Design Steel I-Beam Bridge With Composite Slab: 8.1 Section Properties

Chapter 8
Design Steel I-Beam Bridge with Composite Slab
This chapter describes the algorithms CSiBridge applies when designing steel
I-beam with composite slab superstructures in accordance with, the AASHTO
LRFD 2014 (AASHTO LRFD).
8.1 Section Properties

8.1.1 Yield Moments
8.1.1.1 Composite Section in Positive Flexure
The positive yield moment, My, is determined by the program in accordance
with AASHTO LRFD Section D6.2.2 using the following user-defined input,
which is part of the Design Request (see Chapter 4 for more information about
Design Request).
Mdnc = The user specifies in the Design Request the name of the combo that
represents the moment caused by the factored permanent load applied
before the concrete deck has hardened or is made composite.
Mdc = The user specifies in the Design Request the name of the combo that
represents the moment caused by the remainder of the factored perma-
nent load (applied to the composite section).
The program solves for MAD from the following

equation,
8- 1
CSiBridge Bridge Superstructure Design
M dnc M dc M AD
Fyt (AASHTO LRFD D6.2.2-1)
S NC SLT SST
and then calculates yield moment based on the following equation
M y M dnc M dc M AD (AASHTO LRFD D6.2.2-2)
where
SNC = Noncomposite section modulus (in.3)

SLT = Long-term composite section modulus (in.3)
SST = Short-term composite section modulus (in.3)
My is taken as the lesser value calculated for the compression flange, Myc,
or the tension flange, Myt. The positive My is calculated only once based
on Mdnc and Mdc demands specified by the user in the Design Request. It
should be noted that the My calculated in the procedure described here is
used by the program only to determine Mnpos for a compact section in
positive bending in a continuous span, where the nominal flexural re-
sistance may be controlled by My in accordance with (AASHTO LRFD
eq. 6.10.7.1.2-3).
M n 1.3Rh M y
8.1.1.2 Composite Section in Negative Flexure

For composite sections in negative flexure, the procedure described for positive
yield moment is followed, except that the composite section for both short-term
and long-term moments consists of the steel section and the longitudinal rein-
forcement within the tributary width of the concrete deck. Thus, SST and SLT are
the same value. Also, Myt is taken with respect to either the tension flange or
the longitudinal reinforcement, whichever yields first.
The negative My is calculated only once based on the Mdnc and Mdc demands
specified by the user in the Design Request. It should be noted that the My cal-
culated in the procedure described here is used by the program solely to deter-
mine the limiting slenderness ratio for a compact web corresponding to 2Dcp
/tw
in (AASHTO LRFD eq. A6.2.1-2).
8-2 Section Properties

Chapter 8 - Design Steel I-Beam Bridge with Composite Slab
E
Fyc Dcp 
pw Dcp  2 rw  (AASHTO LRFD A6.2.1-2)
 Mp  D
0.54 0.09  c
 Rh M y 
and web plastification factors in (AASHTO LRFD eqs. A.6.2.2-4 and A6.2.2-
5).
  Rh M yc w pw D   Mp Mp
R pc 1 1  c

  Mp  pw D
rw M ycc

M yc
(AASHTO LRFD A.6.2.2-4)
  Rh M yt w pw D  Mp Mp
R pt 1 1  c

  Mp  pw D
rw M ytc

M yt
(AASHTO LRFD A6.2.2-5)
8.1.2 Plastic Moments

8.1.2.1 Composite Section in Positive Flexure
The positive plastic moment, Mp, is calculated as the moment of the plastic
forces about the plastic neutral axis. Plastic forces in the steel portions of a
cross-section are calculated using the yield strengths of the flanges, the web,
and reinforcing steel, as appropriate. Plastic forces in the concrete portions of
the cross-section that are in compression are based on a rectangular stress block
with the magnitude of the compressive stress equal to 0.85 fc. Concrete in ten-
sion is neglected. The position of the plastic neutral axis is determined by the
equilibrium condition that there is no net axial force. In calculating Mp for pos-
itive moment, the contribution of the rebar in the deck is ignored.
The plastic moment of a composite section in positive flexure is determined by:
• Calculating the element forces and using them to determine if the plastic neu-
tral axis is in the web, top flange, or concrete deck
• Calculating the location of the plastic neutral axis within the element deter-
mined in the first step
Section Properties 8-3

• Calculating Mp.
Equations for the various potential locations of the plastic neutral axis (PNA)
are given in Table 8-1.
Table 8-1 Calculation of PNA and Mp for Sections in Positive Flexure
Case PNA Condition Y and Mp

D Pt Pc Ps Prt Prb 
Y   1
2  Pw 
Pt + P w 
I In Web
t
Pc + Ps + Prb + Pn Pw 2 2
Mp Y DY P d s s P drt rt P d rb Prbd c c P dt
2
D

1
ct Pw P t P P
s Prt rb
Y
2  Pc 
In Top P t + P w + Pc 
II Pc 2 2
Flange Ps + Prb + Pn Mp Y t c
Y P d s s P dn nP d rb Prbd w w P dt t
2t c
P wP Pt P rt P 
Pt + P w + Pc  
c rb
Concrete Y t s
Deck crb   Ps 
III Ps + Prb + Pn
Below  Y 2P s 
Prb t2  Mp  Prt drt Prb d rb Pc dc Pw d w Pt dt 
2t s 
Concrete Pt + Pw + Pc + Prb  Y crb

IV Deck at crb  Ys 2 P 
Prb 
ts 
Ps + Pn Mp Pd P rtd rt P dc cP d w w t t
 2t s 
Concrete P rb P cP Pw P 
Deck Pt + Pw + Pc + Prb  Y t s t rt
Above  Ps
V crt 
Ps + Pn
Prb and  Ys 2 P 
Below ts  Mp P d P rtd rt P drb P
rb d c c w w P dt t
2t s 
Prt
Concrete Pt + Pw + Pc + Prb + Pn  Y crt

VI Deck at crt  Ys 2 P 
Prt 
ts 
Ps Mp P d Prbd rbP d c P
c d w w t t
2ts 

Table 8-1 Calculation of PNA and Mp for Sections in Positive Flexure
Case PNA Condition Y and Mp

Prb Pc Pw Pt Prt 
Concrete Pt + Pw + Pc + Prb + Prt < Y t s 
Deck  Ps
VII crt 
 Ps
Above Y 2P s 
Prt
ts  Mp Prt drt Prb drb Pc dc Pw d w Pt dt 
2t s 
Next the section is checked for ductility requirement in accordance with equa-
tion 6.10.7.3. In checking the ductility per 6.10.7.3, the depth of the haunch is
neglected.
Dp
0.42Dt
where Dp is the distance from the top of the concrete deck to the neutral axis
of the composite section at the plastic moment, and D is the total depth of
the t
composite section. At the section where the ductility requirement is not satis-
fied, the plastic moment of a composite section in positive flexure is set to zero.
bs Arb Crt
Art
Prt
ts Ps Crb Y
Prb PNA
PNA
bc Pc
tc Y
y Y
Pw PNA
D tw
tt Pt
CASE I CASE II CASES III-VII
bt
Figure 8-1 Plastic Neutral Axis Cases -- Positive Flexure

