I know thy works:

Behold,
I have set before thee an open door,
and no man can shut it.

Revelation 3:8
© 2009 Hockson Floin

3
Everything For Roger Federer
by

S.HOCKSON LAL.

A THESIS

in

RECREATIONAL SPACE DEVELOPMENT IN TECHNO-CITY,

TRIVANDRUM.

Submitted to the Graduate Faculty

of Bharath University in
Partial Fulfillment of
the Requirements for
the Degree of

BACHELORS OF ARCHITECTURE

Under the guidance of

Prof. VAITHYANATHAN

July 2009
 BHARATH UNIVERSITY

Department of Architecture

Certificate

This is to certify that this thesis project entitled Everything For Roger
Federer, is submitted by S.Hockson Lal bearing the Register number
U04AR009, 10th semester student of Architecture, Bharath University is a
partial fulfillment to the Bachelor degree in Architecture, from Bharath
University is a bona fide work of the student to the best of my knowledge and
could be placed before the examining authority for their consideration.

Prof. VAITHYANATHAN
Head of the department,
School of architecture,
Bharath University.

INTERNAL GUIDE EXTERNAL EXAMINER

EXTERNAL GUIDE EXTERNAL EXAMINER

5
This book is dedicated with admiration to Roger Federer,
and
with gratitude to my family.
 One dawn will wait for my brows to open

Through my eyes I’ll see a world changed for me

Everyone in this universe will have a reason to talk about me

Students of my nation will learn “how I surged up in my life”

Youths will follow my footprints and the paths I walked.

I’ll be on the world’s priceless throne,

dreaming of a new achievement - something far beyond the human imagination

and

I’ll be the news of my time.

“I’ll not give me up to grave before realizing the dreams in my life.”

website:
www.hockson.tk

e-mail
hockson@gmail.com

7
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 9

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 10

ABSTARACT 11

1. INTRODUCTION 14

1.1 Requirements 14

2. LITERATURE STUDY 15

2.1 Introduction 15

TENNIS COURT 2.2 Site investigation 16

2.3 Site stripping 16

2.4 Sub Base Embankment 17

2.5 General 17

2.6 Recommended Area 17

2.7 Orientation 18

2.8 Size and Dimension 18

2.9 Drainage 19

2.10 Surface Classification 19

2.11 Special Consideration 20

2.12 Indoor Requirements 22

2.13 Design Principles 26

TENNIS STADIUM
 2.14 Play Field Orientation 28

2.15 Safe Stadiums 28

2.16 Playing Area 29

2.17 Court Details 30

2.18 Parking 32

2.19 Office Space 36

2.20 Spectators 41

2.21 VIP Area 45

2.22 Media 48

2.23 Communication 54

2.24 Lighting 57

2.25 Safety Requirements 59

3 CASE STUDY 61

3.1 Trivandrum Tennis Club 61

3.2 SDAT Stadium 66

4 INTERNET STUDY 70

4.1 Wimbledon 70

5 SITE ANALYSIS 75

6 ZONING 78

7 From Hksn’s Desk 82

9
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Working on a Thesis is never a lone endeavor. You learn from others, you pick
up ideas; someone gives you a crisp turn of phrase that encapsulates a point
well. Someone encourages you and gives you confidence. I have many people
to thank: Swiss superstar Roger Federer, from whom I got the permission and
best wishes to continue working on this project, the man who turned all my
thoughts and dreams towards the mighty Switzerland. Anita Bugnella, Athina
Kapws, Bahar Karcar, Aphrodite Aphie and Milena Simonovic and Jeannette
for their interest in collecting, “what fan does wish to have in Roger Federer’s
compound? “ And then many individuals and organizations I have worked
with, especially Trivandrum Tennis Club and SDAT Stadium managements,
who I assume as the corner stone to this thesis and they gave me a real chance
to think some good things through their infrastructures.

My special thanks go to Ar.Sreejith, whose assistance in helping me with site

research was invaluable. My Swiss friend Silvia gave me the opportunity to
survey projects throughout German speaking Swiss Cantons through digital
copies and of course my nephew Ryan who crawled inside my door when I
started to work with my thesis and his development both mentally and
physically after days are some good source of encouragement to work hard. I
wish him a cheerful life ahead.

