2014 IIAI 3rd International Conference on Advanced Applied Informatics
Batik Motif Classification using Color-Texture-Based
Feature Extraction and Backpropagation Neural
Network
Nanik Suciati, Winny Adlina Pratomo, Diana Purwitasari
Depart ment of Informatics
Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember
Surabaya, Indonesia
nanik@if.its.ac.id
Abstract—Batik is an Indonesian’s traditional cloth which has
been recognized as one of the world cultural heritage. Currently,
there are hundreds of different batik motif which can be
classified into 7 groups, i.e. Parang, Ceplok, Lereng,
Megamendung, Semen, Lunglungan, and Buketan. This research
develops a software to automatically identify motifs of batik
image using color-texture-based feature extraction and
backpropagation neural network. Color and texture features of
batik image is extracted using combination of Color Co-
occurence Matrix, Different Between Pixels of S can Pattern, and
Color Histogram for K-Means methods. The extracted features
vectors are furthermore classified into motifs using
Backpropagation Neural Network. The experiment shows that
the software can recognize batik motifs quite well, with rate of
Tanimoto Distance 0,37.
Keywords—batik motif; color co-ocurence matrix;
backpropagation neural network
I. INT RODUCTION
Batik is a traditional cloth made by painting motifs with
Indonesian’s culture nuance on a plain cloth. The long history
of batik is started since before the era of Prince Wijaya (1294 –
1309), the first king of Majapahit Kingdom. In its
development, the complexion, style, and color of batik motif
are affected by the cultures of Hindu, Islam, Netherland, China,
and Japan. The book “Batik Spirits of Indonesia” [1]
mentioned that there are more than 181 batik mot ifs. Motifs in
some regions in Indonesia, wh ich are continue increasing,
haven’t been counted in that number.
Batik motifs are categorized into two streams, geometry
and non-geometry motifs [2]. In geometry motif, a bas ic
pattern appears on cloth regulary. Based on the type of basic
pattern and the type of regular appeareance of basic pattern,
geometry motifs are clustered into three motif groups, i.e.,
parang, ceplok, and lereng. Non-geometry motifs are clustered
only based on the appeareance of specific patterns on cloth.
There are four motif groups of non-geometry, i.e., semen, lung-
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DOI 10.1109/IIAI-AAI.2014.108
lungan, megamendung, and buketan. Beside the two streams,
there is also a group of batik motif wh ich can not be identified
as geometry or non-geometry motifs, namely special mot if or
combination motif. The special motif usually combines two
motifs or more. Fig. 1 shows some examples of batik.
Parang Batik has basic patterns with rhombus shape which
are composed into slant lines. The basic pattern in Parang Batik
is usually named as mlinjon. Ceplo k Batik has basic patterns
with comb ination of quadrangle and circle wh ich are usually
composed into regular rows and columns. Basically, Lereng
Batik has similar reguler slant lines shape like the Parang
Batik, but the basic pattern of Lereng Batik does not have
mlinjon ornament. The characteristics of basic pattern in
Semen Bat ik are shapes like a mountain or a place to grow
plants. Generally, Lung-lungan Batik is similar to Semen
Batik, except that ornament of Lung-lungan Batik does not
contain mountain shape. The basic patterns in Buketan Batik
consist of flower arrangements, petals with butterfly, bird, or a
variety of small animals.
Several efforts for collecting and documenting batik data
which spread in all regions in Indonesia, have been performed
in order to conserve the batiks as one of Indonesian’s cultural
heritages [3, 4, 5]. The batik data are usually organized based
on the place of origin and the motif name wh ich are manually
identified by an expert. In order to ease the indexing process of
batik data based on the motif name, it is required to have a tool
which can identify the name of motif group from the batik
image automatically. The objective of this research is to
develop a software that can be used to recognize motif group of
batik image by inputting a batik image.
The using of color, texture, and shape combination features
on developing a smart content-based image retrieval have been
performed [6]. Moreover, the good results in developing image
retrieval system using some classification methods have also
been reported. Huang et. al [7] developed a kansei-based image
retrieval for textile images by using Back Propagation Neural
Network. Nilogiri et. al [8] co mpared the performance of Mult i
Label Probabilistic Neural Network (M LPNN) and
Backpropagation Neural Network (BPNN) in a kansei
classification system for batik image. As they reported, the
performance of BPNN is better than MLPNN. Based on some
previous results, this research develop a software that can be
used to recognize motif group of batik image using color-
texture-based feature extraction method and backpropagation
neural network classification method.