8.1.2.2 Composite Section in Negative Flexure

The plastic moment of a composite section in negative flexure is calculated by
an analogous procedure. Equations for the two cases most likely to occur in
practice are given in Table 8-2. The plastic moment of a noncomposite section
is calculated by eliminating the terms pertaining to the concrete deck and longi-
tudinal reinforcement from the equations in Tables 8-1 and 8-2 for composite
sections.
Table 8-2 Calculation of PNA and Mp for Sections in Negative Flexure
Case PNA Condition y and Mp
D Pc Pt Prt Prb 
y   1
2  Pw 
I In Web Pc + Pw Pt + Prb + Pn
Pw 2
1
2
Mp y D y P d n n P rbd rb Pd t t
P d1
2
D
t P P P P 
y  1  w c rt rb 1
In Top 2  Pt 
II Pc + P w + Pt Prb + Pn
Flange Pt 2
c
2
y P d P rb
d P dw P dc
2t 1 
Mp y t 1 n n rb w
Art Arb
Prt
ts Prb
Pt PNA
bc y
tt y
Pw PNA
D tw
tc Pc
bc CASE I CASE II
CASE V
Figure 8-2 Plastic Neutral Axis Cases -- Negative Flexure

in which
Prt = Fyrt Art

Ps = 0.85 fc bsts
Prb = Fyrb Arb
Pc = Fycbctc
Pw = Fyw Dtw
Pt = Fyt bttt
In the equations for Mp given in Tables 8-1 and 8-2, d is the distance from an
element force to the plastic neutral axis. Element forces act at (a) mid-thickness
for the flanges and the concrete deck, (b) mid-depth of the web, and (c) center
of reinforcement. All element forces, dimensions, and distances are taken as
positive. The conditions are checked in the order listed in Tables 8-1 and 8-2.
8.1.3 Section Classification and Factors

8.1.3.1 Compact or Non-Compact Positive Flexure
The program determines if the section can be qualified as compact based on the
following criteria:
• the specified minimum yield strengths of the flanges do not exceed 70.0 ksi,
• the web satisfies the requirement of AASHTO LRFD Article (6.10.2.1.1),
D
tw
150
• the section satisfies the web slenderness limit,
2 cp E
D 3.76 . (AASHTO LRFD 6.10.6.2.2-1)
tw Fyc
The program does not verify if the composite section is kinked (chorded) con-
tinuous or horizontally curved.

8.1.3.2 Design in Accordance with Appendix A

The program determines if a section qualifies to be designed using Appendix A
of the AASHTO LRFD Edition based on the following criteria:
• the Design Request Parameter "Use Appendix A?" is set to Yes (see Chapter
4 for more information about setting parameters in the Design Request),
• the specified minimum yield strengths of the flanges do not exceed 70.0 ksi,
• the web satisfies the noncompact slenderness limit,
2 Dc E
(AASHTO LRFD 6.10.6.2.3-1)
tw Fyc
5.7
• the flanges satisfy the following ratio,
l yc
0.3. (AASHTO LRFD 6.10.6.2.3-2)
l yt
The program does not verify if the composite section is kinked (chorded) con-
tinuous or horizontally curved.
8.1.3.3 Hybrid Factor Rh Composite Section Positive Flexure

For rolled shapes, homogenous built-up sections, and built-up sections with a
higher-strength steel in the web than in both flanges, Rh is taken as 1.0. Other-
wise the hybrid factor is taken as:
12 3 3

Rh  (AASHTO LRFD 6.10.1.10.1-1)
12 2
where
the smaller of Fyw fn and 1.0
2 Dnt w
(AASHTO LRFD 6.10.1.10.1-2)
A fn
Afn = bottom flange area

D= the distance from the elastic neutral axis of the cross-section to

n the inside face of bottom flange
Fn = fy of the bottom flange
8.1.3.4 Hybrid Factor Rh Composite Section Negative Flexure

12 3 3

Rh  (AASHTO LRFD 6.10.1.10.1-1)
12 2
where
2 Dnt w
(AASHTO LRFD 6.10.1.10.1-2)
A fn
Afn = Flange area on the side of the neutral axis corresponding to

Dn. If the top flange controls, then the area of longitudinal
rebar in
the slab is included in calculating Afn.
D= The larger of the distances from the elastic neutral axis of the
n cross-section to the inside face of either flange. For sections
where the neutral axis is at the mid-depth of the web, this dis-
tance is from the neutral axis to the inside face of the flange on
the side of the neutral axis where yielding occurs first.
Fn = fy of the controlling flange. When the top flange controls, then

Fn is equal to the largest of the minimum specified yield
strengths of the top flange or the longitudinal rebar in the slab.
8.1.3.5 Hybrid Factor Rh - Non Composite Section


12 3 3 
Rh  (AASHTO LRFD 6.10.1.10.1-1)
12 2
where
2 Dnt w
(AASHTO LRFD 6.10.1.10.1-2)
A fn
Afn = Flange area on the side of the neutral axis corresponding to

Dn.
D= The larger of the distances from the elastic neutral axis of the
n cross-section to the inside face of either flange. For sections
where the neutral axis is at the mid-depth of the web, this dis-
tance is from the neutral axis to the inside face of the flange on
the side of the neutral axis where yielding occurs first.
Fn = fy of the controlling flange.
8.1.3.6 Web Load-Shedding Factor Rb

When checking constructability in accordance with the provisions of AASHTO
LRFD Article 6.10.2.1 or for composite sections in positive flexure, the Rb fac-
tor is taken as equal to 1.0. For composite sections in negative flexure, the Rb
factor is taken as:
awc 2 Dc
Rb 1  rw 
1.0
1200 300 awc wt 
(AASHTO LRFD 6.10.1.10.2)
where
E
rw 5.7 (AASHTO LRFD 6.10.1.10.2-4)
Fyc
2 Dc t w
awc (AASHTO LRFD 2008 6.10.1.10.2-5)
b fc t fc
8 - 10 Section Properties
When the user specifies the Design Request parameter "Do webs have longitu-
dinal stiffeners?" as yes, the Rb factor is set to 1.0 (see Chapter 4 for more in-
formation about specifying Design Request parameters).
8.1.3.7 Unbraced Length Lb and Section Transitions

