co n c e ssi o n u n l e ss h e c o u ld fi rs t o h

’

t a i n a B riti sh g u a ra n t e e a n a c t io n to which th e Gov e r nm e n t

,

wa s n a tur a lly u n willi n g t o commit i t s e lf I n 1 8 8 1 S i r J oh n Ki rk

.

though t o f a n o t h e r pl a n t h a t o f i n d u ci n g th e S u lt a n to e mploy
,

c a p a bl e Brito n s w h o w o u ld d e v e lop his t e rrit o ri e s a s g o v e rn o rs

,

o r c o m m issio n e r s .H e s e cur e d th e s e r v ic e s of Mr J os e ph
T h om s o n t o d e v e lop th e r e sourc e s o f th e Ruvum a Pr o vi n c e ,

a n a pp o i n t m e n t wh ic h m igh t h a v e e ffe ctu a lly pr e v e n t e d a ny

fu t u r e G e rm a n i n t e rv e n t i o n bu t Mr J os e ph T h o m so n w a s t oo
li t e ra l a nd sh o r tsigh te d —p e r h a p s to o t ir e som e ly ho n e st T h e .

co u n t ry s e e m e d to h im poo r i n r e sourc e s ( th ough it i s n o w

sh ow n to b e m o r e p ro duc t iv e th a n h e th ough t ) a n d h e told th e
S ul t a n s o blu n tly a nd t h e re fo r e w a s r e li e v e d o f h is a ppoi n tm e n t
, .

I n 1 8 8 3 S i r J o h n Ki rk r e t u r n e d from E n gl a n d h a vi n g i n duc e d ,

th e G o v e rn m e n t to a pp oi n t a n umb e r o f s a l a ri e d vic e — co n s u ls
a t v a rio u s poi n ts i n th e S ul t a n s t e rritori e s m u st b e re
(
’
I t .

m e m b e r e d th a t a t t h is p e ri od a v e ry l a rg e p r opo r tio n o f th e
2 38 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HM

Z a nz i b a r t ra de w a s i n th e h a n ds of B ri t ish subj e c ts wh o we r e ,

p ri n ci pa lly n a t iv e s o f I n di a ) Si r J oh n Ki rk h a d a lso a b o u t
.

th e s a m e t im e e n t e r e d i n t o fri e n dl y r e l a tio n s wi t h th e p r i n cip a l

chi e f o n Mt Kilim a nj a ro a n d h a d urg e d th e s e ndi n g o u t o f a
,

sci e n tific e xp e di t i o n t o th e l e a d e r ship o f w h ich th e pr e s e n t

,

wri t e r wa s a pp oi n t e d i n 1 8 8 4 i n o rd e r t o e xp lo re t h a t m o u n
,

t a i n A ft e r som e m o n t h s s t a y o n Kilim a nja ro I re po rt e d to

.
’
-

th e F o re ig n O ffic e th e g r e a t a dv a nt a g e s t hi s c o u n t ry poss e ss e d

a s a s a n a t o ri u m a n d wh ilst w a i t i n g fo r i n s t r u c t io n s fro m S i r
,

J oh n Ki rk co n clud e d t re a t i e s wi t h s e v e r a l chi e fs T h e Fo re ig n
,
.

O ffic e re ply ( a s m a y b e s e e n from th e i n fo rm a ti o n giv e n i n th e

Blu e Bo o ks o f t h a t p e riod ) w a s sp e e dy a nd fa v o u ra bl e Bu t .

v a r io u s O b s t a cl e s a ro s e which r e q u ir e d c o n sid e ra t io n a m o n gst ,

oth e r s th e r e m e mb ra n c e o f our a gre e m e n t wi th Fra n c e .

A n o t h e r E u r o p e a n p ow e r how e v e r w a s b o u n d by n o such
, ,

a gr e e m e n t and h ad n o
,
s u ch sc rupl e s a s will b e re l a te d i n
,

C h a p t e r X I V A l t h o u g h my t re a t i e s p ro v e d th e b a si s o n whic h
.

th e B ri tish E a s t A fric a Com p a n y wa s e v e n t u a ll y fou nde d th e ,

a c t ua l Mo u n t a i n o f K ilim a nja ro fi n a lly fe ll t o G e rm a ny

-
.

By 1 8 8 5 how e v e r th e B ri t i sh Gov e rn m e n t h a d m o re o r l e ss
, ,

i n dic a t e d to G e rm a n y t h a t p orti o n o f th e Z a n z i b a r d o mi n io n s
wh ich m u st com e u n de r B ritish i n flu e n c e i f t h e re wa s to b e a
divisi o n o f t hos e t e rri t o ri e s ; a n d a ft e r s e v e ra l y e a rs o f diplo
m a t ic c o n fl ic t th e wh ol e qu e s t i o n w a s s e t t l e d wi th ra re a b ility
,

b y th e 1 8 90 C o n v e n t io n b e tw e e n E n gl a n d a n d G e rm a n y a n d ,

b y a s e c o n da ry a g re e m e n t wi th Fra n c e which d e fin it e l y a llot t e d

,

to G re a t B ri t a i n th e n o r t h e rn h a lf of th e S u l t a n of Z a n z ib a r s ’

domi n io n s a n d th e isl a n ds o f Z a n z ib a r a n d P e m b a
, .

T h e Bri t ish E a st A fric a Comp a ny which h a d b e e n o rg a n ,

i z e d i n 1 8 8 6 wa s ch a rte re d i n 1 8 8 8 a n d u n d e r t ook th e gov e r n

, ,

m e n t o f th e v a s t t e rri t o ri e s lyi ng b e t w e e n th e Momb a s a c o a st

a n d th e Victo r i a Ny a n z a Th e cou n t ry o f Ug a n d a o n th e
.
,

n o rth w e s t of t h is g re a t e st of A fric a n l a k e s h a d b e e n a ll o tt e d
-
,

to th e Bri t ish sph e re by th e G e rm a n Co n v e n t i o n but u n fo rtu

na te l y th e cou n t ry h a d b e e n i nv a d e d by Fr e n c h R om a n
x1 1 .
] Th e Br i ti s h i n A fr i c a . 2 39

C a t h olic missi o n a ri e s o f C a rdi n a l L a v i g e ri e s missio n ( cf p ’

. .

wh o w e re such a rd e n t F re nchm e n th a t t h e y ra th e r fo rgot

th e r e ligio u s pu r pos e for which t h e y w e re th e r e a n d fom e n t e d ,

s e rious q u a rr e ls b e tw e e n th e ki n g a n d th e P ro t e st a n t m issio n

a ri e s wh o h a d p re c e de d t h e m T h e gr e a t Ki n g Mte s a di e d i n
.

1 884 p e e vis h a n d di sgust e d with th e m issio na ry squ a b b l e s

,

a n d r e ligio u s r e c rim i n a t io n s t h a t bu z z e d i n hi s e a r s lo n gi n g for ,

th e de a r old e a sy p a g a n life h e h a d l e d b e fo re h e h a d p re ss e d

S t a n l e y ( p 2 1 7 ) t o s e n d h im Ch r is t i a n t e a c h e rs
. A ft e r h is .

de a th th e A ra b p a rt y pr e j u dic e d his s o n Mwa n ga a g a i n s t th e

,

for e ig n e r s Bish op H a nn i ngto n of th e Ch u rch Missio na ry

.
,

S o ci e t y n e wly a ppoi n te d to E a st Eq u a t o ri a l A fric a p e rsi st e d

, ,

i n e n t e r i n g Ug a nd a a lo n g Mr T hom so n s r o ut e by wh a t th e
’

“
ki n g c a ll e d th e b a ck wa y F righ t e ne d l e s t th e bi sh op migh t
.

b e comi n g to t a k e th e c o u n t ry b y th e m e th ods whi ch th e

G e rm a n s h a d e mplo y e d fu r t h e r so u th th e ki n g o rd e r e d him to ,

b e m u rde r e d S o o n a ft e r t his th e missi o na ri e s Prot e s t a n t s

.
, ,

a n d C a t h oli cs w e re e xp e ll e d fro m Ug a n d a T h e n l a t e r o n
,
.

th e re w a s a Mu h a m m a da n re vol t whic h d rov e Mwa ng a flyi ng , .

H e t o ok r e fu g e with th e C a t holi c mi ssio n a ri e s a t th e sout h

e n d o f th e l a k e a n d b e c a m e a C hris t i a n
,
H e wa s re s t o re d .

t o h i s thro n e b y th e a i d of Mr S t o k e s w h o wa s a ft e r wa rds ,

h a ng e d by M a j or Lo t h a i r e ( p T h e n th e F re n c h
.

m issio n a ri e s g o t co n t r ol ov e r th e ki n g a n d a t t e m p t e d to ,

p re v e n t th e cou n t ry fr om b e com i n g a B ri t is h p r o t e cto ra t e

if it could n o t b e F r e n ch a t a ny r a te l e t it b e G e rm a n ;
,

a n d D r P e t e r s a r r ivi n g o n th e sc e n e s t rov e to m a k e it G e r
m a n ; b ut hi s e ffo r ts w e re a n n ull e d by th e 1 8 9 0 Co n v e ntio n .

A ft e r this to p r e v e n t th e cou n try fr om fa lli n g u n d e r th e

,

s w a y o f th e Mu h a mm a d a n s wh o migh t h a v e j oi n e d th e
,

M a h dis t s o r b e com e Fr e n ch th e E a st A fric a Comp a n y wa s ,

o b lig e d by public Op i n io n to i nt e r v e n e a lth ough i t did n o t ,

p oss e ss s u ffici e n t fu nd s t o a dmi n is t e r such a n e xp e n siv e

e mpir e C a pt a i n n o w Colo n e l L u g a rd wa s s e n t th e r e a s
.
, ,

th e ir a g e n t a n d i n a n e xc e e di n gly a bl e
, a n d cour a g e ous
 2 40 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n o
f A fr i c a .
[C HA R

m a n n e r r e st o re d o r d e r obta i n i n g fr om th e ki n g a tr e a ty with
,

th e C o i n p a ny a n d p u t t i ng dow n r e v o l t s o f th e Rom a n C a tholi c

,

Chris t i a n s a n d of th e Muh a mm a d a n s Bu t th e E a st A fric a .

C o m p a ny wa s oblige d to a pp e a l t o th e Bri t ish Gov e rn m e n t to

com e t o its a ssis t a n c e l e st Ug a n d a sh o uld swa llow up a l l i ts
r e sourc e s T h e l a t e S i r G e ra ld Por ta l A ge n t a n d C o n sul
.
,

G e n e ra l a t Z a n z i b a r w a s s e n t t o Ug a n d a to r e po r t o n th e
,

a dvis a bili t y a n d th e m e a n s o f r e t a i ni n g t h is cou n t ry u n d e r

B ri t ish i n flu e n c e U n h a ppily h e di e d s o o n a ft e r hi s r e t u rn to
.
,

E n gl a nd but h is r e p o r t l e d to th e e s t a b lishm e n t o f a B ri tish

,

p ro te cto ra t e T h r ough th e i n t e rv e n t i o n o f th e P o p e th e
.
,

F r e n ch mi ssi o na ri e s w e re r e pl a c e d by I rish p ri e s t s w h o h a v e ,

si n c e c a rri e d o n th e c o n v e rsio n a n d t e a c h i n g o f th e n a t iv e s i n
a n a dmi ra bl e m a n n e r with out i n t e r fe r i n g wi t h th e gov e r n m e n t
,

o f th e cou n t ry O n th e o t h e r h a n d th e F r e n ch missi o n a r i e s
.
,

w e re comp e n s a t e d fo r th e i r r e tir e m e n t by a p a ym e n t o f

A ft e r th e with dr a w a l o f Emi n P a sh a fr o m his Eq u a t o r i a l

p rovi n c e a n um b e r of his fo rm e r S ud a n e s e s o ldi e rs v o lu n t e e re d
fo r e mpl o ym e n t i n Ug a n d a a n d w e re e a g e rly r e crui te d a s a
,

c a p a bl e figh t i ng fo rc e B u t th e y w e re Mu h a mm a d a n s a nd
.
,

a lw a ys i n cli n e d to i n trigu e a g a i n s t a Ch r is t i a n pow e r A dd e d .

to t h is ,Mw a n g a wa s th e m o s t u n st a bl e of m e n a nd a n ,

e xc e e di n gly b a d ch a ra c t e r to b oot Vic e s h a t e fu l e v e n to

.
,

n e gr o mi n ds m a d e him s o u n p o p u l a r t h a t with o u t B ri t ish

, ,

suppo r t h e w o u ld p ro b a b ly h a v e b e e n de p o s e d o r kill e d A s .

it w a s th e pr e s e n c e o f th e B ritish p r e v e n t e d t his b u t did n o t

, ,

p r e v e n t hi s i n t rigui n g wi t h t h a t s e c t io n of th e pop u l a c e whic h

dislik e d E u ro p e a n i n t e r v e n t io n A ft e r a n u n d e ci de d b e h a vio u r
.

which l a s t e d s e v e ra l y e a r s h e fi na lly a t t e mp t e d to m a ss a cr e
th e B ri t ish b u t wa s d e fe a t e d a n d fl e d a cross th e G e rm a n
, ,

bo rd e r T h e n th e S u d a n e s e t roop s r e vol t e d s e i z e d a fo r t re ss
.
,

a n d som e gu n s a n d fo r n e a r ly a y e a r s e t th e B r i t is h a n d th e
,

loy a l B a g a n d a a t de fi a n c e Fi n a lly a d e t a chm e n t o f 4 5 0 S ikh s

.
,

r e a ch e d th e cou n try (a h a n dful o f t h e s e spl e n did sol di e rs h a d

x1 1 .
] Th e B r i ti s h i n A fr i c a . 2 4 1

a lr e a dy e na bl e d th e Europ e a n o ffic e rs to fa c e th e Mu h a m
m a d a n muti n e e rs ) a n d from l a t e st a dvic e s ord e r h a s b e e n
,

r e store d .

P rior to th e s e t r ou bl e s co n ti n u a l w a rfa r e wa s c a rri e d o n

,

fo r som e y e a rs wit h th e B u n yoro ki n gdom to th e n o rth w h ic h ,

wa s fi n a lly co n qu e r e d a nd a n n e x e d to th e P r ot e ctor a t e M a j or .

‘
Roddy O w e n h a d e v e n h oist e d th e Bri t is h fl a g a t Wa d e l a i
’
,

o n th e W h i te Nil e bu t t h is a c t io n wa s n o t co nfirm e d by th e
,

Britis h Gov e r nm e n t N e v e r th e l e ss wit h th e co n qu e st o f

.
,

K h a rtum e ffe ct e d a n d th e F a sh od a qu e stio n s e ttl e d it m a y ,

no t b e lo n g b e for e th e Bri t ish Prot e cto ra t e e xt e nds n o r t h

from Uga n d a u n til i t m e rg e s wit h th e Egyp t i a n Vic e roy a lty o f
th e S ud a n T O th e south w a rd Ug a n d a i s s e p a ra t e d fr om th e
.
,

n o r th e n d O f L a k e T a n g a n yik a by a sm a ll strip of G e rm a n
t e rri to ry a cro ss wh ic h a right o f wa y i s s a n ctio n e d by tr e a ty
, .

B e for e lo ng t h e n by t e l e gra ph by ra ilw a y a nd by st e a m e r

, , , ,

B ritish i nfl u e nc e m ay s t r e tc h from C a p e T ow n t o C a i r o .

A ft e r th e Z a n z ib a r S ul ta n a t e h a d b e e n pl a c e d u n d e r Britis h
prot e c t io n i t wa s n e c e ss a ry to r e orga n i z e i ts a dmi n ist ra tio n .

T h e i sl a n ds o f Z a n z ib a r a n d P e mb a r e m a i n e d u n d e r th e mor e
o r l e ss dir e ct r u l e o f th e S u l t a n who h ow e v e r a pp oi n t e d
, , ,

Englis h mi nis te rs to co n t rol th e v a rious d e p a r tm e n ts of st a t e ,

a n d wa s a t th e s a m e tim e subj e ct to th e a dvic e a n d fi n a n ci a l

co n trol O f th e B ritis h A g e nt a n d Co n sul G e ne ra l S e v e ra l -

.

sul t a n s s u cc e e d e d o n e a n oth e r a n d di e d i n a fe w y e a rs a n d o n ,

th e occ a sio n o f th e l a st d e a t h ( 1 8 9 7 ) a p a l a c e re volt occurr e d ,

occ a sio ne d by a dis a pp oi n t e d cl a im a n t to th e thro n e T his .

r e volt how e v e r wa s r e a lly a p re m a tur e outbr e a k o n th e p a rt o f

, ,

th e A ra b p a rty w h o fra n kly dislik e d B ritis h i n t e rfe r e n c e whic h

,

e n t a il e d th e a b olitio n o f th e sl a v e tra d e a n d e v e n th e dis

a pp e a r a n c e O f sl a v e ry a n d w e re su ffici e n tly foolis h to i m a gi n e
,

th a t th e y we re stro ng e n ough to re sist us A fe w h ours .

’

bom b a rd m e n t o f th e S ul t a n s h e a d q u a rt e rs qu e ll e d th is r e
’
-

b e llio n S i n c e th a t tim e by d e gr e e s a n d wit h a wis e syst e m

.
, ,

1 6
2 4 2 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R XII .

o fgra d a tio n sl a v e ry is b e i ng a bolis h e d a nd will soo n c e a s e to

, ,

e xist a s a r e cog n i z e d s t a tus .

O n th e m a i n l a n d th e Ea st A fric a n Comp a n y co nti n u e d to

rul e till 1 8 9 4 wh e n i t wa s bough t o u t by th e S ult a n o f Z an
,

z ib a r whos e di re ct rul e ov e r B ri tis h E a st A fric a a s fa r a s th e

, ,

b o rd e rs of th e Ug a nd a Prot e cto ra t e wa s r e sto re d u nd e r B ritis h

,

o ffi ci a ls Th e o rga ni z a t i o n o f s o m e t h i ng lik e a civiliz e d a d

.

mi nis t ra tio n n a tu ra lly c a us e d r e v o l ts a mo n g th e A ra b p a r ty ;

fo r o n th e Momb a s a co a st w e r e chi e fta i n s wh o c a m e o f a n o l d
A ra b stock s e t tl e d i n E a s t A fr ic a fo r m a n y c e n turi e s
, Th e se .

p e opl e u nd e r th e l e a d e r ship o f S u lt a n Mb a ru k w e re c o n
,
‘ ’
,

s ta n tly a t wa r with th e S ul ta n o f Z a n z ib a r b e for e th e e st a blis h

m e n t of th e Bri t ish p ro t e ctora t e T h e y n o w ros e a ga i n st

.

British a dmi ni st ra t io n b u t w e r e th o roughly subdu e d by th e

,

i n tr o duc t i o n o f I ndi a n t r oop s wh o h a v e prov e d a s s a tisfa ctory

,

a nd a s us e ful i n B ri t is h Ea st A fric a a n d i n Ug a n d a a s i n
B rit is h C e n tra l A fric a .
 C H A PT E R XI II .

T HE I T AL I A N S IN AF R IC A .

TH E p a rt pl a y e d by I t a ly i n th e op e n i ng up of A frica a ft e r
th e wipi n g out Of R o m a n civili z a tio n i n t h a t co n ti n e n t by th e

A ra b i n v a si o n wa s r e m a rk a bl e ; i t wa s n o t h o we v e r a p a rt
, ,

a ttribut a bl e t o I ta ly a s a wh ol e but to som e o f h e r comp o n e n t

,

s t a t e s T h e li t t l e p r i n ci p a li t y o f A m a lfi h a d e a rly d e a li ngs
.

wit h th e S a ra c e n s a nd impor te d from th e m som e k n o wl e dg e o f

,

th e n e w n a vig a tio n a nd o f th a t n e w g roup o f fruit tr e e s —th e

,

o ra ng e fa mily— w h ic h wa s to find a s e co n d h om e i n I t a ly .

Pis a G e n o a a n d V e n ic e a lt e rna t e ly wa rr e d a nd tra d e d wit h

, ,

th e n o r t h o f A fric a . Pis a i n t rod u c e d c a m e ls i n to I ta ly i n 1 6 2 2 ,

a n d N a pl e s o b t a i n e d from Egypt th e dom e stic I n di a n bu f fa lo

e a rli e r s t ill
,
p e r h a ps i n th e 1 3 th c e n tury S icily wa s fi na lly
.

co n qu e r e d by th e S a ra c e n s i n 8 3 2 A D a nd Sa rdi n i a from 7 1 2
. .

b e c a m e i n t e rmitt e ntly a S a r a c e n p oss e ssio n fo r fiv e c e n turi e s

u ntil i t wa s d e fi n it e ly r e scu e d by th e A r a go n e s e C o ns e .

qu e n tly S ici li a n a nd S a rdi n i a n r e n e ga d e s figur e l a rg e ly i n th e

h is t ory o f T u n i s T ripoli a n d A lg e ri a B ut th e two st a t e s
, ,
.

whic h b e fo re th e Portugu e s e e ra s h a r e d m ost p r om i n e ntly i n

th e comm e rc e of N orth A fric a w e r e G e n o a a n d Ve n ic e G e noa .

h a d m os t to do wi t h th e T u n i s lit tor a l : s h e h a d i n t e rmi tt e n t

e st a b l is h m e n ts a t T a b a rk a a n d B o ne b e sid es occ a sio na lly
,

h oldi ng M e hdi a o n th e co a st o f T u n is V e n ic e cultiva t e d a

.

fri e n dship with Egyp t du ri ng a n d a ft e r th e Crus a d e s a nd i n ,

t h is way obt a i n e d con t rol ov e r th e I n di a n tra d e u n til th e ,

1 6—2
2 44 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C H A R

Po r t ug u e s e di scov e r e d a n d utili z e d th e C a p e r out e T h e n th e .

i n t e r e s t o f I t a ly i n A fric a w a n e d a nd v a n ish e d F o r s e v e ra l .

c e n turi e s N a pl e s a n d S a rdi n i a submi t t e d t o b e h a rri e d by

M oorish pi ra t e s without m a ki ng a ny b u t th e most fe e bl e
r e p ris a ls .

U n ifi e d I t a ly h ow e v e r b e ga n to a ss e r t h e rs e lf a t first i n
, , ,

T u n is D u ri n g th e 6 o s o f t h is c e n t ury th e a ffa i r s o f T u n is
.
’ ’
,

i nst e a d of b e i n g d e b a t e d b e tw e e n Fr a n c e a n d E n gl a n d w e r e ,

submitt e d to th e co n sid e ra tio n o f a t hi rd p ow e r th e K i n g ,

d om o f I t a ly ; a n d a t th e clos e of th e 6 o s a t ripl e co n t rol’ ’

o f th e s e t hr e e p o w e rs h a d b e e n e s t a b lis h e d ov e r i t s fi n a n c e s .

T h e n E n gl a n d c e a s e d t o cl a im a d e cisiv e voi c e i n th e co n t rol

of t hi s tott e ri n g T urkish r e g e n cy a n d F ra n c e a n d I t a ly w e r e
,

l e ft fa c e to fa c e I t a ly h a d t o giv e w a y S h e h a d h ow e v e r
. .
, ,

for som e tim e b e e n cul t iv a ti ng a n i n t e re st i n T ripoli wh e r e ,

s h e h a d e st a b lish e d a s i n T u n is a n d Egypt R o y a l sch ools

”
, ,

fo r th e g ra tuitous t e a ch i n g o f I t a li a n ; b u t a too vivid disp l a y

of h e r i nt e r e st i n th e a ffa irs o f T r ipoli a ft e r th e F re n c h oc e n
p a t io u of T u n is c a us e d th e S ul t a n of T u rk e y to r e i n forc e h i s
g a rri so n t h e r e b y soldi e r s a n d I t a ly d e cid e d th a t th e
,

t im e w a s no t n o w I t a li a n i n fl u e n c e o f a m o re o r l e ss L e va n
.

ti n e d e n a t i o n a li z e d s t a m p b e c a m e w e ll e s t a blish e d i n Egypt
,

b e fo re th e E nglis h o ccup a t io n a n d h a d t o a g re a t e x t e n t re
,

p l a c e d t h a t o f F ra n c e th e I t a li a n l a n gu a g e b e i ng e mpl o y e d
,

a s a ki n d o f Li n g u a Fr a n c a Th e pr e s e n t w ri t e r c a n r e m e mb e r
.

wh e n first v isi t i n g Egyp t i n 1 8 8 4 t h a t m os t o f th e l e t t e r b ox e s -

—
a t th e p o s t o ffic e s h a d o n t h e m
“
Buc a p e r l e l e tt re whil e ,
”

I t a li a n w as much b e t t e r u n d e r s t ood i n th e t ow n s th a n Fr e n ch ,

E nglish of cou rs e n o t b e i ng u n de r s t o o d a t a ll a t t h a t tim e .

S o th a t if it b e t r u e th a t Mr Gl a dsto n e i n 1 8 8 2 i n vi t e d I t a ly
t o t a k e th e pl a c e o f F ra nc e i n a d u a l co n t rol wi t h E ngl a n d
ov e r Egyp t th e p r op os a l a t th e tim e it wa s m a d e wa s n o t
,

such a p re p o st e rous o n e a s i t might n o w a pp e a r .

S o fa r b a ck a s 1 8 7 0 I t a ly h a d c a st a n e ye ov e r A byssi n i a ,

a n d h a d purc h a s e d a sm a ll si t e o n A ss a b Ba
y a s a co a li n g
X ML ] Th e I ta li a n s i n A fr i c a . 2 4 5

s t a ti o n A ss a b Ba y i n th e R e d S e a w a s o n th e i nh ospi ta b l e
.
, , ,

o w n e rl e ss D a na kil co a st n o t fa r from th e S t r a its o f Ba b e l

,
-

M a n d e b I n 1 8 7 5 th e suspiciou s m ov e m e n ts o f I t a li a n s h ip s
.

a bo u t S o kot ra oblig e d E n gl a n d t o t a k e t h a t i sl a n d u n d e r h e r

pro t e ctio n Fro m 1 8 7 0 o n w a rds I t a li a n mi ssio na ri e s a n d

.

I t a li a n t r a v e ll e rs h a d b e gu n to m ov e a bou t t h is co a st a n d to ,

e xpl o r e th e south o f A byssi n i a I n 1 8 8 0 th e I t a li a n Gov e r n

.

m e n t r e viv e d its cl a i m t o A ss a b Ba y b u t did n o t t a k e a ctu a l

,

p oss e ssio n Of it u n ti l J uly 1 8 8 2 w h e n th e bomb a rdm e n t o f

,

A l e x a n d r i a h a d a w a k e n e d Eu r op e t o th e a ppr e h e n sio n o f a
gr e a t ch a n g e i n Egypti a n a ffa i rs A n a crimo n ious cor re
.

s p o n de n c e took pl a c e b e tw e e n I ta ly E g yp t a nd T urk e y , ,

r e g a rdi n g t h is cl a i m to A ss a b Ba y ; b u t I t a ly r e c e iv e d th e
ta ci t s u pp o rt of E ngl a nd a n d w h e n th e Egyp ti a n h old ov e r
,

th e S u da n crumbl e d th e I t a li a n s ra pi dly e x t e n d e d t h e ir o c c u
,

p a ti o n n or t h a n d south u n til I t a li a n i n flu e n c e wa s co n t e r
,

mi n ou s o n th e sout h wi t h th e Fr e n c h t e rritory o f O b ok ( a n d
co n s e qu e n tly opposit e th e S t r a it s of Ba b e l M a nd e b ) a nd o n - -
,

th e n or th r e a ch e d to R a s K a s a r som e 1 0 0 mil e s south e a st o f

,
-

S u a ki m . I n t h i s m a nn e r I t a ly a cquir e d a bou t 6 5 0 mil e s o f

R e d S e a co a st i n cludi n g th e a n ci e n t a n d im p o r t a n t port o f
,

M a s a wa T his co a st i n its p re s e nt co n ditio n o f st e rility would

.

b e o f littl e v a lu e did i t n o t comm a n d th e e a si e st a n d n e a r e st

a ppro a c h e s to A byssi n i a I n o n e p a rt o f th e co a st th e n a tiv e s
.

a re p ra ctic a lly of A byssi n i a n stock a n d A byssi n i a h a s c o n

,

s ta n tl y striv e n t h r ough c e n t u ri e s t o m a i n t a i n h e r h old o n th e

s e a bo a rd but h a s a l wa ys b e e n d r iv e n b a ck to h e r m ou n t a i n s
,

by m a ritim e ra c e s such a s th e Gr e e ks Rom a n s A ra bs a nd

, , , ,

T u rks . S e e i ng I t a ly s t e p i n a ft e r th e dow n fa ll o f Egypt to

r e pl a c e t h a t pow e r i n M a s a wa a n d e ls e wh e r e Ki ng J oh n o f ,

A byssi n i a s o o n fe ll o u t with th e I t a li a n s T h e I t a li a n s h a d .

Occupi e d a n i n l a n d tow n c a ll e d S a b a ti form e rly a n Egyp ti a n ,

stro ng h old R a s A lul a a n A byssi n i a n g e ne r a l wit h

.
, ,

m e n a tt a ck e d 4 5 0 I t a li a n troops o n th e ir w a y to S a h a ti a nd , ,

a s m a y b e im a gi n e d m a ss a c re d n e a rly a ll o f t h e m I t a ly fe lt
,
.
2 46 Th e C o lo n i z a ti o n f A fr i c a
o .
[C HA R

her h o n our a t st a k e a n d i n spit e o f th e e xp e n s e would h a v e

, ,

b e e n o blige d to comm e n c e a n A byssi n i a n wa r bu t fo r th e go o d

of fi c e s o f th e B ri t is h Go v e rn m e n t Lo rd S a li s b u ry s e n t Mr
.
,

a ft e rw a rds S i r G e ra ld Port a l o n a missio n t o A byssi n i a w h ich

, ,

h a d th e e ffe ct of a rra n gi n g a t e mp o ra ry p e a c e b e tw e e n th e
I t a li a n s a n d Ki n g J oh n S ho r tly a ft e rw a r ds Ki ng J o h n o f
.

A byssi n i a a dv a n c e d a g a i n st th e M a hdists a n d w a s kill e d i n ,

b a ttl e I t a ly t h e n occupi e d th e posts o f K e r e n a nd A sm a ra

.
,

which g a v e h e r co n tr o l ov e r th e mou n t a i n ro a ds of A b yssi n i a .

S h e h a d pr e viously m a i n t a i ne d a gr e a t fri e n dli n e ss wi t h

M e n e lik th e v a ss a l ki n g o f S h o a A byssi n i a prop e r m ay b e
,
.

s a id to b e divid e d i n t o th re e pri n cip a l districts whic h som e ,

tim e s b e com e s e mi i n d e p e nd e n t s a t ra pi e s o r ki ngdom s— T igr e

-

o n th e n o r th ,
A m h a ra i n th e c e n tr e a n d S ho a to th e sout h
, , .

W h e n Ki ng J o h n o f A b yssi n i a di e d M e n e lik a s th e s t ro ng e st, ,

o f hi s v a ss a ls s e i z e d som e wh a t ill e g a lly th e A byssi n i a n Empi r e

, .

A l tho u g h n o w vi e wi n g th e I t a li a n s i n a m o r e suspicio u s
m a nne r h e n e v e r t h e l e ss co n clud e d a tr e a ty w ith t h e m which
, ,

e n a bl e d him to n e goti a t e a lo a n a n d t o Ob t a i n a l a rg e qu a n tity

o f w a r m a t e ri a l b ut co n t a i n e d a cl a us e o f
,
mutu a l prot e ctio n .

T h e I t a li a n p r o t e c t o ra t e ov e r A byssi n i a w a s r e cog n i z e d by
E n gl a n d a n d by G e rm a n y but n o t b y F ra n c e o r Russi a I n
, .

ord e r to a n n oy I t a ly a s a m e mb e r o f th e T r ipl e A lli a n c e ,

Fr a nc e a n d R u ssi a comm e n c e d e n coura gi ng M e n e lik to a

r e pudi a tio n o f th e I t a li a n pr o t e c t o ra t e a nd s u ppli e d him wit h ,

qu a n titi e s o f a rm s a n d a mmu n itio n R ussi a i n d e e d for y e a rs

.
, ,

p a st h a d sh ow n a disp ositio n to co n c e r n h e rs e lf a bou t A byssi ni a

o n th e pr e t e xt t h a t th e G re e k C h risti a n i t y o f t h a t cou n t ry
li nk e d i t sp e ci a lly to R ussi a S h e s e n t n um e ro u s sci e n t ific
.

e xp e ditio n s t h i t h e r a n d a lso a p a r ty o f C oss a ck m o n ks to

,
-

s t imul a t e A byssi n i a n C h ri s ti a n ity O n o n e occa sio n t h e s e

.

C oss a ck mo nk s e v e n w e n t t o th e l e ngt h o f s e i z i ng a p ort o n

-

th e Fr e n c h co a st n e a r O bok
,
T his wa s too muc h e v e n for
.
,

th e Fr e nch , a n d forc e wa s us e d to e xp e l t h e s e trucul e n t

missio na ri e s .
x1 1 1 .
] Th e I ta l i a ns i n A fr i c a . 2 47

In M a rc h 1 8 9 1 wit h a V i e w to r e gul a ti n g futur e a ctio n o n

,

th e p a rt o f I t a ly E ngl a n d h a d e n t e r e d i n to a n a gr e e m e n t
,

d e limi t i ng th e r e sp e c t iv e sp h e r e s o f Britis h a n d I t a li an i n t e r e sts

i n E a st A fric a a n d by t h is a gr e e m e n t I t a ly w a s p e rm itt e d if
, ,

s h e fou n d it ne c e ss a ry fo r milit a ry purp os e s to occupy th e ,

a b a n do n e d p os t of K a s a l a th e n i n th e h a n ds o f th e D e rvis h e s )
( ,

o n th e fr o n ti e rs o f th e Egypti a n S ud a n A ccordi n gly t h is p ost

.

w a s occup i e d by I t a ly i n 1 8 9 4 I n th e b e gi n n i n g o f 1 8 9 5 th e
.
,

I t a l i a n forc e s b e i n g a g a i n a tt a ck e d by th e A byssi n i a n s th e ,

wa r w a s c a rri e d i n to th e e n e my s cou n try a n d a ft e r s e v e r a l

’
,

s a n gui na ry d e fe a ts h a d b e e n i n flict e d o n th e A b yssi n i a n s th e ,

g re a t e r p a r t o f th e T igr e Provi n c e w a s occupi e d M e ne lik .

,

wh os e a dmi ni stra tiv e c a p it a l s t ill r e m a i ne d a t A dis A b e b a i n

S h o a org a n i z e d a v a st a rmy a n d pr e p a r e d to d e fe n d h is
, ,

ki n gdom I n th e e a rly spri ng Of 1 8 9 6 G e n e r a l Ba ra ti e ri ( i n

.

fe a r l e st h e migh t b e sup e rs e d e d a n d wit hout w a iti n g for

,

s u fli c i e n t r e i nforc e m e n ts ) a ss u m e d th e Offe n siv e a g a i n s t th e

A byssi n i a n s i n th e vici n i ty of A du a wit h th e r e sult t h a t h e
,

sus t a i n e d a t e rribl e r e v e rs e N e a rly h a lf th e I t a li a n a rmy wa s

.

kill e d a nd of th e r e m a i n d e r m a n y p riso ne rs w e r e t a k e n T h is
, .

wa s a t e rri bl e blow to I t a ly a n d i ts e ffe cts o n Europ e a n p olitics

,

w e r e fa r r e a c h i n g A l l t h o u g h t o f a n I t a li a n p rot e c t o ra t e ov e r
-
.

A byssi n i a wa s a t a n e n d a p ositio n fr a nkly r e cogn i z e d b y I t a ly

,

i n h e r subs e qu e n t t re a ty o f p e a c e with M e n e lik S h e h a d lost .

“
but littl e o f h e r ori g i na l colo n y o f Eritr e a bu t Eritr e a i s o f ,
”

sm a ll v a lu e e xc e pt a s th e st e ppi n g sto n e to A byssi n i a T h e

-
.

Fr e n c h a n d Russi a n s w e re triump h a n t a n d Fr e n c h a dul a t io n,

o f th e Emp e ror M e n e lik wa s sc a rc e ly wort h y o f a n a t io n i n th e

h ig h posi t i o n o f Fr a n c e A Bri ti s h missio n wa s s e n t i n 1 8 9 7

.

t o op e n up fri e n dly r e l a tio n s wi t h A byssi n i a a n d to e s ta b lish ,

a politic a l a g e n cy a t th e ki n g s court T h e tr e a t y co n clud e d

’
.

s e e m e d a t fi rst sight n o t wholly s a tisfa ctory to Bri t is h i nt e r e sts ,

a s it yi e ld e d a sm a ll portio n o f S om a lil a n d to A byssi n i a a n d ,

did n o t provid e for a ny d e limit a tio n o f A byssi n i a n bou n d a ri e s

o n th e w e st ; but a pp a r e n tly th e r e w e r e ot h e r cl a us e s n o t m a d e
2 48 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n o f A fr i c a .
[C HA R x1 1 1 .

public w h ic h su b s e qu e ntly e n sur e d th e fri e ndly n e ut ra lity o f

M e n e lik duri ng th e Kh a rtum c a mp a ig n It i s p o ssibl e o f
.
,

cours e t h a t urg e d o n by Eu r op e a n p ow e rs h ostil e to E n gl a n d

, ,

Me n e lik m a y m a k e a b i d fo r domi n io n i n th e N il e va ll e y ; b ut
if h e m e a su re s his fo rc e s a ga i n s t t h os e of E n gl a n d h e m a y
r e c e iv e a r u d e a w a k e n i n g : h is a dvi s e r s s h o u ld r e m e m b e r
M a gd a l a.

Fi n di n g t h a t G e rm a ny did n o t i n t e n d t o p u s h cl a ims h a lf ,

d e v e lop e d to th e S o m a li co a s t I t a ly i n 1 8 89 b e g a n t o m a k e
, ,

tr e a ti e s i n th a t dir e c t io n a n d by th e e n d o f th a t y e ar h a d
,

a dv a n c e d a cl a i m o v e r th e w h ol e S om a l i co a s t fr om th e w e st

sid e of C a p e G u ard a fui to th e m ou t h o f th e r iv e r J u b a cl a im ,

s ubs e qu e n t ly co n fi rm e d by a gr e e m e n ts wi t h E n gl a n d a n d with
th e S ul t a n o f Z a n z ib a r .I t a li a n e n t e rp ri z e h a s l e d to a gr e a t
d e a l of g e og ra phic a l discov e ry n e a r th e J u b Riv e r a n d th e
We b b e S h e b e i li a n e cc e n t ric st re a m w h ich a ft e r a rr ivi ng wi th
, ,

i n a fe w m il e s o f th e s e a a n d m e a n d e ri n g a lo n g p a r a ll e l with
th e co a st los e s i ts e lf i n a s a n dy d e s e r t n e a r th e m outh of th e
,

J ub Riv e r S e v e r a l I t a li a n e xp e di t io n s h a v e com e to g ri e f i n
.

t h e s e S om a li a nd G a ll a co u n t ri e s b u t I t a ly s t ill h o lds o n a n d
, ,

d e s e rv e s t o succ e e d i n th e lo n g ru n A n I t a li a n comm e rci a l

.

comp a n y h a s b e e n fo u n d e d t o d e a l wi t h th e e xploit a tio n o f

th e Be n a di r c o a s t — o n c e i n th e h a n ds of th e S ul t a n of Z a n z i

b a r— wh e re t h e re is s t ill som e lucr a tiv e tr a d e to b e do n e i n

p rodu cts o f th e i n t e rior Bu t I t a ly will n e v e r p r osp e r i n th i s
.

E a s t A fric a n p oss e ssio n u n til s h e com e s to a n a gr e e m e n t

wi th F ra n c e a s to th e i nl an d bou n d a ry o f O bok I f this .

w e r e s e t tl e d wi t h a fa i r r e g a rd t o I t a li a n i n t e r e sts A byssi n i a
,

migh t b e l e ft to i t s o wn d e v ic e s a n d i n th e rich G a ll a cou n t r i e s

,

a t th e h e a d w a t e rs o f th e W e bb e S h e b e i l i a n d th e J u b I t a ly

would find a c o u n try w e ll w o rt h d e v e lopi n g a n d fa irly h e a lthy

,

fo r s e ttl e m e n t
.
 C H A PT E R X I V

G E R MA N A F R I C A .

G ER MAN s e ttl e m e n t i n A frica is n o t a ltog e th e r th e outcom e

o f th e scr a mbl e for A fr ic a i n 1 8 8 4 G e rm a n s e ttl e m e n t s o n
th e co a st o f A fric a e xist e d 2 0 0 y e a rs a g o a n d P r ussi a n o r ,

G e rm a n p rot e cto ra t e s i n A fric a w e r e discuss e d duri ng th e

6 o s o f t hi s c e n tury S hip s fr om th e M a rk of B ra n d e n bu r g
’ ’
.

( th e moth e r o f th e P r ussi a n m o na rchy ) or a t a ny ra t e b e , ,

l o n gi ng to Bra n d e n burg ow n e rs stol e out o f th e B a ltic a nd

,

took a p a rt i n th e W e s t A frica n t ra d e i n sl a v e s a nd gold

wh e n Ch a rl e s I I wa s ki n g o f E ngl a n d T h e s e s h ip s w e r e
.

muc h h a ra ss e d by th e Fr e n c h Po r tugu e s e a nd D utch b ut

, , ,

th e Bra n d e n burg e r s tog e t h e r wit h th e Prussi a n Comp a n y o f

,

Emd e n m a na g e d to e s t a b lis h a foot h ol d a t th e clos e o f th e

‘
,

1 7 th c e n tu ry o n th e Gold Co a st wh e r e th e y h e ld for a
,

tim e Gro s s fri e dri c k s b u rg a nd T a kra na T h e littl e i sl a n d o f

.