My thanks go to the numerous friends and juniors who provided suggestions

and encouragements in making my initial move; I truly appreciate your
interest in this project. I appreciate your cheerful attitude Kandars. Be my
friend forever. I’m sure, I will miss you all.
ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure

1. Size and Dimension of Tennis Court. ©USTA

2. Features of Tennis Court
3. Indoor Requirements
4. Accessories of Tennis court
5. Orientation of Stadium ©FIFA
6. Play Area of Tennis Stadium
7. Grass court section ©Wimbledon
8. Clay Court Section ©Roland Garos
9. Tennis stadium Public access Egress
10. Doping control room.
11. Players Room
12. Office Space
13. First Aid Room
14. Seating’s Plan
15. Seating Section
16. Comfort for spectators
17. VIP Area
18. Media Area
19. Camera Positions ©ESPN
20. Score board
21. Trivandrum Tennis Club
22. TTC Zoning
23. TTC Orientation
24. TTC Clay Court No.2
25. SDAT Stadium Zoning
26. SDAT Centre Court
27. SDAT Orientation
28. AELTC: Wimbledon ©AELTC
29. Site Location
30. Site Report
31. Site Zoning
32. Stadium Zoning
33. Site 3D zoning
34. Site Circulation
35. Circulation

11
 ABSTRACT

AIM:

We Indians hoping to start INDIAN OPEN by 2018, before initiating the

tournament we need some young Indian lads to set new standards in world Tennis
as how Roger Federer dominated. It’s impossible to personalize our boys without a
proper guide because Indians like Sania Mirza, Leander Paes are not much popular
to the tennis fans. Here comes the only choice Roger Federer, who reached the
ultimate and only he can guide our boys with his wide experience. The main aim of
this Tennis Academy is to provide a single site of national focus for tennis in India,
including international tennis players who can use this as their training centre, the
very best opportunity to realize their potential by offering world class facilities
suitable for use by all.

OBJECTIVE:

 To generate an innovative space considering the function and existing

natural settings.

 Providing luxurious atmosphere to the internationally well known star with

what he demands and dreams.

 To respond sensitively to the site settings and its changes in land levels.

 Using the internationally accepted materials.

 To provide a world-class facility for young players, coaches and

administrative headquarters of Roger Federer Foundation, India.

 This project is planned to organize indoor and outdoor tennis courts, with
grass, clay and acrylic surfaces, and training facilities include gymnasia,
hydrotherapy pool, sports medicine and science facilities, player and coach
 accommodation, teaching spaces, offices and a luxurious living environment
to Roger Federer.

SCOPE:

The 7th largest nation with more than one billion citizens doesn’t have a Tennis
athlete to carry out its name to the tennis fans. It’s the apt time to make our move
with the greatest player in tennis history and the start of this academy will turn the
heads of the tennis world towards India.

AREAS OF STUDY:

 Swiss Architecture for Buildings

 Behavioral Aspects of four different Tennis Courts

SITE:

The site measures 20.3 acres at kaniyapuram, about 12kms away from
international airport Trivandrum.

* Current Usage – Coconut Plantation

* Earth filling required

* As of the plan of Construction coconut plantations to be removed

FACILITIES:

1. Tennis Academy

* Class rooms

* Seminar halls

* Rooms for Counselor, Physiotherapist & Nutritionist

* Gymnasium

* Staff & Students Dorm with Kitchen and Dining

* Meditation Hall

13
2. Tennis Courts

* Clay Surface

* Grass Surface

* Carpet Surface, both Indoor and Outdoor

* Hard Surface

3. Stadiums

* One Indoor and outdoor stadiums for tournaments

4. Administrative Building

* Roger Federer Stores

* Exhibition Hall

* Administrative Office for Roger Federer Foundation

5. For Roger Federer

* Luxurious Living environment for Roger Federer

* Private Office Space

* Multipurpose Hall

* Italian Landscape

POSSIBLE CASE STUDY:

SDAT Stadium, Nungambakkam.