The program assumes that the top flange is continuously braced for all Design
Requests, except for Constructability. For more information about flange lateral
bracing in a Constructability Design Request, see Section 8.6 of this manual.
The unbraced length Lb for the bottom flange is equal to the distance between
the nearest downstation and upstation qualifying cross diaphragms or span
support as defined in the Bridge Object. Some of the diaphragm types available
in CSiBridge may not necessarily provide restraint to the bottom flange. The
program assumes that the following diaphragm qualifies as providing lateral
restraint to the bottom flange: single beam, all types of chords and braces ex-
cept V braces without bottom beams.
For unbraced lengths where the member is nonprismatic, the lateral torsional
buckling resistance of the compression flange at each section within the un-
braced length is taken as the smallest resistance within the unbraced length un-
der consideration and the moment gradient modifier Cb is taken as 1.0.
For unbraced lengths containing a transition to a smaller section at a distance

less than or equal to 20% of the unbraced length from a brace point, the lateral
torsional buckling resistance is determined assuming the transition to the
smaller section does not exist provided that the lateral moment of inertia of the
flange of the smaller section is equal to or larger than 0.5 times the correspond-
ing value in the larger section. The algorithm does not distinguish at which
brace point the moment demand is smaller and applies the exception at both brace
points. It is the responsibility of the user to pay special attention to the section
transition within the 20% of the unbraced length from the brace point and to
follow the guidelines in AASHTO LRFD C6.10.8.2.3.
For this algorithm to be effective, it is necessary to have bridge section cuts at

each nonprismatic girder-section transition. This can be assured by using the
local section cuts feature when updating the linked model to create additional
local section cuts for each girder of steel I-girder bridge sections. Such girder-
only section cuts will be created at changes in the steel I-girder section, at stag-
Section Properties 8 - 11
gered diaphragms (cross frames), and at splice locations wherever a full-width

section cut does not exist.
8.2 Demand Sets

Demand Set combos (at least one is required) are user-defined combinations
based on LRFD combinations (see Chapter 4 for more information about speci-
fying Demand Sets). The demands from all specified demand combos are en-
veloped and used to calculate DIC ratios. The way the demands are used de-
pends on if the design parameter "Use Stage Analysis?" is set to Yes or No.
If "Use Stage Analysis? = Yes," the program reads the stresses on beams and
slabs directly from the section cut results. The program assumes that the effects
of the staging of loads applied to non-composite versus composite sections, as
well as the concrete slab material time dependent properties, were captured by
using the Nonlinear Staged Construction load case available in CSiBridge.
Note that the Design Request for staged constructability check (Steel-I Comp
Construct Stgd) allows only Nonlinear Staged Construction load cases to be
used as Demand Sets.
If "Use Stage Analysis? = No," the program decomposes load cases present in
every demand set combo to three Bridge Design Action categories: non-
composite, composite long term, and composite short term. The program uses
the load case Bridge Design Action parameter to assign the load cases to the
appropriate categories. A default Bridge Design Action parameter is assigned
to a load case based on its Design Type. However, the parameter can be over-
written: click the Analysis > Load Cases > {Type} > New command to dis-
play the Load Case Data - {Type} form; click the Design button next to the
Load case type dropdown list; under the heading Bridge Design Action, select
the User Defined option and select a value from the list. The assigned Bridge
Designed Action values are handled by the program in the following manner:
Table 8-3 Bridge Design Action
Bridge Design Action Value Bridge Design Action Category Used in

Specified by the User the Design Algorithm
Non-Composite Non-Composite
Long-Term Composite Long-Term Composite
8 - 12 Demand Sets
Short-Term Composite Short-Term Composite

Staged Non-Composite
Other Non-Composite
8.2.1 Demand Flange Stresses fbu and ff

Evaluation of the flange stress, fbu, calculated without consideration of flange
lateral bending is dependent on setting the Design Request parameter "Use
Stage Analysis?"
If the "Use Stage Analysis? = No," then
P M NC M LTC M STC
fbu
Acomp Ssteel SLTC SSTC
where MNC is the demand moment on the non-composite section, MLTC is the
demand moment on the long-term composite section, and MSTC is the demand
moment on the short-term composite section.
The short-term section modulus for positive moment is calculated by trans-

forming the concrete deck using the steel-to-concrete modular ratio. The modu-
lar ratio (n) is calculated as a decimal number expressed as n=Es/Ec and used
without rounding. The long-term section modulus for positive moment is cal-
culated using a modular ratio factored by n, where n is specified in the Design
Parameter as the "Modular ratio long-term multiplier." The effect of compres-
sion reinforcement is ignored. For negative moment, the concrete deck is as-
sumed cracked and is not included in the section modulus calculations while
tension reinforcement is accounted for.
If "Use Stage Analysis? = Yes," then the fbu stresses on each flange are read di-
rectly from the section cut results. The program assumes that the effects of the
staging of loads applied to non-composite versus composite sections, as well as
the concrete slab material time dependent properties, were captured by using
the Nonlinear Staged Construction load case available in CSiBridge.
In the Strength Design Check, the program verifies the sign of the stress in the
composite slab, and if stress is positive (tension), the program assumes that the
entire section cut demand moment is carried by the steel section only. This is to
reflect the fact that the concrete in the composite slab is cracked and does not
Demand Sets 8 - 13
contribute to the resistance of the section. Flange stress ff , used in the Service
Design Check, is evaluated in the same manner as stress fbu, with one exception.
When the Steel Service Design Request parameter "Does concrete slab resist
tension?" is set to Yes, the program uses section properties based on a
transformed section that assumes the concrete slab to be fully effective in both
tension and compression.
In the Constructability checks, the program proceeds based on the status of the
concrete slab. When no slab is present or the slab is non-composite, the fbu
stresses on each flange are read directly from the section cut results. When the
slab status is composite, the program verifies the sign of the stress in the com-
posite slab, and if stress is positive (tension), the program assumes that the en-
tire section cut demand moment is carried by the steel section only. This is to
reflect the fact that the concrete in the composite slab is cracked and does not
contribute to the resistance of the section.
8.2.2 Demand Flange Lateral Bending Stress fl

The flange lateral bending stress fl is evaluated only when all of the following
conditions are met:
• "Steel Girders" has been selected for the deck section type (Components >
Superstructure Item > Deck Sections command) and the Girder Modeling
In Area Object Models - Model Girders Using Area Objects option is set to
"Yes" on the Define Bridge Section Data - Steel Girder form.
• The bridge object is modeled using Area Objects. This option can be set us-
ing the Bridge > Update command to display the "Update Bridge Structural
Model" form; then select the Update as Area Object Model option.
• Set the Live Load Distribution to Girders method to "Use Forces Directly
from CSiBridge" on the Bridge Design Request - Superstructure - {Code}
form, which displays when the Design/Rating > Superstructure Design >
Design Requests command is used (see Chapter 3 for more information
about Live Load Distribution). Since there is no live load used in the Con-
structability design, request this setting does not apply in that case.
In all other cases, the flange lateral bending stress is set to zero. The fl stresses
on each flange are read directly from the section cut results.
8 - 14 Demand Sets
8.2.3 Depth of the Web in Compression

For composite sections in positive flexure, the depth of the web in compression
is computed using the following equation:
f
Dc  e d n 0
fe (AASHTO LR FD D6.3-1)
fe f n 
Figure 8-3 Web in Compression - Positive Flexure

where
fc = Sum of the compression-flange stresses caused by the different loads, i.e.,