A r gui n n e a r C a p e B l a n co O ff th e S e n e g a l co a st wa s bough t
, ,

by Fr e d e ric Willi a m ( th e Gr e a t El e ctor o f Br a nd e n bu rg ) from

th e D utch a n d wa s h e ld fo r som e y e a r s
, T h e B ra n d e n burg
.

A fr ic a n Comp a ny wa s d e fi n it e ly fou n d e d i n 1 6 8 1 b ut by 1 7 2 0 ,

t h e s e Nor th G e rm a n s distra ct e d b y qu a rr e ls a t h om e h a d
, ,

a b a n do n e d t h e ir W e st A fric a n e n t e rpris e .

D uri n g th e 4 o s o f th e pr e s e n t c e n t ury som e co n sid e r a ti o n

’ ’

1
E a st F ri e s l a nd.
2 50 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R

wa s giv e n i n Ge rm a n y to th e qu e stio n o f colon i z a tio n but ,

a tt e n tio n wa s di r e ct e d to u n occup i e d t e rritori e s i n A m e ric a ,

a nd n o t hi n g wa s s a id a bout A fric a B e tw e e n 1 8 6 0 a nd 1 8 6 5
.
,

a H a n ov e r i a n B a r o n V o n de r D e ck e n w as e xplori n g Kilim a
, ,

nja ro a n d th e E a st co a st o f A fric a I t b e g a n to d a w n o n h im
th a t Z a nz ib a r a n d th e Z a nz i b a r co a st would fo rm a l e gitim a t e
fi e l d fo r G e rm a n e n t e rpris e s e ttl e m e n t a nd colo n i z a tio n
, , ,

e sp e ci a lly a ft e r th e op e n i n g of th e S u e z C a na l B ut a ltho u g h
.
”

Vo n de r D e ck e n wa s kill e d o n th e J ub R iv e r i n 1 8 6 5 h e ,

t r a n smitt e d h is Op i n io n s to O tto K e rs t e n wh o wro t e a n a rticl e

,

i n 1 8 6 7 st a t i n g th a t V o n de r D e ck e n h a d h a d id e a s o f buyi n g
,

M om b a s a from th e S ult a n o f Z a n z ib a r i n ord e r to fou n d a

G e rm a n s e ttl e m e n t By t h i s tim e H a mburg m e rch a n t s h a d
.

e s t a blish e d a flo u r is h i n g t ra d e a t Z a n z ib a r a n d u n til 1 8 8 5 th e
,

G e rm a n r e p re s e n t a t iv e a t th a t pl a c e wa s a lm ost i nv a ri a bly a
H a mburg m a n ; i n d e e d b e for e th e u n ifica tio n o f th e G e rm a n
Empir e t h e r e w a s a H a mb u rg ( H a n s e a tic ) co n sul a t Z a nz i b a r
r a t h e r th a n a G e rm a n re p re s e n t a tiv e U n til th e d e li b e r a t e
.

i n t e rv e n tio n of G e rm a ny o n th e E a st co a st o f A frica th e s e ,

H a n s e a tic m e rch a n ts pra ctic a lly pl a c e d t h e ms e lv e s u n d e r

Britis h prot e ctio n .

I n 1 8 7 8 th e G e r m a n A fric a n S oci e ty o f B e rli n wa s fou n d e d

a s a b r a n c h o f th e I n t e r n a ti o n a l A fric a n A ssoci a tio n I t ah .

sor b e d two simil a r soci e t i e s d e a li ng wit h A fric a m or e fro m a

g e ogr a p h ic a l p oi n t o f vi e w G e rm a n i n t e r na t io n a l st a tio n s
.
‘ ’

w e r e fou n d e d b e tw e e n Z a nz ib a r a nd T a nga nyik a a n d G e r m a n ,

e xplor e r s m a d e a c a r e ful e x a mi n a tio n o f th e cou n try rou n d

L a k e Mw e ru a n d th e riv e r Lu a l a b a
,
O t h e r G e rm a n e x
.

Wissm a mo n gst th e ir n umb e r) e x a mi n e d

p l o r e r s ( a n n th e
sout h e r n h a lf o f th e Co ngo Fr e e S t a t e a n d w h e n th e p r e s e n t
,

w ri te r visit e d th e Co ngo i n 1 8 8 2 —3 th e G e rm a n e xplor e rs ,

n omi n a lly i n th e s e r vic e of th e Ki n g o f th e B e lgi a n s m a d e n o ,

s e cr e t o f th e de sir e o f G e rm a ny to a cq u ir e co n trol ov e r th e
Upp e r C o ngo T his n o dou b t wa s o ne r e a so n w h y B ism a rck
.
, ,

opp os e d th e A n glo Portugu e s e tr e a t y o f 1 8 8 3 —4

-
But w h e n .
 x1 v .
] Ge r m a n A fr i c a . 2 51

th e co n fe r e n c e h e h a d n e go t i a t e d w a s b rought a bout h e fe lt
th a t Fr e n ch a n d B e lgi a n opposi tio n u n it e d a n d th e utt e r
a bs e n c e o f G e rm a n cl a im s m a d e a G e rm a n Co n go S t a t e i m

p ossibl e T h e e n e rgi e s o f G e rm a n y w e re t h e n dir e ct e d towa rds

.

th e Nig e r but h e r e th e y w e re t h w a rt e d by th e N a t io n a l A fric a n

, ,

a fte rw a rds th e Roy a l N ig e r C om p a n y .

I n 1 8 8 2 th e G e rm a n Colo n i a l S oci e ty wa s fou n d e d a t

Fr an kfo rt a nd m e t wi th e n t h u si a stic s u pp ort .

6 o s a n d 7 o s G e r m a n P r ot e st a n t m i s
’ ’ ’ ’ ’
I n th e
’

5o s , , ,

s i o n a ri e s h a d e st a bli sh e d th e m s e lv e s i n D a m a r a l a n d a n d
N a m a kwal a n d i n S out h W e st A fric a I n 1 8 6 4 som e o f t h e s e
,
-
.

m issio n a ri e s bough t th e e st a t e s o f th e Wa lfis h Ba y Copp e r

C omp a ny to th e n o rth e a st of Wa l fis h Ba y a nd h e re th e y
,
-

h ois t e d th e G e rm a n fl a g A s e a rly a s 1 8 7 7 S i r B a r t l e Fr e r e
.

b e g a n to r e ga rd th e p r oc e e di ngs o f th e G e rm a n m issi o n
a ri e s wit h s u spici o n a nd t o comb a t t h e i r a ctio n propos e d
,

a ddi n g D a m a ra l a n d to th e S ou th A fri c a n Empi r e Bu t th e .

B riti s h Gov e rnm e n t would o n ly p e rmit th e a nn e x a tio n o f

Wa lfis h Ba y A bout 1 8 8 0 th e G e rm a n m issi o n a ri e s r e n e w e d
.

t h e i r compl a i n ts a s to th e tr e a tm e n t th e y suffe r e d a t th e h a n ds
o f th e n a tiv e s a n d th e l a ck of prot e ctio n th e y r e c e iv e d from

th e Bri t is h a u thoriti e s Pri n c e B ism a rck took u p th e s e cl a im s

.
,

a n d a sk e d th e B r itis h Gov e rn m e n t w h e t h e r i t wa s pr e p a r e d to

prot e c t Europ e a n s i n D a m a ra l a n d a n d th e N a m a kwa cou n try .

Lord G ra n vill e r e pudi a t e d a ny r e sp o n sibili ty outsid e Wa l fis h

Ba y a n d i n form e d th e Gov e r n or o f th e C a p e th a t th e O ra ng e
,

R iv e r wa s th e n or th w e st e r n bo u n d a ry o f C a p e C olo ny
-
In .

1 8 8 1 th e G e rm a n missio n a ri e s a sk e d for a gu n bo a t to p ro t e ct

t h e ir i n t e re sts o n th e N a m a kw a co a st T h e For e ign O ffic e .

w a s co n sult e d a n d a g a i n r e pudi a t e d a n y Briti s h cl a i ms to this

,

t e rritory outsid e Wa lfis h Ba y A t th e b e gi nn i n g o f 1 8 8 3 H e rr

.

L ii de ri tz o f Br e m e n a cti n g p o ss i b l y u n de r th e i n sp ir a tio n o f
,

th e G e rm a n Colo n i a l S oci e t y a sk e d th e G e rm a n Gov e r n m e n t

,

wh e th e r h e would r e c e iv e G e rm a n prot e c t io n if h e a cqui re d

t e rritori e s i n S ou th We st A frica -
H e r e c e iv e d a gu a rd e d
.
2 52 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n o f A fr i c a .
[C H A R

co n s e n t ( a ft e r th e G e rm a n Fo r e ig n O ffi c e h a d a ga i n co n sult e d
th e Britis h Gov e rn m e n t a n d r e c e i v e d a v a gu e r e ply n A pril
) I .

1 88
3 th e a g e n ts o f H e rr L ii de ri tz w e n t wi t h a G e rm a n s h ip t o
th e Ba y of A ngr a P e qu e n a 1
5 0 mil e s n orth of th e O ra n ge
,

Riv e r . T h e G e rm a n s l a n d e d t h e re a n d m a rch e d i n l a nd
,

1 0 0 mil e s t o th e G e rm a n mi ssi o n st a tio n o f B e th a ny T h e .

H o t t e n t ot ch i e f of th a t dis tric t sold t o th e s e a g e n ts of H e r r

L ii de ri tz a pi e c e o f l a n d 2 4 mil e s lo n g a n d 1 0 mil e s b ro a d ,

wi t h th a t br e a d t h o f fro n t a g e o n th e Bay o f A n gra P e qu e na ,

i n cludi n g a l l sov e r e ig n rights O n th e z u d of Ma y 1 8 8 3

.
, ,

th e G e rm a n fl a
g w a s hoist e d o n th e sh or e of A n gr a P e q u e na
Ba y ov e r th e fi r s t G e rm a n colo n y Wh e n th e n e ws re a ch e d
.

th e C a p e a n E n glish gu n bo a t th e Bo a dic e a w e n t t o A n gra

, , ,

P e qu e na a n d w a s m e t a t t h a t pl a c e b y a G e r m a n gu n b o a t
, ,

wh os e c o mm a n d e r i n fo rm e d th e c a p ta i n o f th e B o a di ce a t h a t
h e w a s i n G e r m a n w a t e rs a n d co u ld e x e r cis e n o a ut h ori t y
,

th e r e Bu t n e a rl y fiv e mo n t hs h a d a pp a re n tly e l a p s e d b e
.

t we e n th e h o is t i n g o f th e G e r m a n fl a g a t A ng ra P e qu e n a a n d
t h i s vi sit o f th e B ri t ish w a r sh i p a n d d u ri n g th a t p e riod no
,

a c t io n h a d b e e n t a k e n i n E n gl a n d Nor i n de e d could a ny
.
, ,

a ctio n h a v e b e e n t a k e n a ft e r th e e xplici t m a nn e r i n wh ic h
bot h Lord Be a c o n s fie l d s a n d Mr Gl a ds t o n e s Gov e r nm e n ts
’ ’

h a d dis a vow e d a n y B r i t is h cl a im s t o th e co a s t o f S o u t h We s t -

A fr ic a T o o l a t e Lo rd G ra n vill e i n fo r m e d P r i n c e Bism a rck

.
,

“
t h a t a ny cl a im o f s o ve r e ig n t y o r j urisdi ctio n o n th e p a rt o f a
fo r e ig n p ow e r ov e r a ny p a rt of th e co a s t b e t w e e n th e Po r t u
u e s e b o u n d a r y a n d th e O r a n g e Riv e r wo u ld b e r e g a rd e d a s
g
a n e n c r o a chm e n t o n th e l e gi tim a te rig ht s o f C a p e C olo ny
”
.

Ev e n th e n G e rm a n y did n o t proc e e d to imm e di a t e a c tio n but ,

r e p e a t e dly pr e ss e d th e qu e sti o n w h e t h e r E n gl a n d did or did

n o t i n t e n d to t a k e up o n h e r s e l f th e a dmi n istr a tio n o f t h is

D a m a ra co a s t T h e B r itish G ov e rn m e n t sough t t o e va d e a
.

di re ct r e ply by co n s u l t i n g th e C a p e Gov e rn m e nt N 0 a n sw e r .

wa s r e turn e d by th e l a t te r till Ma y 1 8 8 4 w h e n th e C a p e ,

o ffe r e d to t a k e ov e r th e co ntrol of th e whol e co a st up to

x1 v .
] Ge r m a n A fr i c a . 2 53

Wa lfis h Ba y B ut i n A pril G e rm a n y h a d m a d e a st a t e m e n t
.

t h a t s h e would n o t r e cog n i z e B ritis h p rot e ctio n ov e r t h is co a st ,

a n d o n th e 2 1 s t o f J u n e s h e s e cur e d from E n gl a n d a r e c o g

n i ti o n o f a G e rm a n p r o t e c t o ra t e I f th e a ctio n o f th e B r itish
.

a u t h o r i t i e s w a s bl a m e w o rthy i n r e fusi n g to t a k e G e rm a n y
s e ri o u sly a n d i n pu z z li n g h e r by d e cli n i ng to p rocl a im a B ri t ish
,

p r o t e cto ra t e b e tw e e n th e O r a n g e Riv e r a n d th e Po r t ug u e s e
p oss e ssio n s th e b l a m e fa lls e qu a lly upo n th e C a p e P a rli a m e n t
,
.

I t wa s th e p a rsim o n y o f C a p e Colo n y w h ich fe a r e d to b e l e d

i n t o e xp e n s e coupl e d wit h th e sh ortsigh t e d n e ss o f th e E nglish
,

m i n i stry of th e da y whic h r e fu s e d t o b e li e v e i n th e possibi lity

o f G e rm a n y d e siri n g colo n i e s t h a t p e r mi tt e d G e rm a n y to e st a b
,

lis h h e rs e l f a s a S ou t h A fr ic a n p ow e r A s t o th e G e rm a n
.

Gov e r n m e n t i t b e h a v e d t h rough out wit h p e rfe ct corr e ct n e ss

,
‘
.
’

I t g a v e th e B ritis h Gov e r nm e n t a m pl e tim e a n d opp ortu n ity to

m a k e go o d a n y pr e c e di n g rig h ts .

G e rm a ny did n o t a c t h e r e a s s h e did i n th e C a m e roo n s ,

wh e r e s h e m e re ly i n form e d th e B ritish Gov e r n m e n t t h a t D r

N a chtiga l h a d b e e n commissio n e d by th e G e rm a n Gov e r nm e n t
t o vi sit th e W e s t co a st o f A fric a i n ord e r to r ep o r t o n th e s t a t e
o f G e r m a n com m e rc e a n d a sk e d t h a t h e m igh t b e fu rn ish e d
,

with r e com m e nd a tio n s t o th e Bri t is h a uth oriti e s i n W e st A fric a .

I t di d i t i s t ru e m e n tio n t h a t D r N a ch tig a l would c o n duct

, ,

n e go ti a ti o n s co nn e ct e d wit h c e r ta i n qu e stio n s b ut th e co n t e xt
,

impli e d th a t t h e s e qu e stio n s w e r e comm e rci a l m a t t e rs T h e re .

for e th e B ritis h Gov e r n m e n t w h ic h h a d a lr e a dy m a d e a rr a ng e

,

m e n t s for e s t a blish i ng a pro t e c t o ra t e ov e r th e w h ol e co a st

b e tw e e n L a go s a nd th e C a m e ro o n s did n o t c a us e Co n sul ,

H e w e tt to re tur n t o h is p o s t wi th a ny u n du e h u rry D r .

N a ch tig a l a r riv e d a t th e I l e s de Los o n th e No r th W e st co a st

,
-

of A fri c a o n th e I s t o f J u n e 1 8 8 4 wit h th e i n t e n t io n of t a ki n g
, , ,

u n d e r G e rm a n prot e ctio n th e Riv e r D u br e k a si tua t e d i n th e ,

district which th e F re n c h c a ll Rivi e r e s du S u d b u t a s t h e r e

‘

w a s som e dou b t a s to Fr e n c h cl a i m s n o th i n g furt h e r w a s do n e

a n d w h e n a ft e rw a rds th e G e rm a n fl a
a t th e tim e , g wa s h oist e d
2 54 Th e C o lo ni z a ti o n o f A fr i c a .
[C HA R

it wa s o nce r e m ov e d o n th e r e c e ip t o f a F re n c h prot e st
at .

O n th e sth o f July N a c h tig a l r e a ch e d a dis trict o n th e e a s t

o f th e E n glish Gold C o a st colo n y n o w k n ow n a s T ogol a n d , .

H e re a rra n ge m e n t s w e r e m a d e wi th th e n a t iv e chi e fs a nd th e
cou n try d e cl a r e d a G e r m a n pro t e ctora t e T h e n Dr N a c h tig a l .

st e a m e d rig h t a cross t o th e C a m e roo n s H e re h e w as j ust i n .

tim e T h e p ri n cip a l ch i e f Ki n g B e ll h a d b e e n w o n ov e r by
.
, ,

th e gift o f 1 0 0 0 t o sig n a t re a ty wi t h G e r m a n y T h e ot h e r .

chi e fs r e fus e d t o do so a n d B e ll hims e lf w a it e d fo r a w e e k t o

,

s e e if C o n sul H e w e tt would a rr iv e H ow e v e r wh e n th e C o n sul .

,

did com e o n th e 1 9th of J uly Ki n g B e ll h a d sig n e d th e t re a ty ,

a n d th e G e rm a n fl a g h a d b e e n hoi s t e d o v e r th e C a m e roo n s
Riv e r C o n sul H e w e t t wa s i n tim e to c a rry o u t th e re s t of his
.

p rog ra mm e a nd a s fa r a s a ctu a l t re a t y sig n i ng w e n t we h a d

,
-

o n ly lost a t i ny pi e c e of th e co a st li n e we h a d d e t e rmi n e d to
s e c u r e ; but i n o rd e r t h a t a g ru dgi ng spirit migh t n o t b e sh ow n
to G e r m a n y s h e wa s fi n a lly a llow e d to ta k e ov e r a ll th e C a m e

roo n s di s tri c tl
.

I n E a st A fric a G e rm a ny s pr o c e d u r e m a y b e summ a ri z e d
’

th us Cou n t Pfe il D r P e t e r s a n d Dr J ii h lke a rriv e d a t

.
, ,

Z a nz ib a r o n th e 4 th o f Nov e m b e r 1 8 8 4 a s d e ck p a ss e n g e rs , , ,

d re ss e d lik e m e c h a n ics O fli c i a lly di scou n t e na nc e d by th e

.

G e rm a n Co n sul t h e y n e v e rth e l e ss l e ft a t o n c e fo r th e i n t e rior

, ,

a n d o n th e 1 9 th o f N ov e m b e r th e first t r e a ty wa s sig n e d wit h

a n a t iv e chi e f a n d th e G e r m a n fl a g w a s h ois t e d i n Uz e u h a
, g .

Ev e n tu a lly o t h e r t re a ti e s w e re co n cl u d e d i n Nguru Us a g a r a , ,

Uk a m i a n d oth e r a dj oi n i n g cou n t ri e s w h ic h r e s u lt e d i n a
, ,

solid block o f squ a re mil e s b e i n g ost e n sibly s e c u re d o n

p a p e r D r P e t e r s h a st e ne d b a ck t o B e r li n a n d o n th e 1 2 th
.
,

o f F e bru a ry 1 88 5 h e h a d a lr e a dy fo u n d e d a G e rm a n E a s t
, ,

1 t e n s e g re t fo r s ch c o n c ssi o n s m y b e sp a re d w he n it is b o ne i n
In re u e a r

mi nd t h t th e U n it e d S t a t e s o f E u o p e ( s t he y w o u l d h ve b e c o m e i n a n
a r a a

A n ti B i tis h L e g e ) w o u ld h a rdl y h v e a ll o we d e ve n F e e t r de E ngla nd

-
r a u a r -
a

to a cq i re a l l th e c o a st l i n e o f th e D a k C o n ti n e n t
u r .
x 1v .
] Ge r m a n A fr i c a . 2 55

A fric a n Comp a n y to w h om h e tra n sfe rre d h is t re a ty righ ts

,
.

O n th e 2 7 th o f F e b ru a ry followi n g th e G e rm a n Emp e ror

issu e d a n o ffici a l n otic e o f th e e xt e n sio n o f h is p rot e ctio n t o
th e t e rritori e s a cq u i re d o r w h ic h migh t b e furt h e r a cqui re d
,
.

I n v a i n th e S ult a n o f Z a n z ib a r prot e st e d T h e British re p re .

s e n ta ti v e wa s i n s t ruct e d to s u pport G e rm a n cl a im s a n d e v e n t

u a lly it wa s d e cid e d th a t th e S ult a n o f Z a n z ib a r s a ut h ority

wa s t o b e limit e d to a t e rrito r y te n mi l e s b ro a d a lo n g th e
co a st b e tw e e n C a p e D e lg a d o a n d S om a lil an d .

I n Ma y 1 8 8 5 th e Fo re ig n O ffic e i n fo rm e d G e rm a n y t h a t
a Britis h comp a n y d e s i r e d to d e v e lop th e cou n try b e t we e n
th e Momb a s a co a st a n d th e Victo ri a Ny a n z a T h e fo u n .

d a t io n fo r this sch e m e wa s th e t re a ti e s whic h th e pr e s e n t

writ e r h a d co n clud e d o n or n e a r K ilim a nja ro i n th e p re -

c e di n g y e a r a n d wh ich a t th e d e sir e o f th e Fo re ig n O fli c e h a d
,

b e e n tr a n sfe rre d to th e l a t e Mr J a m e s H u tto n o f M a n c h e st e r .

T h e S ult a n o f Z a n z i b a r h ow e v e r r e fus e d to giv e i n e v e n t o

, , ,

B ritis h r e pr e s e nt a tio n s a nd m a d e s t r e n u o us e fforts to supp o r t

,

hi s cl a im s t o th e hi n t e rl a n d o f th e E a s t A fric a n co a st O n th e .

7 th o f A ug us t 1 8 8 5 a G e r m a n squ a dro n a n ch or e d i n fr o n t o f
, ,

Z a n z i b a r a nd d e liv e re d a n u ltim a tum T h e S ult a n bow e d t o .

th e i n e vit a bl e a n d r e cog ni z e d th e G e rm an t e r ri t ori a l cl a ims

, ,

i n cludi ng a prot e ctor a t e ov e r Witu a littl e p a tc h o f t e rritory ‘

,

n e a r th e T a n a Riv e r Gr a d u a lly h ow e v e r m a tt e rs s e ttl e d

.
, ,

d o w n A n a gre e m e n t w a s com e to i n 1 8 8 5 b e tw e e n th e
.

B r i t ish a nd G e r m a n Gov e r n m e n ts to r e cog ni z e wit h Fra n c e th e

i n d e p e n d e nc e o f th e S ult a n o f Z a nz ib a r a nd th e d e fi n i t i o n o f ,

h i s e x a c t domi n io n s by a j oi n t com missio n Ev e n t u a lly i n .

1 8 8 6 th e r e sp e ctiv e Bri tis h a n d G e rm a n sp h e r e s i n E a st A fric a

w e r e d e fi ne d I n th e s a m e fo r c e ful m a nn e r th e G e rm a n s h a d
.

t a k e n Kilim a nja ro Wit h th is e xc e ptio n a li n e wa s dr a w n

-
.
,

from W a n g a o n th e co a st stra ig h t to th e n ort h e a st s h or e o f -

1
The c o n c e ssi o n o f Wit u h a d b e e n o bt a i n e d by th e D e nh a rdt b ro t h e s r

o n th e 8 t h o f Ap r i l 1 8 8 5 a nd a G e rm a n p o t e ct o ra t e w a s de c l a re d o n th e
, , r

2 7 th o f Ma y .
2 56 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o Afr i c a .
[C HA R

L a k e Victori a Nya nz a T h e lim it o f th e B ritis h sp h e r e o n th e

.

n ort h w as th e T a n a Riv e r G e rm a n y m a i n ta i n i n g h e r h o ld o n
,

Wit u T h e G e rm a n Gov e r n m e n t th e n c a m e to t e r ms wi th
.

Po r tuga l a nd a g r e e d th a t th e t e rrito ri e s o f th e two p ow e rs

,

i n E a st A frica should m a rch tog e th e r a s fa r a s th e e a st co a s t

o f L a k e Ny a s a G e r m a n y a lso co nclud e d t re a ti e s a lo n g th e
.

S om a li co a st .

T h e G e r m a n Col o n i z a ti o n S oci e t y a nd th e G e rm a n C olo ni a l

S oci e t y su b s e q u e n tly u n i t e d u n d e r th e l a t t e r t i t l e w h il e th e ,

G e rm a n E a st A fr ic a n A ssoci a tio n h a d b e e n i n corp ora t e d by

I mp e ri a l c h a rt e r Fur t h e r subsidi a ry com p a n i e s w e r e o rg a n i z e d
.
,

a n d b y 1 8 8 8 n um e rou s pl a n t a tio n s h a d b e e n e st a blish e d i n th e

n or th of G e r m a n E a st A fric a n e a r th e c o a st
, I n 1 8 8 8 th e .

G e rm a n E a s t A fric a Comp a ny ob t a i n e d fr o m th e S ult a n o f

Z a n z ib a r th e l e a s e for 5 0 y e a rs of th e wh ol e o f th e S ult a n s ’

co a st t e r ritory fr om th e R uvum a Riv e r t o th e Umb a A gr e a t .

d e v e l o pm e n t th e n took pl a c e i n th e Comp a n y s o p e ra ti o n s wh i c h ’

w e r e m or e a n d m o r e id e n tifi e d wi th th e G e rm a n Gov e r n m e n t A .

s t a ff o f ov e r 6 0 o ffici a ls wa s s e n t out t o c a rry o n th e n e w a dm i ni

s tr a ti o n. S i r C h a rl e s Eu a n S mith wh o h a d succ e e d e d S i r J oh n
,

Kirk w a rn e d th e G e r m a n a dm i n ist ra t i o n i n a fri e n dly m a n n e r

,

t h a t u n l e ss g re a t e r c a re fo r A r a b susc e p t ibiliti e s wa s s h o wn i n
r e pl a ci ng th e S ul ta n o f Z a n z ib a r s gov e r n m e n t o n th e co a s t
’

t ro u b l e s with th e A r a b s migh t e n su e H i s w a rn i ng w a s o n ly .

to o w e ll fou n d e d Fiv e d a ys a ft e r t a ki ng ov e r th e a dmi n ist ra

.

tio n of th e cou n t ry — o n th e 2 1 5 t o f A ug u s t 1 8 8 4 — dis t urb a nc e s ,

fom e n t e d by th e A ra b a n d S wa h ili popul a tio n brok e o u t ,

a n d i n a n o th e r m o n t h th e G e rm a n s h e l d v e ry fe w p osts o n

th e co a st o r i n th e i n t e r ior A n a n imosi ty a lso b e g a n to

.

b e dir e c t e d n o t o n ly a g a i n s t th e G e rm a n s but a g a i n st a l l ,

Europ e a n s a n d th e si t u a tio n b e c a m e v e ry s e rious I n 1 8 8 9

,
.
,

th e r e sou rc e s o f th e Comp a n y h a vi n g b rok e n dow n C a p t a i n ,

H e rm a n n Wissm a n n ( n o w M aj or v o n Wi ssm a nn ) w a s a p
p oi n t e d I mp e ri a l C omm issio n e r for E a st A fr ic a Wi th 1 0 0 0 .

n a t iv e t r oops m a i n ly S ud a n e s e r e c r ui t e d wit h th e h e lp o f
,
xw .
] Ge r m a n A fr i c a . 2 57

th e Britis h Gov e rn m e n t 2 0 0 G e rm a n s a ilors a nd 6 0 G e rm a n

, ,

O ffic e rs a n d n o n commissio n e d O fli c e rs v o n Wissm a n c a rri e d o n

-
,

a vigorous c a mp a ig n a ga i n s t th e A ra bs a n d S w a hili a n d by ,

th e e n d o f 1 8 8 9 h e h a d put dow n th e r e volt a n d c a pture d

a n d e x e c u t e d th e l e a d e r o f it B ushiri I t took six m o n t h s
, .

lo ng e r h ow e v e r to qu i e t som e o f th e i n t e ri or districts a nd
, ,

t h os e n e ar th e Riv e r R uvum a .

I n th e middl e o f 1 8 9 0 G e r m a n y co n clud e d a v e ry wis e

a r ra n g e m e n t with E n gl a n d by w h ich a s h a s a lr e a dy b e e n
, ,

d e scri b e d i n a n o t h e r c h a pt e r a ll G e rm a n p oss e ssi o n s to th e

,

n o r t h o f th e B ritish bou n d a ry a t th e Umb a Riv e r w e re giv e n

up a n d a Britis h prot e c to ra t e ov e r Z a n z ib a r wa s r e cog ni z e d

, ,

w h il e th e G e rm a n bou n d a ri e s w e re c a rri e d i nl a n d to th e
fro n t i e r of th e Co n go F re e S t a t e O n th e sout h Gr e a t
.
,

Bri ta i n wa s a dmi tt e d to th e south e nd of T a nga n yik a a n d ,

s e c u r e d a ll th e w e s t co a st of L a k e Ny a s a From 1 8 90 to .

th e p re s e n t t im e G e rm a n s e ttl e m e n t a n d th e d e v e lopm e n t o f
G e rm a n Ea s t A fric a h a v e go n e o n wi th out a ny dis a gr e e a bl e
ch e ck I n 1 8 93 a l a rg e a nd w e ll a pp oi n t e d st e a m e r th e H e r
.
-

m a nn V o n Wi ssm a n n wa s pl a c e d o n L a k e N ya s a a nd th e
, ,

B ritish a uth o ri t i e s rou n d th a t l a k e w e r e a mply r e w a rd e d for

a ny h e lp th e y mig h t h a v e co n t r ibut e d tow a rds its co n v e y a n c e

t h ith e r by th e s e rvic e s which th e G e r m a n st e a m e r a fte rwa rds

r e n d e r e d i n a cti ng a s a t r a n sp or t fo r a portio n o f th e Bri tis h
forc e s i n th e l a st wa r a g a i nst th e L a k e Ny a s a A r a bs .

O n th e Z a nz ib a r co a st n e w q u a r t e rs i n th e Old A ra b
tow ns a re sp ri ngi ng u p lik e m a gic th e st re e ts a re b e i n g
,

wid e n e d a re k e p t cl e a n a n d a re w e ll lit Flouris h i ng p l a n

, ,
.

ta ti o n s cov e r m a n y a cr e s o f w h a t wa s form e rly w a st e l a n d .

T h e r e i s fa ir s e curi t y fo r life a n d prop e rty e v e n i n th e ,

di s t a n t i n t e rior T h e A ra b s a re b e comi n g r e co n cil e d t o

.

G e rm a n r ul e w h i l e o n th e o th e r h a n d th e G e r m a n O ffi ci a ls
,

a r e l e a rn i n g th e a rt o f d e a li n g t a c tfully with subj e ct r a c e s .

S i n c e 1 8 90 wh e n th e co a st strip l e a s e d from th e S ult a n o f

,

Z a nz ib a r wa s fi n a lly purc h a s e d fr om h im th e w h ol e o f ,

J . A . 1 7
2 58 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n o f A fr i c a .
[C HA R

G e rm a n E a s t A fric a h a s b e e n u n d e r dir e ct Im p e ri a l a dm i ni
s tra ti O n . I t is lik e ly to t ur n o u t i n cours e o f tim e a flourishi n g
t ropic a l s e t t l e m e n t ; n o t a cou n t ry which G e rm a n s could
colo ni z e i n th e s e n s e th a t A us t r a li a or C a na d a a re c o lo ni z
a bl e , b u t a C e ylo n a J a v a a S ou th e r n I n di a wh e r e th e
, , ,

G e rm a n pl a n t e r m ay m a k e a comp e t e n c e w h e re th e goods ,

o f G e r m a n y m a y fin d u n r e st ri ct e d m a r k e t s a n d wh e r e th e ,

T e u to n m a y e duc a t e a n d r a is e a d e g ra d e d r a c e i n to a high e r
st a t e o f civili z a tio n .

T h e s u bs e qu e n t history o f th e C a m e roo n s h a s b e e n much

lik e t h a t of G e rm an E a st A fric a R e volts sh a rp l e ss o n s t h e n
.
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a t t a cks b y h ostil e t r i b e s i n l a n d which a re qu e ll e d by e xp e

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di ti o n s a n d th e buildi n g o f for t s foll o w e d by oth e r r e volts

,

still fur t h e r i n th e i n t e rior t o b e succ e e d e d by s t ill furt h e r

,

victo ri e s a n d a dv a nc e s ; but o n th e wh ol e i n cre a si n g p e a c e

a nd ord e r t hrough o u t th e cou n tr y a n d a gr e a t de v e lopm e n t
,

of t ra d e U n for tu n a t e ly a s a mo n gst som e offici a ls o f th e

.
,

E a st A fric a Comp a n y so a m o ng a fe w o f th e Gov e rn m e n t

,

s e rv a n ts i n th e C a m e r oo n s t h e re w e re i n s t a n c e s o f gr e a t
,

cru e l t i e s commi t t e d a bout th r e e y e a r s a g o cru e lti e s w h ich ,

l e d t o a s e ri o us r e vol t a m o n g th e n e gr o soldi e ry G e rm a n y .

wis e ly did n o t h u sh up t h e s e a ffa i rs b u t i n v e s tig a t e d t h e m

,

i n a n op e n c o u r t a n d p u n ish e d th e guil t y I t will b e s e e n .

,

I fa n cy w h e n histo ry t a k e s a r e v i e w of th e fou n da tio n o f

,

t h e s e A fric a n st a t e s th a t th e u n mix e d T e u t o n— Dutchm a n o r

G e rm a n— i s o n fi rs t co n t a c t wi t h s u bj e c t ra c e s a p t t o b e h a rs h
a n d e v e n b rut a l b ut th a t h e i s n o fool a n d wi n s th e r e sp e c t o f
,

th e n e g r o or th e A si a t ic wh o a dmir e bru t e fo rc e ; whil e h is

,

o wn good n a t u re i n t im e i n duc e s a soft e n i n g of m a nn e rs wh e n

th e n a t iv e h a s c e a s e d t o r e b e l a n d b e g u n to cri n g e T h e re i s .

t his th a t is hop e fu l a n d wh ol e som e a b o ut th e G e rm a n s T h e y .

a r e quick to r e a lis e th e i r o w n d e fe c t s a n d e qu a lly quick t o

,

a m e nd t h e m . A s i n comm e rc e so i n gov e r n m e n t th e y o b s e rv e , ,

l e a r n a nd m a s te r th e b e st pri n cipl e s T h e p olitici a n would b e

.

v e ry shor t sigh te d wh o u n d e rr a t e d th e g re a t ne ss o f th e G e rm a n
x1 v .
] Ge r m a n A fr i c a . 2 59

c h a r a ct e r o r r e cko n e d o n th e e v a ne sc e n c e o f G e rm a n domi n io n
,

i n str a n g e l a n ds .

I n S out h W e st A fric a G e rm a ny h a d by a rra n g e m e n t wi t h

-

Portuga l a n d e v e n tu a lly wit h E ngl a n d s e cu re d a p rot e cto ra t e

, ,

o r sph e re o f i n flu e n c e ov e r a v e ry l a rg e str e tch o f cou n try ,

bou nd e d o n th e n o rth b y Portugu e s e W e st A fric a o n th e so u t h ,

by th e O r a ng e Riv e r a nd o n th e e a st by Britis h B e c h u a na l a n d
, ,

with i n a ddi tio n a lo ng n a rrow strip w h ich r e a c h e d th e

, , , ,

Z a mb e z i a t its co n flu e n c e wi t h th e C h ob e T h is cou n try .

a lo n g th e co a st li n e i s v e ry b a rr e n ; it i s i n fa ct a h op e l e ss , ,

d e s e rt m ost h op e l e ss o f a ll b e tw e e n th e O r a ng e Riv e r a nd
,

Wa lfis h Ba y But th e i n t e rior is m ou n t a i n ous a nd i n t h e s e

.
,

m ou n t a i n s t h e re a re st re tch e s o f w e ll w a t e r e d co u n t ry wh e r e -

c a t tl e a re k e pt i n e n orm ous h e rd s M or e o v e r this m ou n t a i n .

,

o u s cou n t r y i s v e ry h e a l th y With th e B a n tu H e r e ro wh o .
,

i n h a b it th e n or t h e rn p a r t o f G e rm a n S o u t h W e st A fric a th e -
,

G e rm a n s h a v e got o n v e ry w e ll th a n k s to th e i n fl u e n c e e x e r te d ,

by th e G e rm a n m issi o na ri e s ; b u t wit h th e m i ngl e d H ott e n tots

wh o i n h a bit th e sou t h e r n s e ctio n of th e colo n y a nd a lm ost a l l
th e co a s t b e lt th e G e rm a n s h a v e b e e n co n st a n tly a t wa r
-
T he s e .

H ott e n tots wh o s e e m t o h a v e som e slig h t i nfu sio n o f D utc h

,

blo od wh ich r e n d e r s t h e m m o r e wa rlik e t h a n t h e ir r e l a ti o n s

i n C a p e C olo n y a re C h risti a n s o f a ki n d w e a r clot h e s
, , ,

b e a r Dutc h n a m e s a n d h a v e fou n d a l e a d e r i n a c e rt ai n
,

Wit b ooi wh o h a s a g a i n a n d a ga i n i nflict e d d e fe a t s o n sm a ll

,

p a rti e s o f G e rm a n soldi e rs h a s m a d e t re a ti e s a n d b r ok e n ,

th e m a n d fro m fi rst to l a st h a s giv e n th e G e rm a n s a gr e a t d e a l

,

of t roubl e A l th ough h e c a n bo a st of bu t a p a ltry n umb e r o f

.

follow e rs h e fig h ts i n a w a t e rl e ss m ou n t a i n ous cou n t ry w h e r e

, , ,

co n c e a lm e n t i s e a sy a n d p u r s u it di fficult I n cr e a s e d s e ttl e .

m e n t of th e cou n try by Eu rop e a n s — w h ic h m a y ye t b e broug h t

a bout b y th e discov e ry o f m i n e r a l w e a lt h —would soo n dispos e

o f th e i n co n v e n i e n c e s c a us e d by t h e s e n om a d H o tt e n tots .

I n T ogol a n d o n th e S l a v e Co a s t o f W e s t A fric a t h e r e h a v e
, ,

b e e n fe w e ve n ts wort h r e cordi ng si n c e th e e st a blish m e n t o f a

1 7— 2
2 60 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
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G e rm a n prot e ctor a t e th i rt e e n y e a rs a g o B ou n d a ri e s h a v e
.

b e e n s e t t l e d wit h Fr a n c e a n d E ngl a nd e xc e p t a sm a ll a r e a o f
,

d e b a t e a bl e l a n d o n th e Whit e Volt a which will prob a bly b e

,

sh a r e d b e t w e e n E ngl a n d a n d G e rm a n y ; h ig h a n d l e ss u n
h e a lthy l a n d for Europ e a n s e ttl e m e n t h a s b e e n discov e re d i n
th e i n t e r ior ; th e r e h a v e b e e n n o distu rb a n c e s wit h th e n a tiv e s ,

a n d G e rm a n tr a d e h a s prosp e r e d .
 C H A PT E R xv

T HE FR EN C H IN MADA G A S C A R .

T H E I sl a n d M a d a ga sc a r i s po ss i bly a llud e d to by th e
of

A l e x a n d ri a n Gr e e k g e ogr a p h e r Ptol e my w h o wrot e duri n g th e

, ,

s e co nd c e n tury a fte r th e birth o f C h rist a s ,

a n d by ot h e r cl a ssic a l g e ogra p h e rs a s Mo n o u th i s o r Me n o u th e

s e a s t h oug h i t is mor e prob a bl e th a t a t most th e I sl a n d o f

,

P e mb a o r o n e o f th e Comoros wa s m e a n t bo th by Ptol e my s ’

i n form a n ts a n d th e u nk n ow n a u t h o r s o f th e P e riplus o f th e
E rythr ae an S e a w h o fi rst us e d th e t e rm “
Me no u th i a s a
c e n tury e a rli e r ( a bout A D . . T h e n com e s a br e a k a nd ,

wh e n th e st u dy o f g e ogra p hy i s r e sum e d i n Eu r op e th e a llusio n s

t o t h i s isl a n d a re mo r e Obvio u s a nd e vid e n t ly com e t h rough
,

p ost I sl a mic A ra bs ; a l a rg e isl a n d i n th e I n di a n O c e a n i s

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a llud e d to a s
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A l b a rg o a a nd
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Man u ti a A lp h i l O ld e r-
.

A r a b n a m e s w e r e S e ra n da b Ph e n b a l o n Q u a m b a l o n
, La t e r
, .

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a n a llusi o n i s m a d e to it i n A r a b wri t i n gs a s J a z ira t a l K o m r - -

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I sl a n d o f th e Full M oo n but t h is na m e mor e pro b a bly
,
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a ppli e s to w h a t a r e still c a ll e d th e Comoro I sl a n ds a n a dj oi n ,

i ng a rchip e l a go O n th e m a p s o f th e V e ne ti a n g e og ra p h e rs
.

F ra M a uro a n d A n dr e a B i a n co b e tw e e n 1 4 5 7 a n d 1 4 5 9 ,

w h e r e i n u s e h a s b e e n m a d e o f A ra b i nform a t io n th e C a p e o f ,

Good H op e is i n dica t e d ( forty y e a rs b e for e th e di scov e ry o f

Di a z ) a s C a vo di D i a b (olo ) a n d M a d a ga sc a r is giv e n a s a
,

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Th o u gh t he re is mu c h st ro n g e r e vi de n c e to s ho w t h a t Me no u th i as was
a l itt l e is l a nd c l o s e to th e A fric a n c o a st .
2 62 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f A fr i c a
o .
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S ofa l a an d X e ng i b a r From A r a b s o u rc e s we l e a rn t h a t a n
.