Trivandrum Tennis Club

1. INTRODUCTION
A recreational facility of a township has always been a hub to the community.
At this beautiful 20 acre site in Techno-city, Trivandrum I aim to develop a
more complete on-court game, program focuses on player’s development in
tennis, gorgeous entertaining settings for guests with peace and a stadium for
tennis . This recreational area development includes two major sports
activities, the combinations of which are well accepted worldwide- Tennis and
Golf.

1.1 REQUIREMENTS

 Living Environment for Roger federer

 Tennis Academy
 Tennis courts in every grand slam surface.
 Tennis Stadium
 Multi-purpose play field
 Versatile meeting and function space.
 Restaurants.
 Pro Shops.
 Performance center.
 Kids Club.

15
2. LITERATURE STUDY
2.1 INTRODUCTION

In all urban societies there is a need for places for healthy recreational spaces.
Informal or formal, with or without equipment, the way recreation is practiced or
enjoyed is part of the cultural lifestyle of any given urban community.
There are two ends of the recreational spectrum, both evident in many cities in the
world, and depend largely on the level of affluence and the preferred form of
recreation.
 Around cities endowed with natural features and specific climatic conditions
within easy reach for urban dwellers might be the pattern for recreation.
 In situations where natural features less prominent, structured amenities
might be required of the local government for the urban population to enjoy
the therapy of play.

A survey conducted by Whyte in 1982 and observed certain behavior patterns in

small public spaces on social interaction.

The quality of the urban environment makes a difference in children’s conduct and
their willingness to learn acceptable social behavior, leading ultimately to more
productive community life.
Children learn through their senses - a child at play is, in fact, learning and can learn
from the environment in a positive way.

In the wider public context the urban environment requires planned amenities
comprising many familiar forms usually under the umbrella of landscape
architecture. Generally these are:
 seating, fountains, shelters, steps, kiosks, bandstands
 sports fields, play equipment and landscaped parks
 trails along natural features

Options for recreational space should include a range for both formal and informal
use. In a study of community needs in the developing world by Culpin et al in1983,
provides a synthesis for formal facilities “Areas for formal games should be
reasonably level and of suitable surface.”
TENNIS COURT
2.2 SITE INVESTIGATION

The ultimate performance of any tennis court depends to an important degree

on subsoil and drainage conditions.
Expansive soils or plastic soils and use of base course materials consisting of
these types of soils can create further problems.
Site preparation, including stripping, placement of backfill and base
construction must be properly performed to minimize the risk of problems
due to subsoil.

The following Guidelines for site investigation should be applied with

considerable flexibility depending on the nature of the conditions that exist at
a particular site, and the degree of risk that the owner is willing to take
regarding adverse effects of subsoil conditions.

Obviously, the more serious conditions that require an adequate study

include:
1. The existence of peat or other organic soils at the site;
2. Uncontrolled fill materials or waste materials at the site;
3. Expansive soils at the site;
4. High ground water conditions or surface water retention areas;

2.3 SITE STRIPPING EXCAVATION

Unless otherwise specified, topsoil and other unsuitable materials at the site,
and to a minimum distance of 5' beyond the surfaced area, should be removed
in such a manner as to minimize disturbance of the remaining sub grade soils,
and to facilitate placement of embankment materials and/or base course
materials. Topsoil should be stored at the site and reused for landscaping at
the completion of construction.

17
2.4 SUB BASE EMBANKMENT

Embankment is fill material necessary to raise the grade at the site, after
removal of unsuitable materials to provide the surface on which to place the
base course for the tennis court.
While well-graded granular soil is preferred for embankment fill.
The material should be free of organic or expansive material, and of particles
greater than 1 ½" in dimension.
It should be placed in lifts not to exceed 6" in thickness and compacted to 95%
of the maximum density.
The water content of the fill should be reduced by aeration or increased by
adding water, as necessary to achieve the required compaction.

Excavation cuts existing vegetation growth but does not entirely eliminate it.
Tree roots extending under the court or track area must be neutralized or
removed prior to construction. (There are commercially available products
which inhibit root growth).

2.5 GENERAL

The number of active tennis players at present is between 1.6% and 3% of the
total population. Use a 1:30 court: player ratio as a rule of thumb for the
calculation of the number of courts needed in new developments.