DC1, the permanent load acting on the noncomposite section; DC2, the
permanent load acting on the long-term composite section; DW, the wear-
ing surface load; and LL+IM; acting on their respective sections. fc is taken
as negative when the stress is in compression. Flange lateral bending is dis-
regarded in this calculation.
ft = Sum of the tension-flange stresses caused by the different loads. Flange lat-
eral bending is disregarded in this calculation.
For composite sections in negative flexure, Dc is computed for the section con-
sisting of the steel girder plus the longitudinal reinforcement, with the excep-
tion of the following. For composite sections in negative flexure at the Service
Design Check Request where the concrete deck is considered effective in ten-
sion for computing flexural stresses on the composite section (Design Parame-
ter "Does concrete slab resist tension?" = Yes), Dc is computed from AASHTO
LRFD Eq. D 6.3.1-1. For this case, the stresses fc and ft are switched, the signs
shown in the stress diagram are reversed, tfc is the thickness of the bottom
flange, and Dc instead extends from the neutral axis down to the top of the
bottom flange.
Demand Sets 8 - 15
8.2.4 Moment Gradient Modifier Cb

When the design request parameter 'Method for determining moment gradient
factor Cb' is set to 'Program Determined', then for each demand set the stresses
defined in AASHTO LRFD section 6.10.8.2.3 fmid, fO,f1 and f2 at the unbraced
segment are determined by interpolation of demands at nearest section cuts.
The designer should be aware that live load moments at neighboring section
cuts within the unbraced segment are not necessarily controlled by the same
load pattern and as a result the moment gradient calculation may be impacted.
The moment gradient modifier Cb is then calculated as:
8.3 Strength Design Request

The Strength Design Check calculates at every section cut positive flexural
capacity, negative flexural capacity, and shear capacity. It then compares the
capacities against the envelope of demands specified in the Design Request.
8.3.1 Flexure
8.3.1.1 Positive Flexure - Compact
The nominal flexural resistance of the section is evaluated as follows:
If Dp 0.1 Dt, then Mn = Mp;

otherwise
pD

p
M nM 1.07 0.7  (AASHTO LRFD 6.10.7.1.2-2)
 D 
t
In a continuous span, the nominal flexural resistance of the section is deter-
mined as
8 - 16 Strength Design Request

Mn 1.3RhMy
where Rh is a hybrid factor for the section in positive flexure.
The demand over capacity ratio is evaluated as
1 
Mu f 1S xt
3 f t 
DoverC max  ,

 f Mn 0.6Fyf 
8.3.1.2 Positive Flexure - Non-Compact

Nominal flexural resistance of the top compression flange is taken as:
Fnc = RbRhFyc (AASHTO LRFD 6.10.7.2.2-1)
Nominal flexural resistance of the bottom tension flange is taken as:
Fnt = RhFyt (AASHTO LRFD 6.10.7.2.2-1)
 1 
f f1
bu
3 f f t 
DoverC max  , bu ,
 f Fnt f Fnc 0.6Fyf 
8.3.1.3 Negative Flexure in Accordance with Article 6.10.8

The local buckling resistance of the compression flange Fnc(FLB) as specified in
AASHTO LRFD Article 6.10.8.2.2 is taken as:
If f pf, then Fnc = RbRhFyc. (6.10.8.2.2-1)
Otherwise
 Fyr f pf
Fnc 1 1 R R ycF (6.10.8.2.2-2)
 b h
 R F h yc rf pf 
in which
Strength Design Request 8 - 17

b fc
 f (6.10.8.2.2-3)
2t fc
E
pf 0.38 (6.10.8.2.2-4)
Fyc
E
rf 0.56 (6.10.8.2.2-5)
Fyr
Fyr = Compression-flange stress at the onset of nominal yielding within

the cross-section, including residual stress effects, but not includ-
ing compression-flange lateral bending, taken as the smaller of
0.7Fyc and Fyw, but not less than 0.5 Fyc.
The lateral torsional buckling resistance of the compression flange Fnc(LTB) as

specified in AASHTO LRFD Article (6.10.8.2.3) is taken as follows:
• If Lb Lp, then Fnc = RbRhFyc. (6.10.8.2.3-1)
• If Lp < Lb Lr, then
  Fyr Lb  L p 
Fnc C b 1  1  R hR ycF
b Rb Rh Fyc (6.10.8.2.3-2)
Rh Fyc Lr L p 
• If Lb > Lr, then Fnc = Fcr RbRhFyc (6.10.8.2.3-3)
in which
E E
Lb unbraced length, L p 1.0rt , Lr rt
Fyc Fyr
Cb = moment gradient modifier

2
C
b R
b E
Fcr 2
(6.10.8.2.3-8)
Lb 
rt 

b fc
rt  (6.10.8.2.3-9)
1 Dct w
12 1
 3 b fc t fc 
The nominal flexural resistance of the bottom compression flange is taken as

the smaller of the local buckling resistance and the lateral torsional buckling
resistance:
Fnc min Fnc FLB , Fnc LTB
The nominal flexural resistance of the top tension flange is taken as:
f Rh Fyf (6.10.8.1.3-1)
 1 
 fbu 3 f1 f
bu 1f

DoverC max , ,
 f Fm f Rh Fyf 0.6Fyc 
8.3.1.4 Negative Flexure in Accordance with Appendix A6

Sections that satisfy the following requirement qualify as compact web sec-
tions:
2
D pw Dcp  (AASHTO LRFD A6.2.1-2)
t w
cp
where
E
Fyc Dcp 
 pw Dcp  2
  (AASHTO LRFD A6.2.1-2)
 Mp  c 
D
0.54 0.09 
 Rh M y 
E
rw 5.7 (AASHTO LRFD A6.2.1-3)
Fyc

D = depth of the web in compression in the elastic range

c
D = depth of the web in compression at the plastic moment
cp
Then web plastification factors are determined as
Mp
R pc  (AASHTO LRFD A6.2.1-4)
M yc
Mp
R pt  (AASHTO LRFD A6.2.1-5)
M yt
Sections that do not satisfy the requirement for compact web sections, but for
which the web slenderness satisfies the following requirement:
w rw (AASHTO LRFD A6.2.2-1)
where
2
 w (AASHTO LRFD A6.2.2-2)
Dtw
c
E
rw 5.7 (AASHTO LRFD A6.2.2-3)
Fyc
The web plastification factors are taken as:
  Rh Myc  w  Mp Mp
R pc 1 1 pwD
c

  M p tw pw Dc M yc  M yc
  RM  w pwDc  Mp Mp
R pt 1   1  h yt  
  M p rw pw Dc 
 M yt M yt
where

Dc
 (AASHTO LRFD A6.2.2-6)
pw Dc pw Dc p
 rw
 D
cp 
The local buckling resistance of the compression flange MncFLB as specified in

AASHTO LRFD Article A6.3.2 is taken as:
• If f pf , then M nc R pc M yc (AASHTO LRFD A6.3.2-1)
  F S  
Otherwise M nc 1   1  yr xc f pf
R M
pcyc
 R pc M yc rf pf 
in which
b fc
f
 (AASHTO LRFD A6.3.2-3)
2t fc
E
pf 0.38 (AASHTO LRFD A6.3.2-4)
Fyc
Ekc
rf 0.95 (AASHTO LRFD A6.3.2-5)
Fyr
4
For built-up sections, kc  (AASHTO LRFD A6.3.2-6)
D
tw
For rolled shapes (eFramePropType =SECTION_I as defined in API function