Parang Ceplok Lereng
(a)
Semen Lung-lungan Buketan
(b)
Ceplok+semen Parang+semen
Parang+M ega
M endung
(c)
Fig. 1. (a) Example of batiks with geometry motifs: parang, ceplok, lereng.
(b) Example of batiks with non-geometry motifs: semen, lung-lungan,
buketan. (c) Example of batiks with special motifs: parang + mega mendung,
ceplok+ semen, parang + semen.
II. OVERVIEW OF THE SYST EM
In this research, a batik image is classified into seven motif
groups, i.e. parang, ceplok, lereng, semen, lung-lungan, mega
mendung and buketan. A batik image can have one or more
motif. The examp les of batik images and their motif name are
shown in Fig. 1.
Structure of the batik classification system is shown in Fig.
2. There are two main processes, i.e. feature extraction and
classification. Color and texture features of batik image are
extracted using combination of three methods, i.e. Co lor Co-
occurence Matrix (CCM), Different Between Pixels of Scan
Pattern (DBPSP), and Co lor Histogram for K-Means (CHKM).
Features vectors generated fro m the features extraction process
and motif names are inputted to training process. Output of the
training process is a backprogration neural network model that
is furthermore used in testing process to recognize motifs of
batik features vectors.
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Motif name Batik Image
Feature Extraction
Process
Features Vector
Training Testing
Backpropagation
Neural network
Model
Classification Process
Motif name
Fig. 2. Structure of batik classification system.
III. COLOR-TEXT URE-BASED FEATURE EXT RACTION
The images of Batik Motif with their pattern complexity
will need more feature variations compare to usual images. In
this proposed method of classifying images of Batik with motif
names as the class labels, the features are based on color and
texture. Color Co-occurrence Matrix (CCM) and Difference
Between Pixels of Scan Pattern (DBSP) are used to extract the
texture features while Color Histogram for K-Means (CHKM)
is used to extract the color features [6]. After the ext raction
phase, there will be 71 features for representing an image of
Batik motif which are 49 values from CCM, 6 values from
DBSP and 16 values fro m CHKM.
CCM is a matrix that represents the pattern of color
differences between adjacent pixels in an RGB co lor image.
The color differences follow seven scan patterns thereby the
final result is a co-occurrence matrix with a dimension size of 7
x 7. The steps of texture feature extractions are as follows [6]:
1. Starting fro m the upper left until the lower right in a color
image of one Batif motif parses a window of 2 x 2 pixels,
creates block matrices with each cell has sub-matrix of 2 x
2 pixels based on four kinds of convolution mask. It means
each [i,j] pixel of the original image will correspond to four
kinds of convolution mask.
Input: an image matrix with a dimension size of n x m and
its cell contains value of pixel color. Output: four block
matrices for each of four convolution masks. Each b lock
matrix has dimension size of n x m and each cell contains a
sub-matrix of 2 x 2 pixels.
2. Identifies scan pattern of each cell in the four b lock
matrices
 Input: four block matrices with a dimension size of n x m
and its cell contains sub-matrix of 2 x 2 pixels. Output: four
matrices with each dimension size of n x m and the cell
contains value of scan pattern identifier. Those resulted four
matrices are called as scanned matrices.
3. Create a co-occurrence matrix (CCM) with a dimension
size of 7 x 7 based on seven scan patterns.
Input: -- (none). Output: an empty matrix with a dimension
size of 7 x 7.
4. Fills in the [i, j] cell of CCM with the co-occurrence
number of scan pattern-ith next to scan pattern-jth from four
scanned matrices in Step-2.
Input: four scanned matrices in Step-2 and CCM in Step-2.
Output: a filled CCM.
5. Normalizes CCM such that the cell value ranges from 0..1.
Input: CCM in Step-4. Output: a normalized CCM.
6. Linearizes a normalized CCM such that all values from the
49 cells become texture features of an image.
Input: a normalized CCM with a dimension size of 7 x 7.
Output: a CCM feature vector that represents texture-based
feature with a dimension size of 49 x 1.
DBPSP feature represents the complexity of the texture in
the image. Two windows of 2 x 2 p ixels with any of the four
convolution masks can result the same values of scan pattern
identifier. However there could be value difference in the pixel
content of those two windows. The higher the difference in
value means the pattern in a certain window area has more
complex texture. The DBSP features are extracted fro m CCM
in the previous steps. There are seven scan patterns with
identifier 0..6 but DBSP extraction only considers pattern 1..6
and as a result there are six kinds of DBSP values. In order to
extract DBSP features, the steps are as follows [6]:
1. Fro m the four block matrices in the steps of CCM feature
extraction, calculates the appropriate DBSP value of pixel
contents according to their values of scan pattern identifier.