Necessary courts (T) = Population x 3

100 x 30
To calculate the size of plot required, add the net areas (usable sports area)
needed for the planned number of tennis courts, training walls and children’s
facilities. To this add an additional 60-80% of the total net area to give the
overall plot size.

2.6 RECOMMENDED AREA

Ground space is 7,200 sq ft minimum.

The area needed for tennis courts in children’s facilities is between 120 &
153m²
2.7 ORIENTATION
A tennis court should be laid out to minimize players looking into the sun
when serving or when following the flight of a ball. A tennis court also should
be laid out to avoid distracting shadow lines. Orientation of long axis is to be
North-south.
Orientation also should take into consideration other structures and features
on the site, neighboring property, vehicle and pedestrian traffic and prevailing
winds. Property lines, zoning requirements, topography of the site and
efficient site utilization should be considered as well.

2.8 SIZE AND DIMENSIONS

Single Court 8.23 x 23.77m
Doubles Court 10.97 x 23.77m
Side Margin for competitions 4m
End Margin for competitions 8m
Between Two Courts 7.30m
All lines should be not less than 1" (2.5 cm) nor more than 2" (5 cm) in width,
except the base line which may be up to 4" (10 cm) in width and the center
line which should be 2" (5cm) in width.

© Hockson Fig. 1

19
2.9 DRAINAGE

Drainage may be from end to end, side to side, or corner to corner diagonally
at a minimum slope of an inch in 10 feet(0 .8 to 1%) for non porous surfaces
or 0 .003 to 0 .004% for porous surfaces.

2.10 S U R F A C E CLASSIFICATION

2.10.1 Porous Construction

A system which permits some water to permeate through the surface.

 Fast Dry
 Clay
 Natural Grass
 Sand-filled Synthetic Turf
 Porous Asphalt
 Porous Concrete
 Modular

2.10.2 Non – Porous Construction

A system which does not permit water to permeate through the surface,
Drainage is achieved by surface run off.

 Non-Cushioned
 Reinforced Concrete and Post-Tensioned Concrete
 Hot Plant Mix Asphalt
 Asphalt Penetration Macadam
 Cushioned
 Acrylic Bound Systems
 Textiles
 Sand-filled Synthetic Turf (over non-porous base)
 Portable
2.11 S P E C I A L C O N S I D E R A T I O N

1. Fence
2. Wide Screens
3. Net Posts
4. Flood Lights

2.11.1 FENCING

Fence enclosure, if provided, should be 10-ft-high, 11-gauge, and 1 ¾ in mesh

chain link. The purpose of fencing around a tennis court is to keep most of the
balls within the court during play.

© Hockson Fig. 2

21
2.11.2 OUTDOOR WIDE SCREEN

Windscreens serve many purposes. There are several methods of

accomplishing the desired results depending upon specific needs.
The purposes of windscreens are:

 To provide a background to allow player to see the ball. The darker the
background, the better the ball definition.

 To aid the court in blending into its surroundings.

 To reduce the reflection of the sun's glare off chain link fencing and
posts.

 To provide a shield for the player from the wind. A windscreen should
either block or distort strong winds so that the game can be played
under the best conditions, while allowing gentle breezes for ventilation
and cooling.

 To provide privacy to players and to screen out annoying distractions,

such as passersby, parking lots, swimming pools and highways.

 To contain artificial light at night.

The three materials most commonly used for windscreens are

 Vinyl coated polyester,
 Polypropylene and
 Polyethylene

2.11.3 NET POSTS

Net posts should be set 3' (.91m) outside the side line, which is 42' (12.802m)
apart, center to center for doubles play, and 33' (10.058m) apart, center to
center for singles play.
The top of the net at the inside face of the posts or supports when used to
support a net for singles play on a doubles court should be exactly 42"
(1.067m) above the court surface.
There should be no obstruction above the top of the net at any point, including
at the post.
  Net height in the middle 0.915m
 Net height at the posts 1.07m

2.12 I N D O O R R E Q I R E M E N T S

2.12.1 GENERAL
 A height of 9-11m is recommended; 9m is generally sufficient.
 The applicable height of a hall is measured at the net from the floor to
the underside of the roof truss. The same height is needed over the full
width of the court.
 The height at the outer limit of the run-out area should be at least 3m.
 Halls may be permanent or multipurpose.
 One court requires a hall size of 18.30m x 36.60m
 The space directly above the area within the playing lines should be free
from any overhead Obstructions for outside play, and should be not less
than 21' over the baseline and 35' minimum, 38' recommended over the
net line.
 The distance from the wall adjacent to the nearest court should be a
minimum of 12' and there should be a minimum of 18' between the
courts. The distance behind the baseline should be a minimum of 18' in
the clear or to a walkway or exterior wall, although a distance of 21' is
preferred.