SapObject.SapModel.PropFrame.GetNameList; PropType argument)
kc = 0.76
The lateral torsional buckling resistance of the compression flange MncLTB as

specified in AASHTO LRFD Article A6.3.3 is taken as Mnc = RpcMyc:
• If Lb L p , then M nc R pc M yc . (AASHTO LRFD A6.3.3-1)
• If L p Lb Lr , then

  Fyr S xc Lb  L p 
M nc C b 1   1  R M
pc yc Rpc Myc
 R pc M yc Lr L p 
• If Lb Lr , then M nc Fcr S xc R pc M yc (AASHTO LRFD A6.3.3-3)
in which
Lb unbraced length,
E
L p 1.0rt (AASHTO LRFD A6.3.3-4)
Fyc
h
2
E J yrF xcS
Lr 1.95r t 1 1 6.76  
Fyr S xc h E J 
Cb = moment gradient modifier

2
C bE J 2
Fcr 2
1 0.078 L rb t (AASHTO LRFD A6.3.3-8)
Lb rt S xc h
Dt
w fc ftb t3  fc ft t ft b t 3ft  t 
J 3 1 0.63 1 0.63
3 3  b fc  3  b ft 
b fc
rt  (AASHTO LRFD A6.3.3-10)
1 Dc t w 

12 1
 3 b fc t fc 
The nominal flexural resistance of the bottom compression flange is taken as

the smaller of the local buckling resistance and the lateral torsional buckling
resistance:
M nc min M nc FLB , M nc LTB

The nominal flexural resistance of the top tension flange is taken as:
f R pt M yt
 1 
Mu  f1S xc 
3 M
u 1f
DoverC max , , 
 f M nc f R pt M yt 0.6Fyc 
8.3.1.5 Net Section Fracture

All tension flanges are checked for net section fracture per AASHTO LRFD
section 6.10.1.8. The net area of the tension flange is evaluated as follows:
𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛 = 𝑟𝑠 𝑠��𝑠𝑠 𝐴��𝑔𝑔
Where rspt is a ratio defined by the user in the Splice definition (Bridge > Span
Items > Optimize > Splices) command and Ag is the gross flange area. The
demand over capacity ratio is calculated as follows:
𝑓𝑓𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
𝐷��𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷��𝑟��𝐷𝐷 = 𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛 (AASHTO LRFD 6.10.1.8-1)
𝑚��𝑚��𝑛��𝑦��
𝑓 ;0.84 𝑓�
𝐴𝐴𝑏��𝑔𝑔
8.3.1.6 Shear Connectors

The program calculates the total nominal shear force Pnom as specified in
AASHTO LRFD Article 6.10.10.4.2. The user can use the Pnom value to deter-
mine the minimum number of shear connectors n as defined in AASHTO
LRFD eq. 6.10.10.4.1-2.
𝑃𝑛��𝑛��𝑚𝑚 = �
𝑃𝑡 2
+ 𝐹𝑟 𝑟��𝑟𝑟2
where
𝑃𝑡 = 𝑃𝑠𝑠 + 𝑃𝑛𝑛
𝑐 𝑏��𝑠��𝑠�𝑟��𝑠𝑠 𝑡�𝑠��𝑠�𝑟��𝑠𝑠 ; 𝑦𝑦𝑦��𝐷��𝑡�𝑦𝑦 𝑦��𝑡𝑡 𝑏𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡 𝑡��𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡 𝑦��𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡��𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 )

′
𝑃𝑠𝑠 = min(0.85 + +
𝑃𝑛𝑛 = min(0.45 ′ 𝑏�� 𝑡� ; 𝐷��𝑡�

𝑐 𝑠��𝑠�𝑟��𝑠𝑠 𝑠��𝑠�𝑟𝑟𝑠𝑠 𝑦𝑦𝑦�� 𝑦𝑦
+ 𝑦��𝑡𝑡 𝑏𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡 𝑡��𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑡 + 𝑦��𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡��𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 )
𝐿��𝑎��𝑎��𝑎𝑎ℎ
𝐹𝑟𝑟𝑟��𝑟𝑟 = 𝑃𝑡 (AASHTO LRFD 6.10.10.4.2-1 to 9)
𝑅𝑅

Larch is calculated as 50% of girder span length and R is the radius of the girder.
8.3.2 Shear
When processing the Design Request from the Design module, the program as-
sumes that there are no vertical stiffeners present and classifies all web panels
as unstiffened. If the shear capacity calculated based on this classification is
not sufficient to resist the demand specified in the Design Request, the program
recommends minimum stiffener spacing to achieve a Demand over Capacity ratio
equal to 1. The recommended stiffener spacing is reported in the result table
under the column heading d0req.
In the Optimization form (Design/Rating > Superstructure Design > Opti-

mize command), the user can specify stiffeners locations and the program re-
calculates the shear resistance. In that case the program classifies the web pan-
els as interior or exterior and stiffened or unstiffened based on criteria specified
in AASHTO LRFD section 6.10.9.1e. It should be noted that stiffeners are not
modeled in the Bridge Object and therefore addinglmodifying stiffeners does
not affect the magnitude of the demands.
8.3.2.1 Nominal Resistance of Unstiffened Webs

The nominal shear resistance of unstiffened webs is taken as:
Vn CVp (AASHTO LRFD 6.10.9.2-1)
in which
Vp 0.58Fyw tn w (AASHTO LRFD 6.10.9.2-2)
C = the ratio of the shear-buckling resistance to the shear yield strength

that is determined as follows:
t Ek
If 1.12 , then C = 1.0.
nw Fyw
(AASHTO LRFD 6.10.9.3.2-4)

Ek t Ek 1.12 Ek
If 1.12 1.40 , then C .
Fyw n w Fyw t Fyw
nw
(AASHTO LRFD 6.10.9.3.2-5)
t Ek 1.57 Ek
If 1.40 , then C 2 ,
nw Fyw Fyw
t 
n w 
(AASHTO LRFD 6.10.9.3.2-6)
5
in which k 5  2
. (AASHTO LRFD 6.10.9.3.2-7)
dc 
t
8.3.2.2 Nominal Resistance of Stiffened Interior Web Panels

The nominal shear resistance of an interior web panel and with the section at
the section cut proportioned such that:
2 tn w
2.5 (AASHTO LRFD 6.10.9.3.2-1)
b fc n fc b fn n fn 
is taken as
0.87 1 C 
Vn Vp C   (AASHTO LRFD 6.10.9.3.2-2)
 d
2
1 o  
 t 
in which Vp 0.58Fyw tn w (AASHTO LRFD 6.10.9.3.2-3)
where
do = transverse stiffener spacing.
Otherwise, the nominal shear resistance is taken as follows:

 0.87 1 C  
Vn Vp C (AASHTO LRFD 6.10.9.3.2-8)
 

2
 1 d0  d0 
 t t 

8.3.2.3 Nominal Resistance of End Panels

The nominal shear resistance of a web end panel is taken as:
Vn = Ver = CVp (AASHTO LRFD 6.10.9.3.3-1)
in which
Vp 0.58Fyw tn w . (AASHTO LRFD 6.10.9.3.3-2)
Vu
DoverC .
vVn
8.4 Service Design Request