I n di a n d h ow i n 1 4 2 0 r ou n d e d th e south e rn most p oi n t o f
A fric a — C a p e D i a b — a n d t u r n i ng
, rou n d s a il e d b a ck a g a i n
,

p a st M a d a ga sc a r o n th e shor e o f w h ich i sl a n d th e y discov e r e d

,

a ruk h s e gg T h e fi r st a uth e n tic n e ws o f Ma d a g a sc a r w a s

’ ‘
.

broug h t to Po rtuga l n e a r th e e nd o f th e 1 5 th c e n tu ry by P e dr o
de C o v i l h a m w h os e j our n e ys ov e rl a n d t o I n di a h a v e b e e n
,

a llud e d to i n Ch a p t e r I I O n th e I s t of F e b ru a ry 1 5 0 6 a
.
, ,

P o r tugu e s e fl e e t s e n t out by Ki n g M a n o e l u n d e r Fra n cisco de ,

A lm e id a discov e r e d th e e a st co a st o f M a d a g a sc a r a n d ul ti
, ,

“
m a t e ly na m e d t h e isl a n d S a O L o u re n g o b e c a us e i n th e ,
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fo llowi n g y e a r i t s w e st co a st w a s discov e r e d a n d i ts s h a p e mor e

cl e a rly d e fi n e d by Gom e z d A b re u o n S t L a u r e n c e s D a y
’ ’

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r o th A ugus t m M d g a sc a r lik e a dj e ctiv e
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h a vi n g b e e n i n t roduc e d i n i t s pr e s e n t form by th e Portu

e e a n d th e l a tt e r by th e F r e n c h
g u s ,
.

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o n th e isl a n d a n d th os e wh o m a d e th i s v e n t ur e a t its south
,

e a st e xtr e mity w e r e n e a r ly a l l m a ss a cr e d i n 1 5 4 8 A t th e e n d .

o f th e 1 6 t h c e n t u ry th e D utc h visi t e d M a d a g a sc a r a n d a b out ,

th e s a m e tim e D omi n ic a n I g na t i a n a n d L a z a ris t m o n k mi s

, ,
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s i o n a ri e s m a d e a n u n s u cc e ssfu l a t te mpt t o obt a i n a h e a ri n g fo r

C h risti a n i t y B e tw e e n 1 6 1 8 a n d 1 6 4 0 E n glish a n d Dutc h

.

a dv e n t ur e rs n ibbl e d at Ma d a g a sc ar b u t th e h os til e a nd ,

t re a ch e r o u s a tti tu d e of th e na tiv e s a n d th e u nh e a l th y clim a t e

of th e isl a n d c a us e d t h e s e a tt e m p ts to e n d i nv a ri a bly i n
“
dis a st e r I n 1 6 4 2 h o w e v e r th e Fr e n c h Comp a n y o f th e
.
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wi t h th e m a i n obj e c t o f colo n i z i n g M a d a ga sc a r Pro mis a .

,

F re nc h P r ot e st a n t o f dissol u t e h a bi t s wa s s e n t out a s Gov e rn o r

, .

T wo y e a rs l a t e r a riv a l proj e ct fo r th e s a m e pu rpos e wa s st a rt e d

i n E n gl an d u n d e r th e p r e sid e n cy of Pri n c e Rup e rt a n d a sm a ll ,

st a t io n wa s fou n d e d a t S t A ugusti n e s Bay but thi s w a s soo n ’

,

1
A l m o st c e r t a i nl y th is w a s a n e g g o f th e gi g a n tic A epyo n i s r .
xv .
] Th e Fr e nc h i n Ma dag a s c a r 2 63

a ft e r a b a ndo n e d a nd th e Comp a n y brok e n up o n a ccou n t o f

,

th e C ivil Wa r i n E n gl a n d .

Th e na m e o f th e first Fr e n c h s e ttl e m e n t a t th e sout h e a s t -

e x t r e mi ty o f M a d a g a sc a r w a s Fo r t D a uphi n Pr o n i s w h os e
”
.
,

imm ora l life shock e d th e Fr e n c h s e ttl e rs wa s r e pl a c e d a s ,

G o v e rn o r by Fl a court b u t th e fortu n e s of th e s e ttl e m e n t w e r e

,

c h e qu e re d T h e p a r e n t C omp a ny g o t i n to troubl e a nd it s
.
,

ch a rt e r wa s a bolish e d T h e r o y a l co n c e ssio n of M a d a ga sc a r
.

wa s t h e n b a ndi e d a bou t from n obl e m a n to n o b l e m a n a n d w a s ,

fi na lly sol d to Loui s X I V wh o h a vi n g r e a ssum e d th e s e rig h ts

, , _

o n b e h a lf o f th e crow n s e n t o u t th e D uc de l a M e ill e ra y e
, .

O n e of th e o ffic e rs O f th e st a ff o f th e Duc de l a M e ill e ra y e w a s

V a c h e r de Roch e ll e wh o e xpl o r e d th e cou n t ry a n d a cquir e d
, ,

th e r a r e a dv a n t a g e of wi nn i n g th e fr i e n dship of th e M a l a g a sy .

V a c h e r de Roch e ll e fo r som e r e a so n u nk n ow n n ick na m e d a nd

,

‘
ordi na rily k n ow n a s L a C a s e wa s a dmi re d by th e n a tiv e s for ,

h i s coura g e a n d w a s i n vit e d t o m a rry th e h e ir e ss of a p o w e rful

,

n a tiv e c h i e f H e did so a n d b e comi n g diss a ti sfi e d wit h th e

.

mi sm a n a g e m e n t o f th e F re n c h s e ttl e m e n t r e t ir e d i n t o th e
i n t e ri or a nd b e c a m e Ki n g Co n sort of th e st a t e o f A m b o l e a t
,
-

th e d e a th of h i s fa t h e r i n l a w N e v e rt h e l e ss w h e n th e Fre n c h
- -
.
,

g o t i n t o di fficulti e s with th e na tiv e s a n d w e r e h a rd p r e ss e d

Va c h e r de l a Roch e ll e c a m e to t h e ir a ssist a n c e with gr e a t
br a v e ry T hi s r e m a rk a bl e p e rso n w h os e life s h ould b e writt e n
.
,

by som e fra m e r o f rom a n c e s di e d a bout 1 6 7 1 a ss a ssi na t e d by

, ,

a na tiv e .

I n 1 6 6 4 th e Fr e n c h E a st I n di a Comp a n y w a s fou n d e d ,

an d took ov e r M a d a ga sc a r a m o n gst ot h e r co n c e ssi o n s u n d e r

th e pr e t e n tious titl e o f G a lli a O ri e n t a lis A s if to pu ni s h t h e m .

fo r t h i s o v e r we e n i n g a ssu mp tio n a gr e a t m a ss a cr e occurr e d e ig h t

,

y e a rs a ft e rwa rds l e a di n g t o th e a lm ost e ntir e e xti nctio n o f th e

,

Fr e n c h s e ttl e r s rou n d Fort D a up h i n T h e fe w survivors fl e d .

to th e I sl a n d o f Bou rbo n ( w h ic h th e Fr e n c h h a d t a k e n i n
N e v e rt h e l e ss i n S pit e o f thi s di s a st e r th e Fr e n ch Gov e r nm e n t
, ,

1
Bu t by th e n a tive s a s A ndri a n P o tsy i e “ Wh it e Ki ng , . . .
”
2 64 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n o f A fr i c a .
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c a lmly a nn e x e d M a d a g a sc a r by a n O rd e r i n Cou n cil o f 1 6 8 6 ,

wh ic h wa s co n firm e d i n 1 7 1 9 1 7 2 0 a n d 1 7 2 5 , ,
.

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c e n tury Europ e a n pir a t e s who h a d b e gu n t o i n fe st th e e a st e rn
, ,

s e a s a n d to t ra d e i n d e fi a n c e o f th e comm e rci a l m o n op oli e s

,

giv e n to v a ri ou s Ch a rt e r e d E a st I n di a n comp a n i e s gr a du a lly ,

m a d e M a d a ga sc a r th e ir h e a d qu a r t e rs a n d form e d s e v e r a l
-
,

str o ngly for t ifi e d s e t tl e m e n ts hidd e n a wa y u p cr e e ks or i n l e t s

o r th e m outh s o f riv e rs S om e o f th e s e pi ra t e s fo u n d e d a
.

“
cosmopolit a n ci t y o fr e dom w h ich th e y c a ll e d L i b e rta ti a
f e ,
”

o n th e isl a n d o f S t M a ri e o ff th e e a st co a st o f M a d a g a sc a r
,
.

T h e y w e r e sw e pt a w a y by E ngli s h a n d Fr e n c h w a r v e ss e ls i n
1 72 2 2 3
-
.

In 1 cr e a t e d a s e t tl e
7 5 0 th e F r e n ch E a st I n di a C omp a n y
m e nt wh ic h u n d e rw e n t
o n th e i sl a n d o f S t M a ri e de M a d a g a sc a r ,

viol e n t v icissit u d e s o f fo r t u n e fo r th e first fe w v e a t s o f its life .

I n 1 7 6 8 Fort D a uphi n w a s for a sh ort tim e r e occupi e d In .

t h a t y e a r a m a n o f sup e rior sci e n tific a tt a i n m e n ts M Poivr e ,

.
,

wa s a ppoi n t e d Gov e r n o r o f M a uritius a n d i n iti a t e d a sci e n t ific

i nv e s t ig a tio n o f Ma da g a sc a r by s e n di n g t h e r e a Fr e n ch
n a tu ra li s t Phili b e r t C o m m e rs o n wh o a s th e r e sul t of h is bri e f
, , ,

e x a mi n a tio n o f th e flor a a n d fa u n a poi n t e d o u t th e i sol a t e d

ch a ra ct e r of M a d a ga sc a r I n 1 7 7 4 th e Fr e n ch n a t u ra l ist
.

S o nn e ra t visit e d Ma d a g a sc a r a n d discov e r e d th e R a v e n a l a o r
‘
,

T ra v e ll e r s T r e e a n d th a t e xt ra ordi n a ry a b e rr a n t l e m ur th e
’
, ,

A ye a ye .

In M a d a ga sc a r wa s vi sit e d by a typ e o f a dv e n tu re r
1 772
th e n v e ry u n comm o n a n A ustri a n P ol e c a ll e d Be nyo ws ki
, , ,

w h o a lt e r na t e ly O ffe re d hi s a ll e gi a n c e to Fr a n c e a nd E ngl a n d ,

a n d u ltim a t e ly t ri e d to c a rv e o u t for h ims e lf a n a tiv e M a l a g a sy

p ri n cip a li ty a s th e r e sult o f w h ich h e w a s kill e d by th e Fr e n ch

,

in 1 786 .

A llusio n s w e re m a d e i n th e first c h a p t e r o f thi s book to th e

1
A l re a dy fa m o u s fo r h is disc o v e i e s r i
i n I nd a , a nd a f e r t wh o m a

be a u ti fu l j u ngl e fo w l is na m e d .
 xv .
] Th e Fre n c h i n Ma dag a s c a r . 2 65

M a l a y i n v a sio n o f M a d a ga sc a r T h is gr e a t isl a n d s e e ms to .

h a v e a t fi rst b e e n p e opl e d by n e gro o r n e groid r a c e s from E a s t

A fric a wh il e A r a bs h a d from v e r y e a rly d a ys s e t t l e d for tra di n g
,
‘
p u rpos e s i n th e a dj oi n i ng Com oro I sl a n ds a nd i n th e n orth
o f M a d a g a sc a r B ut a t a p e riod o f tim e prob a bly a n t e c e d e n t
.

t o th e Christi a n e ra M a d a g a sc a r w a s i nv a d e d by a p e opl e o f
M a l a y stock comi n g t h i th e r from th e M a l a y A rch ip e l a go
,
.

D e spit e th e va st dis t a n c e w h ich s e p a ra t e s J a va a nd M a d a g a sc a r ,

th e r e i s a cu rr e n t a lwa ys str e a mi n g fr om th e S u n d a I sl a n ds
towa rd s th e e a st c o a s t o f M a d a ga sc a r a nd th e Como r o I sl a n ds
’

A id e d b y th e e a st T r a d e Wi n ds M a l a y j u n ks o r e v e n o u trigg e r ,

c a n o e s wi t h s a ils migh t co n c e iva bly b e driv e n a cross th e

I n di a n O c e a n t o M a da g a sc a r i n a fe w w e e ks Ev e n of r e c e n t .

y e a rs c a s e s h a v e b e e n kn ow n o f J a v a n e s e j u n ks b e i n g str a n d e d
o n th e Com oro I sl a n ds i n o n e c a s e wi th a J a v a n e s e cr e w o n
,

b o a rd H ow e v e r n u mb e rs o f M a l a ys m ust h a v e i n v a d e d
.
,

M a d a ga sc a r a t o n c e i n ord e r to h a v e b e e n a bl e t o ov e rco m e
a n d a bsorb th e p r e vio u s n e g r o i n h a bit a n ts I t wo u l d a lm os t .

s e e m a s t h oug h w e h a d h e r e a n i n st a n c e o f d e lib e r a t e ov e r s e a -

colo n i z a ti o n o n th e p a rt o f thi s i n t e re sti n g r a c e w h ic h h a d ,

a lr e a dy push e d e a stw a rd a lm ost furth e r fr om i t s b a s e , to th e ,

H a w a ii I sl a n ds W h e n th e t e rm Ma l a y i s us e d to d e scr ib e
.
“ ”

th e s e A s i a t i c i n v a d e rs o f M a d a g a sc a r i t do e s n o t n e c e ss a rily
i m ply th e dir e ct d e sc e n d a n ts o f th e Ma l a ys of th e M a l a y
A rch ip e l a go but o f a n old e r r a c e from w h om M a l a ys Poly
, , ,

n e s i a ns a n d ot h e r n o n P a p u a n p e op l e s
, o f th e P a cifi c are
-

—
d e sc e n d e d a div e rg e n t b ra n c h o f th e Mo ngol stock 2
.

1
Th e Ma l a y immig ra ti o n i n t om o ro I s l a nds w as e l tiv e l y
th e C o r a

s l igh t Th e bu l k f th e p o p u l a ti o n w as c o mp o s e d o f E st C o a st n e g o e s
. o a r ,

sp e ki n g a B a nt u di a l e ct a ll i e d to th e t o n gu e s sp o k e n o n th e Za n ib a r c o st
a z a .

The re w a s a la ge i n fl x o f A r bs h o w e ve r a nd t h is mi ng l i ng wit h th e
r u a , ,

n e gro e s p o du c e d th e p e s e n t ra c e o f th e C o m o ro I s l a nde s
r r w h ic h is a r ,

v e y fine typ e o f th e s u cc e ssfu l re su l ts th a t a tte n d th e mixtu e o f th e

r r

S e mit e a nd th e n e gr o .

2
T h e H o v a s o f C e n t a l Ma da g a sc a r a re s a i d to b e a r a st ro n g p h ysic a l
r

re s e mb l a n c e to th e J a p a n e s e .
2 66 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R

A bout th e middl e o f th e 1 8 th c e n t u ry a trib e dw e lli n g o n

th e h ig h p l a t e a u o f E a st c e n tr a l M a d a g a sc a r k n ow n a s th e
-

H o va s wa s m uc h h a r ri e d by th e m or e m ix e d r a c e s a rou n d
,
'

t h e m w h o w e r e O f stro nge r physiq u e A t l a st driv e n i n to

,
.
,

a co rn e r t h e y t u rn e d a t b a y a n d from b e i n g th e p e rs e cut e d
, ,

b e c a m e th e p e rs e c u t o rs : by m e a n s o f m uch b e tt e r milit a ry
o rga n i z a tio n t h e y p u rsu e d a nd co n qu e re d th e trib e s w h ic h
h a d h a r a ss e d th e m a n d th e i r co n qu e s t s sp re a di ng to th e
, ,

e a s t c o a st a n d th e sou th b rought t h e m i n to co n t a ct with

,

E u r op e a n t ra d e rs a n d s e t t l e rs .

I n 1 7 9 2 th e N a tio n a l A ss e mbly o f Fr a n c e s e n t M L e sc al .

li e r to visit M a d a g a sc a r I n 1 8 0 1 Bo ry de S t Vi n ce n t w e n t
.

thit h e r a n d a nn ou n c e d t h a t th e col o n i z a tio n o f Ma d a ga sc a r

would a to n e t o Fr a n c e fo r th e loss o f S a n D om i ngo I n .

th e followi n g y e a r Mr I n v e ra rity of th e H o n our a bl e E a s t

,

I n di a C om p a n y s s e rvic e m a d e a su rv e y of Be m b a to k a Ba y
’
, ,

a h a rbour o n th e w e st co a st si n c e b e tt e r k n ow n by th e
,

nam e o f its pri n cip a l tow n Mo ja ng a Lord K e it h th e

,
.
,

B r itis h a dmir a l i n thos e w a t e rs h a d visit e d th e pl a c e i n

,

1 791 , a n d h a d dir e ct e d th e a tt e n tio n of th e I n di a n Gov e r n

m e n t t o th e w o r th o f Ma d a g a sc a r I n 1 8 0 7 th e Fr e n ch i n .
,

spi t e o f Britis h h ostiliti e s m a d e a d e t e rm i n e d a t t e mpt to

,

s e t tl e a t Foul e Poi n t ‘
I n th e followi n g y e a r I m p o i n a th e
.
, ,

m os t p ow e r ful H ov a ch i e f o n th e I m e ri na pl a t e a u di e d , ,

l e a vi n g th e s u p re m e H ov a c h i e ft a i n ship to h is s e co n d s o n ,

R a da m a .

Wh e n th e E nglish h a d s e i z e d M a u ritius Bourbon a n d , ,

th e S e ych e ll e I sl a n ds it wa s d e t e r mi n e d to fi n is h th e work
,

o f cl e a r i n g th e Fr e n c h o u t of th e I n di a n O c e a n by t a ki n g
th e tr a di n g st a tio n s w h ich still r e m a i n e d i n th e ir p oss e ssio n
o n th e e a s t co a st o f M a d a g a sc a r n a m e ly T a m a t a v e a nd
, ,

Foul e Poi n t I n 1 8 1 1 t h is w a s e ffe ct e d a nd T a m a t a v e wa s

.
,

occup i e d by B r iti s h soldi e rs T h is c a pt u r e wa s r a tifi e d by

.

th e d e fi n it e t re a ty sig n e d a t P a r i s o n Ma y 3 0 1814 w h ic h , ,

1
A p o st a l itt l e to th e n o rt h o f T a m a t a v e o n th e e a st c o a st .
 xv .
] Th e Fre nc h i n Ma dag a s c a r . 2 67

c e d e d th e s e ttl e m e n t s i n M a d a ga sc a r a s o ne o f th e de
p e n d e n ci e s o f T h e I sl a n d of Bou rbo n w a s
h ow e v e r re stor e d to Fr a n c e by t h is tr e a ty a n d wa s re
, ,

c h ri st e n e d R eu ni o n Si r Rob e rt F a rqu h a r a v e ry e n t e rprisi ng

.
,

gov e r n or o f M a uritius o b t a i n e d soo n a ft e rwa rds a l a rg e

,

co n c e ssio n from th e n a tiv e c h i e fs of th e n ort h e a st o f -

M a d a ga sca r w h ic h i nclud e d D i e go S u a r e z Ba y Va rious

, .

procl a m a tio n s w e r e i ssu e d i n th e Ma u r i ti u s Ga z e tte cl a imi ng

M a d a g a sc a r a s a B ritis h poss e ssio n O n th e o t h e r h a n d it .
,

h a d b e e n a gr e e d th a t a ll Fr e n c h p oss e ssio n s i n M a d a g a sc a r
‘

w h ic h w e r e i n e xis t e n ce i n 1 7 9 2 w e r e t o b e r e sto re d to
Fr a n c e by E ngl a n d ; but a s a m a tt e r o f fa ct i n 1 7 9 2 Fra n c e ,

h e ld n o p ost i n M a d a ga sc a r a l l p l a c e s h a vi n g b e e n a b a n do n e d
,
.

T a m a t a v e w a s n o t fo u n d e d till 1 8 0 4 A ll t h i s c o n fusio n w a s
.

du e to th e ig n or a n c e o f loc a l g e og ra p h y th e n m ost ch a r a ct e r ,

i s ti c o f both B r itish a nd Fr e n ch Go v e r n m e n t o ffi c e s N e ve r .

th e l e s s it i s cl e a r t h a t Fr a n c e im a gi n e d t h a t s h e still h a d
,

r ights ov e r M a d a g a sc a r b e c a us e i n 1 8 1 7 th e Fr e n c h Gov e r n or
,

o f R eu n i o n prot e st e d a g a i n st th e B riti s h procl a m a tio n de

e l a ti n g M a d a g a sc a r a n a pp e n d a g e o f M a uriti u s a n d th e ,

Fr e n ch p r ot e st wa s furt h e r supp ort e d by th e r e occup a ti o n

o f th e isl a n d o f S t M a ri e de Ma d a g a sc a r W h il e S i r Rob e rt .

F a rquh a r wa s i n E n gl a n d o n l e a v e o f a bs e n c e th e A cti ng ,

Commissi o n e r a milit a ry o ffic e r n a m e d H a l l d e lib e ra t e ly

, ,

u n did m uc h o f S i r Rob e r t F a rq u h a r s wo rk a n d t h e r e by ’
,

pr e j udi c e d a ny furt h e r i n si st e n c e o n B ri tis h cl a im s ov e r

M a d a ga sc a r H e nc e fort h wh e n S i r Rob e rt F a r qu h a r r e tur n e d
.

h e d e e m e d it th e b e tt e r policy t o b a ck up th e e fforts o f th e
H ova ki ng R a da m a t o co n qu e r th e w h ol e o f th e isl a nd a n d ,

procl a im h ims e lf ki n g of a l l M a d a ga sca r i n sp it e of a prot e st ,

from th e Fr e n c h whic h wa s a bsolut e ly disre ga rd e d

,
.

I n 1 8 1 8 th e first mi ssi o n a ri e s o f th e Lo n do n M issio n a ry

S oci e ty a rriv e d a n d e st a blis h e d t h e m s e lv e s o n th e H ova
,

1
F u rt h e r c o n fi rm e d by th e t re a ty o f th e 1 3 t h o f N o v e mb e r , 1 815 .
2 68 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HA R

Pl a t e a u R ada m a was m uc h h e lp e d i n h i s co n qu e sts by th e

.

l oa n Of s e v e r a l E nglis h soldi e r s a nd n o n commissio ne d o ffic e rs -

a mo ngst w h om o n e m a d e h ims e lf sp e ci a lly p romi ne n t Mr ,

H a sti e . By d e g re e s R a da m a took poss e ssio n o f T a m a t a v e

( h e ld fo r som e y e a rs by a Fr e n c h mul a tto J e a n and ,

Of a ll ot h e r Fr e n ch p osts o n th e m a i n l a n d o f M a d a ga sc a r ,

i n cludi ng Fort D a uph i n H e r e h e cut dow n th e F re nc h fl ag

.

a n d d e po rt e d th e sm a ll Fr e n c h g a r riso n to th e i sl a n d o f S t

M a ri e de M a d a g a sca r R a da m a di e d i n 1 8 2 8 a n d wa s
.
,

succ e e d e d i n a v e ry irr e gul a r C a th e ri n e th e Gr e a t m a nn e r by

,
- -

hi s s e n io r wife R a na v al o na Bu t h e r p olicy wa s n o t th a t o f
,
.

h e r gr e a t prototyp e i n Russi a for i t wa s a r e a ctio na ry r e tu rn ,

to b a rb a rism S h e p e r s e cut e d th e n a tiv e C h risti a n s a n d th e

.

missio na ri e s sh ow e d th e gre a t e st e n mi ty to a ny for e ig n i n

fl u e nc e a n d so
,
fl o u te d th e Fr e n ch th a t th e l a tt e r w e r e
comp e ll e d t o t a k e som e n otic e o f h e r h ostility I n 1 8 2 9 th e .

Gov e r n m e n t o f C h a rl e s X d e cid e d to s e n d a sm a ll e xp e ditio n

a g a i n st M a d a g a sc a r which wa s t o b e l a rg e ly comp os e d o f
,

Y olof soldi e rs from S e n e g a mbi a — a n e w d e p a rtur e i n Europ e a n

w a rfa r e i n A fric a to b e a ft e rwa rds l a rg e ly follow e d T h e .

Fr e n c h b omb a rd e d T a m a t a v e succ e ssfully but w e r e r e p u ls e d ,

a t Foul e Poi n t th o ugh t h e y m a d e a s u cc e ssfu l a tt a ck o n

,

a n oth e r H ov a p ost S t ill th e r e sults o f th e e xp e ditio n w e r e

.
,

i n e ffe cti v e th o u gh th e P ri n c e de Polig n a c wrot e to th e Qu e e n

,

Of M a d a ga sc a r prop o si ng a Fr e n c h pro t e ctora t e with Fr e nc h ,

st a tio n s a t Di e go S u a re z S t A ugusti n e s Ba y a nd oth e r

,
’
,

pl a ce s o n th e co a st Bu t th e Gov e rn m e n t o f J u ly r e v e rs e d
.

th i s policy a n d e va cu a t e d a ll F re n ch posts o n th e m a i n l a n d
,

o f Ma d a g a sc a r a ft e r w h ic h t h e r e w a s n o t fo r y e a rs a Fr e n c h
,

m a n o u M a d a g a sc a r soil wit h th e e xc e p tio n o f a r e m a rk a b l e

,

p e r so n a g e n a m e d L a bo rd e origi na lly a F re n c h s h ip wre ck e d

,

s a ilor w h o h a d b e e n s e n t up t o th e Qu e e n of M a da g a sc a r
,

fo r h e r to d e cid e o n h is fa t e From h i s com e ly a p p e a ra n c e

.

h e fou n d gr e a t fa vour i n h e r e y e s a n d wa s th e o n ly Europ e a n ,

t ol e r a t e d a t h e r court w h e r e h e a tta i n e d a v e ry i nflu e n ti a l

,
xv .
] Th e Fr e nc h i n Ma dag a s c a r . 2 69

positio n I n 1 8 3 3 a Fre n c h surv e yi n g p a rty h a d pro n ou n c e d

.

Di e go S u a r e z Ba y to b e a v e ry suit a bl e p l a c e fo r a s e ttl e m e n t .

D uri n g th e 3 o s o f th e pr e s e n t c e n t u ry Qu e e n R a na v al o n a
’ ’

h a d m a d e h e rs e lf i n fa mous by h e r p e r s e cutio n o f th e n a tiv e

C h risti a n s a nd by forci ng a l l Eu rop e a n mi ssio n a ri e s to l e a ve
th e isl a n d ; i n a ddi t io n to w h ic h h e r soldi e rs i n e x a cti ng
t r ibut e a n d i n e mp h a si z i n g t h e ir co n qu e s t s ov e r th e S a k a l a v a s
committ e d th e m ost a trocio u s cru e lti e s a nd w h ol e s a l e
sl a ug h t e rs T h e Qu e e n o f M a d a ga sc a r fe e li n g a t l a st e v e n
.
,

i n h e r r e m ot e n e ss th a t s h e wa s b a n n e d by Europ e s e n t a n ,

e mb a ssy i n 1 8 3 6 to Willi a m I V of E n gl a n d b u t th e e n voys ,

e ffe ct e d n oth i n g i n th e w a y o f r e n e wi n g fri e n dly r e l a ti o n s .

I n 1 8 4 0 th e S a k a l a v a s driv e n to d e sp e r a tio n by th e
1
,

H ova a tt a ck s pl a c e d t h e m s e lv e s u nd e r Fr e n ch prot e ctio n

, ,

wi th th e r e sult t h a t Fra n c e t o e n forc e h e r prot e ctora t e

, ,

occupi e d th e isl a n ds o f No si Mi ts i u N osi Be a n d Nosi , ,

K o mb a a n d ov e r th e i sl a n d o f Ma yo tta i n th e Com o r o
, ,

A r chip e l a go I n 1 8 4 5 th e H ov a Gov e r n m e n t i n t e n sifi e d its

.

u n fri e n dli n e ss to Eu rop e a n s by e xp e lli n g a ll for e ig n tra d e rs

from T a m a t a v e T h i s a c tio n r ous e d th e Fr e n ch a n d E nglis h
.

Gov e r n m e nts w h o re pli e d by a j oi n t b omb a rdm e n t o f T a m a t a v e

, .

U n h a ppily th e bomb a rdm e n t wa s follow e d by a l a n di n g p a rty

, ,

whic h m e t wit h a m ost dis a st rou s r e p u ls e t h a t n e it h e r Fr a nc e ,

n o r E n g la n d th o u g h t fi t t o r e v e n g e o th e rwis e th a n by br e a ki n g

o ff a l l p olitic a l a n d com m e rci a l r e l a tio n s with M a d a g a sc a r .

B e tw e e n 1 8 4 7 a n d 1 8 4 9 th e Fr e n ch h a d a bolis h e d sl a v e ry i n
R e u n i o n a n d i n t h e ir M a d a g a sc a r poss e ssio n s ; but t h is
,

p h il a n th ropic a ctio n subs e qu e n t ly c a us e d outbr e a ks a m o n g th e

S a k a l a v a s w h o w e re a ngry a t h a vi n g t h e ir sl a v e tra di n g Op e ra
,
-

tio n s i n t e rfe r e d wit h by th e Fr e nc h .

B e tw e e n 1 8 4 7 a nd 1 8 5 2 th e qu e e n s s o n R a koto h e ir ’

, ,

a pp a r e n t t o th e t h ro n e a ppli e d a t i n t e rva ls fo r Fr e n c h
,

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r r a a r, r ra

t h a n th e H o v a s o wi n g to t h e i r m u c h gre a t e i n t e mixt u re wit h n e g ro e s

r r .
2 70 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
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pr o t e ctio n i n ord e r th a t h e migh t d e p os e h is m ot h e r a n d

, ,

put a n e nd to h e r fe r ocious p olicy N o v e ry d e fi n it e a n sw e r .

w a s m a d e t o th e s e a pp e a ls ( which p o ssi b ly w e r e n o t g e n ui n e ,

b u t fa b ric a t e d fo r th e ir o wn purp o s e s by th e F r e n ch m a n
L a bo rd e wh o still li v e d a t th e M a l a g a sy c a pit a l a n d b y a M
, ,
.

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,
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th e y follow e d up b y a ny a ctio n o n th e p a rt o f th e Fr e n ch
Gov e rn m e n t I n 1 8 5 3 th e m e r ch a n t s of Ma uri t i u s fi n di n g
.
,

t h a t th e M a d a g a sc a r G o v e rn m e n t co n ti nu e d t o r e fus e t o p a y
th e i n d e m n ity d e m a n d e d by th e Bri t ish Gov e rn m e n t for th e

dis a st e r o f T a m a t a v e ( i n co n s e qu e n c e o f which r e fu s a l t ra d e
wit h T a m a t a v e w a s fo rbidd e n ) subscrib e d a m o ngs t th e m s e lv e s
,

a n d p a id u p th e i n de m n ity t o th e e xt e n t o f T ra d e
wa s th e n r e op e n e d I n 1 8 5 5 th e F re n ch a dv e n t ur e r a n d
.
:

e x sl a v e t r a d e r
- -
L a m b e rt visit e d A n t a n a na rivo a n d a ft e r a n
, , ,

i n t e rvi e w wit h Pri n c e R a koto co n v e y e d from hi m to th e

,

Fr e n ch Gov e r n m e n t fr e sh p rop os a ls fo r a Fr e nc h pro t e c t or a t e ;

b ut t h e s e w e re r e j e c t e d by th e Emp e ror N a p ol e o n I I I b e ca u s e ,

h e w a s loy a l t o th e Bri t ish a lli a n c e a n d w o u l d do n ot h i n g i n

M a d a ga sc a r which m igh t s e e m u n fri e n dly to Gr e a t Brit a i n .

I n 1 8 5 6 Mr Elli s o n e of th e p io n e e rs of th e Lo n do n
,

Mi ssi o na ry S oci e t y s a g e n t s wh o a ft e r m a ny y e a r s of wo rk h a d
’
, ,

l e ft M a d a g a sc a r i n d e sp a i r i n 1 8 3 6 w a s i n vi te d t o r e tur n ,

th i t h e r t o co nfe r wi th th e qu e e n a n d w e n t o u t a s a n i n fo rm a l
,

m e ss e n g e r o f th e B ri t ish Gov e r n m e n t H is missio n re sult e d .

i n n othi n g h ow e v e r L a mb e rt th e Fr e n ch a dv e n tur e r r e tur n e d

,
.
, ,

to M a d a g a sc a r i n th a t y e a r a n d e sco r t e d to th e c a pit a l Mm e
, .

I da Pfe i fl e r ( o n e o f th e e a rli e s t o f wom e n t ra v e ll e rs th e Mrs ,

I s a b e ll a Bi r d o f h e r da y) L a mb e rt plot t e d a c o u p déta t w h ic h
.
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sh o u ld pl a c e R a ko t o o n th e th r o n e u n d e r Fr e n c h i nflu e n c e ,

wi th L a mb e rt him s e lf a s Prim e Mi n ist e r But R a koto w a s .

frigh t e n e d a n d k e pt h is m o t h e r i n fo rm e d o f th e co n spir a cy
, .

I t wa s th e r e for e n ipp e d i n th e b u d a n d L a m b e r t a n d L a bord e

,

we r e p romp t ly e xp e ll e d from th e cou nt ry th e l a tt e r a ft e r m a ny ,

y e a rs r e sid e n c e losi n g i n o n e da y a l l h is prop e r t y i n l a nds a n d

’
xv .
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sl a v e s But i n 1 8 6 1 th i s fe rociou s Old qu e e n wh o h a d rul e d

.
,

M a d a g a sc a r wit h a rod of i ro n for 3 3 y e a rs a n d h a d succ e ss ,

fully s e t Europ e a t d e fi a n c e di e d a nd wa s succ e e d e d by h e r , ,

s o n R a kot o w h o took th e titl e Of R a da m a I I

,
.

I f R a na v al o n a h is m oth e r wa s lik e C a t h e ri n e o f Russi a

, ,
,

R a da m a I I r e s e m b l e d i n his bri e f c a r e e r C a th e ri n e s p re
’

d e c e sso r th e u n h a ppy P e t e r I I I H e r e v e rs e d th e qu e e n s
,
.
’

a n t i Ch r i s t i a n policy a boli sh e d cu s t om s duti e s a n d wa s suc h

’
-

, ,

a n e n t h usi a stic r e form e r a s a lm ost t o s u gg e s t fl i g h ti n e s s He .

i n vit e d a n d r e c e i v e d a n E nglis h e nvoy i n 1 8 6 1 L a b ord e a n d .

La m b e r t r e tu rne d a nd w e r e r e c e iv e d b y him with a lm ost

,

e x t r a v a g a n t a ffe c t io n T h e foolis h ki n g sig n e d wi th out h e si

.

t a ti n g a d e e d p r e s e n t e d to h im by M L a m b e rt whic h g a v e th e .

l a t t e r th e m ost e xtra v a ga n t co n c e ssio n s i n M a d a ga sc a r H e is .

“
a lso suppos e d to h a v e cr e a t e d L a mb e rt D uc d E m i rn e a ’ ”
,

t i t l e h ow e v e r w h i ch th e e x sl a v e tr a d e r s o o n fou n d it wis e r to
, ,
- -

d r op from th e ridicul e it e n t a il e d A t this tim e a lso Rom a n .

C a th olic m is sio na ri e s c a m e o u t to s e ttl e i n th e H ov a cou ntry

‘
.

M r Ellis a ls o r e t u rn e d a n d broug h t l e tt e rs o f co n gra tul a ti o n

,

fr om th e B ritis h Gov e r nm e n t T h e E nglish missi o n a ri e s re .

e st a blis h e d th e m s e lv e s a n d i n 1 8 6 2 B r itis h a n d Fr e n ch C o n suls

,

w e r e e s ta b lish e d a t A n t a na na rivo T h e Fr e n ch C o n sul w a s .

L a bord e w h o h a d r e sid e d for so m a n y y e a rs i n M a d a g a sc a r

, .

But th e H ov a s w e r e p r ofou n dly di ss a tisfi e d wi th t h e ir ki n g s ’

r e fo rm s a n d e xtr a ordi n a ry g e n e rosity t o Europ e a n s A p ala ce .

r e volutio n t ook pl a c e i n 1 8 6 2 a nd th e u n h a p py R a da m a w a s ,

stra ngl e d A fe m a l e cou si n R a b odo (R a s o h e ri n a ) wa s p ro

.
, ,

cl a im e d qu e e n bu t w a s domi n a t e d by th e Prim e M i n is te r a s
, ,

h a v e b e e n sub s e qu e n tly a ll th e r e m a i n i n g qu e e n s o f Ma da g a s
c a r T h e F re n ch tr e a t y w a s d e n ou n c e d o n a ccou n t of L a mb e rt s
’
.

cl a im s T h e s e l a st we r e comp ou n d e d for fi n a lly by th e p a ym e n t

.

of 7 s i n silv e r T h e co n c e ssio n w a s re turn e d to th e

. .

M a l a ga sy e nvoys a n d sol e m n ly bur n e d a t T a m a t a v e

,
.

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InJ e s it p ri e sts h a d a ga i n e n de a vo u re d to e st a b l ish t he ms e l v e s
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i n Ma da g a sc ar o n th e n o rt h w e st c o a st b u t t h e y a l l di e d fro m fe v e r
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2 72 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
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Th e w h ol e proc e dur e o f th e Fr e n ch Gov e r nm e n t i n

supp o rti n g L a m b e rt s u n fa ir cl a i m p rofou n dl y a ffe ct e d th e
’

H ova p e o pl e a n d c a us e d t h e m to b e s u spici ous i n futur e o f a ll

,

Europ e a n e n t e rp ri s e Qu e e n R a s o h e ri n a di e d i n 1 8 6 8 a n d
.
,

wa s succ e e d e d b y h e r c o u si n R a na v al o na I I wh o e s ta blis h e d
, ,

Christi a n ity a s th e st a t e r e ligi o n I n h e r r e ig n a ros e a v e ry .

p o w e rful P r im e Mi n is t e r a ft e rw a rds t o b e fa mous a s th e

,

Opp o ne n t o f th e F re n ch R a i ni l a i a ri v o ny I n 1 8 7 2 th e Fr e n ch
, .

Gov e r n m e n t a g a i n a llow e d i ts i n flu e n c e i n Ma d a g a sc a r to
w a n e a n d withdr e w i t s s u bsidy from th e J e sui t missi o n a ri e s ;
,

bu t wi th r e t u rn i n g e n e rgy a n d i n th e d a w n o f th e n e w
,

p h a s e of c o lo n i a l a ctivi t y i t r e sum e d a m o r e a cti v e policy

,

a t th e b e gi n n i n g of th e L a bo rd e th e F re n c h Co n su l
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80 s .
, ,

di e d i n 1 8 7 8 bu t th e M a l a g a sy Gov e rn m e n t opp os e d h is
,

l a n d e d prop e r ty p a ssi ng to his h e ir o n th e p l e a t h a t h e wa s

o n ly a life t e na n t a n d th a t n o l a n d cou ld b e a li e n a t e d i n
,

Ma d a g a sc a r T h e F re n c h Gov e r n m e n t support e d th e cl a im s
.

o f L a b o rd e s h e i r s a n d dispu t e d th e m a t t e r b e tw e e n 1 8 8 0
’
,

and 1 8 8 2 , a t th e s a m e t im e r e vi v i n g th e id e a o f a F re n c h
pr o t e cto ra t e ov e r th e S a k a l a v a of No rt h w e st M a d a g a sca r -
.

T h e si t u a t io n b e c o mi n g s tra i n e d th e Ma d a g a sc a r Gov e r n ,

m e n t s e n t a m issi o n to Eur o p e bu t i t wa s u n succ e ssful i n ,

o b t a i n i n g a ss u ra n c e s of supp o rt T h e Ma l a g a s y a rgu e d with

.

som e j ustic e t h a t th e F re nch tr e a ty of 1 8 6 8 r e cogn i z e d

th e qu e e n s rul e ov e r th e wh ol e m a i n l a n d o f M a d a g a sca r
’
,

a n d m a d e n o m e n t io n o f a ny Fr e n c h p r ot e ctor a t e ov e r th e

S a k a l a va s But w e k n ow i n th e fa bl e th a t th e l a mb s a rg u ’
.

m e n ts a v a il e d but li t t l e wi t h th e w o l f Th e F re n c h h a d .

e n d e a vour e d i n 1 8 8 1 to fin d c a us e fo r a qu a rr e l i n th e m u rde r .

b y th e S a k a l a v a s of four Fr e n ch s ubj e c t s o n th e w e s t co a st o f
M a d a ga sc a r a n d cl a im e d a n i n d e m n i t y from th e H ov a Gov e rn
,

m e n t wh ich l o gic a lly th e y c o uld n o t h a v e do n e if th e co u n t ry

, ,

h a d b e e n u n de r a Fr e n ch p ro t e c t o ra t e T h e M a l a g a sy Gov e rn .

m e n t p ro mptly p a i d th e i n d e m n i t y d e m a n d e d but w h e n l a t e r
o n t h e y e n d e a vo u r e d to str e n gth e n t h e ir a u th ority ov e r th e
xv ] . Th e Fr e n c h i n Ma dag a s c a r . 2 73

Sa ka lava s, t h e y w e r e fo rbidd e n to do s o by th e Fr e n c h I n .

th e followi n g y e a r 1 8 8 2 a Fr e n ch prot e ctor a t e ov e r th e

, ,

n orth e rn co a st wa s di sti n ctly a ss e rt e d a n d th e d e m an d wa s

,

m a d e t h a t th e H ov a fl a g should b e wi th dra w n from t h os e

t e rrit o ri e s Th e. d e m a n d w a s r e fus e d a n d th e Fr e n c h ,

Com missio n e r l e ft A n t a na n a rivo Lo rd Gra n vill e i n 1 8 8 2 .

p ro t e s t e d a g a i n st th e a ss e rtio n of Fr e n c h cl a i m s to th e No rth
w e s t co a st o f M a d a ga sc a r bu t r e c e iv e d n o i mm e di a t e r e ply
, ,

n o r w a s th e op posi t io n of th e B riti s h G o v e rn m e n t d e e m e d
a n o b s t a cl e wo r t h t a ki n g i n to a ccou n t s e e i n g t h a t we h a d ,

a lr e a dy ti e d o u r h a n ds wit h th e occup a tio n o f Egyp t It .

wa s how e v e r a ss e r te d by th e Fr e n c h wit h som e d e gr e e o f

, ,

t r u th t h a t a c e r t a i n Sa k a l a va c h i e f Opposit e N osi Bé h a d
co n clud e d pro t e cto ra t e tr e a ti e s wi th F ra n c e i n 1 8 4 0 a n d 1 8 4 3 .