© Hockson Fig. 3

23
2.12.2 FABRICS

 The fabric should be a high strength vinyl coated polyester material

that exhibits long life, strength, stability and resistance to ultraviolet ray
degradation.
 The most commonly used fabrics are approximately 28 oz. per square
yard and have tensile strengths of 300-600 lb. /in.
 Translucent fabrics allow natural light to enter the structure. A
translucent outer fabric needs to be combined with a translucent inner
fabric to accomplish natural lighting of the facility.
 Opaque fabrics provide the most consistent lighting results and
temperature control is more consistent in all seasons.

2.12.3 DOORS AND ACCESSORIES

1. The number and location of entry and exit doors should be consistent with
local codes and standards with the following Guidelines:
 Revolving doors should be used for frequent access.
 Emergency exit doors should only be used for emergency exit and must
be self-closing to a positive latch, accounting for the internal inflation
pressure.
 Personnel air locks should be used for medium traffic.
 Exit doors should be minimum 34" wide and equipped with panic
hardware.

2. Structural loads around doors and accessories should be evenly distributed

to the anchorage system.
3. Accessory items that may/may not be included are windows, walkway
tunnels or canopies, smoke detectors, alarm systems, remote control panels,
magnetic sensors and snow detectors.

2.12.4 LIGHTING

An effective way of creating more prime time hours of tennis play is to include
lighting in plans for new courts.
Lighted outdoor courts can provide additional hours of play for working
people who, because of limited daylight free time, have no other choice than to
play at night.
 In some areas, daytime conditions (heat, glare, wind) can be uncomfortable,
making play in the evening desirable.
There are several ways to illuminate tennis courts using various types and
configurations of lighting systems.

© Hockson Fig. 4

2.12.5 QUALITY OF LIGHT

 Quality of light is determined by a number of factors including

uniformity of distribution, background colors and a non glare light
source.
 Lighting levels should be as nearly uniform as possible within the entire
playing space, including approximately 6' outside the sidelines and
behind the base lines approximately 10' and/or within 10' of the back
walls.
 High Intensity Discharge (H.I.D.) fixtures are commonly used. Whatever
the style of fixture employed, it is very important to avoid a source of
high intensity concentrated in a small area visible to the player.
 An after-image of the light source in the player's eye causes him
momentary blindness and he cannot see the ball during that time.

25
2.12.6 LOCATIONS OF FIXTURES
 Lighting fixtures should be located outside playing lines, preferably
parallel to the alley lines and outside the fence.
 Fixtures should be aimed to project light across the court to eliminate
glare.
 When lighting a multiple court facility, no light poles should be placed
between courts except at the net line unless there is at least 24’
(7.315m) between courts.
 Any free standing lighting fixtures located inside the fence and more
than 1’ (305mm) from the fence should be heavily padded to reduce
player injuries. Since players often stand at or behind the baseline
during play.

2.12.7 FIXTURE MOUNTING

 New designs in HID sharp cut-off luminaries have reduced the required
mounting heights to approximately 20’ with good uniformity, low glare,
reduced amounts of spill light onto the surrounding area, and easier
maintenance than on higher poles.
 All poles should be designed to withstand wind velocities as required by
local codes. Mountain and coastal areas will typically require higher
strength poles because of higher wind conditions. Unless specifically
designed as such, light poles should not be used to support the tennis
court fence in addition to the light fixtures. Attaching the fence to the
light pole adds additional loading to the pole, which could cause it to
fail, and electrical codes may prohibit it.