The Service Design Check calculates at every section cut stresses ff at the top
steel flange of the composite section and the bottom steel flange of the compo-
site section and compares them against limits specified in AASHTO LRFD
Section 6.10.4.2.2.
For the top steel flange of composite sections:
ff
DoverC . (AASHTO LRFD 6.10.4.2.2-1)
0.95Rh Fyf
For the bottom steel flange of composite sections:
ft
ff
DoverC 2 . (AASHTO LRFD 6.10.4.2.2-2)
0.95Rh Fyf
For both steel flanges of noncomposite sections:
8 - 26 Service Design Request

ft
ff
DoverC 2 . (AASHTO LRFD 6.10.4.2.2-3)
0.80 Rh Fyf
The flange stresses are derived in the same way as fbu stress demands (see Sec-
tion 8.2.1 of this manual). The user has an option to specify if the concrete slab
resists tension or not by setting the "Does concrete slab resist tension?" Design
Request parameter. It is the responsibility of the user to verify if the slab quali-
fies, in accordance with "Does concrete slab resist tension?" Section 6.10.4.2.1,
to resist tension.
For compact composite sections in positive flexure used in shored construction,

the longitudinal compressive stress in the concrete deck, determined as speci-
fied in AASHTO LRFD Article 6.10.1.1.1d, is checked against 0.6 f e .
DoverC = fdeckl0.6 f e
Except for composite sections in positive flexure in which the web satisfies the
requirement of AASHTO LRFD Article 6.10.2.1.1, all section cuts are checked
against the following requirement:
fe
DoverC (AASHTO LRFD 6.10.2.2-4)
Ferw
where:
fe = Compression-flange stress at the section under consideration due to de-

mand loads calculated without consideration of flange lateral bending.
Ferw = Nominal bend-buckling resistance for webs without longitudinal stiffen-

ers determined as specified in AASHTO LRFD Article 6.10.1.9
0.9Ek
Ferw 2
(AASHTO LRFD 6.10.1.9.1-1)
t n

w
but not to exceed the smaller of RhFye and Fywl0.7. In which
k = bend buckling coefficient
Service Design Request 8 - 27

9
k 2
(AASHTO LRFD 6.10.1.9.1-2)
tet
where
te = Depth of the web in compression in the elastic range determined as spec-

ified in AASHTO LRFD Article D6.3.1.
When both edges of the web are in compression, k is taken as 7.2.
The highest Demand over Capacity ratio together with controlling equation is
reported for each section cut.
8.5 Fatigue Design Request

8.5.1 Web Fatigue
Web Fatigue Design Request is used to calculate the Demand over Capacity ra-
tio as defined in AASHTO LRFD Section 6.10.5.3 - Special Fatigue Require-
ment for Webs. The requirement is applicable to interior panels of webs with
transverse stiffeners. When processing the Design Request from the Design
module, the program assumes that there are no vertical stiffeners present and
classifies all web panels as unstiffened. Therefore, when the Design Request is
completed from the Design module, the Design Result Status table shows the
message text "No stiffeners defined - use optimization form to define stiffen-
ers."

mize command), the user can specify stiffener locations, and then the program
can recalculate the Web Fatigue Request. In that case the program classifies the
web panels as interior or exterior and stiffened or unstiffened based on criteria
specified in AASHTO LRFD Section 6.10.9.1. It should be noted that stiffeners
are not modeled in the Bridge Object and therefore addinglmodifying stiffeners
does not affect the magnitude of the demands.
DoverC Vu Ver (AASHTO LRFD 6.10.5.3-1)
where
8 - 28 Fatigue Design Request

Vu = Shear in the web at the section under consideration due to demand speci-
fied in the Design Request demand set combos. If the live load distribu-
tion to girders method "Use Factor Specified by Design Code" is select-
ed in the Design Request, the program adjusts for the multiple presence
factor to account for the fact that fatigue load occupies only one lane
(AASHTO LRFD Section 3.6.1.4.3b) and multiple presence factors shall
not be applied when checking for the fatigue limit state (AASHTO
LRFD Section 3.6.1.1.2).
Ver = Shear-buckling resistance determined from AASHTO LRFD eq.

6.10.9.3.3-1 (see Section 8.3.2.3 of this manual)
8.5.2 Flange Fatigue

For every demand set the top and bottom flange tensile stress range due to ver-
tical bending and bottom flange tensile stress range due to lateral bending are
calculated at every section cut. The tensile stress ranges can be used by the user
to verify AASHTO LRFD load induced fatigue criteria specified in article
6.6.1.2.2.
The flange stresses are derived in the same way as fbu stress demands (see Sec-
tion 8.2.1 of this manual). The tensile stress range for a particular demand set is
calculated as delta between maximum tensile stress and minimum tensile
stress. If the minimum stress is compressive and the maximum stress is tensile
the stress range is set equal to the maximum stress, if both maximum and min-
imum stresses are compressive the stress range is set equal to zero. If demand
set does not contain an envelope of values the stress range is also set to zero.
8.6 Constructability Design Request

8.6.1 Staged (Steel-I Comp Construct Stgd)
This request enables the user to verify the superstructure during construction
using a Nonlinear Staged Construction load case. The use of nonlinear staged
analysis allows the user to define multiple snapshots of the structure during
construction where parts of the bridge deck may be at various completion stag-
es. The user can control which stages the program will include in the calcula-
tions of controlling demand over capacity ratios.
Constructability Design Request 8 - 29

For each section cut specified in the Design Request, the constructability de-
sign check loops through the Nonlinear Staged Construction load case output
steps that correspond to Output Labels specified in the Demand Set. At each
step the program determines the status of the concrete slab at the girder section
cut. The slab status can be non present, present non-composite, or composite.
The Staged Constructability Design Check accepts Area Object models. The
Staged Constructability Design Check cannot be run on Solid or Spine models.
8.6.2 Non-Staged (Steel-I Comp Construct NonStgd)

This request enables the user to verify Demand over Capacity ratios during
construction without the need to define and analyze a Nonlinear Staged Con-
struction load case. For each section cut specified in the Design Request the
Constructability Design Check loops through all combos specified in the De-
mand Set list. At each combo the program assumes the status of the concrete slab
as specified by the user in the Slab Status column. The slab status can be non-
composite or composite and applies to all the section cuts.
The Non-Staged Constructability Design Check accepts all Bridge Object

Structural Model Options available in the Update Bridge Structural Model
form (Bridge > Update > Structural Model Options option).
8.6.3 Slab Status vs. Unbraced Length