A n o th e r c a us e o f compl a i n t w h ic h Fr a n c e urg e d a g a i n s t
M a d a ga sca r wa s th e p a ssi n g o f a l a w i n 1 8 8 1 fo r biddi ng th e
M a l a g a sy t o s e ll th e i r l a n d to for e ig n e rs ; b ut i n 1 8 8 3 t h is
com pl a i n t wa s som e wh a t obvi a t e d by o t h e r e dicts fa cilit a ti n g
th e t ra n sfe r o f l a n d o n p e r p e t u a l l e a s e s N e v e r t h e l e ss i n Ma y
.

1 8 8 3 w a r brok e o u t b e tw e e n Fr a n c e a n d M a d a g a sc a r a n d th e ,

Fr e n ch fl e e t u n d e r A dmira l Pi e rr e c a p t u re d Mo ja ng a S u b .

s e qu e n t ly A dmir a l Pi e rr e st e a m e d r ou n d th e isl a n d a n d ,

a n c h o r e d i n th e ro a dst e a d of T a m a t a v e w h e re h e fou n d ,

H MS
. . D ry a d Comm a n d e r J o h n sto n e a l re a dy w a tchi ng
.
, ,

e v e n ts T h e Fr e n ch a dm ir a l a ft e r d e liv e ri n g a n ul t im a tu m
.
, ,

whic h wa s r e j e c t e d bomb a rd e d a n d occupi e d T a m a t a v e a n d

, ,

d e s t roy e d ot h e r H ov a e st a blis h m e n ts o n th e E a st co a st .

Mr S h a w a n E nglish m e dic a l m issi o n a ry wa s e st a blish e d a t

, ,

T a m a t a v e a nd b e yo n d r e n d e ri n g m e dic a l a ssist a n c e t o th e
, ,

wou n d e d n a tiv e s t ook n o p a rt i n th e st ru ggl e N e ve r th e l e ss

,
.
,

h i s disp e n s a ry wa s b r ok e n i n t o h e w a s a rr e st e d a ccus e d o f
, ,

pois o ni n g Fr e n ch s o ldi e rs a n d wa s clos e ly co n fi n e d a s a

‘
,

1
Wh o h ad m a de t he ms e lv e s i ll by a pp o p ri a ti ng a nd dri nki n g h is c l ar e t
r

t ha t w as a ll .
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2 74 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
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ri so n e r o n th e Fr e n ch fl a g ship T h e B ri t is h Co n sul
p
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.
,

P a k e nh a m who h a d go n e dow n to T a m a ta v e a nd was v e ry ill

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wa s o r d e re d t o q u i t th e to wn i n 2 4 hours but di e d b e fo re t hi s ,

t im e e l a ps e d A n glo F re n c h r e l a t io n s w e r e s e v e re ly s t r a i ne d
.
-

b y th e a t t e mpt of th e Fr e n ch to i n t e rc e p t C a p t a i n J oh n sto n e s ’

m a ils Wh e n th e n e ws of Fr e nch a c t io n r e a c h e d E ngl a n d

.

Mr Gl a ds t o n e m a d e a v e ry s e riou s sp e e c h i n th e H o us e o f
Comm o n s r e ga rdi ng Mr S h a w s a rre st T h e Fr e n ch G o v e r n
’
.

m e n t fe e li n g it s a g e n t s h a d go n e too fa r m a d e a co n cili a tory

, ,

r e ply Mr S h a w wa s r e l e a s e d a nd giv e n a n i n d e m n ity o f

.
,

I n th e m e a n tim e th e Qu e e n o f M a d a g a sc a r di e d ,

a n d wa s s u cc e e d e d by a n ot h e r qu e e n R a na v al o n a I I I ,
.

A dm ir a l Pi e rr e a lso fe ll ill a nd di e d j us t a s h e r e a ch e d
,

M a rs e ill e s H i s s u cc e ssor A dmira l Ga li b e r did m uch to

.
, ,

r e stor e cordi a l re l a t io n s b e t we e n th e Britis h a n d F r e n ch

o ffici a ls b y hi s cou r t e o u s m a nn e r I n 1 8 8 4 a n E nglis h m a n .

n a m e d D ig b y Will o ug h b y wh o h a d b e e n a volu n te e r i n th e
,

Zulu wa r succ e e d e d i n r u n n i n g a c a rgo o f a rm s a n d a mmu

,

n i ti o n a c r o ss t o th e sou t h co a st of M a d a g a sc a r a n d i n r e w a rd ,

fo r h i s e n e rgy w a s t a k e n i n t o th e s e rvic e o f th e M a l a g a sy
Gov e rn m e n t m a d e a n o ffi c e r i n t h e i r a rmy a nd fi na lly ros e t o
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b e t h e i r Comm a n de r i n C hi e f - -
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.

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ca u si ng som e diss a tis fa ctio n a nd l a ssit u d e i n Fra n c e .

I t i s p r ob a bl e th a t th e F r e n ch Gov e rn m e n t w o ul d n o t h a v e
i n sis t e d o n th e pro t e c t o ra te b u t fo r G e rm a n a c t io n o n th e
a dj oi n i n g co a st o f A fric a wh ich c a us e d th e Fr e n c h t o fe e l t h a t
,

i n th e A fric a n sc ra mbl e t h e y sh ould b e fa i r ly r e pr e s e n t e d At .

l a s t a t re a ty o f p e a c e wa s n e go t i a t e d a n d fi na lly co n cl u d e d i n ,

J a nu a ry 1 8 8 6 G e n e ra l Willough by r e pr e s e n t e d th e Ma l a ga sy
,
.

Gov e rn m e n t a t T a m a t a v e a nd co n clud e d a tr e a ty i n th e ir
,

name . T his a gr e e m e n t g a v e F ra n c e a v i r t u a l prot e c t or a t e

o ve r Ma d a g a sc a r— a t a ny ra t e a co n t ro l o v e r h e r for e ig n
,

r e l a t io n s — a n e s ta blishm e nt a t Di e go S u a r e z Ba y a n d a n ,

i nd e m n i t y o f
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p r ot e ct ora t e ov e r a ll th e Com oro Isl a n ds o f w h ich sh e h a d

a lr e a dy a n n e x e d Ma yo tta i n 1 8 4 0 .

I n 1 8 9 0 En gl a n d i n r e tu rn for th e w a ivi n g o f Fr e n c h
, ,

Opp ositio n to a Britis h prot e ctor a t e ov e r Z a nz i b a r r e cog n i z e d ,

a Fr e n c h prot e ctor a t e ov e r M a d a g a sc a r B ut th e M a l a g a sy
.

t h e ms e lv e s h a d b e e n sull e n ly r e fusi n g t h e ir r e cog n i t io n o f a ny

suc h p rot e ctora t e a n d e n d e a vouri n g to sh a k e th e m s e lv e s fr e e
o f th e tr a mm e ls o f th e 1 8 8 6 T r e a ty I t wa s b e li e v e d i n
.

E ngl a n d a nd i n Fr a n c e th a t th e co n qu e st o f M a d a g a sc a r
would b e a n e xtr e m e ly difficult u n d e rt a ki n g t h a t th e oppo ,

s i ti o n o f th e H ov a s would b e a d e t e rm i n e d o n e a n d t h a t t h e ir ,

w a rlik e e ne rgy co mbi ne d wit h th e t e rribly u n h e a l thy clim a t e

would m a k e succ e ss doubtful o r d e a rly pu rch a s e d F or som e .

n i n e y e a rs ,
th e re for e th e Fr e n ch Gov e r n m e n t put up wit h
,

m a ny a r e buff fro m th e p ow e rful P rim e M i n ist e r o f M a d a

g as c ar . But a t l a st th e Fr e n c h w e r e o b lig e d e i th e r to l e t t h e ir
prot e ctor a t e b e com e a d e a d l e tt e r o r e n forc e t h e i r rig h t to a
pr e domi na n t i n fl u e n c e a t th e M a l a g a sy co u r t T h e ir ultim a tum .

i n 1 8 9 5 wa s r e j e ct e d . A pow e rfu l F r e n c h e xp e ditio n wa s s e n t

— ov e r Fr e n c h soldi e rs a nd a n e qu a l n umb e r o f
,

S e n e ga l e s e . T h e id e a of l a n di ng a t T a m a t a v e a n d fo r ci n g a
wa y up t o th e c a pit a l t h r oug h d e n s e for e st s a n d a cross s t e e p
m ou n t a i n t e rr a c e s w a s wi s e ly a b a n do ne d a nd i n p re fe re n c e ,

th e forc e s e n t e r e d Be m b a to k a Ba y ( Mo ja n g a ) o n th e w e s t ,

co a s t a n d we r e tra n sp o rt e d u p th e I ko pa riv e r From th e

, .

p oi n t w h e re i t s na viga bility c a m e to a n e n d t h e y st a rt e d ov e r
l a n d for A n t a na n a rivo whic h wa s c a ptur e d a ft e r th e fe e bl e st
,

r e sist a n c e o n th e p a rt o f th e H ov a s
‘
.

1
Whe t he r th e H o v a s h a d o v e l o o k e d th e Mo ja ng a ro u t e a nd h a d
r

de ci de d to c o nc e nt ra t e a l l t h e i r r e sist a n c e o n th e a pp ro a c h f o m Ta m a t a v e r

is n o t k no w n ; b u t a ft e r t h e i r e p e a t e d b o a sts a s to th e de t e rmi ne d
r

r e sist a n c e t h e y w o u l d m a k e to a n i n v a de th e c o ll ps e o f t h e i
r, ade fe n c e r

a n d th e fe e b l e n e ss o f th e re sist a n c e t h e y o ffe re d to th e F re n c h a e m a tt e rs r

o f c o n si de ra b l e a st o n is h m e n t I t m u st h a v e b e e n m a i nl y du e to th e fa ct
.

t h t th e H o va r l e o ve r th e bu l k o f th e is l a nd wa s h a t e d a n d t h a t
a u
,

th e o t h e t ib e s w e e n o t i n c l i n e d to fig h t fo r its m a i n t e na n c e
r r r .

1 8— 2
2 76 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HAR xv .

A t first t t e mpt wa s m a d e t o co n ti nu e th e go v e r n m e n t
an a

o f th e Qu e e n o f M a d a g a sc a r u n d e r Fr e n c h prot e ctio n but t h i s ,

o n ly l e d to tr e a ch e ry a n d i n t rigu e o n th e p a rt o f th e H ov a s .

Th e P r im e Mi n i s t e r wa s e xil e d th e qu e e n wa s d e pos e d
, In .

1 8 6 th e i sl a n d w a s a nn e x e d t o Fr a n c e a n d b e c a m e a Fr e n ch
9 ,

colo n y A t th e s a m e t im e a n d by t h i s a c t o f a nne x a tio n th e

.
, ,

comm e rci a l tr e a t i e s o f oth e r n a ti o n s wi t h Ma d a ga sc a r w e r e

a n n u ll e d th e co a s t i n g t ra d e w a s co n fi n e d to v e ss e ls flyi n g th e
,

Fr e n ch fl ag a n d th e fi sc a l p olicy a dop t e d w a s th a t o f th e
,

s e v e re st P r ot e ctio n ist typ e th e comm e rc e a n d e nt e rpri s e o f

,

oth e r n a tio n s b e i n g pra c t ic a lly e xclud e d from M a da g a sca r .

T h e H ov a rul e w a s bl oody a n d b a r b a rous a n d m or e ,

re c e n t by quit e a h u n d r e d y e a r s t h a n th e e st a blis h m e n t of

Europ e a n i n flu e nc e Bu t i t a t l e a s t e s t a blish e d fre e dom of

.

re l i g i o n a n d compl e t e fr e e dom o f comm e rc e a n d e n t e rpris e

l
,

fo r a ll civili z e d n a tio n s By p ursui n g t h is r e trogr a d e policy i n

.

c o mm e rc e a nd r e ligio n Fr a n c e h a s som e w h a t a li e na t e d th e
s y mp a thy a n d i nt e r e st wi t h w h ic h o ne m ig h t o t h e r wi se h a v e
wa tc h e d h e r d e t e rmi n e d a t t e mpts t o civili z e M a d a g a sc a r .

1
S i n c e th e a nn e x a ti o n to F a n c e n d th e c o n s e q e n t do mi n a ti ng
r ,
a u

i n fl e n ce o f th e R o m n C t h o l ic missi o n i e s m a n y n a tive s h v e b e e n
u a a ar ,
a

c o n st ra i n e d to e xc h a n g e th e i P ro t e st n t f it h fo R o m n C t h o l ic
r a a r a a

C h isti a n ity
r .
 C H A PT E R X V I .

C O N C LU S I O N .

WE h a v e n o w s e e n th e re s u lt of t h e s e r a c e m ov e m e nts
duri ng t h r e e t h ous a n d y e a r s whic h h a v e ca us e d n a tio n s sup e
r ior i n p hysic a l o r m e n t a l d e v e lop m e n t t o th e N e gro th e ,

N e g ro i d a nd th e H a mit e t o m o v e dow n o n A fric a a s a fi e ld

,

for th e ir colo n i z a tio n cultiv a tio n a n d comm e rc e Th e gr e a t

, ,
.

rus h h ow e v e r h a s o n ly b e e n m a d e wit h i n th e l a st sixt e e n y e a rs

, ,
.

N o w t h e r e r e m a i n s b ut v e ry littl e o f th e m a p o f A fr ic a w h ic h
i s u n colour e d t h a t is a ttribut e d t o th e i n d e p e n d e n t p oss e s
, ,

sio n o f a na tiv e st a t e T h e re a re still som e t r a cts h ow e v e r

.
, ,

whic h a re g e ne r a lly re cog n i z e d a s i n d e p e n d e n t o r th e ov e r

,

l o rdship o f w h ich i s n o t u n iv e rs a lly r e cog ni z e d a n d i n th e

,

ultim a t e s e t tl e m e n t of w h os e fa t e fr e sh d e v e l op m e n ts o f
Europ e a n e ne rgy m ay t a k e pl a c e T h e r e i s Morocco o n th e
.

e xtr e m e N ort h w e st of th e co n ti n e n t th e bulk o f w h os e tr a d e i s

-

wi th E ngl a n d a n d w h os e p ri n cip a l s e a port w a s o n c e i n E n glis h

,

h a n ds : ye t w h ic h h a s Fra n c e for a c h a fi n g n e ig h b our o n

th e E a st a n d S p a i n for a n o l d a n d u n forgivi ng e n e my
, T h e re.

i s Egypt i n th e occup a tio n a nd u n d e r th e co ntrol o f E ngl a n d

, ,

w h ich i s n o w strivi ng wit h B ritis h a n d Egyp ti a n soldi e rs t o

r e ga i n th e lost e m pir e o f th e S ud a n T h e r e i s A byssi n i a
.
,

w h ich for m a ny r e a so n s co nn e ct e d with its h istory i t s r e ligio n

, ,

a n d its sturdy a ss e rtio n o f i n d e p e n d e n c e d e s e rv e s m or e t h a n

a ny ot h e r st a t e o f A fric a to pr e s e rv e t h a t i nd e p e nd e n c e ,

provid e d s h e will a bst a i n from o ffe n c e a n d r e cog n i z e h e r tru e

,
2 78 Th e C o l o ni z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C HAR

g e og ra p h ic a l limits T h e r e i s th e s a v a ge Muh a mm a d a n s t a t e
.

of W a da i t o th e e a s t of La k e C h a d a n d th e h i nt e rl a n d o f
,

T u r kish T ripoli . A ssum i n g t h a t F ra n c e wi ll occ u py B a ghi rmi ,

a n d t h a t D a rfur will r e t ur n
.
t o its fo rm e r posi tio n a s a n
Egypti a n p rovi nc e th e re is no re m a i n i n g p o r t i o n o f A fric a
, ,

o t h e r th a n th e c o u n t ri e s m e n tio n e d wh ich i s n o t mor e or l e ss

,

a ssig n e d t o de fi n it e Europ e a n co n t rol Lib e ri a p e rh a ps m a y

.

b e poi n t e d o u t a s a fu r th e r i n s t a n c e o f a n i n d e p e n d e n t n a t iv e
st a t e b u t th e i n d e p e n d e n c e o f Li b e ri a is gu a r a n t e e d i n such
t e rm s by Gr e a t Bri ta i n a nd th e U n i t e d S t a t e s a s to imp ly a
j oi n t pro t e cto ra te o f t hos e two cou n t ri e s o v e r th a t i n t e re s ti n g
e xp e rim e n t i n givi n g th e A m e ric a n n e g ro a n o p po rtu n i t y o f

r u li n g a n d civili z i ng h is s a v a g e b ro th e rs .

Wh a t is Eu rop e goi ng t o do wit h A fric a ! I t s e e m s t o m e

th e r e a re th re e c o u rs e s t o b e pursu e d corr e sp o ndi ng wi th th e
,

t hr e e cl a ss e s o f t e rri t o ry i n to which A fric a fa lls wh e n c o n

s i de r e d g e og ra phic a lly T h e re is to b e gi n wi th t h a t much
.
, ,

r e strict e d h e a l t hy a re a lyi n g o u tsid e th e t ropics ( or i n v e ry

,

r a re c a s e s a t gr e a t a l t it u d e s i n sid e th e t ropi cs ) wh e r e th e
, ,

cli m a t e i s h e a lthy a nd E u rop e a n s c a n n o t o n ly s u pp o rt e xis t

e n c e u n d e r m uch th e s a m e co n di t io n s a s i n t h e ir o w n l a n ds

a n d fr e e ly r e a r c h ild r e n to fo r m i n tim e a n a tiv e Eur o p e a n

r a c e b ut wh e r e a t th e s a m e tim e t h e re is n o d e n s e n a t iv e
,

p o pul a t io n to disput e by forc e or by a n a pp e a l t o comm o n

fa irn e ss th e p oss e ssio n o f th e soil S u ch l a n ds a s t h e s e a re o f
.

r e l a t iv e ly sm a ll e x t e n t com p a r e d t o th e m a ss of A fr ic a Th e y .

a r e co n fi n e d to th e districts sout h o f th e Z a m b e z i ( with th e

e xc e p t io n o f th e n e igh b ou r h o o d of th e Z a m b e z i a n d th e e a st e r n

co a st b e l t ) a fe w squ a r e m il e s o n th e m ou n t a i n pl a t e a ux of
-

N ort h a n d S outh Ny a s a l a n d ; th e n orth e r n h a lf o f T u n isi a a ,

fe w district s o f No r th e a st a nd N or th w e s t A lg e ri a a n d th e
- -

Cyr e n a ica ( north e r n proj e c t io n of B a rk a ) ; p e rh a p s a lso th e

n ort h e r n m os t p ortio n o f M o r occo T h e s e co n d c a t e gory c o n
.

sists of cou n t ri e s lik e much o f Morocco A lg e ri a T u n is a n d , , ,

T ripoli ; B ark a Egypt A b yssi n i a a n d p a r t s of S om a lil a n d ;

, ,
xv i .
] C o nc l u s i o n . 2 79

wh e re clim a tic co n ditio n s a nd soil are no t w h olly oppos e d t o ‘

th e h e a lthful s e ttl e m e n t o f Europ e a n s but w h e re th e comp e ti ,

tio n or n um e ric a l str e ngt h o r m a rti a l spirit o f th e na ti v e s

a lr e a dy i n p oss e ssio n a r e fa ctors Opp os e d to th e substitutio n o f a

l a rg e E u r o p e a n p opul a tio n for th e pr e s e n t ow n e rs o f th e soil .

T h e t h ird c a t e gory co n sis ts o f a l l t h a t is l e ft o f A fric a m a i nly ,

tropica l wh e r e th e cli m a tic co n ditio n s m a k e i t imp ossibl e fo r

,

Eu rop e a n s to cultiv a t e th e soil wi th th e ir o wn h a n ds to s e ttl e fo r ,

m a n y y e a r s o r to b ri n g up h e a lt h y fa mili e s Cou n tri e s lyi ng

,
.

u n d e r th e fi rst c a t e gory I s h ou ld ch a r a ct e ri z e a s b e i n g suit a bl e

fo r Europ e a n colo n i e s a c o n clusio n som e w h a t b e l a t e d si n c e
, ,

th e y h a v e n e a rly a l l b e com e such T h e s e co n d d e scrip tio n o f

.

“
t e rritory I s h ould qua lify a s tribut a ry st a t e s cou n tri e s w h e r e ,
”

good a n d s e ttl e d gov e r n m e n t c a nn o t b e m a i n t a i n e d by th e

n a t iv e s wit h out th e co n trol of a Europ e a n pow e r th e Europ e a n ,

pow e r r e t a i n i n g i n r e tur n for th e e xp e n s e a nd troubl e o f suc h

co n t rol th e gra tifica tio n o f p e rformi n g a good a n d i n t e r e sti ng
wo rk a n d a fi e ld of e mpl oym e nt fo r a fe w of h e r ch oic e r so n s
,

“
a n d d a ug h t e rs T h e t h ird c a t e gory co n sists o f
. pl a n t a tio n
colo n i e s v a st t e rr it o ri e s to b e gov e r n e d a s I n di a i s gov e rn e d
”
-
,

d e spotic a lly bu t wis e ly a nd wit h th e first a i m o f s e curi ng good

,

gov e rn m e n t a nd a r e a so na bl e d e gr e e o f civili z a tio n to a l a rg e

p opul a tio n of r a c e s i nfe rior t o th e Europ e a n H e r e h ow e v e r .
, ,

th e Europ e a n m a y com e i n sm a ll n umb e rs wit h h is c a pit a l ,

hi s e n e rg y a n d his k n owl e dg e to d e v e lop a m ost lucr a t ive

,

co m m e rc e a n d o bt a i n products ne c e ss a ry to th e u se o f h i s
,

a dv a n c e d civili z a ti o n .

I t i s p ossibl e t h a t t h e s e disti n c t io n s m a y b e rud e ly se t

a sid e by th e pr e ssur e o f n a t ura l l a ws o n e h u n d re d two ,

h u n dr e d y e a r s h e n c e if th e oth e r h e a lthy qu a rt e rs o f th e
,

glob e b e com e ov e r p op ul a t e d a nd sci e n c e i s a bl e to a nn ul th e

-

1
Tho u gh i n th e S a h a ra de s e r t a n d th e c o a st re gi o n o f G e m a n S W r . .

A f ic a th e g re a t su mm e r he a t a nd th e w a t e rl e ss n a t u re o f th e s o i l a re
r ,

o bst a c l e s s ffici e n t u a t a n y ra t e
, a t th e p re se n t tim e to re n de r t he s e ,

c o u n t ri e s u n c o l o n i z a b l e .
2 80 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n o f A fr i c a .
[C HAR

u n h e a lt h y e ffe cts o f a t ropic a l clim a t e A rus h m ay t h e n b e

.

m a d e b y Europ e a n s fo r s e ttl e m e n t o n th e l a n ds o f t ropic a l

A fri ca wh ich i n th e struggl e for e xist e n c e m a y sw e e p a w a y
,

co n t e mp t u ously th e pre e xi s t i ng rig ht s o f i n fe rior ra c e s But

-
.

u ntil such a co n ti ng e n cy c o m e s a b ou t a n d whils t t h e re is so,

much h e a lthy l a n d s t ill u n occ u pi e d i n t e mp e r a t e A fr ic a i t is ,

s a fe r to di re ct o u r e ffor ts a lo n g th e li n e s l a i d dow n i n th e s e
thr e e c a t e gori e s I h a v e quo t e d U n t il Fr e n ch m e n h a v e
.

p e opl e d th e n ort h o f T u n is a nd th e A u re s Mou n t a i n s o f

A lg e ri a it wo uld b e foolish fo r th e i r Gov e rn m e n t to lu re Fr e n ch
e mig ra n ts t o m a k e th e ir h om e s i n S e ne g a m b i a o r o n th e
C o n go : u n til C a p e Colo n y N a t a l th e O ra n g e F re e S t a t e th e
, , ,

T r a n sv a a l B e chu a n a l a n d a n d R h od e si a sou th o f th e Z a mb e z i
, ,

a re a s t hickly pop u l a t e d with whit e s a s th e r e sourc e s o f th e

cou n try p e rm i t it wo u ld b e m ost u nwi s e t o forc e o n th e

,

p e op li n g by E u rop e a n s of S okoto or Britis h C e n t ra l A frica .

O n th e ot h e r h a n d h ow e v e r h e a lthy th e clim a t e of Egyp t m a y

,

b e it is a cou n t ry for th e Egypti a n s a n d n o t fo r E ngli shm e n

, , ,

e xc e pt as a dmi n is t r a t o r s i n s t ructo r s c a p it a lis t s o r wi n t e r

, , ,

t ou ris t s S i n c e w e h a v e b e gu n to co n t r ol th e p olitic a l a ffa irs

.

of p a rts o f W e st A fric a a n d th e Nig e r ba si n o u r t ra d e wi th

th os e cou n tri e s r e n d e r e d s e cur e h a s ris e n fr om a fe w h u n dr e d
, ,

t hous a n d p o u nds a y e a r to a bout T h is is

su ffici e n t j u s t ifica ti o n fo r o u r co n ti nu e d gov e r n m e n t o f th e s e
r e gio n s a n d th e ir occ a si o na l cost to u s i n m e n a n d m o ne y .

I n th e n o r th o f A fri c a th e whit e B e rb e r ra c e will t e n d i n

cou r s e o f tim e t o w e a k e n i n its M u h a mm a d a n fa n a t icism a n d ,

t o m i ngl e wi th th e E u r op e a n immigr a n ts a s it mi n gl e d with

t h e m i n p re his t o ric d a ys wh e n it i n va d e d S p a i n a n d sou th e r n
,

Europ e T h e A r a b will g ra du a lly dra w a loo f a n d sid e wi t h

.
,

t h os e d a rk e r B e rb e rs w h o will lo ng r a n g e th e S a h a ra wa st e s
,

u ne n vi e d o r e ls e h e will b e ta k e h ims e lf to th e S u d a n a n d l e a d
, ,

a life t h e r e fr e e r fr om Eu r op e a n r e st r ictio n s e v e n though i t b e

,

u n d e r a loos e form o f Europ e a n r u l e T h e Egyp ti a n s wi ll .

prob a bly co n ti nu e to r e m a i n th e Egypti a n s t h e y h a ve b e e n fo r

xv 1 .
] C o nc l n s i o n . 2 8I

u n told c e n turi e s n o m a tt e r w h a t w a v e s o f Syri a n Libya n

, , ,

H i t tit e P e r si a n Gr e e k Rom a n A ra b T urkis h F re n c h o r

, , , , , ,

E nglis h i n v a d e r s sw e pt ov e r th e l a n d b ut th e y will prob a b ly

com e wit h i n t h a t circl e of co n fe d e r a t e d n a tio n s whic h will
form th e futur e British Empi re — n a t io n s o f e v e ry origi n colour , ,

r a c e r e ligio n u n it e d o n ly by o n e supr e m e rul e r a n d th e o ne

, , ,

supr e m e bo n d of p e a c e mutu a l d e fe n c e a n d u n fe tt e r e d i n t e r
, ,

ch a ngi ng com m e rc e T h e N e gr o o r N e g r oid r a c e s o f a l l

.

A frica b e tw e e n th e S a h a r a D e s e rt th e R e d S e a a n d th e , ,

Z a mb e z i will r e m a i n N e g ro o r N e gr o i d e v e n t h o u g h h e r e a nd
, -

th e r e t h e y a re lig h tly ti n ctu re d with Eu rop e a n blood a n d o n ,

th e e a st a r e r a is e d to a fi n e r h um a n typ e b y th e d e v e lopm e n t

o f th e H a mit e s th e i n t e rbr e e di n g o f A r a bs a n d th e imm igr a tio n

, ,

o f I n di a n s .I pr e dict a gre a t ov e rflow o f I ndi a i nto t h os e

i n s u ffici e n t ly i nh a b it e d u n cu ltiv a t e d p a rts of E a st A fric a n o w
,

r u l e d by E ngl a n d a n d G e rm a n y I n di a n s Will p r ob a bly m a k e

.

t h e ir wa y a s t ra d e rs i n to British C e n tr a l A fric a but t h e s e ,

t e rri to ri e s n ort h o f th e Z a mb e z i will b e gov e r ne d firstly i n th e

i n te r e st s o f a n a bu n d a n t a n d p ow e rful n e g r o popul a tio n wh ich ,

b e fore m a n y y e a rs h a v e e l a ps e d wi l l b e a s civili z e d a n d e du
c a te d a s a r e a t l e a st a m illio n of th e n e gr o i nh a bit a n ts south

o f th e Z a mb e z i a t th e pr e s e n t da y S out h o f th e Z a mb e z i
.

gr e a t ch a ng e s will t a k e pl a c e T h e bl a ck m a n m a y co n ti nu e
.

to i n cr e a s e a n d m ultiply a n d l iv e a t p e a c e w ith th e wh i t e m an ,

co n t e n t t o p e rform for th e l a tt e r m a n y s e rvic e s w h ic h h is

bodily str e ngth a n d i n di ffe r e n c e t o h e a lth p e rmit h im to re n d e r
a dv a n t a g e ou sly But a s th e w h it e p op ul a tio n i n cr e a s e s from
.

t h ou s an ds to millio n s i t will t e n d to r e s e rv e to its e lf a ll th e

h e a lthy co u n try i n th e e xtr e m e sout h o f A fric a a n d i n l a n d
a lo n g th e gr e a t c e n tr a l p l a t e a u w h i c h str e tch e s up to th e
Z a mb e z i a nd th e bl a ck m a n will b e pus h e d by d e gr e e s i nto
,

th e l o w lyi n g u n h e a lthy co a st r e gio n s o f th e sout h e a st o r i n to

-
,
-

th e ric h but fe v e r stri ck e n cou n t ri e s i n th e Z a mb e z i v a ll e y

-
,

w h ich m ust fo r a n i n d e fi n it e p e riod b e r e g a rd e d a s a Bl a ck

’
M a n s R e s e rv e .
2 82 Th e C o lo ni z a ti o n f
o A fr i c a .
[C H AR

Th e Europ e a n
tio n s o r na ti o na l typ e s which will p re
na

d omi na t e i n th e N e w A fric a —n o t n e c e ss a rily p o li t ic a lly— a re

th e Bri t is h ( wit h w h om p e rh a p s Du t ch a n d Fl e mish will fus e ) ,

th e F r e n ch a n d th e Fr e n ch sp e a ki n g B e lgi a n s th e G e rm a n
-

, ,

th e I t a li a n th e G r e e k a n d th e Port u gu e s e
, , T h e S p a ni a rd .

m a y b e m e t wi t h o n th e N o r th w e s t co a st b ut h e h a s n o fu t u r e
-

b e for e him i n th a t co n ti n e n t e qu a l to w h a t th e Portu g u e s e

h a v e i n A n gol a w h ic h will b e to th e m a s e co n d Br a z il
,
.

I t a ly s sh a r e o f t e rri to ry m ay b e sm a ll a n d G r e e c e m a y h a v e
’
,

n o n e a t a ll b ut th e N orth th e N or t h e a s t a n d No rt h C e n tr a l
, ,
-

,
-

p a r ts of A fric a will t e e m with busy t h rift y e n t e rprisi ng I t a li a n , ,

a n d Gr e e k s e t tl e rs col o nists m e r c h a n t s a n d e m ploy é s

1
, ,

T h e gr e a t l a n gu a g e s of N e w A fric a will b e E n glish Fr e n ch , ,

I t a li a n Po r tugu e s e A r a bic H a us a a n d S w a hili

, , ,
I t i s doubt , .

ful w h e th e r G e r m a n will e v e r b e c o m e impl a n t e d a s a n A frica n

l a n gu a g e a n y m or e th a n D utch h a s t a k e n roo t i n th e M a l a y
A r c h ip e l a go I t i s t ru e th a t D u tch i n a corrup t e d j a rgo n h a s
.

b e com e a s e co n d l a n gu a g e to th e H ott e n t o t s a n d a fe w B an tu
n e gro e s But Dutch is m uc h simp l e r i n co n stru cti o n a n d
.
,

e a si e r of p r o n u n ci a tio n to a n e gro th a n G e r m a n I h a ve .

obs e rv e d t h a t i n th e C a m e ro o n s th e G e rm a n s m a k e u s e o f th e
‘
pig e o n E ng l ish of th e co a st a s a m e a n s o f commu n ica tio n
’

wi t h th e p e opl e wh e n th e y do n o t sp e a k i n th e e a sily a cqu ir e d

D u a l a to n gu e I n E a st A fric a o n th e o t h e r h a n d th e y u s e
.
, ,

S w a h ili u n iv e r s a lly j ust a s th e D u tc h u s e Ma l a y thro u gh ou t

,

t h e ir A si a tic p oss e ssio n s E n glish m a y n o t b e com e th e

.

domi na n t l a n gu a g e i n a l l co u n t ri e s u n d e r B ritis h i n flu e n c e i n
A fric a . I t will c e rt a i n ly b e com e th e u n i v e rs a l to ngu e of
A fric a sout h of th e Z a m b e z i a n d possibly but n o t so c e rt a i nly
, , ,

i n B ri t ish C e n t ra l A fric a w h e r e h ow e v e r it will h a v e th e

, , ,

i n flu e n c e o f S wa h ili to co n t e n d w ith I n B riti sh E a st A frica .

,

i n Z a n z ib a r a n d i n Ug a n d a th e p r e v a ili n g sp e e ch will b e th e
,

1
It is i nt e re sti n g to o bs e rve h o w u n de r th e B itish ae gi s Ma l t e s e
r a re

p ro sp e ri n g i n Egypt an d o n th e n o rt h e rn a n d e a st e rn c o a sts o f A fr ica .

xvr ].
C o nc l u s i o n . 2 83

ea sy simpl e e xpr e ssiv e h a rm o n ious S w a h ili l a n gu a ge a h a ppy

, , , ,

compromis e b e tw e e n th e A r a bi c a nd B a n tu I n S om a lil a n d .
,

Egyp t th e S a h a r a a n d th e S ud a n A r a bic will b e th e domi

, ,

n a ti n g l a n gu a g e
; but I t a li a n Fr e n c h a n d E nglis h will b e
, ,

m uc h us e d i n Low e r Egypt I t a li a n A ra bi c a n d Fr e n c h will

.
, ,

r e m a i n co e qu a l i n u s e i n B a rk a T rip oli T u ni s a nd E a st e r n
, , ,

A lg e ri a ; Fr e n c h a n d A ra bic ( Fr e n c h p e r h a p s pr e v a ili ng ) i n
A lg e ri a ; a n d Fr e n c h will m a k e it s i n flu e n c e fe lt i n M orocco
( thoug h i t will co nt e n d t h e r e wit h A r a bic a n d S p a n is h ) a n d ,

righ t a cro ss th e W e st e r n S a h a r a to S e ne g a mbi a a n d th e up p e r

Nig e r E nglis h will b e a s i t i s n o w— e ith e r i n j a rgo n o r
.
,

corr e ctly sp ok e n —th e l a ngu a g e of i n t e rco mmu n ic a tio n o n th e

W e st co a st of Afri c a fro m th e G a m bi a to th e G a boo n Fr e n c h ,

S w a h ili a n d Portugu e s e i n th e C o ngo b a si n Portugu e s e i n

A ngol a a n d i n M o ca mbiqu e ; a n d H a us a i n Nig e ri a a n d
a rou n d L a k e Ch a d I n M a d a g a sc a r Fr e n c h wil l p r e v a il
.
,

mi ngli n g i n th e C om oro I sl a n ds wi th S wa h ili .

P a ga n ism will dis a p p e a r T h e co n ti n e n t wi ll soo n b e

.

divid e d b e tw e e n n omi na l C h ris t i a n s a n d n om i na l Mu h a m

m a da n s wit h a stro n g t e n d e n cy o n th e p a r t of th e Mu h a m
,

m a da n s tow a rds a n e a sy goi n g r a ti o na lism suc h a s is fa st

-

m a ki ng wa y i n A lg e ri a w h e r e th e t ow n sp e opl e a n d th e culti
,

v a to r s i n th e m or e s e ttl e d district s co n st a n tly comi n g i n to,

c o n t a ct wit h E u rop e a n s a re b e comi ng i n diffe re n t t o th e m or e

,

i n co n v e n i e n t a mo n g t h e ir M u ha mm a d a n Obs e rv a n c e s a n d a re ,

co n t e n t to li v e wit h littl e m or e r e ligio n t h a n a n obs e rv a n c e

o f th e l a ws a n d a d e sir e to e t o n w e ll wit h t h e ir n e ig h bours
, g .

Y e t b e for e Mu h a mm a d a n ism los e s i t s s a vour t h e r e will

prob a b ly b e m a ny uprisi n gs a ga i n st C h risti a n rul e a mo n g
Mu h a m m a d a n p e opl e s wh o h a v e b e e n n e wly su b j e ct e d to
c o n trol T h e A ra b a n d th e H a mit e for r e ligious r e a so n s m a y
.

striv e a ga i n a n d a ga i n to s h a k e o ff th e C h risti a n yok e but I ,

st ro ngly doubt wh e t h e r th e re will b e a ny u niv e rs a l muti ny o f

th e bl a ck m a n a g a i n s t th e w h it e T h e n e gro h a s n o id e a o f
.

r a ci a l a ffi n ity H e will e qu a lly a lly h ims e lf t o th e w h it e o r t o

.
2 84 Th e C o l o n i z a ti o n o
f A fr i c a .
[C H AR xv r
.

th e ye llow r a c e s i n o rd e r to subdu e h is fe llow bl a ck o r to ,

r e ga i n h is fr e e dom from th e dom i na tio n o f a no th e r n e gro t rib e .

T h e re m a y b e h e r e a n d t h e r e a r e volt a g a i n s t th e w h it e r u l e
i n suc h a n d such a st a t e ; but th e dive r s e civili z a tio n s u n d e r
w h ich th e A fric a n will b e t ra i n e d a n d th e di ffe r e n t l a n gu a g e s
,

h e wi ll b e t a ugh t to t a lk will b e su ffici e n t to m a k e h im a s

,

di ssimil a r i n e a c h na tio na l d e v e lopm e n t a s th e whit e m a n h a s

b e com e i n Europ e A nd j u st a s i t would n e e d som e a m a z i n g
.

a n d stup e n dous e v e n t t o c a u s e a ll A si a to ris e a s o n e m an

a g a i n st th e i n v a sio n o f Europ e , so i t is diffic u l t to co n c e iv e
t h a t th e b l a ck m a n will e v e n tu a lly fo rm o n e u n it e d n e g r o
p e opl e d e m a n di n g a u t o n omy a nd putti n g a n e nd to th e
,
-

co n t rol o f th e w h it e m a n a n d to th e immigr a tio n s e t tl e m e n t

, , ,

a n d i n t e rcou r s e o f s u p e r io r r a c e s fr om Europ e a n d A si a .
 S U PPL E ME N T A R Y N O TE S .

A FFAI R S i n A fric a m ov e so quickly suc h d e ve lop m e n ts

,

a n d c h a n g e s a re co n st a n tly t a ki n g pl a c e t h a t it i s di ffic u lt
,

fo r th e h istori a n to h it o n a n y p h a s e o f s e e mi n g fi n a lity a t
whic h to p a u s e fo r a r e trosp e ct S i n c e th e bulk o f t h is wo rk
.

we n t to p re ss e v e n ts h a v e h a pp e n e d or mo re d e t a il e d i n form a
,

tio n h a s com e to h a n d r e n d e ri n g it n e ce ss a ry to suppl e m e n t

,

th e i n fo r m a tio n giv e n i n p re vi ous c h a pt e rs .

A s re ga rds th e Fr e n c h i n W e st A fric a th e followi n g de

,

v e l o p m e n ts h a v e occurr e d T h e M a n di n go c h i e f S a m ori
.
, ,

a tt e mpt e d to a dv a n c e n ort h w a rds to th e c e n tra l Nig e r a s

th e l a st h op e o f br e a ki n g t h roug h th e ri n g o f Fr e n c h pow e r

wit h wh ich h e wa s b e i n g sur r o u n d e d Colo n e l B o n n i e r cut

.

h i m o ff from t h a t dir e ctio n h ow e v e r i n 1 8 9 5 a n d C a pt a i n

, , ,

M a rc h a n d ( o f Fa s h od a fa m e ) w re st e d fr om h i m th e imp o r t a n t
tow n o f Ko n g I n 1 8 9 7 S a mori h ove re d a bout o u r A s h a n ti
.

bo u n d a ry a nd h is forc e s a tt a ck e d a sm a ll B ritis h surv e yi n g

,

p a rty kill e d th e n a tiv e e sco r t a n d c a rri e d o ff th e o ffic e r

, , ,

Li e u t e na n t H e n d e rs o n A ft e r a compulsory visit to S a mo ri
.
,

Li e ut e n a n t H e n d e rso n wa s r e l e a s e d a n d th e c h i e f r e li e v e d
,

h im s e lf from a ll re sp o n sibility fo r th e w a n to n a tt a ck o n th e
B ritis h p a rty by s a yi ng I t wa s th e will o f G o d
, .
”
2 86 S uppl e m e n ta ry N o te s .