2.12.8 WIRING
 Underground wiring is recommended for tennis court lighting, using
direct burial cables or conductors in conduit.
 In general, the supply voltage selected should be the highest available.
This usually results in 277/480 volt, three phase systems for large
facilities, and 120/208 volt, single phase systems for smaller
applications.
 Voltage drop can significantly affect the lumen output of the lamp.
Conductors should be sized to limit the voltage drop to 5% or less from
the source of the luminaries.
TENNIS STADIUM
For thousands of years, stadia have welcomed crowds of visitors and set the
stage for great spectacles, entertaining performance and unforgettable
experience.

2.13 D E S I G N PRINCIPLES

2.13.1 STRATEGIC PRE–CONSTRUCTION DECISIONS

What should the capacity be?

Should the stadium be built to accommodate only the domestic needs of the
club(s) who will use it?
Or should it attempt to attract matches at a higher level?
Can other technical improvements be made later, including the introduction of
air conditioning in enclosed areas?

Typical environmental issues and concerns about the development of a new

stadium include the following:
– increased vehicular traffic;
– Large numbers of noisy and often aggressive fans/pedestrians;
– Noise from events;
– Bright building and event lighting;
– overshadowing of adjacent properties;
– Lack of activity around the stadium at non-event times;
– Inappropriate scale of the project in relation to its surroundings.

When designing a stadium, care should be taken to ensure that its future
maintenance, cleaning, operation and management can be carried out
effectively in as simple, straightforward and cost-effective a manner as
possible.

The pace of technological development and the rapidly increasing insistence

of spectators that they are provided with more comfortable and luxurious
facilities could lead to the average life span of a modern stadium falling to 30
years or even less.
The stadium should be divided into at least four separate sectors, each with its
own access points, refreshment and toilet facilities and other essential

27
services, such as first aid areas, security stations and areas for stewards and
marshals.

Playing area Support facilities Additional facilities

Primary Secondary Primary Secondary Primary Secondary

Tennis Conventions Bar Parties Other Retail
sports
FIELD AREA
– Tennis Court
– Fourth official’s bench
– Photographers’ area
– Pitch access and tunnel

COMPETITION AREA
– Dressing rooms, players
– Dressing rooms, referees
– First aid room
– Delegation offices
– Venue manager’s office
– Doping control room
– Corridors (with access to dressing rooms) and offices

PUBLIC AREA
– General public entrance and areas
– Public toilet facilities
– Public points of sale
– First aid facilities
– Commercial and host cities’ display

OPERATION RELATED AREA (OFFICE)

– Offices (IT room, announcer’s room, police/firemen, radio control room,
screen sound room, electricity generator, emergency medical facilities)
– Organizing Committee offices
– Storage rooms

MEDIA STAND
– Written press seats
– Radio and TV commentators’ and observers’ seats
 MEDIA CENTRE
– Media working area
– Media catering area
– Press conference room
– Photographers’ room
– Development and service Centers

BROADCAST AREA
– TV compound
– TV and radio studios
– Camera platform

2.14 P L A Y FIELD ORIENTATION

Spectator sight lines are the principal design consideration in stadium design.
The seating capacity can be increased by making the seating either longer or
higher.
Great care must be taken regarding the angle of the playing field in relation to
the sun and the prevailing weather conditions.
Match participants, spectators and media representatives must be protected
as much as possible from the glare of the sun.
However, the effect of a stadium’s roof on the playing field must also be
considered.
When there is a natural grass pitch, it is critical that there is enough light and
air movement to sustain the healthy growth of grass.
All sides of the playing field must receive a reasonable amount of direct
sunlight.
A north-south field orientation is often considered ideal but more
sophisticated analysis has led stadium designers to choose an angle equal to
the average direction of the sun at half time in an afternoon game.

2.15 S A F E S T A D I U M S :THE FUNDAMENTAL REQUIREMENT

The degree of luxury and comfort which can be built into a stadium will
depend on the amount of money available but the fundamental requirement
which must be met, regardless of available funding levels, is that the stadium
must be a safe and secure facility for all those who use it, whether they are
spectators, match participants, officials, media personnel, staff or others.