On the basis of the slab status, the program calculates corresponding positive
flexural capacity, negative flexural capacity, and shear capacity. Next the pro-
gram compares the capacities against demands specified in the Demand Set by
calculating the Demand over Capacity ratio. The controlling Demand Set and
Output Label on a girder basis are reported for every section cut.
When the slab status is composite, the program assumes that the top flange is
continuously braced. When slab status in not present or non-composite, the
program treats both flanges as discretely braced. It should be noted that the
program does not verify the presence of diaphragms at a particular output step.
It assumes that anytime a steel beam is activated at a given section cut that the
unbraced length Lb for the bottom flange is equal to the distance between the
nearest downstation and the upstation qualifying cross diaphragms or span ends
as defined in the Bridge Object. The program assumes the same Lb for the top
flange. In other words the unbraced length Lb is based on the cross diaphragms
8 - 30 Constructability Design Request

that qualify as providing restraint to the bottom flange. Some of the diaphragm
types available in CSiBridge may not necessarily provide restraint to the top
flange. It is the user's responsibility to provide top flange temporary bracing at
the diaphragm locations before slabs acting compositely.
8.6.4 Flexure
8.6.4.1 Positive Flexure Non Composite
The Demand over Capacity ratio is evaluated as:
 1 
bucomp
f f fbucomp fttop f 
t 3 f f
, butens tbot  
ttop bucomp
max  , ,
C  f Rh Fyetop f Fnetop f Ferwtop f Rh Fynbot 
where Fnetop is the nominal flexural resistance of the discretely braced top
flange determined as specified in AASHTO LRFD Article 6.10.8.2 (also see
Section 8.3.1.3 of this manual) and Ferwtop is the nominal bend-buckling re-
sistance for webs specified in AASHTO LRFD Article 6.10.1.9.1 for webs
without longitudinal stiffeners.
0.9Ek
Ferw 2
(AASHTO LRFD 6.10.1.9.1-1)
t n

w
but not to exceed the smaller of RhFye and Fyw 0.7
where
9
k 2
te 

t
When both edges of the web are in compression, k = 7.2.
8.6.4.2 Positive Flexure Composite

The demand over capacity ratio is evaluated as:

fbucomp fbucomp f butensf tbot

t C max  , , 
f Rh Fyetop f Ferwtop f Rh Fynbot 
where Ferwtop is nominal bend-buckling resistance for webs specified in

AASHTO LRFD Article 6.10.1.9.1 for webs without longitudinal stiffeners
(also see Section 8.6.4.1 of this manual).
8.6.4.3 Negative Flexure Non Composite

The Demand over Capacity ratio is evaluated as:
 1 
bucomp
f f fbucomp ftbot f f f 
t C max
tbot 3 bucomp butens ttop
 
 f Rh Fyebot , Fnebot
,
f Ferwbot
,
f Rh Fyntop
 f 
where Fnebot is the nominal flexural resistance of the discretely braced bottom
Section 8.3.1.3 of this manual) and Ferwbot is nominal bend-buckling resistance
for webs specified in AASHTO LRFD Article 6.10.1.9.1 for webs without lon-
gitudinal stiffeners (also see Section 8.6.4.1 of this manual).
8.6.4.4 Negative Flexure Composite

The demand over capacity ratio is evaluated as:
 1 
fbucomp f
fbucomp ftbot 3
tbot fbucomp fbutens fdeck 
t C max  , , , ,
 Rf Fh yebot Ff nebot
 f Ferwbot  f Rh Fyntop  n fr 
where Fnebot is the nominal flexural resistance of the discretely braced bottom
Section 8.3.1.3 of this manual), Ferwbot is the nominal bend-buckling resistance
for webs specified in AASHTO LRFD Article 6.10.1.9.1 for webs without lon-
gitudinal stiffeners (also see Section 8.6.4.1 of this manual), and fdeck is the de-
mand tensile stress in the deck and fr is the modulus of rupture of concrete as
determined in AASHTO LRFD Article 5.4.2.6.

8.6.5 Shear
When processing the Design Request from the Design module, the program as-
sumes that there are no vertical stiffeners present and classifies all web panels
as unstiffened. If the shear capacity calculated based on this classification is
not sufficient to resist the demand specified in the Design Request and the con-
trolling D over C ratio is occurring at a step when the slab status is composite,
the program recommends minimum stiffener spacing to achieve a Demand
over Capacity ratio equal to 1. The recommended stiffener spacing is reported
in the result table under the column heading d0req.

mize command), the user can specify stiffener locations and then the program
can recalculate the shear resistance. In that case the program classifies the web
panels as interior or exterior and stiffened or unstiffened based on criteria spec-
ified in Section 6.10.9.1 of the code. It should be noted that stiffeners are not
modeled in the Bridge Object and therefore addinglmodifying stiffeners does
not affect the magnitude of the demands. Adding stiffeners also does not in-
crease capacity of sections cuts where the concrete slab status is other than
composite.
8.6.5.1 Non Composite Sections

Vn Ver CVP (AASHTO LRFD 6.10.9.3.3-1)
in which
The Demand over Capacity ratio is evaluated as
Vu
DoverC
vVn
8.6.5.2 Composite Section
8.6.5.2.1 Nominal Resistance of Unstiffened Webs

The nominal shear resistance of unstiffened webs is taken as:

Vn CVp (AASHTO LRFD 6.10.9.2-1)
in which
Vp 0.58Fyw tn w (AASHTO LRFD 6.10.9.2-2)
C = the ratio of the shear-buckling resistance to the shear yield strength

that is determined as follows:
t Ek
If 1.12 , then C = 1.0. (AASHTO LRFD 6.10.9.3.2-4)
nw Fyw
Ek t Ek 1.12 Ek
If 1.12 1.40 , then C .
Fyw n w Fyw t Fyw
nw
AASHTO LRFD (6.10.9.3.2-5)
t Ek 1.57 Ek
If 1.40 , then C 2 ,
nw Fyw Fyw
t 
n w 
AASHTO LRFD (6.10.9.3.2-6)
5
in which k 5  2
. (AASHTO LRFD 6.10.9.3.2-7)
de 
t
8.6.5.2.2 Nominal Resistance of Stiffened Interior Web Panels

The nominal shear resistance of an interior web panel, with the section at the
section cut proportioned such that
2 tn w
2.5, (AASHTO LRFD 6.10.9.3.2-1)
b fe n fe b fn n fn 
is taken as

0.87 1 C 
Vn Vp C  (AASHTO LRFD 6.10.9.3.2-2)

 d
2
1 O  
 t 
in which Vp 0.58Fyw tn w (AASHTO LRFD 6.10.9.3.2-3)
where
dO = transverse stiffener spacing.
Otherwise, the nominal shear resistance is taken as follows:
 0.87 1 C  
Vn Vp C (AASHTO LRFD 6.10.9.3.2-8)

  dO  dO
2

 1  t    t 
  
8.6.5.2.3 Nominal Resistance of End Panels

Vn Ver CVP (AASHTO LRFD 6.10.9.3.3-1)
in which
Vu
DoverC
vVn
8.7 Section Optimization