At l e ngt h i n O ct o b e r 1 8 9 8 th e F re n c h m ilit a ry a ut h oriti e s

, ,

o n th e upp e r Nige r m a d e a d e t e rmi n e d a tt e mpt to fi n is h th e

c a re e r o f t h is b a n dit ki n g By a b rilli a n t fe a t o f a rms h e wa s

.

b rough t to b a y a n d his fo rc e s rout e d by Li e ut e na n t Wo e lfe l .

S a mo ri wa s t a k e n p r iso n e r b y Li e ut e n a n t J a cqu i n a n d S e rj e a n t
Bra ti ere s a nd h a s si n c e b e e n e xi l e d to th e s o ut h o f T u n isi a
, .

N o gr e a t i n d e p e n de n t c h i e f n o w e xis ts i n th e Fr e n c h S ud a n .

A s re ga r ds Fr e n c h Co n go M Liot a rd a t o n e tim e a
,
.
,

t ra d e r ro s e gra d u a lly to b e Gov e rn o r o f th e Ub a ngi Pro

,

vi n c e i n 1 8 9 6 H e o rga n i z e d e xp e di t io n s to e x t e n d Fr e n c h
.

a ut h ori ty a c r oss th e Co n go w a t e r s h e d i n to th e distri ct o f th e

B a h r—a l Gh a z a l T h e s e e xp e ditio n s e v e n tu a lly r e solv e d t h e m

-
.

s e lv e s i n to o n e u n d e r ta ki n g l e d by Ma j or Ma rc h a n d wh o
, ,

a dva n c e d wit h a forc e of a bout 1 5 0 S e n e ga l e s e a n d n i n e

Fr e n c h o ffic e r s to Fa s h od a o n th e Wh it e Nil e Here a s
, .
,

a lre a dy m e n tio n e d i n C h a pt e r X I I t h e y w e r e s a v e d from

,

possibl e d e structio n a t th e h a n d s o f a l a rge forc e o f D e rvi s h e s

by Lo rd Kitc h e n e r s vict o ry a t O mdu r m a n I n co n s e qu e n c e
’
.

o f th e prot e sts o f th e B r i t ish Gov e r n m e n t Maj o r M a rch a n d

,

wa s ( N ov e mb e r 1 8 9 8 ) i n struct e d to l e a v e Fa s h o d a a n d r e tir e
t h r ough A byssi n i a to F re n c h S om a lil a n d .

I n re vi e wi n g th e wo rk o f th e B ritis h i n We st A fric a
C a pt e r VI I ) a r e fe r e n c e to l a t e st d e v e lopm e n t o f a f
( h ,
th e

fa i r s i n B e n i n wa s a ccid e n t a lly omit te d I t sh ould h a v e b e e n

.

st a t e d t h a t i n B e n i n a s a t O pobo tro u bl e s fi r st b e ga n by th e
, ,

oppositio n o f th e c h i e fs o n th e co a s t li n e to fre e i n t e rc o urs e

-

wi th th e m a rk e ts o f th e i n t e rio r T h e Ki n g o f B e n i n — a
.
e

v e ry o l d N e gro mo na rc h y— h a d fo r s o m e t im e m a i n t a i n e d a
Vic e roy o f th e J e k ri ra c e n e a r th e m out h o f th e B e n i n r iv e r .

T h is m a n wa s n a m e d N a n a A t fi rst v e ry fri e n dly to th e

.

B ri t is h h e b e ga n to tu r n a ga i n st t h e m w h e n th e a dmi n ist ra
,

t io n o f th e n e wly fo rm e d Nig e r Co a s t P ro t e ctora t e e n c ro a ch e d

o n h i s t ra di n g i n t e r e sts
,
a n d h im s e lf op e n e d h ostiliti e s by a n

u n provok e d a tt a ck o n a B ritis h g u n v e ss e l H is tow n wa s

-
.

c a ptur e d a n d h e wa s t a k e n p riso n e r by a n a va l e xp e ditio n .

 S u ppl e m e n ta ry N o te s . 2 87

A ft e r a n i n t e rva l a n a tt e mpt wa s m a d e som e w h a t ra s h ly to , ,

e n t e r i n to dir e ct r e l a tio n s wit h th e Ki n g o f B e n i n a qu a si ,

s a c re d pot e n t a t e w h o h a d h it h e rto h e ld muc h a loof from

,

Eu rop e a n s . A D e puty Comm issio n e r o f th e P r ot e ctora t e

-
,

M r P h illips a ccomp a n i e d by s e v e ra l ot h e r o ffici a ls a n d by

, ,

C a pt a i n Bo i s ra g o n ( th e comm a n d a n t o f th e loc a l polic e forc e ) ,

a tt e mpt e d to visit th e ki n g a ga i n st h is will a t B e n i n City wit h ,

th e o bj e ct o f r e mo n str a ti n g wit h h i m a ga i n st th e h um a n s a cri

fic e s fo r w h ic h lik e D a h om e t h is odious N e gro m o n a rc h y

, , ,

wa s c e l e bra t e d . T h e e xp e ditio n a void e d a ll displ a y o f forc e ,

a n d wa s pra ctic a lly u n a rm e d but it wa s t re a c h e rously a tt a ck e d

,

i n th e j u n gl e o n th e wa y to B e n i n N e a rly a ll th e n a tiv e
.

port e rs a n d a ll th e w h it e o ffic e rs e xc e pt two w e re m a ss a cr e d

, .

O n e o f th e o ffic e rs wh o e sc a p e d wa s C a pt a i n Bo i s ra g o n .

T h e s e two su r vivors t h oug h b a dly wou n d e d a n d h a vi n g

, _
,

u n d e rgo ne t e r ribl e h a rds h ips i n th e d e n s e bus h m a n a g e d ,

to r e a c h th e vill a ge of a fri e n dly c h i e f A st ro n g e xp e di .

tio n compos e d o f a na va l forc e a n d o f H a u s a soldi e rs u n d e r

,

Britis h o ffic e rs wa s d e sp a tc h e d a ga i n st B e n i n i n 1 8 9 7 a n d
, ,

a ft e r a fi e r c e ly co n t e st e d struggl e th roug h th e t r opic a l j u n gl e

,

r e a ch e d B e n i n City w h ic h h a s r e m a i n e d e v e r si n c e i n th e
,

occu p a tio n o f th e B ritis h T h e Ki n g o f B e n i n wa s e v e n tu a lly

.

c a ptur e d a n d e xil e d to O ld C a l a b a r .

A s re ga rds Po r tug u e s e A fr ic a st a t e m e n ts a pp e a r e d i n th e
,

Bri tis h a n d G e rm a n pr e ss i n th e a u t u m n o f 1 8 9 8 i n d i ca t i n g
th e co n clusio n o f a n A n glo G e rm a n a gr e e m e n t providi n g th a t
-

i n th e e v e n t o f Portuga l b e i n g i n n e e d o f m o n e y G e rm a n y ,

a n d E n gl a n d w e r e to com e to h e r a ssist a n c e a n d w e re to ,

re c e iv e i n e xc h a n g e th e a llotm e n t by l e a s e o r ot h e rwis e o f
th e Po r tugu e s e domi n io n s i n A fric a D e la g o a Ba y wa s t h us
.

to fa ll e v e n t u a lly u n d e r B ritis h swa y T h e p a rticul a r s o f t h is

.

t re a ty will p rob a bly n o t b e m a d e k n ow n till th e fi n a l ve rdict

i s give n by th e c o u rt o f a rbit ra t o r s wh o h av e b e e n sitti n g ,

i n S wit z e rl a n d si n c e 1 8 9 1 to d e cid e th e rig h ts a n d wro n gs

o f a B r i tis h a n d A m e ric a n r a ilw a y comp a n y w h ich co n st r uct e d
2 88 S u ppl e m e n ta ry N o te s .

th e li n e o f ra ilwa y b e tw e e n D e l ag o a Ba y a n d th e T ra n svaa l .

T h is li n e wa s s e i z e d by th e Portugu e s e Gov e rn m e n t i n 1 8 8 9
o n th e pr e t e xt t h a t th e comp a n y h a d b r ok e n th e co n ditio n s

of th e co n c e ssio n Th e qu e sti o n wa s re fe rr e d i n 1 8 9 1 to th e
.

a r b i tra t i o n o f a S wiss t ribu n a l a n d e v e n a ft e r s e v e n a n d a h a l f

,

y e a rs d e lib e ra tio n th e v e rdict is still u n d e live re d

’
.
 A PPE N D IX I .

N O TA B L E E V E N T S A N D D A T E S I N T HE H I S T O RY
O F A F RIC A N C O L O N I ZA T I O N .

F o u n da t i o n o f th eco l o n y o f U t ic a o n th e N A frica n
.

( T u n i s i a n ) c o a s t by th e P h oe n ici a n s a bo u t 1 1 0 0

F o u n da t i o n o f th e c o l o n y o f C a r t h a g e b y th e P h o e n ici a n s a b o u t 8 2 0
E x p e dit i o n o f D o ri a n s fo u n ds fi r s t G re e k c o l o n y i n C yr e n
a i c a ( m o de r n B a r k a ) abo u t 6 3 1

P h a ra o h N e c h o o f E gyp t ( s o n o f Ps a m m e tik ) s e n ds o u t
P h oe n ici a n E xp e di t i o n fr o m R e d S e a w hich i s s a i d to
h a v e c i r c u m n a v i g a t e d A fr i ca i n t h re e y e a rs a b o u t 60 0

C o n q u e s t o f E gy p t by th e P e rs i a n s u n de r C a m by s e s a bo u t 52 5

H a n n o th e C a r t h a g i n i a n e x p l o r e s th e W e s t C o a s t o f A fric a
a s fa r s o u t h a s S i e rra L e o n e a n d b r i n g s b a ck c hi m

p a nz e e s abo u t 52 0

A l e x a n de r o f Ma c e do n i a c o n q u e r s E gy p t fr o m th e P e r s i a n s ;
a n d fo u n ds th e c i t y o f A l e x a n dr i a

T h e R o m a n s t a k e E gyp t u n de r t h e i r p r o t e c t i o n
T h e R o m a n s de fi n i t e l y c o n q u e r a n d de s t r o y C a r t h a g e a n d
fo u n d th e R o m a n p r o v i n c e o f A fr ic a ( c o n sis t i n g e v e n t
u a ll y o f m o de r n T u n i s a n d p a r t o f T r i p o li )

N u mi di a ( A l g e r i a ) a n n e x e d to th e R o m a n E m p i re
E gy p t a n n e x e d to th e R o m a n E m p i re
R o m a n s i n v a de F e z z a n ( Ph a z a n i a )

Ma u r e t a n i a ( Mo r o c c o ) x e d to th e R o m a n E m pi re
a nn e 4 2

N o r t h A fric a t o r n fr o m th e R o m a n E m p i r e by th e Va nda ls 429

R e c o v e r e d p a r t i a ll y by th e By z a n t i n e s 5 34
.

J . A .
2 90 A ppe n di x

A D
. .

Th e Mu h a mm a da n I n v a si o n o f A fri c a
A m b i n a l A s i c o n q u e r s E gyp t
r- -

Th e A b s i n v a de T r i p o li a n d T u n i s de fe a t th e p a
ra ,

tri c i a n G r e g o r y a n d p a r t i a ll y de s t r o y B y z a n t i n e
ru l e
“
q a b i n N fa i s a p p o i n t e d by th e K h a li f g o v e rn o r
-
a -

o f I fr i ki ya h o v e rru n s F e z z a n a n d S o u t h
”

T u n i s a n d fo u n ds t h e re th e Mu h a mm a da n c a p i t a l
o f K a i r wa n

q a t ra v e r s e s N A fr i c a t ill h e r e a ch e s th e A t l a n t ic
.

O c e an
C a rt h a g e t a k e n by th e A ra b s T u n isi a fi n a ll y
c o n q u e re d fr o m th e B e rb e r s Mo ro cc o a n d
A l g e r i a c o n q u e r e d a b o u t 7 0 8 ; S p a i n i n v a de d by
A ra b s a n d B e r b e r s
F i r s t I s l a mic s e tt l e m e n t s fo u n de d o n E A fric a n c o a s t
.

a b o u t 7 2 0 ; K il w a S u l t a n a t e fo u n de d

A g h l a b i t e ( B e r b e r ) dy n a s ty b e gi n s i n T u n is i n 8 0 0
( Mo r o cc o c o n t e m p o ra n e o u s l y ru l e d by th e I dr isi t e s )
a n d c o m e s to a n e n d
'

R is e o f th e F a t imi t e dy n a s t y o v e r T u n is T r i p o li a n d , ,

E gyp t b y wh o m C a i ro ( A l K a hi r a ) i s fo u n de d
G re a t A ra b i n v a s i o n o f N o r t h A fric a ( e s p e ci a ll y T u n i s )
a bo u t

A b o u t 1 0 5 0 c o m m e n c e s th e i n v a s i o n o f N A fr i c a fr o m .

th e N i g e r a n d th e Mo r o c c a n S a h a r a by th e B e r b e r
s e c t o f th e Mr a b i ti n ( A l m o ra v i de s ) w h o h a v e
-
,

c o n q u e r e d a ll N A fr ic a a n d S p a i n by
.

Tim b u kt u fo u n de d by th e T a wa re q a b o u t
T h e Thi rd G r e a t B e r b e r dy n a s t y o f th e Mu a h a di m
( A l M o h
-
a de ) a ri s e s i n W A l g e ri a
. abo u t 1 1 50 ,

c o n q u e r s Mo r o c c o S p a i n a n d A l g e r i a a n d fi na ll y
, ,

T u n i s ( fr o m w hich th e N o rm a n s a re dri v e n a w a y )
Ha fs dy na st y fo u n de d i n T u n is
“
K i ng L o u i s I X o f F ra n c e ( S a i n t L o u i s i n v a de s E gyp t
i n 1 2 4 8 ; is dis a s t r o u s l y r e p u ls e d ca pt u r e d a n d ra n
,

so m e d .Tw e n t y tw o y e a r s l a t e r h e i n v a de s T u n i s
-
,

wh e r e h e di e s o f fe v e r
 A ppe n di x 1 . 2 91

Ro man C ar t h a g e fi na ll y de s t r o y e d b y th e Mo o rs a n d T u n is
,

m a de th e c a p i t a l o f I fr i ki ya h abo u t

T h e P o r t u g u e s e t a k e C e u t a fr o m th e Mo o rs
T h e r i v e r S e n e g a l r e a ch e d b y P o r t u g u e s e e x p l o r i n g v e ss e ls
s e n t o u t by P ri nce H e n r y
Th e C a n a r y I sl a n ds disco v e re d b y a N o r m a n a dv e n t u r e r
,

a n d t a k e n p o ss e ssi o n o f b y P o r t u g a l ,
a r e t ra n s fe r r e d

by t h a t p o we r to S p a i n
R i v e r C o n g o disc o v e r e d b y th e P o r t u g u e s e
C h r i s t i a n i t y i n t r o du ce d i n t o th e k i n g do m o f C o n g o by th e
P o rt u g u e se
C a p e o f G o o d H o p e r o u n de d by V a s c o de Ga ma

S o fa l a o c c u p i e d a n d P o r t u g u e s e E a s t A fr ic a n E m p i re
b e gu n
Ma da g a s c a r disc o v e r e d by th e P o r t u g u e s e
T h e E m p e r o r C h a r l e s V g ra n t s a ch a r t e r to a F l e mi sh
m e r ch a n t fo r th e e x cl u si v e im p o r t a t i o n o f n e g r o sl a v e s
i n t o S p a n i s h A m e r ic a : S l a v e T r a de t h u s de fi n i t e l y
fo u n de d
Th e T u r k s c o n q u e r E gy p t
C h a r l e s V i n t e r v e n e s i n th e a ffa i r s o f T u n i s ( to r e s t o r e
A ra b H a fs i de S u l t a n a n d dr i v e o u t th e T u r kish c o r s a i r
K h a i r e ddi n B a r b a r o ss a )
'

C h a r l e s V s u s t a i n s dis a s t r o u s r e p u l s e a t A l g i e r s ( fr o m
which da t e s g ra du a l de c a y o f S p a n ish p o we r o v e r
N o r t h A fr ic a )
F i r s t B r i t i s h t r a di n g shi p s l e a v e L o ndo n fo r th e W e s t
A fr ic a n c o a s t.

S i r J o h n H a w k i n s c o n v e y s th e fi r s t c a r g o o f n e g ro sl a v e s
to A m e r i c a u n de r th e Br i t ish fl a g .

Th e T u r k s ( h a v i n g t h r o u g h c o r s a i r s fo u n de d th e R e g e n c y
o f A lg i e r s i n 1 5 19 t h a t o f T ri p o li i n 1 5 5 1 ) o n c e
,

m o r e t a k e T u n is a n d m a k e i t a T u r k ish P a sh a li k
P o r t u g a l fo u n ds th e c o l o n y o f A n g o l a
D o m S e b a s t i ao K i n g o f P o r t u g a l de fe a t e d a n d sl a i n a t th e
, ,

b a tt l e o f K a s r a l K a b i r a nd th e P o r t u g u e s e E m p i re
- -
,

o v e r Mo r o c c o t h e n c e fo r t h c r u m b l e s

T u rk e y a tt e m p t s to w r e s t fro m P o r t u g a l th e Z a nz i b a r C o a s t ,

1
9
— 2
2 92 A ppe ndi x

A D. .

bu t is u tt e rl y de fe a t e d
by th e P o r t u g u e s e A dmi ra l
Th o m e de S o u s a C o u t i n h o
A b u al A bb a s a l Ma n s u r th e fi r s t S h e ri fia n E m p e r o r o f
,
’

Mo r o c c o w h o w a s th e v i c t o r o v e r D o m S e b a s t i ao
, ,

s e n ds a n a rm y a c r o s s th e S a h a r a a n d a n n e x e s Tim
b u k tu a n d th e U pp e r N i g e r to th e Mo o r i s h do mi n i o n s 1 5 90

T h e fi r s t D u t ch t r a di n g s hi p s a p p e a r o n th e W e s t A fr ic a n
C o ast
T h e D u t ch r e p l a c eth e P o r t u gu e s e a t A r g u i n ( N W C o a s t
. .

o f A fr i c a ) m 1 6 2 1 ; a n d a t E lmi n a ( G o l d C o a st ) .

F r e n ch t r a de r s fr o m D i e p p e fo u n d th e F o r t o f S t L o u is a t
th e m o u t h o f th e S e n e g a l
F o u n da t i o n o f th e F re n c h C o m p a g n i e de L O r i e n t fo r th e
’

p u r p o s e o f c o l o n i si n g Ma da g a s c a r
T h e B r i t i s h E a s t I n di a C o m p a n y t a k e s th e I s la n d o f S t
H e l e n a fr o m th e D u t ch .

T h e D u t c h t a k e p o s s e s s i o n o f th e C a p e o f G o o d H o p e
A B ri t i s h A fr ic a n C o mp a n y c h a r t e r e d by C h a rl e s I I
b u il ds a fo r t a t j a m e s I s l a n d a t th e m o u t h o f th e
,

G am b i a
This s a m e C o m pa n y ( a ft e r w a r ds th e R o y a l A fri c a n C o m
p a n y ) t a k i n g a dv a n t a g e o f th e w a r de cl ar e d a g a i n s t
,

H o ll a n d s e i z e s a n d re t a i n s s e v e r a l D u t c h fo r t s o n th e
,

G o l d C o a st 1 6 6 5— 7 2

D e nm a r k e s t a b lish e s fo r t s o n th e G o l d C o a s t abo u t 1 67 2

B ra n de n b u r g ( P r u s s i a ) b u il ds th e F o r t o f G ro s s fri e dri c h s
b u r g o n th e G o l d C o a s t
E n g l a n d to wh o m T a n g i e r h a d b e e n c e de d by P o r t u g a l i n
,

1 662 ,
a b a n do n s i t to th e S h e r i fia n E m p i r e o f Mo r o cc o 1 6 84

T h e r isi n g A r a b p o w e r o f O m a n h a s dr i v e n P o r t u g a l o u t
’

o f a ll h e r p o ss e s si o n s n o r t h o f Mo c a m b i q u e b y

T h e p r e s e n t H u s s e i n i te dy n a st y o f B e y s ( fr o m 1 7 0 5 to 1 8 8 1
p ra c t ica ll y i n de p e n de n t s o v e r e i g n s ) i s fo u n de d i n T u n i s
b y a T u rki s h A g h a — H u s s e i n b i n A l i Be y
S i e u r A n dr e de E r li e w h o w e n t o u t to S t L o u is i n 1 6 9 7 a s
’

th e G o v e rn o r o f th e F r e n ch S e n e g a l C o m p a n y fo u n ds ,

du r i n g th e n e x t 1 8 y e a r s th e F r e n c h c o l o n y o f S e n e g a l
a n d r e t u rn s to F r a n c e
 A ppe n di x I . 2 93

T h e F r e nch oc cu p y th e I sl a n d o f Ma u r i t i u s ( Bo u rb o n o r

R eu ni o n no t b e i n g o ccu p i e d u n t il 1 7 6 4 )
Th e P o r t u g u e s e ( h a v i n g fi n a ll y l o s t Mo m b a s a i n 1 7 30 )
r e c o g n i z e th e Ma s k a t I m a m a t e o n th e Z a n z i b a r c o a s t

a n d de c r e e th e Ba y o f L o u re n c o Ma r q u e z o n th e s o u t h

a n d C a p e D e l g a do o n th e n o r t h to b e th e lim i t s o f

t h e i r E a s t A fric a n p o ss e ssi o n s
Th e P o r t u g u e s e l o s e Ma z a g ao t h e i r l a s t fo o t h o l d i n Mo r o cc o
,

S p a i n a c q u i r e s F e r n a n do P0 i n th e G u l f o f G u i ne a
S i e rra L e o n e c e de d to th e E n g l i s h by th e n a t i v e s
S p a i n l o s e s O ra n a nd h e r la s t h o ld o v e r A l g e ri a
D e n m a r k fo r b i ds th e S l a v e T ra de to h e r s u bj e c t s
E n g l a n d fi r s t s e i z e s th e C a p e o f G o o d H o p e
Mu n g o P a rk di sc o v e r s th e r i v e r N i g e r a t S e g o
N a p o l e o n B u o n a p a r t e c o n q u e rs E gyp t 1 7 9 8 ; N e l s o n de
,

st ro y s F r e n ch fl e e t a t A b u k i r Ba y s a m e y e a r ; F r e n c h
e v a c u a t e E gyp t

E n g l a n d fi n a ll y o ccu p i e s th e C a p eo f G o o d Ho p e

S i e rra L e o ne a n d G a m b i a o r g a n i s e d a s C r o w n C o l o n i e s
A n A c t o f P a r li a m e n t i s p a ss e d a b o lishi n g th e S l a v e T r a de
i n th e B r i t i s h do mi n i o n s
B r i t ish c a p t u re fro m th e F re n ch S e y ch e ll e s Ma u ri t i u s
a n d R é u ni o n i n 1 8 1 0 ,
a n d T a ma t a v e a n d I sl a n d o f

S t Ma r i e ( Ma da g a s c a r ) 1 n
Mu h a mm a d A l i de s t ro y s th e Ma ml u ks 1 n E gyp t
C a p e C o l o n y de fi n i t e l y c e de d b y H o ll a n d to G re a t B r i t a i n
I s l a n d o f R e u n i o n ( B o u r b o n ) r e s t o r e d to F r a n c e
H o ll a n d a b o li sh e s th e S l a v e T r a de i n h e r do mi n i o n s
F ra n c e a n d S w e de n a b o lish th e S l a v e T r a de
F ra n c e r e o cc u p i e s I s l a n d o f S t Ma r i e de Ma da g a s c a r fi r s t
t a k e n m 1 7 50 )
I n v a s i o n o f th e E gyp t i a n S u da n by Mu h a mm a d Al i 5 f o rce s
’

( 1 8 2 0 —2 2 ) a n d fo u n da t i o n o f K h a r t u m a s i ts c a pi t a l

A Br i t i s h G o v e r n m e n t E x p e di t i o n u n de r O u dne y C l a p p e r
,

to n a n d D e n h a m disc o v e r s L a k e C h a d
,

G o ve rn o r S i r C h a 1 l e s Ma c a rth y de fe a t e d a n d k ill e d b y th e
A s h a n t i i n 1 8 2 4 ; c o n s e q u e n t fi r s t B r i t i s h w a r wi t h
A s h a n t i t e r mi n a t e s V i c t o r i o u s l y
2 94 A ppe ndi x I .

A D
. .

T h e Br o t h e r s L a n de r s e n t o u t by B r i t ish G o v e rn m e n t t ra c e
th e N i g e r fr o m B u s a to th e s e a a n d e s t a b lish i t s o u t l e t
i n th e G u l f o f G u i n e a
A F r e n ch E x p e di t i o n c o n q u e r s A l g i e r s
P o r t u g a l a b o lish e s th e S l a v e T r a de
F i r s t B ri t ish s t e a m e rs ( Ma c g r e g o r L a i r d s
’
E x p e di t i o n )
n a v i g a t e th e L o w e r N i g e r ( 1 8 3 2 ) a n d di s co v e r th e
B e nu e R i v e r
S l a v e r y a b o lish e d i n a l l B r i t ish A fr ic a n p o s s e ssi o n s i n ,

c l u di n g C a p e C o l o n y by
,

F i r s t K a ffir W a r i n S o u t h A fr ic a .

“
F i r s t T r e k ki n g o f th e B o e r s a w a y fr o m B r i t ish r u l e
B o e r e mi g ra nt s t re a c h e r o u sl y m a ss a cre d by D i n g a n e K i n g ,

o f th e Z u l u s

T h e S a k a l a v a o f N W e s t Ma da g a s c a r p l a c e t h e m s e l v e s
-

u n de r F r e n ch p r o t e c t i o n a n d F r a n c e o cc u p i e s th e
,

i s l a n ds o f N o si Be y a n d Ma yo tta .

S e c o n d N i g e r E x p e di t i o n de s p a t c h e d fro m E n g l a n d .

Mu h a mm a d A l i th e A l b a n i a n ( o nc e a T u rkish o ffi c e r o f
B a shi b a z u k s ) c o n fi r m e d i n th e h e re di t a r y s o v e re i g n ty
-

o f E gyp t

T h e l a s t o f th e q u a si i n de p e n de n t K a r a m a n li Ba s h a s o f
-

T r i p o li s e i z e s a n d g a r ri s o n s th e im p o r t a n t S a h a ra n
t o wn s o f G h a da m e s a n d C h a t i n 1 8 4 0 —4 1 b u t i s
hims e l f r e m o v e d b y th e T u rk s w h o a n n e x de fi n i t e l y to
.

th e T u r ki s h E m p i r e T r i p o li a n d B a r k a
N a t a l b e c o m e s a B r i t ish C o l o n y
G o l d C o a s t fi n a ll y o r g a n is e d a s a C r o wn C Ol o ny
.

F r e n ch w a r wi t h Mo r o cc o
Wa g h o rn s O v e r l a nd R o u t e e m p h a t ica ll y e s t a b li s h e d a c ro ss
’

E gyp t
I n de p e n de n c e o f th e F r e e d S l a v e S t a t e o f L i b e r i a r e c o g n i s e d
-

A b d a l K a de r s u r r e n de rs ; C o n s t a n t in e ( E a s t A l g e r i a ) t a k e n
- -

by th e F re n ch
F o u n da t i o n o f th e F r e n ch F r e e d sl a v e s e tt l e m e n t o f L i b re
-

v ill e i n th e G a b o o n
K ra p f a n d R e b m a n n dis c o v e r th e s n o w y Mo u n t a i n s o f
K e ni a a nd K ilim a nj a r o
 A ppe n di x I . 2 95

S lave r y h a s be e n b o li s h e d t h ro u g h o u t a ll th e F re nch
a

p o s s e ss i o n s i n A fr ica b y
D e n m a r k c e de s h e r G o l d C o a s t fo r t s to E n g l a n d
L i v i n g s t o n e a n d O sw e ll di s c o v e r th e C e n t ra l Z a m b e z i
I n de p e n de nc e o f th e T r a n s v a a l Re p u b lic r e c o g ni z e d b y
G re a t B r i t a i n .

R e p re s e n t a t i v e G o v e rn m e n t e s t a b lish e d i n C a p e C o l o n y
G e n e r a l F a i dh e r b e a p p o i n t e d G o v e rn o r o f S e n e g a l i n 1 8 5 4 ;
h e b r e a k s th e F u l a p o w e r a n d g r e a t l y e x t e n ds th e
F r e n ch p o s s e s s i o n s by
A B ri t ish E x p e di t i o n i s s e n t o u t i n 1 8 4 9 u n de r R i c h a r ds o n ,

O b e r we g Vo g e l a n d B a r t h to e x p l o re N o r t h C e n t ra l
,

A fr i c a : O b e rw e g n a v i g a t e s L a k e C h a d a n d disc o v e r s
th e ri v e r S h a ri ; B a r t h v i s i t s th e U p p e r Be n u e ,

Tim b u k t u e tc a n d r e t u rn s to E n g l a n d
,
.
,

L i v i n g s t o n e m a k e s h i s fa m o u s j o u rn e y fro m C a p e C o l o n y
to A ng o l a a n d fr o m A n g o l a to th e I n di a n O c e a n ,

e x p l o r i n g th e Z a m b e z i fro m s o u rc e to m o u t h a n d ,

r e t u r n s to E n g l a n d

B u r t o n a n d S p e k e disc o v e r L a k e T a n g a n y ik a a n d S p e k e
,

disc o v e r s Vic t o r i a N y a n z a
L i v i n g s t o ne a n d K i rk dis c o v e r L a k e Ny a s a
S p a n i s h W a r w i t h Mo r o c c o
Z a nz i b a r s e p a ra t e d a s a n i n de p e n de n t S t a t e fro m th e
Imamate o f O man
’

L a g o s b e co m e s a B ri t ish C ro w n Co l o n y
S p e k e a n d G ra n t e s t a b lish th e Vi c t o r i a N y a n z a L a k e a s
th e m a i n s o u r c e o f th e N il e v i s i t U g a n da a n d fo ll o w
, ,

th e N il e do w n to C a i ro .

( S i r ) S a m u e l B a k e r di s c o v e r s La k e A l be r t N y a n z a
S e c o n d G o v e r n m e n t E x p e di t i o n u nde r D r Ba iki e s e n t o u t
to e x p l o re 1 i v e r s N i g e r a n d Be n u é D r B a iki e
m a de C o n s u l fo r th e N i g e r fo u n ds L o k o ja a t N i g e r
,

B e n u e c o n fl u e n ce a n d e x p l o re s Be nu é ( 1 8 5 7 ) a n d
g r e a t l y e xt e nds B ri t ish i n fl u e n c e ; b u t di e s i n 1 86 3 ;
C o n s u l a t e a b o lish e d
D i s c o v e r y o f a di a m o n d n e a r th e O r a n g e R i v e r i n C a p e
C o lo ny
2 96 A ppe n di x I .

L a k e s Mw e ru a n d Ba n g w e o l o a n d th e U p p e r L u a p u l a
'

( C o n g o ) R di s c o v e r e d by L i v i n g s t o n e i n 1 8 6 7 an d
.

B a s u t o l a n d p l a c e d u n de r B r i t ish p r o t e c t i o n
B ri t i sh A r m y e n t e r s A by s s i n i a to r e l e a s e c a p t i v e s o f K i n g
T h e o do re a n d wi n s v i c t o r y o f Ma g da l a
E s t a b li s h m e n t o f T r i p l e C o n t ro l o v e r T u n i s i a n fi n a n c e s
O p e n i n g o f S u e z C a na l
S i r S a m u e l B a k e r a p p o i n t e d G o v e r n o r G e n e ra l o f th e
-

E gyp t i a n S u da n
D r S c h w e i n fii rth di s c o v e r s the R W e ll e th e g r e a
.
,
t n o r t h e rn
a ffl u e n t o f th e C o n g o

L ivi n g st o n e dis c o v e r s th e L u a l a b a o r U p p e r C o n g o a t
N y a n g w e ; is m e t a t Uj ij i a n d r e li e v e d b y S t a n l e y 1 87 1

I n s u rr e c t i o n a g a i n s t F re n c h i n E a st e r n A l g e ri a s u p p re s s e d 1 87 1

R e s p o n si b l e G o v e r n m e n t i n t r o du c e d i n t o C a p e C o l o n y 1 872

S u l t a n o f Z a n z i b a r s i g n s t r e a ty fo r c e d o n h i m b y E n g l a n d
fo r a b o li t i o n o f th e S l a v e T r a de
S e c o n d A s h a n t i W a r : S i r G a r n e t W o ls e l e y t a k e s a n d bu r n s
Ku ma si
D r L i v i n g st o n e di e s
C a m e ro n c r o s s e s A fr i c a fr o m Z a nz i b a r to B e n g u e l a m a p p i n g
,

T a n g a n y i k a co rr e c t l y fo r th e fi r s t t im e 1 87 3 —75
S t a n l e y ci rc u m n a v i g a t e s th e Vi c t o r i a N y a n z a a n d t r a c e s
th e r i v e r C o n g o fr o m N ya n g w e to th e A t l a n t ic O c e a n
th e g r e a t e st j o u r n e y i n A fr i c a n E x p l o r a ti o n
T r a n sv a a l a n n e x e d b y G r e a t B ri t a i n
T h e D u a l C o n t r o l o f F r a n c e a n d E n g l a n d im p o s e d o n
E gyp t i a n G o v e rn m e n t I s m a i l P a s h a de p o s e d 1 87 9

W a r b e tw e e n G r e a t B ri t a i n a n d th e Z u l u s 1 879

Th e I n t e r na t i o n a l A s s o ci a t i o n fo u n de d b y th e K i n g Of th e
B e l g i a n s h a v i n g de v e l o p e d a s p e c i a l b ra n ch th e
, ,

C o mi t é d Etu de s du H a u t C o n g o
’ ”
,
s e n ds o u t Mr
“
S t a n l e y to fo u n d wh a t b e c o m e s l a t e r o n th e C o ngo
F re e S t a t e ”

D e B r a z z a s e c u re s p a r t o f th e U p p e r C o n g o fo r F r a n c e
T h e T ra n s v a a l r e v o l t s a g a i n s t G re a t B r i t a i n a n d s e c u r e s
re c o gni t i o n o f i ts i n de p e n de n c e u n de r B ri ti sh s u z e
ra i n ty
 A ppe ndix 1 .
97

F r e nch fo r c e t
e n e rs Tu nis a nd im p o s e s F re n ch p ro t e c t i o n
on t h a t c o u n t ry
F r e n ch c o n q u e s t s re a ch th e U p p e r N i g e r
A r a b i s r e v o l t i n E gypt a b o li t i o n o f D u a l C o n t r o l
’
,

b o m b a rdm e n t o f A l e x a n dri a a n d de fe a t o f A ra b i a t
T e l e I K e b i r b y L o r d W o ls e l e y ; B r i t i s h o cc u p a t i o n o f
- -

E gy p t b e g i n s
I t a l y o c c u p i e s A s s a b Ba y o n R e d S e a c o a s t a n d c o mm e n c e s
c r e a t i o n o f c o l o n y o f E ri t re a
O ccu p a t i o n o f O b o k by F r a n c e
T h e c o mm e n c e m e n t o f th e A fr ic a n S c r a m b l e — G e rm a n y
e s t a b li sh e s h e r p r o t e c t o ra t e o v e 1 S o u t h W e s t A fric a ,

a n d o v e r T o g o l a n d a n d th e C a m e r o o n s i n W e s t A fr ic a ;

F r a n c e o cc u p i e s G ra n d B a ss a m a n d P o r t o N o v o ( G o l d
a nd S la v e C o a s t s ) ; G o r do n i s de s p a t ch e d to th e
S u da n ( whi c h r e v o l t e d fr o m E gy p t i n a nd

th e B e r li n C o n fe r e n c e o n A fr ic a n q u e s t i o n s i s s u m
m o ne d
D e ath o f G e n e r a l G o r do n a t K h a r tfim a n d t e m p o ra r y l o s s
o f E gyp t i a n S u da n

R e c o g n i t i o n by a ll th e p o we r s o f C o n g o F r e e S t a t e
B e ch u a n a l a n d t a ke n u n de r Bri t i s h p ro t e c t i o n
-

G e rm a n y fo u n ds h e r E a s t A frica n p o s s e s s i o n s i n th e i h
te r i o r o f th e Z a n z i b a r S u l t a n a t e
G re a t B ri t a i n de c l a re s p ro t e c t o r a t e o v e r N i g e r C o a s t a nd
r i v e r N i g e r a n d g r a n t s C h a r t e r to R o y a l N i g e r C o m

p a n y : j o s e p h Th o ms o n m a k e s a T r e a t y fo r l a tt e r
C o m p a n y w i t h th e S u l t a n o f S o k o t o
P o rt u g a l e x t e nds h e r t e r ri t o r y to th e s o u t h b a n k o f th e
C o n g o a n d to K a b i n da 1 8 8 4 —8 5

F r a n c e c o n c l u de s t re a t y wi t h Ma da g a s c a r whi c h g i v e s h e r
p r e do mi n a n t i n fl u e n c e o v e r t h a t i s l a n d ( p ro t e c t o ra t e
o v e r C o m o r o I sl a n ds 1 8 8 6 )

T h e A n g l o E gy p t i a n fo rc e s s u s t a i n s e v e r e de fe a t s n e a r
-

S u a k i m a t th e h a n ds o f th e S u da n e s e u n de r O s m a n
D i g n a : S u a k i m i s r e t a i n e d b u t E gyp t i a n r u l e i n th e
N il e v a ll e y i s r e st r i c t e d to W a dy H a l fa I t a l y o cc u p i e s
.

Ma s a w a
2 98 A ppe ndi x 1 .

G r e a t di s c o v e r i e s o f re e f go ld in th e T r a n sv a a l ; fo u n di n g
o f j o h a nn e s b m g
Wa r b re a k s o u t i n N .y a s a l a n db e tw e e n B r i t ish s e tt l e r s
N
a n d A r a b s l a v e t r a de r s

In O il r i v e r s ( N i g e r D e l t a ) j aj a K i n g o f O p o b o i s a rr e s t e d
, ,

a n d b a n i s h e d ; a c c e s s to i n t e r i o r m a r k e t s i s t h e n o b

ta i n e d

F re n ch S e n e g a m b i a n p o ss e ssi o n s de fi n i t e l y e x t e n de d to th e
U pp e r N i g e r
I m p e r i a l B r i t i s h E a s t A fric a C o m p a n y r e c e i v e s C h a r t e r
S e r i o u s r e b e lli o n a g a i n s t th e G e rm a n s b r e a k s o u t i n E a s t
A fr i c a ( i s n o t fi n a ll y s u b du e d t ill 1 8 90 ) 1 8 88

B ri t i s h p r o t e c t o r a t e o v e r N S o m a lil a n d fi n a ll y o rg a n i s e d
. 1 8 89

I t a li a n p r o t e c t o r a t e e s t a b li s h e d o v e r E a s t S o m a lil a n d
a n d t r e a ty c o n cl u de d w i t h Me n e l e k o f E t hi o p i a b y

w hi c h I t a l y cl a im e d to c o n t r o l fo r e i g n re l a t i o n s o f
A by s s i n i a
C h a r t e r g i v e n to B r i t ish S o u t h A fr i c a n C o m p a n y
Br i t i s h C e n t r a l A fr i c a de cl a re d to b e u n de r B r i t i s h p r o
te c ti o n : B r i t i s h fl a g h o is t e d o n L a k e s T a n g a n y i k a a n d
N ya s a
I n 1 8 8 7 S t a n l e y c o n du c t s a n e xp e dit i o n by w a y Of th e
C o n g o to r e l i e v e E mi n P a sh a H e di s c o v e r s th e A l b e r t
.

E dw a r d L a k e a n d R u w e n z o r i Mo u n t a i n a n d r e a ch e s
Zanz ibar
A n g l o G e rm a n A gr e e m e n t c o n cl u de d r e la t i v e to E a s t
A fr i c a : Z a n z i b a r t a k e n u n de r B r i t i s h p r o t e c t i o n ; G r e a t
Br i t a i n r e c o g n i z e s F r e n ch p r o t e c t o r a t e o v e r Ma da
g a s c a r a n d F r e n c h S p h e r e o f I n fl u e n c e b e t we e n
A l ge ria ,
th e N i ge r a n d L a ke
,
C h a d a n d F ra n ce
,

r e c o g n i z e s th e B r i t i s h C o n t r o l o v e r S o k o t o a n d th e
Lo w e r N i g e r
F r e n ch e x p e di t i o n s r e a c h th e r i v e r S h a r i fr o m th e C o n g o
Ba s i n a n d s e c u r e t h a t r i v e r to F re nc h i n fl u e n c e 1 8 90 —91
C a p t a i n ( n o w C o l o n e l ) L u g a r d e s t a b li s h e s B r i t i s h p r e
do mi n a n c e o v e r U g a n da
N a ta l r e c e i v e s r e s p o n s i b l e g o v e rn m e n t
F ra n c e c o n q u e r s a n d a nn e x e s D a h o m e
 A ppe n di x I . 2 99

F i r s t Ma t a b e l e w a r : de a t h o f L o b e n g u l a : Bu l u wa yo b e
c o m e s th e c a p i t a l o f R h o de s i a
F r e n ch o c c u p y Tim b u kt u
U g a n da de c l a re d a B r i t i s h p ro t e c t o ra t e C ha r t e r o f B r i t ish
.

