Cbwuj oerv

Çalı́k et al1. talks about the SAP production from Bacillus spa and the importance of the oxygen transfer in the
production. Author claims that the DO analysis is difficult because many of the authors have very different
conditions of oxygen transfer and oxygen kinetics have not been investigated. Oxygen transfer rates are
indicators for mass transfer characteristics and are required to design and operate a bioreactor, but prediction
these would be difficult as the liquid composition is very complex in nature.

Micro-organism: B.licehnifromis on agar slants and pH 7

Media: soytryptone and peptone were major contains of the media are inoculated with the micro-organism;
incubated for 12 hour and pH 7

Bioreactor: batch reactor of 3.5 dm3

Effect of oxygen transfer: agitation rates varied from 150rpm to 750 rpm; air flow rate given by 1vvm.

The author has found that with increase in oxygen rate, the dissolved oxygen concentration has increased and
high mass transfer rates too. Rate of increase of pH is low and also low biomass concentration for a medium
agitation rate i.e. around 500 rpm along with production of SAP. The consumption rate of the substrate
increases with increase in agitation of turbine.

Oxygen Transfer characteristics:

Oxygen transfer coefficient increases with increase in agitation rates but at the beginning of the process the
value remains are high but with time it decreases. As the author has observed that flow pattern did not change
with time he claimed that OTC cannot be related with Schmidt number.

Oxygen transfer coefficient is given by

𝐾𝑙𝑎 = 0.00525 ∗ 𝑣𝑠0.2 (𝑃0 /𝑉)0.7

𝑃𝑜
Log ( ) = 𝑣𝑠0.2 (𝑅𝑒)0115 ∗ 𝑣𝑠0.2 (𝐹𝑟)0.7 ∗ 𝐴𝑒
𝑃

Oxygen transfer rate is given by

1
𝑟𝑜 = 2.78 ∗ 10−4 ∗ (( − 1.04) 𝜇 + 𝑚𝑠 )) ∗ 𝐶𝑥
𝑌𝑥𝑠

𝑟𝑜 = 0.219 ∗ 10−4 ∗ 𝐶𝑥

𝑟𝑜 = 0.160 ∗ 10−4 ∗ 𝐶𝑥
𝐃𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝑲𝑳𝒂 𝐛𝐲 𝐆𝐚𝐬 𝐨𝐮𝐭 − 𝐆𝐚𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐝 2:

The main driving force for oxygen transfer is the difference is the difference between dissolved oxygen
concentration and oxygen saturation concentration. This method determines 𝑲𝑳𝒂 directly in the broth the gas
out is the period where is no aeration and gas in is re-aeration and this period must be very short to measure
the𝑲𝑳𝒂 . During the gas out period i.e. when there is no aeration the concentrations of oxygen should be well
above the critical concentration just to ensure the𝐾𝐿𝑎 is constant throughout. The response time of probe should
be less than the inverse of𝐾𝐿𝑎 .

For gas out period

𝐝𝑪𝑳
= −𝑸𝑶𝟐 𝑿
𝐝𝐭

𝐶𝐿𝑂 − 𝑪𝑳 = 𝑸𝑶𝟐 𝑿𝒕

Gas in period

𝐝𝑪𝑳
= 𝑲𝑳𝒂 (𝐶𝐿∗ − 𝑪𝑳 ) − 𝑸𝑶𝟐 𝑿
𝐝𝐭

𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝐶𝐿 , 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 ;

𝑸𝑶𝟐 𝑿 = 𝑲𝑳𝒂 (𝐶𝐿∗ − 𝑪𝑳 )

𝐶𝐿𝑂 − 𝑪𝑳
ln ( ) = 𝑲𝑳𝒂 (t − 𝒕𝒔 )
𝐶𝐿𝑂 − 𝑪𝒔
To produce is a surfactin from bacteria there many parameters which have to be optimized such as media
composition optimization in a bioreactor and a low substrate which is out of waste such oil or sugars. The
addition of activated carbon has been a advantage to the media, can improve the surfactin production .Also, the
oxygen supply and agitation can improve the product, but excess of it may lead to foaming. M.-S. Yeh et al.3
previous work also suggested that iron enriched media also gives high productivity.

