Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Principles
SIMULACIÓN DE PROCESOS DISCRETOS
M.C. VICTOR ALEJANDRO HUERTA TORRUCO
“Simulation is the imitation of the operation of a real-world process or
system over time. Simulation involves the generation of an artificial history
of the system and the observation of that artificial history to draw inferences
concerning the operating characteristics of the real system that is
represented.” Banks 2002
“Simulation is a problem solving methodology for the solution of many
real-world problems. Simulation is used to describe and analyze the
behavior of a system, ask what-if questions about the real system, and aid in
the design of real systems. Both existing and conceptual systems can be
modeled with simulation” Nelson 2010
1. System. very broad term used to describe a set of related components
that together work toward some purpose.
2. Model. Representation of an actual or conceptual system. The model
should be complex enough to answer the questions raised, but not too
complex
2.1 Physical models, such as a model of a car or airplane, can
provide both a sense of reality as well as interaction with the
physical environment, as in wind-tunnel testing.
2.2 Mathematical models.
2.3 Continuous models. The state variables change in a
continuous way, and not abruptly from one state to another
(infinite number of states).
2.4 Discrete models. The state variables change only at a
countable number of points in time. These points in time are the
ones at which the event occurs/change in state.
2.5 Deterministic models. Is one whose behavior is entire
predictable. The system is perfectly understood, then it is possible
to predict precisely what will happen.
2.6 Stochastic model. Is one whose behavior cannot be entirely
predicted. randomness is introduced to represent the variation
found in most systems. For example, the results of activities
involving people (time to complete a task, quality level) always
vary, external inputs (customers, materials) vary, and exceptions
(failures) occur.
2.7 Dynamic model. Is used to express the behavior of the system
over time.
2.8 Static model. Represents a system at a fixed point in time.
Model types
3 Discrete event simulation. The models in this kind of
simulation represent a system’s inputs and outputs explicitly
including a detailed representation of the internal processes. The
state of the variables changes when a discrete event occurs. The
goal is to represent the components of a system and their
interactions to such an extent that the objectives of the study are
met.
1. STOCHASTIC
2. DYNAMIC
3. DISCRETE EVENT
3.1 System State Variables. Collection of all information needed
to define what is happening within a system to a sufficient level at
a given point in time. The determination of a system state
variables is a function of the purposes of the study, so what may
be the system state variables in one case may not be the same in
another case.
• Flow time
• Utilization
• Throughput
• Value added time
• Wait time
• WIP
• Tackt Time
3.2 Entitie. Represents an object that requires explicit definition.
An entity can be dynamic in that it “moves” through the system,
or it can be static in that it serves other entities. Examples?
• Manufacturing
• Transportation
• Military
• Maritime/Ports
• Supply Chain
• Health Care
• Mining
• Construction Engineering
• Traffic Operations
• Call Centers
• Telecomunications
Simulation Project common
questions
• When will you get it done (is yesterday too soon)?
• How much will it cost (or how many resources will it require)?
• How comprehensive will the model be (or what specific system
aspects will be included)?
Is a document describing exactly what will be delivered,
when, how, and by whom. While the details required in a
functional specification vary by application and project size,
typical components may include:
1. Introduction
a) Simulation objectives: Discussion of high-level objectives.
What's the desired outcome of this project?
3. Input data:
5. Project deliverables:
c) Animation: What are the animation deliverables and for what pur-
poses will the animations be used (model validation, stakeholder
buy-in, marketing)? 2D or 3D? Are existing layouts and symbols
available, and in what form? What will be provided, by whom, and
when?
6. Project phases: Describe each project phase (if more than one) and
the estimated effort, delivery date, and charge for each phase.