E a s t A frica C o m p a n y wi t h dra wn a n d B ri t ish E a s t

A fr ic a h e n c e fo r t h a dmi n is t e re d u n de r Bri t ish C o m
missi o n e r 1 8 94 —5
A r a b s de fe a t e d a n d dr i v e n o u t o f B r i t ish C e n t ra l A frica n
p ro t e c t o r a t e
Ma j o r Mo u z i n h o de A lb u q ue r q u e c a p t u re s th e Z u l u k i n g
G u n g u n ya n a a n d fi rml y e s t a b li s h e s P o r t u g u e s e do
mi n i o n i n S o u t h E a s t A fr ic a
-

F r a n c e c o n q u e r s a n d a n n e x e s Ma da g a sc a r
J a m e s o n ra i d i n t o T r a n s v a a l : Ma t a b e l e r e v o l t a n d s e c o n d
Ma t a b e l e w a r
I t a l y s u s t a i n s t e rr i b l e de fe a t 1 n N o r t h A by s si n i a
. H e 1 p ro
te c to r a te o v e r A by s s i n i a wi t h dra w n a n d t h a t c o u n t r y s
’

i n de p e n de n c e re c o g n i z e d
A nglo — E gy p t i a n a rm y r e c o n q u e r s D o n g o l a
C o n q u e s t o f N u p e b y th e R o y a l N i g e r C o m p a n y
Z u l u l a n d i n c o r p o r a t e d wi t h N a t a l
R a ilw a y c o m p l e t e d to Bu l u w a yo
R e v o l t o f S u da n e s e s o l di e r s t e m p o ra r il y imp e r ils Bri ti s li
.

p o s i t i o n i n U g a n da
A n g l o F r e n c h a g r e e m e n t si g n e d wi t h r e g a r d to N i g e r
~

A n g l o G e r m a n a g r e e m e n t r e l a t i v e to D e l a g o a Ba y a n d
-

o t h e r P o r t u g u e s e p o s s e ssi o n s i n A fr i c a s i g n e d i n

R a il w a y O p e n e d fr o m L o w e r C o n g o to S t a nl e y p o o l
K h a r t u m c a p t u re d b y S i r H ( n o w L o rd) K i t ch e n e r a n d
.

A n g l o E g yp t i a n i n fl u e n c e e s t a b lish e d o v e r th e S u da n
-
.

Maj o r Ma rch a n d w h o i s s e n t to F a sh o da b y F r e n ch
,

G o v e r nm e n t is wi t h dra w n t h e nce o n B ri t ish p ro t e s t s

,
-
1 898
 A PPE N D IX I I .

B I B L I O G R A P HY O F T H E H I S T O RY O F C O L O N I ZA T I O N
O F A FR IC A . B O O KS S P E C IA LLY USEFUL .

A LL B LU E BO O K S p u b lish e d b y F o r e i g n O ffi c e a n d C o l o n i a l O ffi c e
DEAL I NG W I T H A F R I CA a n d th e S LAVE T RA DE fr o m 1 8 3 0 to
th e p r e s e n t da y— e s p e c i a ll y fo r th e y e a r s b e tw e e n 1 8 7 6 a n d
1 8 98 .

T HE PAR TITI O N O F A F R I CA ; b y ( D r ) J . S co t t K e ltie . 2 nd E di t i o n .

E dwa r d S t a nfo r d 1 8 9 5 . .

T H E S T O R Y O F A F R I CA ; b y D r R o b e r t B r o w n 4 v o ls . .

C a s s e ll a n d C o m p a n y 1 8 94 —5 . .

( A m o s t v a l u a b l e b o o k o f r e fe re nc e ) .

H I S T O R I CAL G E O G RAP H Y O F T H E B R ITI S H C O L O NI E S Vo l I V . . .

P a rt s I 2 ( de a li n g wi t h S o u t h a n d E a s t A fr ic a ) ; b y C P . .

Lu c a s B A ,
. . C l a r e n do n P r e s s 1 8 97 . .

D o D o Vo l I I I
. . W E S T A F R I CA
. . C l a r e n do n P r e ss
. 1 8 94 . .

H I S T O R Y O F S O U T H A F R I CA ; by G M C a ll Th e a l .
5 vo l s
c
, .

J u t a C o C a p e T o wn 1 8 8 8 —93 .
,
. .

H I S T O I RE DE L A F R I Q U E S E P T E NT R I O NALE ( Be r b e ri e ) p a r E rn e s t
’

Me r c i e r 3 v o l s . .P a r i s : E rn e s t L e r o u x 1 8 9 1 . .

( A n e x c e ll e n t a n d t ru s tw o r t h y c o m p il a t i o n ) .

H I S T O I R E D E L ET A BL I S S E ME N T D E S A RABE S D AN S L A F R I Q U E
’ ’

S E P T E NT R I O NALE s e l o n l e s a u t e u rs A r a b e s B y th e s a m e .

au t h o r I vo l. . P a r is : C h a ll a m e l 1 8 7 5 . .

H I S T O R IA D A A F R I C A O R I E NTAL PO R T U G UE Z A ; p o r J o s e J o a q u i m
'

L o p e s de L im a . L is b o n 1 8 6 2 . .

H I S T O R Y O F T H E KI NG D O M O F C O NG O ; b y D u a r t e L o p e s
r e n de r e d i n t o I t a li a n b y F ili p p o Pi g a fe tta .

E n g li s h t ra n sl a t i o n : J o h n Mu rra y 1 8 8 1 . .

A NG O LA A N D T H E R I VER C O N G O ; b y J J Mo n t e i r o 2 v o ls
. . . .

Ma cmill a n Co 1 87 5 . .
 A ppe ndix I ] .
30 1

T HE LAN D S O F C AZ E MBE ( L a c e rda s jo u rn e y to C a z e m b e i n’

a c o m p il a t i o n b y C a p t a i n R F B u rto n . . .

R o y a l G e o g r a p hic a l S o ci e t y 1 873 . .

T H E MA P S O F A F R I C A BY T R E AT Y by S i r E dw a rd H e rts l e t ,

K GB
. . 2 v o ls
. . H a r r is o n 8: S o n s 1 8 94 —5 . .

A H I S T O R Y O F A N C I E NT G E O G RAP H Y ; b y ( S i r ) E H Bu n b u r y . . .

2 vo ls . z u d e di t i o n . J o h n Mu rra y 1 8 8 3 . .

C O L O N I A L O FFI C E LI S T ; b y W H Me r c e r a n d A E C o lli n s
. . . . .

H a r ris o n S o ns 1 8 98 . .

D O C U ME NT S S UR L H I S T O I R E E T C D E L A F R I Q U E O R I E NTA LE ;
’
, .
,
’

p a r l e C a pi t a i n e M G u i ll a i n
.
3 v o ls . P a ris 1 8 5 6 . . .

L I F E O F P R I N C E H E N R Y T H E N AV I GAT O R ; b y R H Ma j o r . . .

S am p so n L o w 1 876 . .

P R IN C E H E N R Y T H E N AV I GAT O R ; b y B e a z l e y .

P u t na m 1 8 95 . .

E GY P T I N T H E N I N E T EE NT H C E NT UR Y ; b y D A C a m e ro n . . .

S m i t h E l de r Co 1 8 98 , . .

E NG LAN D I N E G Y P T ; b y S i r A l fre d Mil n e r K C B ,

. . .

A rn o l d 1 8 92 . .

T H E BAR BA R Y C O R S A I R S ( S t o r y o f th e N a t i o n s ) ; b y Sta n l e y
La ne P o o l e . T F ish e r U n wi n 1 8 90 . . .

T H E LI F E O F LI V I NG S T O N E ; by H H J o h n s t o n C B . .
,
. .

G e o rg e P hilip 1 8 9 1 . .

D U N I G ER A U G O L F E D E G U I N EE ; p a r Ie C a p i t a i n e B i n g e r .

P a ris 1 8 92 . .

MU NG O PA R K A N D T H E N I G ER ; b y J o s e p h Th o ms o n .

G e o r g e P hili p s 1 8 90 . .

H o w I F O U N D L I V ING S T O N E T H R O U G H T H E D AR K C O NTIN E NT
. .

2 v o ls T H E C O NG O : A N D T H E F O U N D ING O F I TS F R EE
.

S T AT E 2 v o ls
. I N DA R K E S T A F R I CA
. 2 v o ls By H M . . . .

S t a nl e y ( Mo s t im p o r t a n t )
. . S am p so n L o w .

T H E S TAT E S MAN S Y EAR BOO K b y D r J S c o t t Ke l t i e

’
-
. .

Ma cmill a n .

T I MBU C T OO T H E MY S T ER I O U S ; b y F eli x D u b o i s .

W illi a m H e i n e m a nn .

T H E FA LL O F T H E C O NG O A R ABS b y C a p t a i n S L H i n de . . .

Me t h u e n .

B R ITI S H C ENT RAL A F R I CA ; by S i r H H J o h n s t o n K C B . .

,
. . .

Me t h u e n .
30 2 A ppe ndi x I ] .

T HE R IS E O F EAS T A F R I CAN E MP I RE ; by C a pt a i n F D
O UR . .

L u g a rd D S O
, 2 vo l s
. . B l a c k w o o d E di n b u rg h 1 8 93
. .
, . .

B R ITI S H E A S T A F R I CA ; B y P M D e r m o tt .
c
.

C ha p m a n H a ll 1 895 . .

E NG L I S H MI S S I O N TO A BY S S I N IA ; by ( S i r) G e ra l d H P o r t a l . .

W i n c h e s t e r ( p r i v a t e l y p r i n t e d) : 1 8 8 8 .

T RAVEL S O F T HE J E S U I T s I N E T H I O P IA ; b y B T e ll e z . .

L o n do n 1 7 1 0 . .

S AVAG E A F R I CA ; b y W i n w o o d R e a de S mi t h E l de r 1 8 6 4
. . .

A F R I CAN S K E T C H B OO K s a m e a u t h o r a n d p u b li sh e r s
-
1 87 3 . .

MAR T Y RD O M O F MA N s a m e a u t h o r .

K e g a n P a u l ( E d 1 3 ) 1 8 90 . . .

A DVE NT URE S I N N YA S S A L A N D ; b y L o w Mo n t e i t h F o t h e r i n g h a m .

Samp so n L o w 1 89 1 . .

U GAN DA A N D T H E E G Y P TIAN S UDAN ; by D r R W F e l k i n a n d . .

C T W il s o n
. . 2 vo ls . . S amp so n L o w 1 882 . .

T H E H EA R T O F A F R I C A ; b y D r G e o r g S c hw e i n fu r t h .

S amp so n L o w 1 873 . .

T R A VEL S A N D D I S C O V ER I E S I N N O R T H A N D C E NT RAL A F R I CA ;
by D r H e n r B a r t h 5 v o ls
v . .

L o n g m a n B r o wn G re e n 1 8 5 7 , , . .

F I RE A N D S W O RD I N T H E S UDAN b y S l a t i n P a s h a .

E dwa rd A rn o l d 1 8 96 . .

H A U S A L A N D ; b y R e v C h a rl e s H e n r y R o b i n s o n
. .

S am p so n L o w 1 8 97 . .

A T RAV ER S L A F R I Q U E C E NT RALE : D U C O NG O A U N IG ER ; b y
’

C Ma i s t re
. . P a ri s 1 8 9 5 . .

T H E EA RL Y C H A R T E R ED C O MPAN I E S ; b y G e o r g e C a w s t o n a n d
A H K e a ne
. . . E dw a r d A rn o l d 1 8 96 . .

MADAGAS CAR ; b v C a p t a i n S Pa s fie l d O li v e r 2 v o l s . . .

Ma c mill a n 1 8 8 6 . .

I MP RE SS I O N S O F S O U T H A F R I CA ; by R t H o n J a m e s B r y c e M P .
, . .

Ma c mill a n 1 8 98 . .
 IN D EX .

Abb i ad e , d, 2
’
0 8 A l e x a ndri a , 10 , 1
33, 1
91 , 2
31, 2 33,
A bd al - -
K a de r , 1 35 2 45
A b d aI - -
Mu mi n , 1
9 A lg ve ar ,
2 7
Ab e G o m e d 2 6 2
r u , z
’

, A l ge i a r , 1 34 et s ea , 1 38 , 2 1 2 ,

A b yssi n i a 2 3 3 2 1 4 8 , , , , , 1 5 9, 2 78
1
93 , 1
95 , 20 8, 2 10 , 2 1
9 , 2 36 , A lgi e rs 6 1 e t sea 3 4 , ,
1 , 1 44
e t se
q .
, 2 7 7, 2 78 A l m e i da F ra n cisc o de , , 2 62
Abyssi n i a n e xp l o e rs r , 20 8 A l m o a vi de A l m o ha de
r , ,
se e Ma rab u t
Acc a 1 0 9 1 1 0
r , , and Mu a h e di m
A c o re s I sl nds 3 9 a , A l sa c e Lo -
r ra n e i s e tt l e s r in A lg e ri a ,

A c u nh a , T r i s ta O d ( c o n q u ist a do r)
’
, I 37
31 A lu la , Ra s , 2 4 6
I s l a nd , 4 5, 1 73 A m a lfi, 2 4 3'
A de n 1 4 5 2 3 7 . , Am a ro
99 , J o se , 1

A dis Ab e ba 2 4 7 , A m a to ng a la nd, 1 8 4 ,
1 86
A d ar 2 2
r , 1 Amb a s Ba y, 1 1 5, 1 58
A di a 2 4 7
r , Ambri z , 4 2
A epyo r n i s , 2 6 2 Am e ric a,
96 , 1 50
A ic ”
fr a ( th e R o m a n p o vi nc e r o f) , A m e rl c a n Missi o n a ri e s , 1 56, 1 59
II s l ve t ra de 93
a -
,

A f ic a di e cti o n f o m w h ic h m a n
r , r r Am h a ra 2 4 6 ,

fi r st i nv de d I ; e t hno l o gy o f 2 ;
a , , A n b i n a l Asi ( c o n q u e ro r o f Egypt )
r r- -
,

dist ib ti o n o f n a tiv e p o p l a ti o n
r u u I 4
3 0 0 0 y e s a g o 3 ; o igi n o f n a m e
ar ,
r A n de ss o n 2 0 8 2 1 8
r , ,

of I I ; o w e s its p i n cip a l f o d
, r o A ng l o G e rm a n C o n v e n ti o n o f 1 8 90
-
,

p o du cts to A a bs a n d P o t u
r r r 2 57 : 0 f 1 8 98 , 2 87
g e u
s e 38 39 ;
“
,N e w A fric a , ,
”
A n go c he 5 9 ,

2 82 A ng o l 3 5 t s e aa, e , 4 2 , 4 3, 1 50 , 1 56 ,

A f ic a n Asso ci ti o n 1 96
r a , , 1 97 , 2 0
9 1 93 , 2 0
9, 2 1 6, 2 1 8, 2 82
L a k e s C o mp a n y , 1 5 3, 1 81, A ng P e q u e na 4 5 2 5 2
ra , , ,

187 A nh a ya P dro de 3 1 , e ,

A g h lab , a e d na Aghl bit y sty

, 16 A n no Bo m I s la nd 6 4 ,

A hm a du , th e F u a n ; 1 2 7, l Ki g 1 2 8 A n t a na na riv o 2 7 0 2 7 1 2 7 3 , , , , 2 75
A lb t
er N a n z a , s e e N a nz ay y A nt o ne ll i 2 1 9 ,

Al x
e a n de r th e re a , 1 0 G t A abi A h m e d 2 3 1 2 3 2
r , , ,

Al x
e a n de r , S i r E , 1 99 J . . A ra bi a 1 I 7 2 1 7 2 3 7
, , , ,
30 4 I nde x .

A bic l a ng g e 1 7 1 3 8 2 8 3
ra ua , , ,
Ba b -
e l- Ma nde b , S t r a its o f, 2 4 3
A bs I 3 ; ( i nv de Egypt n d T ip o l i
ra , a a r B b o ns 1 0
a o ,

an d T u n is
) 4 ; ( a c h At l a ntic ,
1 re B ada g i 2 0 3 r ,

O c e a n a nd c o n q e r Mo o cco a n d u r B a gi mi 4 4 2 1 4 2 7 8
r , 1 , ,

S p a i n) 1 5 1 6 (g e t i n v si o n o f
, , r a a B h a l Gh az l 1 4 4 2 1 0
a r - -
a , , , 2 1 5, 2 1 6 ,

N o rt h A fric a ) 1 7 ; (s e tt l e o n E a st ,

c o a st O f A f ic ) 2 4 5 ; (t h e i r l e r a , , 2 ru B iki e D 1 1 7
a ,
r,

s u p e rs e de d i n N A f ic b yT u k s ) . r a r , B i n e s W i ll i m 2 1 8
a ,
a ,

2 4 A a b i n fl u e n c e a nd civi l is ti o n
r a B k e S i r S a m e l a nd La dy
a r, u ,
2 0 7,
i n M ha mm a d n A f ic a 2 5 2 6 ;
u a r , ,
2 10 , 2 1 1 , 2 1 4 ,
2 1
7
i n t o d c e v a i o s do m e stic ni
r u r u a Ba m k a u ,
1 2 7, 1
97
m l s a nd fo o d p ro du cts i nt o
a B a mb k u , 1 2 5, 1 96

A f ic a 3 9 ; A a bs a n d P o t u
r ,
r r B n an (t
a a re e
) , 4 0

g u e se 45 4 6 ; A a bs o n Z a m
, , r Ba ng w e o l o L ke 2 1 2 2 2 0 2 2 , a , , ,
2

be i 4 7 ; re g a i n Z a n iba c o a st
z , z r ,
B a n ks , S i r J o s e p h 1 96 ,

50 2 37 ;
, a S l a v e T de rs 9 5 s ra , ,
B nt B o d line 1 4 4 2 2 1
a u r e r- , ,

10 0 ; o f Alge i find a l e a de i n r a r n e g o e s 3 6 5 76 7
7 1 61 2 59
r , , , , , ,

A b d a l Ka de -
3 5 ; i n N ya sa
-
r, 1 mig a ti o n s o f 4 7 6 1 6 1 r , , ,

l nd 1 8 ; 0 th e C o n go 2 2 6 ;
a , 2 11 ,
B a ptist Missi o n (C a m e ro o n s a nd
a t Z a n ib a 2 4 ; a nd G e m a n s
z r, 2 r , C o ng o ) 1 1 5 ,

2 5 7 ; a n d Ma d g sc r 2 6 1 e t e B ptist 1 99 a
a ; a a a , s a ,

f t e o f A a bs i n A f ic a 2 8 0
u u r r r ,
Ba a ti e i G e ne a l 2 4 7
r r , r ,

A c h i n d C o l 1 2 8 1 30
r ar ,
.
, ,
B a b a ro ss a s th e 6 1
r , ,

A g i n 30 6 6 1 2 5 2 4 9
r u , , , , B a b y S t t e s 6 1 1 0 4 ; s e a l so
r ar a , , e

A no t F S 2 2 0
r ,
. .
, A l g i T nis T ip o l i
e r a, u , r

Asc e n si o n I sl n d 4 5 a , Ba i pe o ple 1 5 1 2 1 7
r , ,

A s h a n t1 , 10 9 e t s ea B a i ng o L a k e 2 2 1 2 2 3
r , , ,

Asi a , th e m o t he r o f m a n I ; fu r , B ka 8 I 5 0 6 2 7 8
ar , , , 2 ,

n is h e s m n y do m e stic a n im a l s a B e t o F a n cisc o 4 7 1 93
a rr , r , ,

a nd p l a n ts to A f ic a 3 ; wit h o u t
9 r , B a th D H e n y 2 0 6 2 0 7
r , r r , ,

ra c e f e l i n g a ga i n st E u o p e 2 8 4
e r , Ba r u ts e , 1 54 , 1 82 ,
2 1 6
Asm a 2 4 6 ra , B a st a ds th e 8 2 r , ,

Ass b Ba y 2 4 2 2 4 3
a , ,
B a sti a n D 2 1 3 , r,

At l a ntic O c e a n e a c h e d by A ra bs r , B a s t o B s u t o la nd 8 5 1 5 5
u , a , , ,
1 69
I S B a t hu r st 1 0 5 ,

At l s Mo u n t a i n s 1 3 6
a , ,
2 2 1 B a t o k a c o u n t ry 1 4 7 1 5 2 , ,

At ro citi e s 2 2 7 2 5 8 ,
”
, B a tt e l A nd e w 1 93 1 94
, r , ,

A u e s Mo u n t i n s 2 8 0
r a ,
B u m nn D 2 2 2
a a , r,

A u st i a n a tt e mpt o n D
r e la g o a Ba y, B e a fo t de 2 0
u r , , 1

0
'
6 B e c h u n a B e c h a n a l nd 8 5
a , u a , , 8 7,
t h o l ic Missi o n o n N i l e
C a 0 , 2 1 1 54 , 1 61, 1 86, 2 5 9, 2 80
A u t h o r H i s e xp e ie n c e o f S l v e
. r a B e e c ro ft M , r, 2 0 5
t a ffic 9 5 a dmi nist e rs Amb s
r , a Be h a u z i n , 30 1

Ba y 1 1 5 ; , e mo v s J ja 1 1 6 ; r e a , B i
e ra , 4 6 , 5 , 6 0 , 1 8 8
9
a dmi n ist e r s B ritis h C e n t ra l A f ic a r , Be k e, C 2 0 8 .

182 18
7 ; wit h D
, C o ss di s r r B e lgi A ic an fr a , 2 2 5 e t se
a
c o v e r s so u t h e nd O f L k e Ru kw a a , B e lgi s Ki g
an , n o f th e , 1 4 3—4, 2 1 8,
2 1 9 ; o the A f ic a n xp lo a ti o ns r r e r , 2 1 9, 2 2 5 et se
a , 2 50
2 0 ; a n d Ki l im a nj a ro
2 2 38 2 55 B e l gi u m B e l gi a n s 1 0 0 2 1 8 2 1 2 2
, , , , , , 9, 7
nd
“
C p e to C a i ro Be l tra m a G i o v a nn i 2 1 0
”
a 2 4 2 a , , ,
 I n de x .
30 5

Be m b a to k a Ba y, 2 66 BrI tI Sh E le m e nt in C a pe C o lo ny ,

B e n gu e l a 4 2 1 93 2 1 3 , , ,
1 62

B e nin 1 0 3 1 1 3 1 1 6 1 1 8 2 86
, , , , , , 2 87 Empi e o f th e F u t u r e 2 8 1
r ,

B e n t l e y R e v e e nd H 1 5 8
, r .
,
C e n t l A f ic a 99 1 0 0
ra 1 56 r , , , ,

B e nu e R 1 1 5 1 1 7 1 1 9 2 0 4
, .
, , , ,
1 58, 1 82 , 1 83, 2 80 , 2 81
Be nyo w ski , 2 64 E a st A fric a , 95 , 2 39 et se
a,
B e b e st a t e s
r r a nd d y na sti e s , 2 4 2 4 2

B e b e rs 5 7
r , , , 8, 1 2 , I 3, 1 5, 1 9, 3 3 , mp a n y 2 39 2 4 2
C o , ,

1 36 , 2 80 G o ve n m e n t th e 5 3 ; t a k e s
r , ,

B e rl i n C o n fe re n e c , 1 4 3, 2 2 7 o ve r D u tc h G o l d C o a st 6 7 ; ,

Be u rm a nn , M v , 2 . . 14 c o ve ts th e C a p e o f G o o d H o p e ,

Be y o f C o n st a n ti n e , 1 36 7 5 ; t a k e s t h is c o l o n y fi na ll y i n
B e ys o f Tu n is 1 3 9 1 80 6 7 9 ; S h i ll y h l l i e s a b o u t S a
-
, ,

Bigh ts o f Bi f a a n d B e ni n a r , 1 1 4 , S o u t h A fric an q u e sti o n s 8 3 8 4 ; , ,

2 0 3, 2 0 5 p a ys a n i n de m n ity to O r n ge a

Bi nge C a pt a i n 1 2 8 1 2 9 2 2 2
r, , , ,
F re e S t a t e 8 5 ; a n ne x e s T a n s , r

Bis ndu gu 1 2 8
a ,
v a a l 8 6 ; e st o re s its i nde p e n
, r

Bish o ps (C hristi a n) see C h risti an ; ,

de n c e 8 7 ; sp e nds mi ll i n s o f
, o

N e g o do 33 34
r 14
9 .
, , , p o u n ds n a b o l ish i ng s l ve ry 97
I a ,

Bi e r t a ( H ipp o —
z Z a yt) 5 r , a n d e st a b l is h e s sq u d o n s o f s l a v e a r

B l a ck A f ic a 2 8 0 2 8 1 r , , t a de p e ve ntiv e sh ips 98 1 0 0 ;
r r , ,

B l a ck Wh it e a nd Y e ll o w 1 7 7
, , , a dmi n ist e r s F e rn a ndo Po 1 1 4 ; ,

B la n c o C p e 2 9 6 4 1 0 5 1 2 5 2 4 9
, a , , , , , s e nds e xp e diti o n s to N ig e r 1 1 6 , ,

B la n ty e 1 5 6 r ,
1 1 7 ; to We st e n S u d n a n d r a

B l o e m fo n te i n C o nve nti o n 8 4 , T ip o l i 1 2 1 ho l ds S e n e g a l f r a
r , o

Bo c a o J a sp e r 1 93
rr , , t i m e 1 2 5 a ttit de n Tu n is 1 4 0 ;
, u I ,

B o e r vict o i e s 8 6 r , a cq u i re s C a p e C o l n y 1 60 ; e o , r

B o e s th e 4 3 8 1 e t se a 1 6 3 ; (i n
r , l c ta n tl y m a k e s N a t a l a B itis h
u r

1 6 7—
, , ,

N a ta l) 1 6 6 1 6 7 , , C o lo ny 8 ; t i e s to
, s e nd r

Bo hm 2 1 8 , c o n victs to th e C a p e 1 6 9 ; a n ,

Bo i s r a g o n C a pt 2 87 , .
, n e x e s th e T ra n sv a l 1 8 4 ; s e n ds a ,

B o it e u x Li e t 1 3 1 , u .
, M ngo P a k b a ck to th e N ig e r
u r ,

B o j a do r C a p e 2 9 6 4 , , , 1 97 and v a i o u s e xp e diti o n s r

Bo ma 2 2 9 , t h it h e r f o m T ri p o l i ( 2 0 1
r ,

B o na BOne 6 1 1 3 7 2 4 3
, , , , a n d fi n ll y s e n ds L n de r to di s
a a

B o nn i e C o l 1 3 1 2 8 5r, .
, , c o v e r its m o u t h 2 0 3 ; de sp a tch e s ,

B o nn y R 1 1 8 , .
, R ic ha rds o n B a t h a n d o t h e r s to , r

B o e ll i H 2 2 3
r , .
, e xp l o e th e C e n t ra l S u da n
r 2 0 5 , ,

B o rgu (N ikki ) 1 3 2 , 2 0 6 ; s e n ds s u rv e yi n g e xp e diti o n

B o rn u 1 2 2 4 2 0 1 2 0 6 2 1 3 2 1 4
, , , , , , u
p N ig e r 2 0 5 ; c o mmis
B o tt e go 2 2 3 , si o n s Livi n gst o n e to e x pl o e Z m r a

B o r bo n I s l a nd o f 2 6 4 2 6 6
u , , , b e i 2 1 1 ; o ccu pi e s Egypt 2 3 2
z a, ,

B ra nde n b g i n A f ic a 2 4 9 u r r , e t s ea ; Z a n iba r c o a st 2 3 7 e t z ,

G e a t E l ct o o f 2 4 9
r e r sea

So t h A f ic
,

B ra ss R 1 1 8 2 0 4
, .
, , u r a, 1 60 et se
a
Bra ti er e s S e g 2 8 6 , r .
, (a re a , 1 61)
B r v a (Ba a w ) 4 6
a r a , S o u th A f ic ar C h rt e re d
a C o .
,

B a i l B ra i l i n s 3 9 4 3 5 0 1 93 2 8 2
r z , z a , , , , , 5 9, 8 9, 1 82
B a a D e 14 3 2 19 2 2 5
r z z , , , , B ro wn , D r b e r t 93 1 2 5
Ro , ,

B ricch e tti R o b e c c h i 2 2 3 -
, B o w ne
r , Wi ll i a m G 1 9 5 .
,

J . A .
30 6 I n dex .

B ru c e J a m e s, , 1 95 C a t h c a rt , e n e ra l , 1 6 8
G
Br ii e , 1 2 4 , 1 94 C a tt l e , 1 6 1
Bu A ma m a , 1 3 8 C a v e n dis h , Mr H , 2 2 3 .

B u g e a d Ma rsha l
u , , 1 35 C e r n e , s e e K e r ne
B u gi a 6 1 , C e te w a yo , 1 8 5
B l a Ma t di 3 4
u a , C e u ta , 1 5 2 1 , 2 2 , 2 8 , 6 3
,

Bu l u w a yo , 1 7 7, 1 88 C h a d, L a k e , 1 7 , 1 1 5 , 1 1 9 , 1 2 1 ,
B n b u ry S i E H 8
u , r . .
, 12 7 14 2 , 1
,
92 , 2 0 2 , 2 0 6 , 2 1 4
B n y o ro
u 1 2 4 1 , 2 1 , C h a fa r i n a s I s l a n ds , 6 3
B c he ll D Wi lli m 1 99
u r , r a , C h a i ll e L o ng , C o l , 2 1 7
-
.

B u t o n S i R ich a d F 2 0 7
r , r r .
, , 2 0
9, C h a i l l u P a u l du , 1 4 2 , 2 1 5
,

2 1 5 C ha k a , 8 3 1 6 6 , 1 8 4 ,

B s 1 1 6 1 1 9 1 98 2 0 3
u a, , , , C h a n l e r, W Ast o r , 2 2 3 .

B u s hi i 2 5 7 r , C h a r l e s I I o f E n gl a nd, 1 0 9, 1 9 5
B u sh m e n 2 4 5 6 8 1 6 , , , , , 1 V o f S p a i n 6 2 , 93 ,

B u xt o n S i r Tho m a s F o w e l l 2 0 5
, , X o f F ra n c e , 1 3 4 , 2 6 6

By an ti m By a n ti ne G e e ks 0
z u ,
z r , 1 , C h a r t e re d c o mp a ni e s , 1 0 4
1 2 , 1 3, 1 4 , 92 C ha t e l a i n R e v H e l i , 1 5 6
, .

C h e l ms fo rd, L o rd, 1 8 5
C a i ll l e R e n é, 1 2 6 , 2
, 0 1 C h imp a n z e e , th e , 7
C a i ro , 1 6 , 2 3 3 C h i n de , R , 5 9 .

C a la ba r , s e e O ld C ho be , R 2 5
9 .
,

C a m , Di o g o , 3 0 , 3 3 C h risti a n Bis h o ps i n T u m s ra , 2 0 ;
C a mb o n , M , 1 4 1 . i n C e n t ra l A fr ic a , 3 3 2 1 8 , 2 4 0 ; ,

C a mbys e s , 1 0 , 1 90 Ma da g a sc a r, 1 5 3 , 2 6 8
C a m e l , th e , 3 9, 4 8 , 2 43 C h risti a n Missi o n s i n A fr ic a , l ist o f
C a m e ro n C a pt V L , . . .
, 2 1 3, 2 1 6, 2 1 8 Am e ica n P e sbyt e i
r r r an Missi o n ,

C a m e ro o n s , 1 1 3 , 2 1 5, 1 55, 1 56
2 2 2 , 2 54 , 2 58 A u st ri a n C a t h o l ic Missi o n ( S u
C a m p a g n o n , 1 2 4 , 1 94 da n) , 1 50 , 2 10

C am e pb ll (S o o na r ex c tc h missi y B a ptist (Am e ic a n ) G b o o n Mi s r a

p l o r e r ) , 1 99 si o n 1 5 6 ,

C a n a da , 1 0 7 ( E n g l ish ) C a m e o o n s a nd r

y sl
C a na r I a n d , 3 3 , 6 3 , 1 2 1 s C o n go Missi o n 1 5 7 1 5 8 , ,

i
C a n d do de C o a C a rdo o , 1 99 st s ( S c o tc h ) N y s a l n d Missi o n a a ,

C a nn aib l ism , 2 2 7 1 58
p G
C a e o f o o d H o e , 30 , 4 6 , 6 7 p B s e l Missi o n 1 5 4
a ,

l y
C o o n , 68 , 74 , 75 , 8 2 , 1 0 8 , Ba v a ri a n ( R o m a n C a th o l ic ) Mi s
1 6 1 , 1 70 , 2 5 1 , 2 8 0 si o n 1 5 4 ,

D tc h
u , 89 B e l in Missi o n y S o ci e ty 1 5 4
r ar ,

To w n 7 2 7 6 , , C hu c h Missi o n a ry S o ci e ty 1 4 9
r , ,

V e rde 2 9 1 2 7 , ,
2 0 7, 2 1 8, 2 40
I s l a n ds 3 9 4 5 7 5 , , , E di nb u rg h Missi o n a ry S o ci e ty ,
“
C a p e to C i o 1 83 2 4 2 a r , , 1 48
C a p e ll o B it o 2 1 6 , r , Episc o p a l Me th o dist ( Am e ric an)
C a rn v o n L o rd 1 8 3 1 8 4
ar , , ,
Missi n 1 5 6 o ,

C a th ge 4 5 1 1 1 5 2 0
r a , , , , , Est b l ishe d C h ch o f S c o t l and
a u r

C a th gi ni n s 8
r a a , Missi o n 1 5 5 1 5 6 , ,

C s a m ns e R iv e r 1 2 7
a a , ,
F e e C hu c h Missi o n ( S c o tch )
r r ,

C a t th e do m e stic 3 9
, , 1 55, 1 56
 I n de x .
30 7

C hristi an Missi o ns ( o n t ) c C omb e r R e Th o s , v. .

, 1 58
F re e S wiss C hu c h Missi o n 1 5 5 r , C o mit é d E tu de s da
’
H a u t C o ng o ,

Fre nc h Ev a ng e l ic a l Missi o na y r 2 2 5
S o ci e ty 1 5 4 1 5 5 , , C o m m e rs o n , P h i l ibe r t 2 6 4 ,

G la sg o w Missi o na y S o ci e ty 1 4 8 r , C o m o ro I s l a nds 4 1 1 2 5 , , , , 2 65 ,
J e su it missi o n s (Z a mb e i ) 1 5 2 ; z , 2 69 , 2 75
( Ma da ga sc a r ) 1 5 2 , C o m p i ég n e , Ma rq u is de , 2 1 5
Lo ndo n Missio n a ry S o ci e ty 1 4 8 , , c B e rl i n
C o n fe re n e , ,
1 1
7
1 5 2 67 B ru ss e l s 2 1 8 ,

Mo ra vi a n P o t e st a n t
r Missi o n , C o n g o C h isti a n ity r , 33 e t sea , 1 4 7
1 54 F re e S t a t e 1 0 0 , , 1 4 3, 2 1 9, 2 2 5,
N t h A f ica n Missi o n 1 5 8
or r , 2 2 6 e t se a , 2
4 9, 250
N o rt h G e rm a n ( B re m e n ) Mi s Ki ngdo m 3 3 , , 34 , 1 47; Ro ya l
si o n 1 5 2 , fa mi l y o f 3 4 3 5 , ,

N o w e gi a n Missi o n 1 5 6
r ,
‘

ive r a n d b a s i n
r 3, 4
, , 30 , 94 ,

P l ym o t h B e t h e n 1 5 8 u r r , 100 , 1 1 7, 56 ,
1 1 58, 2 00 , 2 1 3,
R h e n is h Missi o n a r y S o ci e ty 1 5 4 , 2 1 9, 2 2 6, 2 80

S o ci e ty fo r th e P ro p ag a ti o n o f Tre ty a o f 1 884 , 36 , 4 4 , 1 81 ,

th e G o sp e l 1 5 0 , 2 2 6
S o ci e ty o f F r i e n ds ( Q u a k e r) Mi s F re n c h F re n c h C o n go
’
, see

si o n 1 5 3 ,
“
C q u ist do e s P o t u g e s e 3 8
on a r , r u ,

S w e dis h P o t e st a n t Missi o n I 5 5 r , C o n st a n ti n e 1 3 6 ,

U n it e d P e sbyt e ri a n Missi o n r , C o n stit u ti o n g n t e d to C a p e C 0 ra

1 55 lo n y 1 6 3 ,

U n iv e r siti e s Missi o n 1 5 7 1 8 1 ’
, , C o nv e n ti o n s e u n de r ti tl e o f n a,
se

We s l e ya n Me t ho dist Missi o na y r ti o n a l i ty o r p l a c e
S o ci e ty 1 5 0 , C o n victs s e n t to C a p e 1 6 9 ,

Wh it e F a t he s o f th e S u da n r C o o l ie s 1 7 6 1 8 9 , ,

Missi o n 1 5 1 ; (i n Ug n da ) ,
a , C o o m ssi e s e e K m a si
a ,
u

2 39 C o pp e 55 2 51r, ,

Z a mb e i I n du s t i l Missi o n 1 5 9
z r a , C o isc o Ba y 6 4
r ,

C h risti a n ity ( i n C o ngo Ki ng do m ) , C o rs i r s a e Pi a t e s,

s e r

3 3 1 4 6 1 4 7 ; a m o n g n e g ro r a c e s C o ss a ck “ Mo n ks
”
, , 2 4 7 ,

i n ge ne al 1 4 7 2 8 3 C o ilh a O P e ro de 3 1 3 2 1 93 2 6 2
‘

r , , v , , , , ,

C h isti a n s i n N o r t h A f i c a 2 0 ;
r r , C ra ig G e n e r l 7 9
, a ,

Ma da g as c a r Uga nda 2 3 9 2 4 0 , , , C mp e l P a l 1 4 4
ra , u ,

C i nc h o n t re e ( Q u i ni n e ) 4 3
a , C im e a n W
r 1 70 1 71 2 32 a r, , ,

C l ppe rto n H u g h 2 0 2 2 0 3
a , , , C ro m e r L o rd 2 3 3 , ,

C l a k e J o h n ( missi o na ry ) 1 5 8
r , , C ro ss D r 2 1 9 2 2 0
, , ,

C l a k e S i r Ma sh a ll 1 8 6
r , r , R iv e r 2 0 5 ,

C l a rks o n 94 , C o wt h e
r S m u e l ( Bis h o p ) 1 4 9
r, a ,

C o c o a nu t p a l m 4 0 5 5
-
, , C y e n e C y re n ai c a 8 1 0 1 1 1 9 1
r , , , , , ,

C o ffe e a n d c o ffe e c l tiva ti o n 4 0 u , , 2 0 6, 2 0 8

4 3. 5 5. 1 75, 1 83
C o i l l a rd, R e v Mr, 1 5 5 , 2 1 6 . D a ho m e , 44 , 10 9, 1 1 2 , 1 2 9, 1
30 ,

C o l o n i e s , F re n c h , i n A fric a , t h e i r 52 1
l a ck o f s e l f s u pp o r t , 1 4 5 -
D a i ly Te l eg r aph , th e , 2 1 6
t h re e c l a ss e s o f, i n A fric a , 2 7 8 , D m l
a a ra a n d, 1 5 4 , 1 7 9 ,
2 79 D a na ki l c o a st 2 4 5 ,

C o l st o n , C OL, 2 1 7 D a ne s s e e D e nm a r k
,

2 0 — 2
3cu3 I n de x .

D a rfu r, 2 1 3, 2 1 4 , 2 1 7, 2 1 8, E ngl a n d 8 0 ; D tc h A f ic a stil l , u r

2 78 e xisti n g 8 0 ; a fli ni ty b e tw e e n
,

D a t e th e 9 , , D u tc h a n d S co tc h 8 1 ; i n th e ,

D a phi n F o t 2 6 3 2 6 4
u , r , , Tra n sva l 8 8 ; ki n sh ip i n b l o d
a , o

D a vi ds o n J o hn 2 0 5 , , wit h E n gl ish 90 1 2 5 ; disp u t e , ,

D e B e e r s Di a m o n d mi n i n g -
C o m S t H e l e n a wit h E ng l ish 1 7 2 ,

pa ny 1 8 7 , D u tc h h l f c ast e s 6 7 a -
,

D e b o no A n d e 2 10 ,
r a, l a n gu a g e 2 8 2 ,

D e ck e n B n o n de r 2 2 0 , a ro v , , 2 50 D u v e yri e 2 1 2 r,

D e c l e Li o n e l, , 2 2 2 D yb o ws k i , M .
, 1 44 , 2 2 2

D e lag o a Ba y, 5 1 , 5 6 e t s ea , 75 ,
1 78 , 2 00 ,
2 87 E a st A fr ic a , s ee B ritish G e rm an , ,

D e l g do C p e 5 1 5 5 5 8 5 5
a , a , , , , 2 e tc .