Work: Therefore, the author has focused on the reducing the foaming and the same time providing the oxygen
with air supply and proper agitation, he worked a special design of batch bioreactor with a foam collector from
its gas outlet.

Aim: to vary agitation and aeration to maximize the product and calculate the mass transfer coefficient

Micro-organism and media: B.subitils strain was grown iron enriched medium (MSI medium), glucose as
carbon source; Activated carbons (diameter- 3-4mm, height-9mm, 1200 m2/g)

Bioreactor: 5L jar fermenter, foam collector-3L, cell recycler

Carrier assisted: culture of MSI medium of 2L inoculated with 24 hour grown MSI medium (100 ml) + 25g/l
solid carriers.

Measurement of Oxygen volumetric mass transfer co-efficient

𝐾𝐿𝑎 This represents the oxygen transfer from a gas bubble to the bulk liquid, calculated with the help of
gassing-in method.4

Results

The Do levels where initially low when the when there was growth f biomass and increased once the growth
stopped.

Equation used to calculate 𝐾𝐿𝑎

𝑲𝒑 𝑲𝑳𝑨
𝑪𝒑 = 𝑪∗ [𝟏 − 𝒆−𝑲𝑳𝒂 𝒕 + 𝒆−𝑲𝒑𝒕 ]
𝑲𝒑 − 𝑲𝑳𝒂 𝑲𝑳𝒂 − 𝑲𝒑

𝐶𝑝 − 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑂

𝐾𝑝 − 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
 N. Gomes et al4.has worked on the determination of 𝐾𝐿𝑎 in the production of decalactone from methyl
ricinoleate by yeast using oils and surfactants, he claimed that from his literature survey many of the authors
have used inert hydro-carbon both as a carbon source and also it enhances the oxygen rate.

𝑃𝑔
𝐾𝐿𝑎 = ( )𝑎 𝑉𝑠𝑏 (1 − 𝑋𝑜𝑟𝑔𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐 )𝑐
𝑉

𝑃𝑔 − 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡

𝑉𝑠𝑏 − 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑡𝑦

Bioreactor: 1.7L working volume, Capacity: 2 liters

Study: varied agitation rates (300-600 rpm), aeration rates (0.3 -0.9 vvm); Methy ricinoleate varied (0-1.08%),
tween 80 (0-0.093%)

DO measurement: polar-graphic membrane probe ;In between the runs the bioreactor was de-aerated by
sparging nitrogen in to the reactor and at this point air was diffuse in to the reactor until saturation.

George T et al5. Worked on the oxygen transfer in the system that contains microbial cells, the author explains
that the oxygen transfer is controlled movement of air bubbles in the fluid, diffusion in the fluid of air bubbles
and transfer across liquid cell boundary.

Reference

1. Çalı́k, Pınar, Güzide Çalık

́ , and Tunçer H. Özdamar. "Oxygen transfer effects in serine alkaline protease
fermentation by Bacillus licheniformis: use of citric acid as the carbon source." Enzyme and Microbial
Technology 23.7-8 (1998): 451-461.
2. Tribe, L. A., C. L. Briens, and A. Margaritis. "Determination of the volumetric mass transfer coefficient (kLa)
using the dynamic “gas out–gas in” method: analysis of errors caused by dissolved oxygen
probes." Biotechnology and bioengineering 46.4 (1995): 388-392.
3. Yeh, Mao-Sung, Yu-Hong Wei, and Jo-Shu Chang. "Bioreactor design for enhanced carrier-assisted surfactin
production with Bacillus subtilis." Process Biochemistry 41.8 (2006): 1799-1805.
4. Gomes, Nelma, et al. "Oxygen mass transfer in a biphasic medium: influence on the biotransformation of
methyl ricinoleate into γ-decalactone by the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica." Biochemical Engineering Journal 35.3
(2007): 380-386
5. Tsao, George T., and Lloyd L. Kempe. "Oxygen transfer in fermentation systems—I. Use of gluconic acid
fermentation for determination of instantaneous oxygen transfer rates." Journal of Biochemical and
Microbiological Technology and Engineering 2.2 (1960): 129-142.