29
 Often the stadium includes facilities such as a
 gymnasium,
 fitness rooms,
 swimming pool,
 crèche,
 function suites,
 meeting rooms,
 shops
 cultural and social centers that are used primarily by locals;

© Hockson Fig. 5

2.16 P L A Y I N G AREA

The playing area is the focal point for players, officials, spectators and
television audiences. Fundamental decisions must be made about the playing
area, from the type of pitch to install to the best way of ensuring that players
can perform without disruption from spectators.
 © Hockson Fig. 6

2.17 T E N N I S C O U R T D E T A I L S

2.17.1 GRASS COURT

Natural grass remains the most user-friendly of surfaces, and the only
permissible choice for some sports. The advantages of natural grass are:
• It is aesthetically attractive.
• It gives a speed of rebound and a degree of rolling resistance that is just
about right for most ball sports.
• It provides reasonable (though variable) purchase for players feet when
dry or wet.
• It gives a surface that is neither excessively hard nor excessively soft for
comfortable running.
• It is less injurious to players who fall than most alternative finishes.

31
 • If irrigated it is a relatively cool surface in hot climates.
• It will continually self-repair and regenerate.

© Hockson Fig. 7

2.17.2 CLAY COURT

Clay is a porous tennis court surface material consisting of natural clay or

processed clay which has been mixed, crushed, screened and blended with
sand and silt, resulting in a plasticity index between 12% and 20% as per
ASTM No. D 4318, Atterberg Limits.

© Hockson Fig. 8
 Slope and Elevation Requirements
All excavating, filling, and grading requirements and compacting work of the
sub base should be performed so that the finished sub grade should be 4" – 6"
above the surrounding ground, and should slope not less than 0.28% (1:360)
and not more than 0.35% (1:288). Each court must slope on a true plane,
preferably from side to side (but can slope from end to end or corner to
corner), or in the shortest direction for good drainage/water run-off. The
court should never be sloped from the net line to the baseline, from the
baseline to the net line, from the sides to the centerline or from the centerline
to the sides.

2.18 P A R K I N G
Stadiums must be designed to allow for the smooth and efficient arrival,
circulation and departure of thousands of people and vehicles in a short space
of time.

2.18.1 SIGNPOSTS
Large-scale wall maps should be provided for the guidance of spectators.
All direction signs inside and outside the stadium should be presented in
internationally understandable signage. Many users of the stadium may not
understand the local language.
Clear, comprehensive signposting should be provided at the stadium
approaches, around the stadium and throughout the stadium in order to show
the routes to the different sectors.

33
Prominent, clearly visible signage that guides spectators to toilets,
concessions, retail outlets, exits and other customer services should be
provided.
Each sector of the stadium should have a customer service and information
desk situated in the external circulation area.

2.18.2 ACCESS AND EGRESS

A modern stadium should be surrounded by an outer perimeter fence situated
some distance from the stadium.
At this outer fence the first security checks and, where necessary, body
searches will be made.
The second checks will be made at the stadium turnstiles.
There should be sufficient space between the outer perimeter fence and the
stadium turnstiles to permit the free movement of spectators.

It must be borne in mind that while the entry process may be spread over an
hour or more, everyone will want to leave more or less at the same time.
The circulation space available immediately outside the exit gates must be
sufficient to guarantee that spectators are not at risk of being crushed in the
event of a stampede and are able to leave the event in comfort.

Preventive measures must be taken to avoid crushing at the public entrances.

This may be accomplished by a system of barriers designed to funnel
spectators individually toward the entry points.
Public amenities such as toilets and refreshment bars, outside the stadium,
should not be situated close to the turnstiles or to the entrance and exit
routes.

During the entry mode, all major points of access should be used for entry and
a couple of small designated points should be clearly marked for exiting.
The opposite is required in the exit mode and a combination of the two modes
is required during the match itself.

2.18.3 PARKING FOR SPECTATORS

All parking places should be on-site, affording spectators direct entrance to
the stadium.
The car parks around the stadium must be brightly lit and clearly signposted,
with numbered or lettered sectors.
There are several important variables that have to be known to determine the
amount of parking that is needed for a sports stadium.
As a rule of thumb, if people do come by car they come at a rate of three
passengers per car.
There will be a need for special parking spaces for people who are physically
handicapped. The parking spaces should be 3 900 mm (13 ft) wide, and there
should be about 1 space for every 50 standard parking spaces.
A drop-off zone should be provided within 15 m (50 ft) of an entrance where
those who are physically handicapped can gain access to the stadium and
viewing area.
It is essential to ensure that car park access and egress is rapid and smooth
flowing and that direct routes to the nearest motorways are provided.
Where sufficient on-site public parking is not possible, parking should be
provided no further than 1,500 meters from the stadium.