D e nh m M j D 2 0 2a , a or .
, E a st I nd a C i o mp a n y B ritish , , 2 37
D e nh a dt B o th e s 2 5 5r r r , D tc h 6 8 c l u , se
a , 70 , 7 7, 1 60
D e n m a k bo l ish e s S l a v e t ade 96 ;
r a -
r , A u st i n 5 6 r a ,

with dr ws f o m G o l d C o a st 1 1 0
a r , F re n c h 2 6 3 , , 264
D e sbo rde s C o l 1 2 7 , .
, E a ste rn P o vi nc e o f r C a p e C o l o ny ,
D e y o f A l gi e r s 1 3 4 , 1 66 , 1 72 , 1 77
D ha n is B a ro n 2 2 7 2 2 8 , , , Egypt , 2 , 9, 10 , 1 2 1 , 1 33 ,
D i a m o n ds Di m o nd F i e l ds 8 5 , a , , 1 34 , 7 31 ft 5 6
7" 2 352 2 77, 2 78 ,
’ 73 2 1 77 3 1 78, 1 86 2 80
Di a B a t o l o m e 30 6 8
z , r u , , Egypti n G o ve nm e nt a r , 2 1 2 35
Pa u l o 3 7 , Egypti n s An ci e n t 2 a , , , 1 91 , 2 81
Dick e n s a d M s J e ll yby
n
“
r , 2 0 5 Mo de rn , 2 81
Di e go S u a e Ba y 2 6 7 2 6 8 r z , , , 2 74 E l e p h an t A f ic n 6 8 5 5 ,
r a , , ,

Di e pp e a dv e n t u re s 1 2 2 1 2 3 r , , E l i abe th Q u e e n 1 0 5 1 0 6
z , , ,

Di n ga n e 1 8 5 , E ll is Mr ( o f M da g a sc a ) 2 70 2 7 1
,
a r , ,

D i n g i s w a yo 8 3 , E l mi na 3 0 6 6 , ,

D i ni z u l u , 1 8 6 E l p hi n st o n e A dmi ra l 7 9 , ,

D o c h a rd, D r, 1 98 E l t o n C a pt a i n F e d 2 1 7
, r .
,

D o dd , s G
e n e ra , 1 3 0 l Em de n 4 9 , 2

D o g , th e , 3 9 Emi n P a sh 2 0 2 1 2 4 1 a, 2 , 2 ,

D o m e stic a n im a l s a n d p l an ts o f E ngl n d a n d th e S l ve T a de 1 4 6
a a r ,

Af ic 3 9 4 0r a, , Missi o n ar y e ffo ts 1 4 6 r ,

D o n a l ds o n S mit h D r 2 2 3 , , E ngl ish i n t o du c e do m e stic a n im a ls r

D o w n i ng S t e e t do u bts dr i fts a n d p l a n ts i n t o A f ic 4 0 ; i n
”
r , , r a,

a n d d ll i e s 8 4 1 1 2 1 79 1 80
a , , , , th e T ra n sv a a l 8 8 fo l l o w P o r t u ,

D ra a R iv e 7 1 2 1 1 9 1 96
,
r, , ,
2 , g u e s e l e a d i n th e We st A f ic a n r

D ru mm o n d H a y S i J o hn 1 2 1 , r , t r de 1 0 3
a ,

D u a l C o n t o l th e 2 3 2 2 3 3 r , , , l ng u age a 1 58 1 63 2 82 , , , ,

D u l pe ple 5 8
a a o ,
1 2 83
D u ck th e 3 9 , , E icss o n 2 1 8
r ,

D u rb a n 8 3 1 6 7 , ,
E rit e ( I t a l y s
r a
’
Re d S e a C o l o n y) ,

D U b a n S i B e nj a mi n 1 6 4 e t se a
’
r , r ,
1 4 5, 2 4 7
D u tc h th e 4 1 4 2 4 5 5 1 5 5 ; o n
, , , , , , Et h i o pi 91 a, 1

th e G ld C o a st 6 6 6 7 1 1 0 ; o , , , E u n S mit h S i r C h a l e s 2 5 6
a -
, r ,

t a k e S t H e l e n a an d fo u nd C a p e E u nu ch s N e gro 9 9 5 , , 2 ,

C o lo n y 6 7 6 8 e t a ; lo s e C p e , ,
se a E u o p e a n p o p l a ti o n o f C a p e
r u

C o l o n y 1 8 0 6 7 9 ; c e de it to , ,
C o lo ny i n 1 8 0 6 1 6 1 ,
 I n dex .
30 9

Eu o p e a n p o p u l ti o n o fC a p e
r a C o l o ny S o m a l i l a n d, 1 4 5, 2 36 ; i n Ma da
in 1 85 0 , 1 69 g asc ar, 2 59 a et se .

Ex e t e H a ll 8 2
r ,
F re n c h
l a ng g u a e , 2 82 , 2 8
3
Exp l o re rs G re a t 1 90 e t se a
, , R e v o l ti its cts u o n and effe on

t hi t e e n g re t e st l ist o f 2 0 7
r a , , D tc h s e tt l s
u p l y e r i n C a e C o o n , 78
A f ic a wi ll e c o g n i e th e de bt
r r z R e v o l u ti Egypt o n a nd , 1 33

s h e o w e s to 4 , 2 2 s e tt l e s D tc h t h A ic r in u So u fr a ,
7 1 , 72 , 88
F a i dh e rb e G e n e ra l 1 2 6 1 4 1
, , ,
s e tt l e rs Al g i in e r a , 1 37
F a re w e ll a n d Ki ng L i e u ts 1 6 6 , .
, F re re S i B t l , r ar e , 1 8 , 2 3 , 2 5 1
4 7
F a rq u h a r S i r R o b e r t 1 8 8 2 6 7
, , , F ey C ol 1 2 7
r ,
.
,

F a s ho da 2 3 5 2 8 6 , , F r o u de Mr 1 8 3 , ,

F a timit e K h a l i fs 1 6 , F u l a ra c e a nd Empi re , 1 1 8, 1 2 0 ,

F e de ra ti o n o f S o u t h Afric a 1 8 3 , 1 2 6 , 1 2 7, 1 2 8, 2 0
3
F e l ki n, D r R W , 2 1 8 . . F u ta T o rO _

, Fu ta -
J alo n , 1 2 8
F e rna nde z , J o a O , 1 93
F e rna ndo Po , I a n d, 6 4 , 6 5 , sl 1 1 4 , G ab o o n 4 5 1 4 2 , , , 1 4 3, 1 56
1 50 , 1 5 8, 2 0 2 , 2 0 4 , 2 2 2 C l ib e r A dm i r l
a , a ,
2 74
F e z z a n ( Ph a z a ni a) , 1 1 , 1 4 , 2 4 , 1 96 , G all a s G a l l l an d , a , 1 51, 1 55, 2 48
2 0 1 3, 2 1 4
,
2 1 G a lli é n e , C o l .
, 1 2 7
l s
F a nde r i n fr a , 5 6 , 2 3 0 A ic G a l t o n M F n cis 2 0 8 , r ra ,

l tt s
F a er , C ol , 14 1 . G a mb e tt 1 1 7 2 3 a, , 2

l g l
F e e , H e rr , 1 1 8 G a mbi a R 2 9 1 0 4 t ,
.
, ,
e se
a, 10 8
Fel mis h C o onl ists, 38
1 2 4 , 1
94 , 1 96 e t se a

ig O c
F o re n ffi e , 1 1 6 , 2 3 9, 2 5 1 , 2 5 5 G a m i tto , 1 99
l P i t
F o u e o n , 2 64 , 2 6 8 G pt A ll e n
a r de n e r , C a .
,
1 67
c
F ra n e a nd Abyssi i
n a, 2 4 7 G e no 2 4 3 a,

ick
F re de r W l a I, 2 4 9
il i m G e n ti l M 1 4 4 , .
,

ch g
F re n C o n o , 1 0 6 , 1 4 2 , 2 1 9 G e r m a n G o v e rn m e n t , 1 1 4 , 1 1 5,
G vo e rn m t
en , th e ( F ra n e ) ,c 1 1
9, 1 5 8 , 1 79, 1 80 , 2 1 3, 2 14 ,

55 ( We st A ic b
fr a n o u n da r e i n i s 2 4 9 e t sea
d isp t wit h p i
u e S a n) , 64 , 6 5 ; a t E st A f ic 5 7 2 5 5 e t e a
a r a, 1 , s

M u iti s 6 9
a r b o l ish e s sl v e
u ,
a a S o u t h W e st A f ic a 1 80 -
r , , 2 51 ,

t a de 98 ; c n t e nd wit h E ng l ish
r , o 2 5 9; 2 79
o n th e G mbi 1 0 5 e st bl is h a a, a m I SS I O u a r I e s , 1 54 , 2 5 1 , 2 59
P o t e ct o ra t e o v e r P t o N o v o
r o r G e r m ns a , 5 5, 100 , 1 1 8, 1 1 9, 1 71 ,

a n d D ho m e a1 1 2 1 1 3 ; a F e n ch , , r 1 7 5, 2 1 5, 2 49 e t s ea

C mp n y e st a b l is h e d o n L o w e r
o a G e ssi P a s h a 2 1 1 2 1 7 , ,

N ig e 1 1 7
r, disp t e s a s to u Gh da m e s 2 0 0 2 1 3
a , ,

N ig e i n b o n d i e s fi n ll y s e tt l e d
r a u ar a G ib a l t r 1 6
r a ,

wit h E ng l an d 1 9 F re n c h i n N , 1 . G i nga B a n di Q u e e n 4 1 , ,

a nd W A f ic 1 2 2 t s a re a c h
. r a , e e G i nge 3 9 4 0 r, ,

N ig e 7 ; o cc py T im
’

th e 1 r, 2 u G i r a fie , th e , 73 , 1 98
b k tu
u 1 31 , c o n q e s A l gi e s u r r , G i a u d Li e t 2 2 0
r , u .
,

1 34 its t e tm e n t o f A b d l r a -
a G l dst o ne Mr 1 8 5 2 4 2
a , , , ,
2 74
K a de r 1 3 5 ; F a n c a nd Eg ypt
, r e , G l e ne l g L o d 1 6 5 1 6 7 ,
r , ,

1 34 2 32 , F n c e a nd T n is 3 9 ra u ,
1 G l o ve r S i r J o hn 1 1 1 , ,

1 4 ; i n G bo o n 1 4
1 o n C o ngo
a , 2 , Go a 4 9 5 0 ; G o ne se 5 5
, ,
a , , 1 7 6, 1 99
1 4 2 —1 4 4 ; r igh t O f p e e mpti o n r Go e t e n C o nt 2 2 3
z , u ,

o ve C o ng o F re e S t t e 1 4 4 ; i n
r a , G o l d 30 4 7 4 9 8 8
, , , ,
3 1 c> I ndex .

G o ld C oa st
30 , 6 6 e t s e a , 1 0 4 , , 2 4 , 98 ,
99, 1 2 0 , 1 2 0 2 , 2 0 6;
1 0 8 , 1 0 9 e t s ea , 1 2 2 , 1 2
9, 2 5 4 l a n gu a ge , 2 8 2 , 2 8 3
G l i T bm
o de , au an , S i r e o r e , 1 1 7, G g H a wki n s , S i r J o hn , 93
1 18, 1 2 0 , 1
32 H e c a ta e u s 1 0 ,

G o l ds m i d, S i r F re de r , 2 2 6 ick H e le na , S t I d , f, 3 3 ,
. o 39 , 4 5,
G o le a 1 4 1 , 6 7 , 69, 1 72 , 1 73, 1 86

G o le tt a 2 1 6 1 6 2 6 3 1 4 0
, , , , , H e nde r s o n, Li t eu , 2 85 .

G o nc a l o de S i l ve i ra 4 8 1 4 8 , , H e nn e ssy , S i r J P o p e .
, 1 88
G o ndo k o o 2 1 0 2 1 1 r , , H e nry th e N a vig a t o r , P ri n c e , 2 1 ,

G o do n G e ne a l 2 1 7 2 33
r , r , , 2 8,
9, 2 10 3
C a pt R J 1 98 . . .
, H e re ro , O va th e , 1 61, 2 59
G o e e 6 6 1 2 5 1 97
r , , , H e ro do u t s ,
9, 10 , 1
91
G o i ll a th e 7 6 5 1 4 2 2 1 5
r , , , , , H e ng l i n , 2 1 1
G ra af R e i ne t 7 4 , H e w e tt , Mr E H .

G ra n d B a ss a m 1 0 6 1 2 9 , , 2 54
G a ndy Li e u t 2 1 2
r , .
, H icks P a sh a 3 3 , 2

G a nt C o l J A 2 0 7 2 0 9
r , . . .
, , H igh C o mmissi o n e r o f S o u th
G a nvi ll e S h a rp 94 1 0 7
r , , A f ic a 8 9 1 7 4
r , ,

G ra n vi ll e L o d 1 8 1 2 5 1 , r , , , 2 52 , H i nde C pt S L , a . . .
, 2 2 7
2 73 H i n ts a C h i e f 1 6 5 , ,

G t F is h R ive r 7 4 1 6 1 1 6 2
re a , , ,
PUPP0 . 15
G re e c e 8 , H ipp o p o t a m u s 4 7 ,

G re e ks 8 e t s e a 1 9 1
, , H o ll a nd, s e e D u tc h ; a l s o 1 6 7
G re g o r y D r J W 2 2 3 , . .
, H o lu b D r 2 2 0 , ,

th e P a t r ici a n 1 4 , H o r n e m a nn F re d , 1 96 , .

G re nfe ll R e v Mr 1 4 3 1 5 8 2 1 5
,
.
, , , ,
H o rs e th e , 3 9 ,

2 1
! H o tt e n t o ts , 2 5 43 68 et , , ,
se
a,
G eyr Sir G e o rg e , 84 , 1 70 , 1 71, 7 9, 8 2 , 1 61, 1 6 3, 2 52 , 2 59
83 1 H o u gh t o n Maj o r 1 96 , ,

G ri k w a l a nd E a st , 1 68 H o u rs t Li e u t 1 32
, .
,

G rikw a s G r ik w a l a n d, 8 5 , 1 7 3 ,
, 1 74 H o v a s th e , 1 2 1 5 3
, , , c l s ea

G ro s s fr i e de ri c h s b u rg , 2 4 9 H u gu e n o ts , 7 2 1 4 8 ,

G ro u n d re n ts ( A r a c h i s) 5 5
-
H Ii h n e l Li e u t , 2 2 1
'

, .

G u a rda fu i , C a p e , 2 4 8 H u s s e i n i te B e ys o f Tu nis , 1 39
G u ng u nya m a , 5 9 H u tt o n , Mr J a m e s 2 5 5 ,

H a dj O m a r E l , 1 2 6 i c
’
, I b e r a n ra e , 2
H a fs dy n a sty o f Tu n is 2 0 6 2 , , Ibn B t t
a u a , 1 92

Ha m a di dyn a sty o f Tu n is 2 0 , I b n H a u k a l , 1 92
H a mi l t o n , Mr J a m e s 2 0 8 , I b n T u m e s t, 1 9
H a mit e r a c e 2 2 8 1 , , I bn Y si
a n, 1
9
H a n n ib a l , 6 Ibo , 5 5
H a n n i n gt o n Bish o p , 2 3 9 , b s
I o , th e , 2 0 4
H a nn o s v o y a g e , 6 7 1 0 7 1 90
’
, , , is
I dr , I 6
Ha n s e t o w n s ( H a mbu rgh ) 2 0 6, , is
I dr or dr ( e o ra E isi g g p h e ) r , 1 92
2 50 I k o p a , R ( Ma da a a r) , . g sc 2 75

H a rra r, 2 2 3 , 2 3 6 1 10 , 1 3 2
H a r ris , S i r W C , 1 99 2 0 8 . .
, m m
I a o f Ma a , 2 5, 50 sk t
H a ssa n b i n N u m a n , 1 5
- -
i
I n d a , 1 , 3 1 , 3 9 , 4 9 , 92 , 2 31 , 2 331
H a u s a , th e , 1 1 1 , 1 2 0 2 2 6 ; , l a nd , 2 35, 2 79
 I nde x .
31 1

I nd a n i s in A fric a 5 0 ; i n N a ta l , , K a ffi r Wa rs 7 7 , 1 62 , 1 6 3 , , 1 65 ,

1 76 , 1
77 ; Ma u iti u s 1 8 9 2 6 2 2 8 1
r , , , 1 6 8, 1 7 2 , 1 7 7
In ha mba ne 5 9 , K a ffra ri a , 1 5 0 , 1 6 5 , 1 7 1 , 1 7 2
Ir is h s e tt l e rs 1 6 2 2 2 9 , , K a fu e , R , 5 2 , 2 2 0 .

missi o n i e s I 5 2 2 4 1 ar , , K a b i n a , Q u e e n D ih i a a l 1 5 -

I s l a m ( Mu h a mm a da nism ) , I 3, 1 6 , Ka i wan 1 4 r ,

2 4 1 1 4 7, 83
2 K no 2 0 2 2 1 4
a , ,

I s l a nds i n i I nd a n O c e a n b e l o ngi ng K a n u r i p e o p l e a n d l a ng u a g e
to B r itis h , 18
9 ( B o ru n) 1 2 0 ,

I t a l i a n l a ng u a g e ,
2 82 K a sa i R 4 2 2 1 9 , .
, ,

I ta li n s I ta ly a , , 1 8, 37, 1 1
39, 1 40 , K as ala 2 4 7 ,

1 5 1 , 2 1 1 ,
2 1
3 , 2 4 3 et sea Ka s r a l Ka bi r (Mo ro cc o ) b a ttl e o f
- -
, ,

I ve ns , Ro b e to r , 2 1 6 2 1 , 8 2

I vo ry , 55 Ka sr -
e S S a d, -
i t re ty a o f, 1 4 0

C oa st , 1 2 8, 1 2 9 , 1 30 K a t ng a a, 2 2 0 , 2 2 8
K e i, R , 7 7, 1 6 5 , 1 68 .

J a cq u i n C pt 2 8 6 , a .
, K e i sk a m m a , R , 1 6 3, 1 6 5 .

J a gga th e 3 5 1 9 3 , . . K i e n a , Mt , 2 0 8 , 2 2 0 , 2 2 3 .

J aja n , 1 16 , K e re n , 2 4 6
J a m a ic 93 97 1 0 7 a, , , K e rn e 7 ,

J a m e s B o s ( e xp l o e s) r . r r , 2 2 3 Ke rst e n O tt o 2 5 0 , ,

J a m e so n D 8 9 1 8 8 ,
r, ,
K h a i e ddi n B a b a ro ss a 6 1
r r , , 62
J a nn e q u i n de R o ch e fo t r ,
1 2 3, 1 94 Kh a l i fa t th e ( Egypti a n , S u da n) ,
J a n ss e n s G o ve n o r 7 9 , r , , 1 61 2 34
J e n Re né 2 6 8
a , Kh l i fs a o f B a gda d , 1 6
J e n n e 1 3 0 1 93 , , K h a rtfim , 2 1 0 , 2 1 5 , 2 3 3 , 2 3 4 , 2 4 1

J e ba I d o f 9 I 4 2 1
r , .
, , , , 62 , 63 s ct sl m
K h a r e ji , e o f I a , 14
J e su its 3 2 3 6 4 8 1 4 7 , , , , ,
1
52 , 1
93 , K h iv Egypt
ed e o f , 2 3 3 , 2 35
2 71 Kh j s
o a i s( I nd a n ) , 1 7 6
J e ws th e 1 6 8 8 1 3 7 1 7 8 2 0 7
, , , , , , K i e z e lb ac h , 2 1 1
J o bs o n R ic ha rd 1 94 , , Ki l im j a n a ro , 2 0 8, 2 2 0 , 2 33, 2 3 9,
J o h nn e sb rg 8 8 8 9
a u , , 2 55
J o hn o f Abyssi n i a Ki ng 2 4 6 2 4 7
, , , , Ki l w ( E a st Af ic a ) 2 4
a r , , 31 , 4 9
J o hn st o n H H A tho ,
. .
, see u r Kimb e rl e y 1 7 3 1 7 7 , ,

K e it h 2 9 , 1 Kimbe rl e y L o d 1 7 9 , r ,

J o hn st o ne C o mm o do re 7 5 ; J o hn , , Ki rk S i r J o h n 1 2 1
, , , 2 1 1 , 2 3 7,
st o ne C o mm nde r 2 7 3 2 7 4, a , , 2 38 e t se a

J o u ffr e C o l 1 3 1 ,
.
, Kitc h e n e L o rd 2 3 4 r, , , 2 86, a nd
p re
J u b R iv e r 2 4 8 2
, , , 50 fa to y n o t e r

J u by C a p e 6 4 1 2 1, , , Kiv u L a k e 2 2 3 , ,

J u da ism m o ngst B e b e rs a r , 8 K n o b l e c h e r, D r, 2 10

J uh l k e D r, 2 5 4 K o e lle Re v S W
’

, ,
. . .
, 99, 1 50
J liu an , C o u n , 1 5 t K o m a du g u ,
R .
, 2 0 6
J k u n e r, D r W e i lh l m , 2 0 7, 2 2 1 K o rdo f n 2 4 2 1 4 a , ,

Ko s a K a ffirs t h e i t e ibl e , r rr de l u si o n ,

K aa r ta , 1 2 6 , 12 8, 2 0 1 I7I
Ka ba a r , 1 2 8 K a pf
r , D r, 1 4 9, 2 0 7
K a bi n da , 44 K ru b o ys , 10 8, 1 30
K a fli rs , 7 2 , 76 , 161 , 1 6 3, 1 65 , 1 68 , K fr 2 1 3
u a ,

1 71 , 1 72 K ka wa 2 0 6
u ,
312 I ndex .

K m a si 1 0
u , 1 , 1 1 1 Lo p e D u te 3 5 4 0
z , ar , ,

Ku nd Li e t , u .
, 2 2 2 Lo t ha i e M j o r 2 2 9 r , a ,

K u n e ne R , 4 3, 2 2 0 ,
. L o t s L o t s E a t rs 9
o , o e ,

K u s e i la th e er er r n e ,
, B b pi c 1
5 L o is S t ( C a pit l : S e ne ga l)
u ,
a ,
1 2 2 ,

K g wan o , R , 4 2 , 1 99, 2 1 6 . 1 2 4 , 2 1 2

Kw anz a , R , 3 8 , 4 1 , 4 3 . I X (S a n ) i t o f F ra n c e ,
2 0

XIV of F ra n c e , 71, 1 3 3,
L b a o r de , M .
, 2 68 , 2 71, 2 72 2 31, 2 63
L a C a ll e , 1 33 P h i l ipp e 1 2 9 , , 1 4 2

La C a s e ,
”
2 63 L o u nc o M q re ar u ez , 56
L c a e rda e A l m e i da , D r F .
J M
. . de , Lo ve d le 1 5 6 a ,

52 1 I
99 L al b 2
u a2 13 a, 12 , ,
2 1 6, 2 50
L a do , 2 2
9 Lu n gw a R 5 4
a , .
, ,
2 2 2

L g s 10 8 1 1 t
a o , , 1 e se
a , 2 0 2 , 2 1 3 Lu p u l R 5
a a, .
, 2 , 2 1 2 , 2 2 2

L ai ng M j 2 0 0 , a o r, L ii de r i tz , H e r r , 2 51, 2 52
L a mb e t C pt 2 3 r , a .
, 1 L u g a rd, C o o n e l l , 1 32 ,
2 4 0

M .
, 70 , 2 7 1
2 L pt o n Be y
u ,
2 1 7
L mta a, L e m tu n a , 1 9 Ly o n C pt , a . G .
, 2 0 1

La m u 31, 4 6
, 2 4 ,
Ly o n s Missi o na r e i s . 1 50
L a nde r, R a rd, 2 0 ich 2 et s e
a
L a ng a li b a l e l e , 1 7 7 Ma c a rth y S i r C ha rl e s 1 0 9 , ,

L vig i
a i l 1 5 1 2 39
e r e , C a rd n a , ,
Ma c do n a l d Maj o r 2 2 3 , ,

L e ibn it 1 3 3 z ,
Ma cgre go r L a i rd 1 1 6 2 0 4 , , ,

L e m o n th e 3 9 , ,
Ma cg ui re C o rp o ra l 2 0 7 , ,

L m th e 2 6 2
e u r, ,
Ma ck e n z i e Bish o p 1 5 7 , ,

L e m i 2 f tno t
u r a, ,
o o e Ma cki nn o n S i r 2 39 , , 2 40
Le n D O sk 2 5 1 9
z ,
r a r, 1 , 2 Ma c l e a n C h a rl e s 1 0 9 , ,

L e o A f ic n s 9 r a u , 1 2 Ma cm a h o n Ma ré c h a l : h is D ,
e l ag o a

L e ss e ps D 3 , e , 2 2 w
Ba y a a rd, 5 7, 1 78
L e V i ll n t a 0 1 a ,
2 Ma da g sc a a r, 4 , 12 , 32 , 1 5 3, 2 61
L e v a n ti ne I t l i n s 2 4 4 a a , e t sea

Lib e i 98 r a 2 2
9
, 30 , 1 2 , 1 ,
1 , 1 55, Ma da n Mr 1 5 7 , ,

1 56 . 2 7 Ma de i r a 3 2 3 9 , ,

Liby n D e s e t 1 3
a r , 2 Ma g da l a 2 4 8 ,

Limp p o R 0 0 o , . , 2 Ma g di s h u 3 1 4 6 , ,

Li n a n t de B ll fo n ds e e , 2 1 7 Ma hdi ( S u da n ) 2 1 7 , , 2 33, 2 4 6;
Li o t a d M 2 8 6 r ,
.
,
Ma h dis fre q u e n t l y ar isi n g in
Liv e p o l 9 7 1 1 2
r o , ,
sl m 1 8 1 9
I a , ,

Livi ngst n e D 5 o ,
r, 2 et sea , 10 0 ,
M ist e C 1 4 4
a r , .
,

5 1 , 1 5 6 , 1 5 7, 1 80 , 1 8 1 , 2 0 7 ,
1 M i e 39 4 0
a z , ,

2 0 8 e t se a , 2 1 1 , 2 1 2 , 2 1 6, 2 3 7 Maje rda R 5 , .
,

L i xu s , R ( th e R ra a ) , 6 . . D Ma k o l o l o th e 5 4 , ,

L o a nda , S a o a u o de , 3 7 , 4 1 ; 4
3, P l Ma k u a th e 4 9 5 1 5 9 7 4 , , , , ,

2 1 6 Ma l a ga sy p e o p l e 2 6 2 2 6 5 , ,

L o a n go 4 1 2 1 3 , ,
Ma l a y r a c e s 4 1 2 ; ( i n , , S o u th
L o b e n gu l 86 8 7 1 88 a, 1 ,
1 ,
Af ic ) 7 0 r a , ; 1 61 , 1 64 , 2 65
L b o J e o n im o 1 93
o , r ,
M l i n di 3 1
a , , 4 6
Lo ko j a 1 1 7 ,
M l ta I 8
a ,

Lo ndo n C nv e n ti o n 8 7 o , K n igh ts o f, 2 1 , 2 4
C o mp a n y o f A dv e n t u re r s , 1 94 Ma l t e s e 6 2 , ,
1 37 , 2 82
 I ndex .
313

Ma m l u ks 1 3 3 ,
Mo c a mbiq u e , 5, 2 4 , 31 , 4 6 e t se a ,

Ma ndi n go e s 1 2 7 , 51 , 5 5 , 74 , 2 1
7, 2 1 8

Ma n ik a 4 9 5 1 , ,
C o .
, 60
Ma n y e m a 1 0 0 2 1 2 2 2 8 , , ,
Mo ffa t R e v 1 99 2 0 0
,
.
, ,

Ma p l e s ( A rc hde a c o n t h e n Bisho p ) , ,
Mo h a de A l s e e Mu a h e di m
,

1 5 7, 2 1 8 Mo hr E dw a rd 2 1 8
, ,

Ma ra b u t Ma ra b i ti n ( A l m o ra vi de s)
, ,
Mo ja ng a 2 6 6 2 7 3 2 7 5 , , ,

1 8 Mo ll i e n G a sp a rd 2 0 1
, ,

Ma rch a n d C a pt 2 3 5 2 8 5 ,
.
, , , 2 86 Mo mb a s a ar 4 6 4 9 1 4 9 , . . . ,
2 37 .
Ma r i e o f Ma da g a sc a r S t , , 2 64 , 2 3 9: 255
2 6 7, 2 68 Mo n a sti 63 r, 6 1 ,

Ma ri n u s T y re 1 92 of ,
Mo nc l a ro s ( th e J e su it p ri e st ) 4 8 ,

Ma rno 2 1 7 , Mo n o m o ta p a 4 7 4 9 , ,

Ma ro o ns 1 0 7 , Mo n t e i l C 0 1 1 2 9 2 2 2
,
.
, ,

Ma s a i 2 2 1
, Mo n t e i ro J o a ch im Mo n t e ir o Maj o r
, , ,

Ma s a w a 1 9 5 2 4 6
Mo gr i sh c o n qu e sts i n N ige ri a
, , 1 9
Ma s ho n a l a n d 5 9 1 8 7 2 , , ,
1 8 , 2 3
Ma sk a t 2 5 3 2 5 0 1 0 0
, , , , ,
2 37 Mo ra v i de s e e Ma ra b u t ,

A r bs a , 2 5 Mo rdo k h a i Abi S e r a r 2 0 7 -
,

Ma s o n Be y 2 1 1 2 1 7 , , Mo rg e n ( e xp l o re r) 2 2 2 ,

Ma ss a ri Li e u t A M 2 1 3
, . . .
,
Mo ro cc o ( Ma u rit a n i a ) 6 1 0 , , , 1 5,
Ma ss o w a h s e e Ma sa w a , 1 6, 1
9, 2 1 e t sea , 2 8 , 64 , 1 2 1 ,

Ma s u di 1 9 2 , 32 , 2 1 3, 2 7 7, 2 78
1

Ma t a b e l e l a n d 5 9 1 8 8 ,
-
, , S an p ish p ss ssi s
o e on i n, 6 3
Ma t a di 2 2 9 , Mo s i l i k a ts i , s e e Um s i l ik a si
Ma tt e u cci D r 2 1 3 , , Mo a e de , 4 2
ss m s
Ma u c h K a rl 1 8 6 2 1 8
, , , Mo u z n o de
i h A lb q u u er ue, 5
9 q
Ma u r iti u s 3 2 6 9 1 7 6 1 8 8 , , , , ,
1 8 9, Mte s a , Ki g n , 2 39
2 64 , 2 67 , 2
70 Mu a h e di m ( Alm h o a de ) , 1
9 et sea
Ma y o E a rl
, 2 2 0 o f, Mu a h mm a d A li , 1 2 1, 1 50 , 2 10 ,
Ma yo tta 2 6 9 , 2 31 , 2
3 2 et se
a
Ma z a ga n 2 8 , Mu h a mm a da n c o l o n i a ti o n z , 2 5 et

Mc C l e a r S i r Th o m a s 2 0 9
, , s ea

Mc Q u e e n J a m e s a nd th e N ige r 2 0 3
, , , Mu h a mm a da n ism s e e I s l a m ,

Me cc a 1 9 2 2 , , Mu ha mm a da n s 1 3 1 4 7 2 8 3 , , ,

Me h e di a 6 1 2 4 3 , , Mu l a i I sm a i l o f Mo ro cc o 2 3 ,

Me i ll e ra y e D u c de l a 2 6 3 , , Mu l u y a R 6 3 , .
,

Me l i ll a 2 1 6 1 6 3
, , ,
Mu ni R 6 4 , .
,

Me ll o D u a r t e de 3 1 4 6
, , ,
Mu nz i ng e r 2 1 1 ,

Mi a n i G i o va n n i 2 1 0 , , Mu ri e D r 2 1 0 , ,

Me n e l ik Emp e ro r 2 4 6 2 4 7 2 4 8
, , , , Mu rz u k 2 1 4 2 1 5 , ,

Mi ddl e m e n o f W A fr ic a n t ra de 1 1 5 .
, Mu s a b i n N u s s e i r 1 5 I 6
- -
, ,

Mi ll e t M R e n é 1 4 1
, .
,
Mw a nga Ki n g 2 4 0 2 4 1 , , ,

Missi o n a ri e s C h risti a n 3 3 3 4 ; , , , Mw a t a Y a nv o 2 1 3 2 1 8
-
, ,

( a ttitu de t o w a r ds C a p e D u tc h ) , Mw e ru L a k e 5 2 1 99 2 1 2
, , , , , 2 1 8,
8 1 , 82 , 63 ;1 su m m i ng o
u
p o f t he i r 2 2 2 ,
2 50
c h ct stics 1 5 9
a ra e ri ,

Missi o n s h isti n 1 4 6 ; , C r a , s ee C h is r N a c h tig l a , D r, 2 0 7, 2 1 4 , 2 53

ti a n N a m a k wa l a n d, 1 50 , 1 6 1 , 1 7 ,
9 1 80 ,
Mi o n Li e u t 1 1 9
z , .
,
3 14 I nd
ex .

N a na , tt a cks B ritis h
a , 2 86 N y as a C o mp a n y 6 0 ,

N a nt e s E dict o f 7 1
, , N y a s a l nd 1 5 5 1 5 7
a , , , 2 78
G e rm a n 5 7
'

N a
pl e s , N e apo l i ta ns , 1 8, 2 4 3, 2 4 4 , 2

N a p o le o n th e G re a t , 1 33, 1 34 , 1 7 2 ,

2 31 O ak t re e i n C a p e C o l o n y 7 ,
2

3 5 , 1 3 8 : 1 3 9,
I I I) 1 2 7° O bo k 1 4 5 2 36 2 4 5 2 4 7 2 4 8
, , , , ,

N a ta l , 7 1 , 8 3 , 1 6 6 , 1 6 7 e t se a , 1 74 , O g o we R 3 0 1 4 3 2 1 9 , .
, , ,

1 75 e t sea , 2 80 O h rw lde r F a t h e
a 1 50 , r,

t p ks O i l R iv e s
”
N a u re , h e r ra n , 1 6 2 1 1 3 1 1 5 0 3 r , , , 2

Ne ch Ph
o , h
a ra o , 5 , 1 90 O ld C a l a b a r 1 1 3 1 1 4 8 , , ,
1 1 , 1 55,
g
N e ro , th e , c h ct istics o f 9 1 ;
a ra er , 2 0 5
wa rn i ng to 1 0 1 1 0 2 C h risti a n , , , O l dfi e l d D 2 0 4 , r,

1 4 7 ; M h a m m a da n 1 4 7 ; f tu e u , u r Om n a ,

o f, 2 81 et se a O m du r m n Vict o ry a , o f, 2 86
N e g ro e , s 2 , 3, 1 47 O m e i ya d K h a l i fs 1 4 ,

N e ro dg i ra ce s (N u bi a n s , Fu la s , O mo, R .
,
2 2 3
3 , 9, 1 2 7, 1 2 8, O N e i ll ,
’
Li e u t . H E . .
, 2 1 8
1 44 ,
2 81 On io n s 39
,

ls
N e o n, 1 33 O p o bo , R , . 1 1 6, 1 1 8
N e ro , 1 9 1 q a -
bin N -
a fa (th e P ro p h e t s ’
b a r~
N e w Yo r k H e r a ld, 2 1 2 b e r) , 1 4
N a g mi L k
, a e , 1 7 , 1
9 99 , 2 0 8 O ra n 6 1 6 3 , , , 38
1

g
N u ru , 2 5 4 O ran g e F e e S tate , r 8 3, 8 4 , 1 6 9,
N ic h l s T s
o a I, ar , 2 32 1 73, 1 74 , 1 8 4 , 2 80

N ig
e r, v ti
C on en on wit h F ra n c e , O r a n ge , P r i n c e o f, 7 8 , 8 0 , 1 60
O ra n g e R iv e r , 7 4 , 8 4 , 1 6 1 , 1 7 3, 1 79 ,

C o a st P ro t e ct o ra t e , 1 1 5, 1 1 6, 1 98 , 2 51,
1 55, 2 86 O a ng e t e e 3 9
r r , ,
2 43
C o mp a n y , Ro yal , 1 1 7, 1 1 8, O st ic h O st ic h
r , r fa r ming , 1 61 , 1 70 ,
1 32 , 2 51 1 73
R .
, 10 , 1
9 ,
2 3, 1 1 3, 1 1 4 , 1 1 6 O swe ll M ,
r, 2 0 8, 2 0
9
e t sea , 1 2 7, 1 31 , 1
91 , 1 95 c l se a , O u dn e y, D r , 2 0 1
2 0 1 , 2 0 2 , 2 0 4 ,
2 0 6, 2 80 O tl s U it l
u a nde r ( a n de r ) , 8 8 ,
90 s
D e lta , Ov w g e r e , D r, 2 0 6

N ig e ri a 2 3 1 1 8 1 1 9 0 6
, , , , 2 Ow pt i
e n, C a 3 5 7, 2 0 0 , 2 37
a n, 5 ,

N ikki 1 3 , 2 j Ma o r R o dd , 2 4 1
y
N i l e th e 10, 1 2 1
9 1 1 92 , , , , , 1
95 ,
2 0 9, 2 10 ,
2 1 1 , 2 1 6, 2 1 8 P a e P e dro 1 93
z , ,

N or m an s 1 8 3 3 1 2 , , , 2 P k e nh m M 2 7 4
a a ,
r,

N o rt h A f ic n Missi o n 1 58 r a ,
P a l m ee C o c o a n t D a t e
, s u ,

N o si h é 2 69 2 7 3
-
, , o i l,
N u pe 1 2 0 1 32
,
2 0 , ,
2 P a nda 1 8 5 ,

N ya mn y a m 2 1 0 2 1 5 2 1 7 , , ,
P n t M 2 2
a e , .
, 1

N y ngw e 1
a , 2 2 P a k M ng o 1 1 6
r ,
u , , 1
96 e t se
a , 2 0 0 ,

N y a n a A lb e t 2 0 9 2
z ,
2 1 7 r , ,
1 1 , , 2 2 1 ,
2 0 7
2 2 2 P a ss ge H e 2 2 2
ar , rr ,

A lb e r t E dwa d r , 2 2 2 P e c o ck th e i n Tu n is 8
a , , ,

Vict o r i a , 2 3 9, 2 55 P e e bl e s a n d M n g o P a k u r , 1
97
N ya s a L a k e 1 0 0 , , , 1 52 , 1 80 , 1 81, P e mb I s 4 6 2 39 a, .
, ,

P e im I s 1 4 5 2 3 6
r ,
.
, ,
 I ndex .
315

P e rsi a n Empi re 1 0 ,
-
,
do n it 3 6 ; re ga i n it
, 36 ;
Pe r i a n i n fl e n c e o n Z
s u a nz iba r c o a st , t a k e p o sse ssi o n o f A n g o la 3 7 e t ,

2 4 se
a ; c o nfe r g e a t b e n e fits o n r

G lf 3 2 5 0 u , , A fric a s fo o d s u pp l y 39 4 0 ;
’
, ,

P e si a n s 2 4
r ,
P e t e rs D r 2 4 0 2 5 4,
st ru gg l e to re g a i n A n go l a fro m th e
, , D u tc h 4 1 ; a tt e mpt to o p e n u p
,

P e t h e rick Mr a n d Mrs , , 2 10 , 2 1 4 o v e l a n d c o mm u n ic ti o n b e tw e e n
r a

Pfe i fl e r, Mm e I da , 2
'
1 4, 2 70 A n go l a a n d Mo c a mbiq u e 4 2 ; ,

P fe i l , C o u n t , 2 5 4 a b o l is h s l a v e t ra de
4 3 ; disp u t e
-
,

P hi l ip I I o f S p a i n and P o rt u ga l , wit h E n g l a n d a b o t P o rt u g e s u u e

35 1 4 1 G u i n e a 4 4 ; na m e s giv e n to
,

P h i ll ips h is m u de r 2 8 7 , r m a n y p l a c e s i n c o a st e gi o n s o f r

Phoe n ici a n s 4 — 6
,

, We st A fric a 4 5 ; c o l o n i z a ti o n ,

Pi e rre A dm i a l 2 7 3 2 7 4
, r , , o f E a st c o a st o f A fr ic a 4 5 et ,

Pig ( do m e stic ) 39 , se
a ; de fe a t th e T u ks i n gr e a t r

Pig e o n 4 0 , n v a l b a tt l e 4 9 ; o n th e Z a mb e i
a ,
z ,

Pigmi e s (dw a rf ra c e s ) 1 0 , 49; de fi n iti o n o f t h e i r E a st

Pi ra t e s ( M d ga sc a ) 2 6 4 a a r , c o a st p o ss e ssi o n s i n 1 7 5 2 5 1 ; re ,

( Mo o ris h) 1 8 2 4 4 , ,
v i a l o f e n e gy
v t c lo se o f 8 1h r a 1

( Tu rkish) 2 4 6 1 t e a , , e s c e n t u ry 5 1 ; j e a l o u sy o f E ngl a n d
, ,

Pis a 2 4 3 , 5 3 ; c l a ims to D e l a g o a B y 5 6 a ,

Pi s a ni a , 1 97 t e a ; disp u t e
e s wit h Z a n ib r z a

Pitt o g a nis e s s e c o nd e xp e diti o n

,
r to a b o u t T u n gi Ba
y 5 8 ; re l a ti o n s ,

t a k e C a p e C o l o ny 7 9 ,
w it h B itis h S o u t h A f ic a C m
r r o

P lin y 1 9 1 ,
p a n y 5 9 ; c o n qu e st o f G u ng n
, u

P o gg e D r 2 1 8
'

, , y a m a 5 9 ; s e tt l e m e n ts o n th e
,

P o l igna c P i n c e de 2 6 8 ,
r , G a mbi a 1 0 4 ; i n fl e n ce o n N ig e r
,
u

P o ndo l nd 1 6 8 a , D e l t a 1 1 3 ; missi o na i e s 1 4 6 ;
, r ,

Po pe L e o X I I I 1 5 1 4 , ,
2 1 disc o v e r S t H e l e na 1 72 ; th e ,

P o rt a l S i G e ra l d 2 4 0
, r ,
P o r t u gu e s e a n d N y a s a l a n d 1 8 1 , ,

Po rte ndik , 1 0 5 , 1 2 5 1 8 2 ; i n Ma d g a sc a r 2 6 a ,
2

Po rto N o vo , 1 1 2 , 1 2 9 P o t a t o th e 3 9
, ,

P o rt u g a l , o rigi n o f, 2 i n va de s
7; P e st e J o h n 3 2
r r ,

Mo ro cc o 2 1 2 8 ; , ,
re c e iv e s f o m r P re t o ri a 8 9 9 0 , ,

P o p e Ma rti n V th e p i o r igh t to
r r P rim e Mi n ist e r o f Mada g sc a 2 7 2 a r,
“

th e l a nds b e tw e e n Mo ro cc o a nd
I nd a , 2 9 i P in ce
r H e n ry o f P o rt u g a l , se e

a nd D a ho m e y 4 4 , H e n ry
and E n gl nd 1 0 3
a , P ri nc e I mp e ri a l o f F ra n c e , 1 85
a nd G er m an y 2 5 6 , P ri nc e s I s ( p r i n cip e ) 3 3 .
, , 3 9, 4 0 ,

P o rt u gu e se E st A fric a
a , 4 5, 5 1 , 5 9, 43
60 , 1 4 7, 2 87 P r i ng l e , C a pt .
, 2 2 3
G u i ne a 4 4 2 2 0 , , Pr o n i s , fi rst F re n c h G o v e rn o r o f
l an g u ge 7 1 0 7 1 3 2 8 a , 2 , , 1 , 2 Ma da g a sc a r, 2 6 2 , 2 6 3
p e o p l e 2 7 ; e xp l o e s 2 9 3 8 , r r , , , Pro stit u t e s s e n t to S i e rra L e o n e 1 0 8 ,

2 16 ; on th e G o l d C o a st 30 ; , P ro t e cti o n ist p o l icy i n F re n c h

ro u n d th e C a p e o f G o o d H o p e ,
C o l o ni e s , 1 4 5 , 2 7 6
3 0 ; Visit Abyssi ni 3 1 3 2 ; o u st a, , P ro t e st a n t Missi o n s i n A fric a , 1 4 8 ,
th e A r bs fro m E a st A f ic a 3 1
a r , 1 53
C h ri sti a n is e th e C o ng o 3 3 ; a b a n , P ru ssi a in Af ic a r , 2 1 4, 2
49
316 I nde x .