Input: (1) four block matrices with each dimension size of n
x m and its cell contains sub-matrix of 2 x 2 pixels; (2) four
scanned matrices with each dimension size of n x m and its
cell contains value of scan pattern identifier as references of
the appropriate DBSP values. Output: four matrices with
each dimension size of n x m and its cell contains the
appropriate DBSP value. Those resulted four matrices are
called as DBSP mat rices.
2. Fro m the four DBSP matrices, summarizes the six kinds of
DBSP values.
Input: four DBSP matrices. Output: six summarized DBSP
values.
3. Calculates the six DBSP features fro m the six summarized
DBSP values by dividing them with a constant value of 256
since it is the maximu m value of d ifferences in the pixel
contents of RGB color. Then average the six values with
the occurrence numbers of each scan pattern.
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Input: six summarized DBSP values. Output: six DBSP
features or a feature vector that represents texture-based
feature with a dimension size of 6 x 1.
The combination of CCM feature vector and DBSP feature
vector is a feature vector with dimension size of 55 x 1
representing texture-based features of an image of Batik motif.
CHKM is used to extract color-based features of an image
of Batik motif. Color-based features show the color distribution
of an image. Basically CHKM is a clustering approach with K -
Means algorithm. The steps of texture feature extractions are as
follows [6]:
1. Clusters the pixels fro m a RGB image of Batik motif with
the K value is set to 16.
Input: an image matrix with a dimension size of n x m and
its cell contains value of pixel color. Output: 16 color
clusters from n x m data items.
2. Calculates the 16 values of CHKM features with each value
representing a color cluster. Each value of CHKM features
is obtained from dividing the number of members in each
cluster with the total number of pixels (n x m) in the
original image.
IV. BACKPROPAGATION NEURAL NETWORK
CLASSIFICAT ION
The used classification method in this paper is a state of the
art of Back-propagation Neural Network (BPNN). For training
phase there are some classes of Batik motifs with each class
label is the motif name. It is mentioned in the introduction that
there will be seven motif classes of (i) Parang, (ii) Ceplok, (iii)
Lereng, (iv) Semen, (v) Lung-lungan, (vi) Mega-Mendung, and
(vii) Buketan. The real problem lies on classifying Batik motifs
which has some co mbinations like Parang + Mega-Mendung or
Ceplok + Semen or Parang + Semen. Hypothetically the
selected class for an image of a co mbination of Batik Motifs is
based on its stand-out motif fro m seven classes. Here it is
difficult to state a rigid classifier in order to recognize the stand
out motif, therefore the classifier determination follows a black
box process of neural network. In addition to that, the used
BPNN classification could generate mult i classes especially for
the combination motifs.
The used BPNN has four layers which are one input layer,
two hidden layers and one output layer. The input layer
contains 72 nodes fro m the number of features plus one bias.
The number of nodes in the hidden layers are varied and being
examined in the experiments. The output layer contains seven
nodes representing seven classes of Batik motif. Bipolar
Sig moid activation function is used in the hidden layers while
Binary Sig moid activation function is used in the output layer.
The experiments are about analyzing the variation values of
mo mentum, learning rate, and epoch in BPNN in order to
know the reco mmended structure for classifying Batik Motifs
with color-texture-based features.
 It is reco mmended that the number of hidden nodes follows consisted of 49 CCM features, 6 DBPSP features, and 16
a certain rule [9, 10]. With m is the number of output nodes CHKM features. The total 70 features vectors are generated
and n is the number of input nodes, fro m 70 batik images. Among the total, 54 features vetors are
used as input in training process to develop a Backpropagation
n Neural Network (BPNN) model. The rest 16 features vectors
# nd .1st.hidden  m  2n  2 (1)
are used for testing. The testing is performed to evaluate
m2
performance of BPNN model in recognizing batik motif. The
n performance of batik motif recognition is measured using
# nd .2nd .hidden  m (2)
m2 Tanimoto Distance, which is defined by the following Equation
3:
Therefore in the experiments, with m=7 and n=71 the
number of nodes in the first hidden layer ranges from 25..71 Pj  C j  2 Pj  C j
while the number of nodes in the second hidden layer ranges Tanimoto j 
Pj  C j  Pj  C j
fro m 0..30. Zero node means that the used NN has only one (3)
hidden layer.