After at least one Steel Design Request has been successfully processed,
CSiBridge enables the user to open a Steel Section Optimization module. The
Optimization module allows interactive modification of steel plate sizes and
definition of vertical stiffeners along each girder and span. It recalculates re-
sistance "on the fly" based on the modified section without the need to unlock
the model and rerun the analysis. It should be noted that in the optimization
Section Optimization 8 - 35
process the demands are not recalculated and are based on the current
CSiBridge analysis results.
The Optimization form allows simultaneous display of three versions of section

sizes and associated resistance results. The section plate size versions are "As
Analyzed," "As Designed," and "Current." The section plots use distinct colors
for each version - black for As Analyzed, blue for As Designed, and red for
Current. When the Optimization form is initially opened, all three versions are
identical and equal to "As Analyzed."
Two graphs are available to display various forces, moments, stresses, and rati-
os for the As Analyzed or As Designed versions. The values plotted can be
controlled by clicking the "Select Series to Plot" button. The As Analyzed se-
ries are plotted as solid lines and the As Designed series as dashed lines.
To modify steel plate sizes or vertical stiffeners, a new form can be displayed
by clicking on the Modify Section button. After the section modification is
completed, the Current version is shown in red in the elevation and cross sec-
tion views. After the resistance has been recalculated successfully by clicking the
Recalculate Resistance button, the Current version is designated to As De-
signed and displayed in blue.
After the section optimization has been completed, the As Designed plate sizes
and materials can be applied to the analysis bridge object by clicking the OK
button. The button opens a new form that can be used to Unlock the existing
model (in that case all analysis results will be deleted) or save the file under a
new name (New File button). Clicking the Exit button does not apply the new
plate sizes to the bridge object and keeps the model locked. The As Designed
version of the plate sizes will be available the next time the form is opened, and
the Current version is discarded.
8.8 PennDOT Amendments for DM-4

When setting the bridge superstructure design code preferences for the AASH-
TO LFRD 2014 code (all interims), an option called "Design Amendments" is
available which can be set to "None" or "PennDOT". This is done using com-
mand DesignlRating > Superstructure Design > Code Preferences.
8 - 36 PennDOT Amendments for DM-4

With this option is set to "PennDOT", several changes are made to the design
procedure to account for the following requirements of the Pennsylvania De-
partment of Transportation (PennDOT) Design Manual, Part 4, April 2015 Edi-
tion (DM-4):
1. When live-load distribution factors (LLDF) are used, these are calcu-
lated taking into account the provisions of DM-4 Section 4.6.2.2.
2. The provisions of DM-4 Section 6.10.1.9.3P regarding web bend-

buckling nominal flexural resistance are incorporated. The depth of
web in compression is calculated assuming that no longitudinal stiffen-
ers are present. The stresses from dead and construction loads are de-
rived from demands Mdnc and Mdc specified in the design request.
3. The provisions of DM-4 Section 6.10.9.3.3 regarding end panels are

incorporated. The effect of longitudinal stiffeners is not considered.
It should be noted that the design procedure does not check for the presence of
splices in panels when verifying if a section can be classified as compact. You
should not use the design results for any panels containing splices that have
been classified as compact.
The DM-4 Section 6.10.1.5 requirement to ignore haunches when computing

flexural stiffness and resistance of beams while taking into account the haunch
dead weight can be approximately satisfied by specifying haunch thickness in the
bridge-section definition equal to the maximum flange thickness. The weight
of the remaining haunch can be applied as a superimposed line load on top the
girders. If you choose instead to include the full haunch thickness in the model,
the difference in results tends to be small unless the haunch is deep.
Prior to running the superstructure design, the analysis should be include the
appropriate PennDOT vehicles as needed for live load. A PennDOT vehicle li-
brary is provided in addition to the regular AASHTO vehicles. Use the com-
mand Loads > Vehicles, and click the lower right arrow icon to show the De-
fine Vehicles form. Then use the Import button to locate the vehicles under
Unites States > PennDOT. Once imported, these vehicles can be modified, if
necessary.
Appropriate load combinations should be created prior to running the super-

structure design. Use the command DesignlRating > Load Combinations > Add
PennDOT Amendments for DM-4 8 - 37

Defaults. Select "Bridge Design", and set "Amendment" to "PennDOT-Steel

Girder". See section 2.2.3 "AASHTO LRFD Code with PennDOT Amend-
ments" in this manual for more information.
8 - 38 PennDOT Amendments for DM-4

Design Steel I-Beam Bridge With Composite Slab: 8.1 Section Properties

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Design Steel I-Beam Bridge With Composite Slab: 8.1 Section Properties

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Chapter 8

Design Steel I-Beam Bridge with Composite Slab

8.1 Section Properties

The program solves for MAD from the following

and then calculates yield moment based on the following equation

M y M dnc M dc M AD (AASHTO LRFD D6.2.2-2)

SNC = Noncomposite section modulus (in.3)

8.1.1.2 Composite Section in Negative Flexure

8-2 Section Properties

8.1.2 Plastic Moments

The plastic moment of a composite section in positive flexure is determined by:

Section Properties 8-3

Table 8-1 Calculation of PNA and Mp for Sections in Positive Flexure

Case PNA Condition Y and Mp

Concrete Pt + Pw + Pc + Prb  Y crb

Concrete Pt + Pw + Pc + Prb + Pn  Y crt

8-4 Section Properties

Table 8-1 Calculation of PNA and Mp for Sections in Positive Flexure

Case PNA Condition Y and Mp

Figure 8-1 Plastic Neutral Axis Cases -- Positive Flexure

Section Properties 8-5

8.1.2.2 Composite Section in Negative Flexure

Table 8-2 Calculation of PNA and Mp for Sections in Negative Flexure

Case PNA Condition y and Mp

Figure 8-2 Plastic Neutral Axis Cases -- Negative Flexure

8-6 Section Properties

Prt = Fyrt Art

8.1.3 Section Classification and Factors

• the web satisfies the requirement of AASHTO LRFD Article (6.10.2.1.1),

Section Properties 8-7

8.1.3.2 Design in Accordance with Appendix A

• the web satisfies the noncompact slenderness limit,

8.1.3.3 Hybrid Factor Rh Composite Section Positive Flexure

the smaller of Fyw fn and 1.0

Afn = bottom flange area

8-8 Section Properties

D= the distance from the elastic neutral axis of the cross-section to

Fn = fy of the bottom flange

8.1.3.4 Hybrid Factor Rh Composite Section Negative Flexure

the smaller of Fyw fn and 1.0

Afn = Flange area on the side of the neutral axis corresponding to

Fn = fy of the controlling flange. When the top flange controls, then

8.1.3.5 Hybrid Factor Rh - Non Composite Section

Section Properties 8-9

the smaller of Fyw fn and 1.0

Afn = Flange area on the side of the neutral axis corresponding to

Fn = fy of the controlling flange.

8.1.3.6 Web Load-Shedding Factor Rb

8.1.3.7 Unbraced Length Lb and Section Transitions

For unbraced lengths containing a transition to a smaller section at a distance

For this algorithm to be effective, it is necessary to have bridge section cuts at

gered diaphragms (cross frames), and at splice locations wherever a full-width

8.2 Demand Sets

Table 8-3 Bridge Design Action

Bridge Design Action Value Bridge Design Action Category Used in

Short-Term Composite Short-Term Composite

8.2.1 Demand Flange Stresses fbu and ff

If the "Use Stage Analysis? = No," then

The short-term section modulus for positive moment is calculated by trans-

8.2.2 Demand Flange Lateral Bending Stress fl

8.2.3 Depth of the Web in Compression

Figure 8-3 Web in Compression - Positive Flexure

fc = Sum of the compression-flange stresses caused by the different loads, i.e.,