Ps a m m e tik , 9 Ro ma n C a th o l ic Missi o ns , 1 4 6 et
Pt o l e mi e s , 9, 1 0 se
a, 1 50 et sea , 1 52 , 2 3 9, 2 40,
Pt o l e my th e G e gr p he o a r, 1 92 , 2 61
Pto l o m e u s S o t e a
10 r, Ro m an Empi re , 10 , 1 1 , 1 7, 1
91 ,
P n ic e P hoe nici n s
u ,
s e a 1 92
P u dy B y ( C O L ) 2 7
r e , 1 Ro m a n s th e 7 1 1 9
, , , 2 ,
1

Ro me 1 4 0,

Q d G e go i o de 3 8
u a ra , r r , Ro y l G e o g p h ic l S o ci e ty
a ra a , 2 0 9,
Q e e n s o f Ma d g sc r 2 6 8
u a a a , e t s ea 2 1 3, 2 1
9
Q l im n e 2 4 3 1 4 7 5 2
u e a , , , ,
et se a , R u b a u l t, M , 2 0 1 .

2 0
9 Ru kw L k
a, a e, 2 1
9
Ru e r , p t Pi cr n e o f Ma da as g ca r, 2 62
b
R a o do ( R a s o h e r i n a ) , u e en, 2 7 1 Q R ii p pe ll , 2 0 8
R a da m a I , Ki g n , 2 66 , 2 6 7, 2 68 Ru osp l i Exp l
( o r e r) , 2 2 3

I I, K gin , 2 71 Ru e , ss ll E la r , 1 80

Ra i l w y B itish
a , r T is
, in u n , 1 4 0 Ru ssi
a, 2 33

Ra i l w ys
a , 4 3, 1 1 3
Ru assi s cti
’
a o n in n Abyssi i a , 1 5 9,
p l y
in C a e C o o n , 1 77 2 4 51 2 4 61 2 4 7

e r a to Ma
B i sh l o n a a n d, 1 7 8 Ru ssi G m y
an er an , 2 1 6

g t t
i n C o n o F re e S a e , 2 2 9 v m
Ru u a , R , 4 6 , 5 8 , 1 9 3 , 2 . 1 2 , 2 1 8,
p i
C a e to C a ro , 2 4 2
P im
R a i nil a i a ri v o n y, r e M n e r, i ist Ru we n z o r i Mt
, , 2 1 1 , 2 2 1 , 2 2 3
2 72
k t
Ra o o , r n e , 2 69 Pi c Sa b a e an s , 31
R a n a v al o n a , Q
u e e n , 2 68, 2 6
9 Sa h a ra de se t r , 7, 1 2 , 64 , 1 2 0 , 1 4 1 ,

II, u e e n, 2 7 2 Q
I II, u e e n , 2 74 Q S a b a ti 2 4 6 ,

R as K s
a ar, 2 4 5 S a i n t H e l e n a I S s e e H e l e na , S t .
,

R e a de , W n o o d, s e e W n i w i wo o d S a k a l a v a , th e , 2 6 9
R e a de S a k e r , R e v Mr , 1 5 8 .

Re bm
a nn , R e v , 1 4
9, 2 0 7 . S a l t , H e nr y , 2 0 0
R e d S e a , th e , 1 0 , 3 1 , 4 9 1 4 5 , , 2 45 S a m o ri , 1 2 7 1 2 8 1 2 9, 2 8 5 , 2 8 6
, ,

Re ichG g ph
a rd ( eo ra
)
er , 2 0
3 S a n d R iv e r C o n v e n ti o n , 8 4 , 1 6 8
Re ich
t Exp l
a rd ( o r e r) , 2 1 8 S a n s a n di ng 1 9 7 ,

( Missi n y ) 1 5 0 o ar , S a r a c e n ic A r c h it e ct u re , 2 6 , 1 5 2
Réu n i n ( Bo u b n) 3 2
o r o , S a ra c e n s , 2 4 3
R ev i l M 2 3
o , .
, 2 S a rdi n i a , 2 4 3
R h o de s R igh t H o n C e ci l
,
.
J .
, 8 9, S a y ( o n th e N ig e r) 1 1 9 1 3 2 , 2 0 6 , ,

S ch o n , R e v J F , 1 5 0 . . .

h si
R o de a , 1 8 4 , 1 8 8 , 2 2 0 , 2 80 S c h w e i nfti rth , D r, 2 0 7 , 2 1 6 , 2 1 7
ib t
R a ( o n th e N e r) , 1 8 ig S c l a t e r , C a pt B L , 2 2 3 . . .

Ri be e k , va n, 68 S c o tc h , S c o tsm e n , 8 0 ; S imi l a r ity

ic
R e , 39 wit h D u tc h , 8 1 , 1 1 6 , 1 6 2 ; i n N y
R ic h s
a rd o n , a e , 2 0 6 J m s a s a l a nd, 1 83
R ic h li
e e u , C a rd na , 2 6 2 i l S c o tt E ll i o tt , Mr, 2 2 3
-

9, 6 4 S e b a s ti a O , D o m ( Ki n g o f P o r t u ga l ) ,
’
R IO d O u r o ( R i o de 7, 2 ,

Ri o de l R e y, 1 1 5 , 1 1 9 S ao, Fo rt o f, at Mo c a mbiq u e ,

R e , Mr , 2 0 1
itch i 4 6
Ro f , hl s G h
e r a r d, 2 0 7 , 2 1 3 S e go (N ig e r ) ,
1
97, 1
98
 I ndex .
$3 1 7

S e l o u s , Mr F C , 2 2 0 . . S p a i n, 1 6, 1
9, 2 1

S e mitic C o l o n i z a ti o n , 4 A f ic 6 1 et s a 2 7 7
in r a, e ,

S e m l iki , R , 2 1 1 , 2 2 2 . S p n ish 1 0 7 1 3 7
a 83 , , ,
2

S e na ( Z a mb e z i ) , 3 1 , 4 7 , 4 8 , 5 2 , 5 3 S p e k e C a pt J H 2 0 7 2 0 9 2 1 0
,
. . . , , ,

S e n é r ( Egypt ) 1 5 1 , 1 9 5 , S pic e s We st Afric a n 1 0 4

, ,

S e n e ga l , R , 7 , 2 9 1 0 5 , 1 2 3
.
, S t a dh o de (a l o s e e P r i n c e o f
u r s

C o lo ny, 1 0 5 1 2 4 , 1 2 5 ,
O n g e ) 7 3 1 98
ra , ,

S e n e ga le se , 1 3 1 , 2 7 5 S t a i s C a pt
r 2 2 8
,
.
,

S e n e g a mbi a , 1 9, 2 4 , 1 2 4 , 1 5 1 , 2 8 0 S ta nl e y H M 1 4 3 1 5 3 2 0 7 2 1 2
, . .
, , , , ,

S e rp a p i n to , C o l o n e l , 5 4 , 2 1 6 2 1 6, 2 1 7 , 2 1 9, 2 2 1
S e yc h e ll e s I s l a n ds , 1 8 9 , 2 6 6 S ta n le y P0 0 1, 2 2 9
S fax, 6 1 , 6 3 S t e e re , Bis h p 2 18 o , 1 5 7,
S h a ri fia n dy n a sty o f Mo r o cc o , 2 2 S t e tti n , v o n , 2 2 2
S h a r i , R , 1 1 9, 1 4 4 , 2 0 2 , 2 2 2
. S t e w art , Re v D r J a m e s , 1 5 6 .

S h a rp e , Mr A l fre d, 2 2 2 S ti b b s , C a pt B a r t h o l o m e w , 1 95 .

S ha w , D r , 1 9 5 S to c k e ns tr o m , A n dr i e s , 1 6 6
Mr ( Ma da g a sc a r) , 2 73 , 2 74 S t o k e s , Mr, 2 2 9, 2 4 0
h p
S ee , 1 61 S t o v e r, Re v W M , 1 5 6 . . .

h pst
S e o ne , S i r T , 8 6, 1 8 4 . S t ra b o , 1 9 1
S h e rb o r o , R , 7 . S u a ki n 2 4 5 ,

hi
S re H ighl
a nd , 5 4 , 1 5 6 , 1 8 1 s S u da n ( E g ypti a n) , 1 4 5 , 1 5 0 , 2 1 7 ,
iv
R e r, 5 2 , 1 8 1 , 1 93 2 3 3, 2 34 ,
2 77
h
S o a , 1 4 5 , 1 99, 2 1 9, 2 4 6 (N e g ro A fr ic a ) , 7, 1 3, 2 2 , 2 3,
S ici l y ici l i s
, S an , 1 8 , 1
92 , 2 4 3 92 , 1 2 0 ,
1 44 ,
2 0 2

i
S e r ra L e o ne , 7 , 4 4 , 6 5 ,
99 , 1 0 6 et Su e z , 2 31
se a , 1 2 8 , 1 4 8 C a na l , 1 7 3, 2 32
S ik h s , 1 0 0 , 1 8 3, 2 4 1 S u ffe t u l a ( S b e it l a ) , 1 4
S ims , D r, 1 5 6 S u ffre n , A dmi ra l , 7 5
S l a c h te r s N e k , 1 6 6 S u g a r c a n e , th e , 3 9, 4 0 , 1 7 5
’
-

l v T
S a e r a de , 2
9, 3 0 , 4 3, 5 3 , 92 et 8 13 5 c o u n t r y (S o u t h o f Mo ro cc o ) , 6
se
a , 96 , 10 1 S u s a ( T u n is) , 6 1 , 6 3
Ab o l iti o n o f, 4 3 , 5 3 , 96 , 10 7, S w a hi l i ( p e o p l e a nd l a ng u a g e ) , 2 5 6 ,
1 64 , 2 69 2 82
S l a v e ry, 30 8 1 , 9 1 , 1 0 7 , 1 6 2 , 2 69
, S w a y ne , C a pt .
, 2 2 3
S l a v e s ( C h r isti a n ) , 1 4 8 S w il nd 8 7
az a ,

( N e g r o ) , 7 0 , 92 , 1 0 7 , 1 4 2 , 1 6 4 S w e de n S we de s , , 9 7, 10 8, 1 10 ,
2 2 6,
S mit h , S i r H a rry 1 6 5 , 1 6 8 , 2 2 7
S o ba t , R , 1 9 1 , 2 1 4 , 2 3 5
. S wiss missi o na ri e s , 1 54 , 1 55
S o fa l a , 4 , 2 4 , 3 1 , 4 6 , 4 8 , 7 6 , 1 92
S o k o t o , 1 1 8 1 2 0 , 1 98 , 2 0 3 , 2 0 6
,

S o k o t ra , I s , 1 0 , 3 1 , 2 3 6
. T a b a rk a 2 4 3 ,

S o ky a ( Aski a ) dy n a sty i n S u da n , Ta m a ta v e 2 6 6 2 6 9 2 7 3 , , ,

2 2 et se
a T a na R 2 5 5 , .
,

S o l e i ll e t, P a u l 2 1 2 , T ng n yik La k e 1 0 0 1 5 1
a a a, , , , 1 5 3,
S o m a l i l a n d S o m a l is ,
, 10 ,
2 4 , 1 4 5, 1 83, 1 87, 1 88, 2 1 3, 2 1 6,

S o m e r s e t , L o rd C h a r l e s , 1 62 ,
1 66 Ta n gi e s 1 6 2 1 2 8 r , , , , 1 2 1
S o ng h a i 1 2 0 , 2 1 4
, T a pp e nb e ck Li e t , u .
, 2 2 2

S o n n e ra t, 2 6 4 Ta n k 1 6 ,

S o nn i n i , 1 9 5 T a v e i ta , 9 5
318 I n dex .

T a w a re q ( T a m a sh e q ) , 1 31, 1 4 1 , Um s i l i k a s i , 1 86
2 0 1 5 , 2 1 2 , 2 1 U n it e d S t a t e s of Am e ric a , 98 , 1 4 7,
Te l e I K e r, 2 33
- -
bi
T t
e e, 4 , 14
9 7, 1 5 2 U tic a , 5
T e tw a n , 6 3
Th mo e, S a c) ( o
"

Th m a s , S t) , V a a l R iv e r 8 4 ,

3 39 4 3 V a ch e r de R o c h e ll e 2 6 3 ,

Th o mps o n C a pt G e o rge ,
.
, 1 94 Va n d l s 1 3a ,

Th o ms o n J o s e p h 1 1 8 , , , 2 0 7, 2 1
9, V a nde l e r Li e u t 2 2 3 u ,
.
,

2 2 1 , 2 38 , 2 39 V a rdo n Maj o r 2 0 0, ,

T ib e sti , 2 1 3, 2 1 4 V a sc o da G m a 3 1 4 5 4 7 a , , ,

T ig e r ,
2 4 6, 2 4 7 Va g é l e C a pt
u 2 1
9
, .
,

T imb u kt u , 2 2 , 2
9 , 1 30 , 1 31 , 1 93 , V e n ic e V e ne ti n s 1 8 9 4 9
, a , , 2 , , 10 3 ,

9 5 , 1 96 , 2 0 1 ,
1 2 0 6, 20 7, 2 1
9 2 1 0 , 2
43
Tinn e , e a n dr Al x ine 1 4 2 1 5 ,
2 , Ve r de , pe C a , 7
Ti p p o o ,
”
T ib -
T ip u T ip u 2 6 -
,
2 I s l n ds a , 3 9, 4 5
Tl e m s a n, 1 9 Ve rm u yde n , 1 5
9
To b cc o 3 9 a ,
Vict o ri a N y a n z a , s e e N ya nz a
T o go l nd 1 5 4 2 5 4 5 9
a , , ,
2 Vi n c e n t , M , th e e xp lo re r, 2 1 2 .

To o l e Mr 2 0 2 , ,
Vi ne , th e , 3 9, 7 0 , 1 6 1
To e Bis ho p 1 5 7
z r, ,
V i ru ng a , Mt ( V o l c a no ) , 2 2 3
T r n sc o n ti n e n t l T e l e gra p h
a a ,
1 83, Vo ge l, D r, 2 0 6
1 88 Vo l ta , R , 1 1 0 , 2 60 .

T ra n s s ah a r a n R a a , 14 1 ilw y
T ra n sv l
aa , 8 3 , 8 5 , 8 6 et s e a , 1 68 , Wa da i , 2 4 , 2 0
7 , 2 1 3 2 1 4 , 2 78 ,

1 84 , 1 86, 2 80 Wa l fis h Ba y, 1 7 , 1
9 99 , 2 0 8 , 2 5 1 ,

T rip l i o 7 , 2 1 , 2 4 , 99 ,
, 1 4 , 1 1 2 0 , 1 2 1 , 2 53
2 0 1 , 2 0 2 , 2 0 6, 2 4 4 , 2 78 Wa nga 2 5 6 ,

T ist
r
’
a n d A c u nh a I s , 4 5 , . 1 73 ; s ee W a rg l a 1 4 1 ,

A c u nh a , T ri s ta O d
’
W a rr e n S i r C h a r l e s 8 7 1 8 6
, , ,

T g l yt s
ro od e , 7 Wa te rb o e r 1 7 3 ,

T s e tse fl y 4 8 , We a t h e rl y Mr Po u l e tt 2 2 2 , ,

Tu ck e y C a pt 2 0 0 , . , We b b e S h e b e il i R iv e r 2 2 3 2 4 8
-
, ,

T u ge l a R 6 8 ,
.
, 1 W e ll e R 2 1 7 2 1 9 2 2 8
,
.
, , ,

T l b a gh G v e no r
u , o r , 7 3, 1
98 We l sh 1 6 2 ,

T ngi Ba y 5 8
u , We st A fric a n S e tt l e m e n ts 1 0 8 1 1 1 , ,

T u n is T n isi 5 8,
u a, , ,
1 1 , 1 4 ,
1 5, 7,
1 I nd a C o i
an , mp y D u tch 6 7 , , 68
2 4 , 61 e t se a , 99, 1 2 1 , 1 3 9, 1 4 5, i s
I nd e , 93 , 9 7 . 10 7 14 7 ,

1 51 , 2 44 , 2 78 Wh t e a , 3 9, 7 0

Tu k e y T ks
r ,
u r ,
2 3 e t s e a , 4 9, 6 1 et
“
Wh it e F a t he rs th e 1 5 1 ,
”
,

“T : 9 8 , 1
3 3, 1 34 , 1 3 9 Wh it e p e o p l e s 1 0 1 ,

Tw t a , 2 3, 2 1 3 W h yda ( D a h o m e ) 4 4 1 0 9 , ,

Wi l be r fo rc e 94 1 0 8 , ,

Ub ngi R a ,
.
,
1 4 3, 2 1 7, 2 1 9 Wi ll i a m I V o f E ngl a nd 2 6 9 ,

P ro vi n c e , 2 86 W i ll o u ghby Digby 2 7 4 , ,

Ue c h tr i tz , H e rr , 2 2 2 Wi l s o n R e v J L 1 5 6
, . . .
,

Ug a nda , 1 5 1 ,
2 1 7, 2 2
3, 2 3 9, 2 40 et W i n t o n S i r F ra n cis de 1 0 9 2 2 6
, , ,

se a Wi nw o o d R e a de 9 5 2 1 5 , ,

Ujij i , 2 1 2 Wissm a nn Maj o r H v o n 2 1 9 2 5 0 ,

.
, , ,

Umb a, 2
56
 I ndex .
319

W itb o o i 2 5 9 ,
Z a mb e i z , R .
, 5, 2 4 , 4 7, 4 8, 5 2 , 53 ,

Wit u 2 5 5
, 1 4 7, 1 52 , 1 80 , 1 81, 1 8 7, 2 00 , 2 0 8,
Wo e l fe l Li e u t e n a n t 1 2 9 2 8 6
, , , 2 5 9, 2 7 8, 2 80 , 2 81
Wo l se le y ( S i r G a rne t a ft e rw a rds , Z mbe i
a z a, 5 1 , 54 , 2 2 0
Visc o un t) , 1 1 1 ,
1 78 z a n ib a rz , 3 , 1 1 , 2 4 , 2 5 1 4 6 1 4 91 5 0 1
Wo o d , Sir R ic ha rd , 1 2 1 , 1 39 58, 100 , 1 2 1 , 1 4
9, 1 5 7 , 1 92 , 2 3 7
W0 0 1 , 1 61 , 1 73 e ts e a , 2 50 , 2 57

Z e b ra th e , , 4 0
Zim b B a , a o r Va 4
Yao , Wa th e , 100 ,
1 52, 1 57 Zimb bwe a , 76 , 2 1 8
Y e llo w fe ve r 95 ,
Z i ntg ra ff, D r, 2 2 2

p e o p le s 1 0 1 ,
Zi i y sty ( N A f ic
r d na . r a ) , 2 0

Y o n nis th e 1 0 8
, ,
Zu lu s Z u l l nd Z l
,
u a ,
u u -
K a ffir ra ce ,

Y o r b l nd 2 0 2
u a a , 7 7 , 8 3 , 1 66 , 1 6 8 , 1 8 4 ,
1 85 , 1 86
Y u ssu f b i n Ta sh fin
- -
, 1
9 Z mbu o , 5 1 , 54 , 1 52
PR I NTED BY J . AN D C . F . C L A Y,

U N I V E RS I T Y PR ESS .
 11 0 1 , U . W . I R O T HE
’

R O , o n or a ry F e llow
H
n
’
o f Coll e g e C a m b rI dg e
s , , Profe ssor o f H i sto ry i n
th e U n iv e rsity o f Edi n b urgh .

Th eU n i o n o f I ta l y , 1 8 1 5 — 1 8 95 , by W J S TI LL MAN . .
,

L H D ( C o n c o rdi a )
. . C ro w n 8 v 0
. WI th fo u r Ma ps 6s . . . .

S p a i n , i ts G r e a tn e s s a n d D e c a y , 1 4 7 9— 1 7 8 8 By M a j or .

MA R T I N H UME W it h a n I n t ro du cti o n by E A R MS T R O N G M A
. .
,
. .

C ro w n 8 v o Wit h Ma ps 6 s . . .

Th e R e v o l u ti o n a r y and N apo le o n c i E ra , 1 8 —
7 9 1 815 ,
by J H R O S E M A
. .
, . .
, C h ist s
r
’
C o ll e g e . C ro wn 8 vo . W it h Ma ps
a nd P la n s
E diti o n 4 s 6 d . S e c o nd . . .

O u tl i n e s o f E n gl i s h I n du s tr i a l H i s to r y by W , .

C UN N I N G HA M D D F e ll o w o f T ri n ity C o ll e g e C mb ri dg e a n d
, . .
, , a ,

E A M A R T H UR L e ct u re r o f G i r t o n C o lle ge C o wn 8 o 4 s
. .
C
, . r v . .

A n E s say o n W e s te r n
i v i l i z a ti o n by W C U N NI NG H A M C , .
,

D D . H o n LL D E di n ; H o n F e ll o w o f G o n vi ll e a n d C a i u s C o ll e g e
.
, . . . . .
,

F e ll o w a nd L e ct u re o f T r i nity C o ll e g e a n d Vic a r o f G re a t S Ma r y s
r ,
.
’
,

C a mb ri dg e C ro w n 8 o Wit h Ma ps 4 s 6 d
. v . . . .

Th e A u s tr a l a s i a n C o l o n i e s
fr om th e ir fou n d a tio n t o th e ,

y e a r 1 8 93 by E J E N K S M A R e a de r i n E n g l is h L a w i n th e Uni
, .
,
. .
,

v e sity o f O x fo d fo rm e l y D e a n o f th e F a cu l ty o f L a w i n Me lb o u rn e
r r ,
r

U n iv e rsity C ro wn 8 v o Wit h Ma ps S e c o n d E diti o n 6

. . . . s .

Th e U n i te d S ta te s o f A m e r i c a 1 7 65 — 1 8 65 by , ,

E D W A R D C H A N N I N G P ro fe sso r o f H ist o ry i n H a rv a rd U n iv e rsity , .

C ro w n 8 v o W it h Ma ps 6 . . s.

I r e l a n d ; 1 4 94 — 1 8 6 8 wit h two I n troductory C h a pt e rs , ,

by W O C O N N O R MO RR I S C o u n ty C o t J dg e o f th e U n it e d
.
’
, u r u

C o u nti e s o f R o sc o mm o n a n d S l ig o a n d s o m e tim e S c h o l a r o f O ri e l ,

C o ll e g e O x fo rd C ro w n 8 v o
, Wit h Ma p 6 s . . . .

S c o tl a n d By P H U ME B R O WN M A LL D
. T wo volum e s
.
,
. .
,
. . .

[Vo l . I . i n th e Pr e s s .

A H i s to r y o f th e C o lo n z at i i on f A fr i c o a by A s i a ti c
a nd E u ro p e n Ra c e s by a , Sir H . H J O H N STO N
.
,
H BM . . .

C o n su l a t T u n is .
[I n th e Pr e ss .

I n p rep a r a ti o n .

Th e F o u n d a ti o n o f th e G e rm a n E m p i re , 1 81 5— 1 871 ,

by J W . . H E A D L A M, MA . .
, F e ll o w o f Ki ng s C o ll e ge ’
, C a mb i dg e r .

Th e F re n c h Mo n a r c h y , 1 8
4 3
— 1 789, by A .
J G RANT.
,

MA . . T wo V l m s
o u e .

O th e r vo lu m e s w i l l be a n n o u n c e d s h o r tly .
 M A N

Pr es s O p i ni o ns .

Th e Ti m e s b e tt e q a l ifi e d by p e rs o n a l k no wl e dg e
. F ew m en a re r u ,

by p o l i t ic a l symp a th y o by di re ct c o n t a ct wit h e v e n ts t h a n Mr W J ,
r . .

S ti ll m a n to w rit e a h ist o y o f I t a l y r .

L i te t e Mr S ti ll m n w h o h a s b e e n s e l e ct e d to writ e t h is
ra u r . a ,

v o l m e h a s m a n y qu l fic a ti o n s fo r th e t a sk H e h a s c o n si de a bl e
u , a i . r

p e s na l cq u a i n t a n c e wit h I t a l y a nd I t a l i a n p o l itics h e c a n te l l a c l e ar
r o a ,

a n d i n t e e sti n g st o r y h e h a s th e re q isit e symp a t h y wit h th e a c h i e v e m e n ts

r , u

h e h a s to de sc ib e a n d h e do e s n o t a ll o w h is e stim a t e o f m e n to b e u ndu l y
r ,

i n fl u e nc e d by h is o w n p e p o ss e ssi o n s r .

A d my ca Mr S ti ll m n w a s I t a l i a n c o re sp o n de n t o f th e Ti m e s
e . a r

d i n g m n y o f th e e v e n ts h e r e l a t e s a n d h e k n o ws h is s bj e ct t h o ro u ghl y
ur a , u .

His n tive t h o u gh n o t p e cis e l y sci n ti ll ti n g is o de l y fu ll a n d

a r ra , r a ,
r r , ,

its o w n p o i n t o f Vi e w it is a n ho ne st a nd n o t u m
symp a t he tic c o n t rib ti o n to th e su bj e ct u .

D i ly C h o n i c l e
a Th is w o k is a v e ry c o mp le t e a nd imp a rti a l a cc o u n t
r . r

O f o n e o f th e m o st imp o t a n t e pis o de s i n th e h ist o ry O f m o de r n E u ro p e r

th e a c h i e v e m e n t o f I t a l i a n h a ve to t ha nk Mr S ti ll m a n fo r a
u s e f l a dditi o n to c
u e n t E u o p e a n h ist o r y u rr r .

P l l M l l G e tt
a aTh is w o k is n o t o n l y a v e r y imp o r t a n t a dditi o n
az e . r

to th e C a mb i dg e H ist o r ic a l S e ri e s b t a m o n g th e m o st n o t a b l e o f r e c e n t
r , u

c o n t ib u ti o n s to h ist o ry B o t h a s a re c o d a nd i nt e p re t a ti o n o f p a st
r . r r

e v e n ts n o t to o g e n e a ll y k n o w n o
, u n de r st o o d i n t h is c o u n t y a nd a s th e
r r r

j u dgm e n t o f a n h o n e st f i e nd o f I t a l y u p o n h e r p re s e n t its v a l u e is ha rd
r ,

to o v e e stim a t e
r- .

Ma n c h ster G a di a n Mr S ti ll m a n h a s give n a c l e a r a n d s u flfic i e nt

e u r .

e pit o m e o f th e w h o l e st ru gg l e b e tw e e n l igh t a n d da rk n e ss i n th e P e n i n s u l a

fro m th e f l l o f N a p o l e o n to th e de a t h o f Bism a ck a n d a bibl i o g a p h ic a l

a r , r

a pp e n dix t h a t wi ll b e o f u s e to a l l st de n ts to w h o m a s w e ll a s to th e u , ,

W i de p u b l ic h i s b o o k sh o u l d b e h e a rti l y w e l c o m e
r ,
.

Th e R e v o lu ti o n a r y a n d N a p o l e o n i c E r a , 1 7 8 9
1 8 1 5, by J H R O S E , M A , C h ris t s C o ll e g e C r o w n 8 v 0
.
’
. . . . .

Wi t h Ma ps a n d P l a n s S e c o n d E di t i o n 4 s 6 d . . . .

Pr e ss O p i n i o ns .

A c a de my . Mr
s e s n a rra tiv e is w e ll a ng e d a n d a tt ra ctive ; h i s i n
Ro
’
a rr

fo r m a ti o n a nd re s e a c h a e c o pi o u s a n d m u c h o f h is w o k is O f st e rl i n g v a l u e
r r r ,

e sp e ci a ll y h is a cc o u nt o f s o m e fa cts i n th e o bsc u r e a nd i l l k n o w n p o l itics o f

th e tim e o f th e e v e r c h a n gi ng n e g o ti a ti o n s o f 1 7 95 — 1 8 1 5 a nd o f th e C o n
,
-
,

gr e ss o f Vi e nna a n d its m a n y i n t igu e s T h e sty l e o f Mr R o s e is k e e n r .

a n d vig o o u s r .

E ng l i h H i t i l R ev i e w
s M R o s e h as m a de a go o d u s e o f th e m o st
s or ca . r

r e c e n t l y p u b l is h e d a u t h o riti e s a s m a y b e s e e n by r e fe e n c e to h is cc o n ts ,
r a u

o f th e C mp a ign s o f R ssi a a n d o f Wa t e rl o o
a H e h a s a pp ro a c h e d v e r y
u .

n e a l y to
r bs o l u t e imp a ti l ity
a r a .

C e st p e u t é tre de c e tt e di ffic i l e p é i o de l o p l u s
’ ’

7 o n l de D b t
‘
u r a s e a s .
-
, r ,

s fir l e p l u s l u mi n e u x Ma n u e l q u i a i t é t é e n c o re é c rit
_

.
,

T h e U n i te d S ta te s o f A m e r i c a , 1 7 6 5 — 1 8 6 5 By .

E D WA RD C HANNI NG P ro fe s s o r o f H is t o r y i n H a rv a r d ,

Un i v e r si t y C r o wn 8 v o W i t h Ma p s 6 s
. . . .

Pr e s s O p i n i o n s .

Ti m e s . P ro f C h a nni ng o f H a d h a s w ritt e n
.
,
a rv r ,
a h ist o ry f o h is
c oun r ty
fo r wh ic h m a ny E ng l is hm e n wi ll b e g ra t e fu l to h i m, a n d a ll th e
 C a m br i dg e H i s to r i c a l S e r i e s .
3

m o re s o t h a t h e h a s b e e n c o ncis e and h a s n o t a tt e mpt e d to o m u c h I t is

a t u e p l e a s re to r e a d a b o o k m a k e d by s o si n c e r e a de si re to b e fa i r to
r u r

f i e n d a nd fo e c o u n t rym e n a n d k i n b e y o n d th e s e a a n d to S p e a k th e t ru t h
r , ,

wit h o u t re ga rd to s o c a ll e d p a t i o tic c o n ve n ti o ns Th e v a l e o f th e v o lu m e
-
r . u

is i n c re a s e d by th e m a ps bib l i o g ra p h ic a l n o t e s a nd c o nstitu ti o na l do cu m e n ts
, ,

i n th e a pp e n dic e s .

D i ly C h o n i l e
a As o n e o f th e v o l m e s i n th e C a mb ri dg e H ist o ric a l
r c . u

S e r i e s th e p re s e n t w o k s h o u l d b e w e l c o m e i n E n g l is h c o lle g e s a n d sc h o o l s
,
r ,

w he e a s w e ha ve h d o cc a si o n b e fo re to s a y t h e re is n o a de qu a t e t e xt
r ,
a ,

b o o k O f Am e ric an hist o r y fo r E ngl is h st u de n ts .

Sp e h e r a A ft e r a v e ry c a e f l e x a mi na ti o n w e m u st p ro n o u n c e t h is
. r u

l itt l e b o o k qu it e a dmi a b l e I t is th e v e y b o o k w e h a ve b e e n l o o kin g fo r

r . r

t h e s e m a n y y e s a n d ti ll n o w h a v e fa i l e d to find Th e e a re a dmi ra b l e
ar , . r

S h o r t h ist o ri e s o f m o st E u ro p e a n C o u n t i e s b u t w e k n o w o f n o o t h e r b o o k r ,

s u it b l e a t o n c e fo r th e pp e r fo rms o f sc h o l s th e u n de g a d a t e a n d th e
a u o , r r u ,

g e n e ra l re ade wh ic h give s a n y re ll y u s e f l a n d i n t e ll igibl e sk e tc h o f th e

r, a u

h ist o y o f th e U n it e d S t a t e s wit h i n t h e e hu n d e d a n d fi fty p a g e s P ro f

r r r . .

C h a r mi n g t e ll s u s j u st w h t th e E n g l is h r e a de r w a n ts to k n o w h o w th ea ,

At l a ntic S t a t e s w e re c o l o nis e d; h o w t h e y ca m e to re o l t; h o w t h e y fo rm e d v

t he i r c o n stit u ti o n ; h o w t h e y sp re d w e stwa d a n d h o w t h e y m a i nt a i n e d a r ,

th e U n i o n H e giv e s a c l e a r a n d o n th e w h o l e a j u dici o u s a cc o u n t o f
th e re a l t r e n d o f h ist o r y th e i n n e r c a u s a ti o n o f e v e n ts , .

Th e A u s tr a l a s i a n from t h e ir fou n d a tio n t o th e C o l o ni e s,

y e a r 1 8 93 b y E J E N K S M A R e a de r i n E n g lish L a w i n
, .
,
. .
,

th e U n i v e rs i t y o f O x fo r d fo rm e r l y D e a n o f th e F a cu l t y o f ,

L a w i n Me l b o u r n e U n i v e r si t y C r o wn 8 v o S e c o n d E di t i o n . . .

Wi t h Ma p s 6 s . .

Pr e s s O p i n i o ns .

Ti m e s Th e . b l q l i fic ti
r e r h a s a do u w it e his t sk h vi g
u a a o n fo r a ,
a n no t
only b een a d n u mb i g
ed C a isti g ish ci l
r d e m a n , b u t an o fU iv sity
fi a i n th e n er

o f Me lb th g b k G v m t “
o u rn e a n d th e a u o r of a ood oo on Th e o e rn en of
Vict i or a
”
l itt l v l m is
His . e o u ew thy t h s c
no t u n o r ti l s
of o e is re de n a It .

c mp ct w ll
o a , e g w itt
a r ra n e d, a n d rxc ll t sty l w h i l
e n i n an e e en cts e ; e th e fa of
A st l si h ist y h v b
u ra a an or g th
a e een st t
a e re d a nd th t g ll y
a e d i n a wa y a , e n e ra

sp ki g pp s
ea n , a v y c mp l t
e a r to b e er o imp ti l
e e a nd J ks s cc ts
ar a Mr e n ’
a oun .

i g
o f th e fo u n d n i t c l i s sp ci ll y
o f th e d ffe r e n o on e , e e tha l s
N e w So u Wa e ,
T sm i
a Z l
a n a , a nd N e w si g l l y vivi
e a a n d, a r e n u ar th s d ; so a re o e o f tw o

rom tic
an mi ti g pis s
a n d do na n e l y h ist y A st l si
o de i n th e e a r or of u ra a a , th e
g l isc v s
o dd o e ri e a n d th e Ma o r
iw s ar .

Gu a r di a n it P th
Th e e d o r, D r . ro mb i g
e ro , ist ic l
o f th e C a r d e H or a
i s is
Se r e , c g t l t h vi g p vi
to b e o n ra u a e d o n a n B itis h p b l ic t h g h
ro de d th e r u , ro u

Mr e n ,
J ks wit h c l c mp ct
a e a r, o w ll w itt sk tc h
a , a nd e r h ist y
en e o f th e or o f -

th eA st l si
u ra a l i s
an C o o n e .

I r e l a n d, 1 4 9 4 —1 8 6 8 Wit h T wo I n troducto ry C h a p t e rs . .

By W O C O N N O R MO RR I S C o u n t y C o u r t J u dg e o f th e
.
’
,

U n i t e d C o u n t i e s o f R o sc o mm o n a n d S li g o a n d s o m e t im e ,
S ch o l a r o f O r i e l C o ll e g e O x fo r d C ro w n 8 v o Wi t h Ma p 6 s , . . . .

Pr e s s O p i n i o ns .

Ti m es . H i s k no w l e d e o f h is su b
'

ec t is b s e d o n e xt e n siv e
a a nd in
 4 C a m br i dg e H i s to r i c a l S e r i e s .

u nde r a t ki n g a nd th e re a re o f c o u s e m a n y disp u t e d p o i nts o n w hich h is

, , r ,

j u dg e m e n t m y fa i rl y b e o p e n to q u e sti o n b u t th e c a ndi d re a de wi ll n o t
a ,
r

fa i l to do j stic e to h is p e r sist e n t e n de a v o u r to t e a t h is di ffic u l t a n d

u r

t h o rn y s bj e ct in a g e nu i n e h ist o ic a l spi it
u r r .

D a i ly C h o n i c l e A e c o d o f I ish h ist o ry w h ich wi ll b e fo u nd O f

r . r r r

m u c h u se by stu de n ts Mr O C o n n o Mo is h a s c o n t riv d to t re a t his ’

r rr e

s u bj e ct i n a v e ry c o mp e he n si e spi i t a n d wi t h a cc u a cy i n de t i l H e
r v r , r a .

h a s p o du c e d a w o r k w h ic h wi l l w e t h i n k b e fo n d a v e ry u s e fu l g i de by
r , , u u

th e h ist o ic a l st de n t t h o u gh th e m
r u e s o f I r is h h ist o r y r az .

Ma n c h e te G di ns Up o n th e w h o l e t h is is th e b e st h an db o o k o n
r u ar a .
,

I r ish hist o r y t h t h a s ye t a pp e a re d a .

O u tl i n e E n g l i sh
s I n du s tri a l H i s to r y , b y W
o f .

C U NNI NG H AM, D D , F e ll o w o f T r i n i t y C o ll e g e , C a m b r i dg e , a n d
. .

E . A . M A R T HUR L e c t u r e r a t G i r t o n
C
, C o ll e g e . C ro wn 8 v o .
4s .

Pr e s s O p i n i o n s .

A th e n e u m I t m ay b e a d a t o n e
. a c t h t it is xc ll t l y w itt c l e a r
e e en r e n, s i ,

t s
e r e , a n d re st i
ra ne d o b th
in o c mp siti
o o n a n d do ct i
r ne ,
ye t n o t wit h o t u

gl imps s i ivi l j g m ts
e o f nd du a u d e e n , a n d e e n re v p visi s l w ys i t sti ng
on , a a n e re ,

a nd O f e nt vivi p t ti g Th is t sp
d a n d e n e ra n e re a ra n a re n e f t t t
fo r a f e r fa r i ne ss .
,

to o , i n st ti g pi i s wit h wh ic h
a n o n on th e a u o r t h s s m tim s c
o e e a nno t be
s pp s
u o e d to b e i n y s mp t h y
a a nd s l igh t
a s m a y b e th e fra e m w k w hic h
or in
s c h w igh ty m tt is c t i
u e a er o n a n e d, it is i
n fo r ed m t h gh t by
ro u ou th e t ue r

h ist o r ic spi rit .

G a di a n
u r This l itt l e b o o k is by fa r th e b e st i n t o du cti o n to E n gl is h
. r

e c o n o mic h ist o y w h ic h h a s ye t b e e n p b l is h e d
r I t is w e ll a a n ge d an d u . rr

c l e a rl y e xp e ss e d I t is c h a a ct e ris e d th o u g h o u t by fu l ne ss o f k no w le dg e
r . r r

a n d s o b r i e ty o f j u dgm e n t .

E d c ti o n a l Ti m e s
u a O u r a u t h o rs de s e rv e h e a ty t h a nks fo a tt e mpti ng
. r r

to s u pp l y a st e ppi n g st o n e b e tw e e n M G ib b-
i n s s
“
I n du st i a l H ist o y o f r
’
r r

E ng l n d a n d th e l a g e w o ks o f Th o o l d R o ge rs P o fe ss Ashl e y a n d
a r r r r , r or ,

D rC u n n i n gh a m h ims e l f a nd u n sti n t e d p is e fo p e rfo rmi n g t h e i t a sk s o

,
ra r r

w e ll .

A n E ssay o n W e s te r n C i v i l i s a ti o n i n i ts E c o no m ic
A s p e c t s ( A n c i e n t Tim e s ) B y W C U NN I NG HAM, D D . . . .
, F e ll o w
o f T r i n i t y C o ll e g e , C a m b r i dg e C r o wn 8 v o 4 s 6d . . . .

Pr e s s O p i n i o n s .

D a i ly t h is l itt l e w o rk D C nn i ngh a m w h o s e
C h ro n i c l e . In ,
r u ,

a tt i n m e n ts p e c u l i a l y fit h im fo
a th e t a sk h a s
r tt e mpt e d to giv e u s a n r ,
a

o t l i n e o f th e g o wt h o f i n d st ry o f t a de
u r o f th e e c o n o mic b a sis o f l i fe i n
u , r ,

th e e l i e r st a g e s o f th e h ist o y o f th e w e st e rn w o l d Th e w o k s e e ms to
ar r r . r

u s to b e o f gre a t s ic e a n d to h v e b e e n e x e c u t e d wit h n o l itt l e ski ll a nd

e rv a

j dg e m e n t
u C o n si de i n g th e c o mp l e xity o f th e s bj e ct a n d th e sc a n ty
r u ,

m a t e i a l s a t h is disp o s a l t o ge t h e r wit h th e l imits o f th e w o k its e l f w e a re

r , r ,

o f o pi n i o n t h a t D C u nni ng ha m h s e n de re d a m o st imp o t n t s e rvic e to

r a r r a

o r k n o w l e dg e O f th e c o
u s e o f h m a n h ist o r y by m e a n s o f t h is i n t e re sti ng
u r u

a n d w e ll c o n c e iv e d w o k
-
r .

ZLo u h o n : C .
J . C LA Y AN D S O NS,
Il nive rslty ofToronto
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REMO VE

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THIS

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LO WE MA R TI N
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