V. EXPERIMENT
The number of batik data used in experiment is 70, which is
consisted of 25 geometry motif, 37 non-geometry motif, and 8
special (co mbination) motif, as shown in detail in Table I. In
addition to the seven motifs, i.e. Buketan, Ceplok, Lunglungan,
Megamendung, Parang, Semen, and Lereng, the seven others
combination motifs are also used in the experiment, i.e. Ceplo k
+ Semen, Cep lok + Lunglungan, Ceplok + Parang,
Megamendung + Parang, Megamendung + Lunglungan,
Semen + Parang, and Lereng + Semen. Examp le of some batik
images with Megamendung motif wh ich are used in
experiment are shown in Fig. 3. The size of all batik image is
190 x 190 pixels.

TABLE I. BATIK DATA SP ECIFICATION USED FOR EXPERIMENT

Number of
Motif Fig. 3. Batik with Megamendung motif
Batik Data
Buketan 10
Ceplok 6
Lunglungan 10 Pj is motif estimated by the system, Cj is the actual motif.
Mega Mendung 8 If Pj is equal to Cj (the motif is recognized correctly), then the
Parang 10 result of Tanimoto Distance is 0. If Pj is not equal to Cj, the
Semen 9 value of Tanimoto Distance is 0. If the value of Tan imoto
Distance is getting closer to 0, then performance of the
Lereng 9
recognition system is better.
Ceplok + Semen 1
Ceplok + Lunglungan 1 The training process is performed 30 times, with one
Ceplok + Parang 2 generated BPNN model in each training. All BPNN model is
Mega Mendung + Parang 1
developed using 2 hidden layers (31 nodes in the first hidden
layer and 20 nodes in the second hidden layer), learning rate
Mega Mendung + Lunglungan 1
0,5, mo mentum 0,1, and epoch 10000. Performance of each
Semen + Parang 1 BPNN model to recognize motif of batik image is tested using
Lereng + Semen 1 two image groups as input, i.e. train ing-testing data (54 training
Total 70 images are used as input in testing process) and testing data
(only 16 testing images are used as input in testing process).
Table II shows time for training, recognition rate for training -
testing data (TT-Data) and testing-only data (TO-Data). The
Color and texture features of each batik image is extracted recognition rate is measured using Tanimoto Distance.
using CCM, DBPSP, and CHKM method. The size of
extracted features vector for each image is 71, which is

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 TABLE II. TRAINING T IME AND RECOGNITION RATE IN 30 VI. CONCLUSION
EXPERIMENTS
A software that can be used to recognize batik motif
Re cognition Recognition automatically has been developed in this research. The
Train Train
Exp. Rate Exp. Rate experiment shows that the software can recognize batik motifs
Time Time
No. TT- TO - No. TT- TO -
(s)
Data Data
(s)
Data Data
quite well with performance rate 0,37. The performance rate
1 6,74 0,00 0,26 16 5,76 0,00 0,42 which is measured using Tanimoto Distance is obtained using
BPNN model with 2 h idden layers (31 nodes in the first hidden
2 6,77 0,00 0,32 17 6,56 0,00 0,27
layer and 20 nodes in the second hidden layer), learning rate
3 6,58 0,00 0,39 18 5,68 0,00 0,35
0,5, mo mentum 0,1, and epoch 10000. In order to improve the
4 6,35 0,00 0,38 19 6,06 0,00 0,42 performance of batik motif recognition, further exploration to
5 6,77 0,00 0,32 20 5,81 0,00 0,33 some other methods in features extraction and classification
6 6,45 0,00 0,34 21 6,17 0,00 0,40 can be carried out.
7 6,52 0,00 0,33 22 5,99 0,00 0,30
8 6,33 0,00 0,41 23 6,51 0,00 0,33 A CKNOWLEDGMENT
9 6,25 0,00 0,36 24 6,56 0,00 0,32
This research is a part of Research on Science, Knowledge,
10 6,78 0,00 0,36 25 6,20 0,00 0,38 Technology and Art supported by Directorat General of Higher
11 6,29 0,00 0,42 26 6,14 0,00 0,36 Education, Ministry of National Education, Indonesia and
12 6,89 0,00 0,50 27 6,10 0,00 0,46 JICA Technical Cooperation Project for Research and
13 6,45 0,00 0,39 28 6,28 0,00 0,51 Education Development on ICT in ITS (JICA PREDICT ITS).
14 5,79 0,00 0,41 29 6,38 0,00 0,29
15 6,42 0,00 0,44 30 6,74 0,00 0,38
Rate for 30 experiments 6,34 0,00 0,37 REFERENCES

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