2.18.4 OTHER PARKING

This should be inside the stadium, immediately outside the dressing rooms
and isolated from the public.

The players and match officials should be able to disembark from their
transport and make direct entry to their dressing rooms without coming into
contact with the public.

Sufficient parking space should be provided for all vehicles used by staff
engaged in providing services, such as security and safety personnel,
doormen, stewards and caterers.

Near the VIP entrance, and separate from the public car parks, there should be
sufficient parking space for the buses and cars used by VIPs. Preferably, these
vehicles should be parked inside the stadium.

There should be a specific media entrance at the stadium perimeter with a

reception desk or room where late accreditation/media information packs can
be collected.

Special consideration should be given to photographers who arrive with

heavy camera equipment.

35
Parking spaces should be reserved for them as close to the access point as
possible and/or a drop-off point should be designated where they can unload
equipment from vehicles.

Car parking, separate from the public parking area, should be provided as
near as possible to the media working area for all media representatives.

In consultation with qualified TV personnel, an area should be designated for

outside broadcast (OB) vans. This should offer ample parking space for the
trucks used by TV companies to undertake their outside broadcasts.

Parking facilities immediately adjacent to, or inside, the stadium must be

provided for police vehicles, fire engines, ambulances and other vehicles of
the emergency services and for the vehicles of disabled spectators.
These parking places must be situated in such a fashion that they provide a
direct, unrestricted route to and from the stadium which is separate from the
public-access routes.

There should be a private, protected area which can be accessed by player’s

cars and ambulances, from which the match participants can enter or leave
the stadium safely, away from the public, the media and any unauthorized
people.

© Hockson Fig. 9
2.19 O F F I C E S P A C E

Each sector of the stadium should have a customer service and information
desk situated in the external circulation area.

2.19.1 DOPING CONTROL AREA

Every stadium must provide a room for doping control purposes, comprising a
waiting room, a working room and a washing facility, all adjoining.
Position: near the players and referees’ dressing rooms and inaccessible to
the public and the media.
Minimum size: 36m2 (including toilet, working room and waiting room).
The dope-testing area should: be well ventilated with fresh air and be air
conditioned and centrally heated, have easily cleanable floors and walls of
hygienic material, have non-slip floors and be brightly lit.
The working room should have: a desk, 4 chairs, a washbasin and mirror, a
telephone (external/internal) and a cabinet with a lock for sample bottles.
Toilet area
Position: immediately next to, with direct private access to, the working
room, capable of accommodating two people. Toilet and sanitary facilities
should include 1 WC, 1 washbasin and mirror and 1 shower.
Waiting room
Position: immediately adjacent to the working room.
The waiting room should have: a refrigerator and a television set.

© Hockson Fig. 10

37
2.19.2 COMPETITION MANAGEMENT
A stadium should be provided with a minimum of three interconnecting
offices of 25m² each.

2.19.3 STADIUM MANAGEMENT

A stadium should be provided with a minimum of six administrative offices of
25m²each.

2.19.4 MEETING ROOMS

A minimum of three rooms of 30m² each should be provided that can be sub-
divided if the need arises.

2.19.5 IT PATCH ROOMS

A minimum of one room of 12m² should be provided.

2.19.6 STORE ROOMS

The number of rooms, and the area of space required, should be determined
by the stadium management.
It may be helpful to construct a number of rooms with partitioned walls so
that their size may be varied according to their use.

2.19.6.1 Dressing room for musicians and for storage of their instruments
If the facility is used for shows and concerts, the space for artists and
performers should be in the players’ area.

2.19.7 DRESSING ROOMS FOR BALL BOYS AND GIRLS

Minimum size: 40m² (for each sex).
Each room should have: 2 WCs, 2 washbasins and 2 showers.

2.19.8 PLAYERS AREA

Position: the main stand.
They should provide direct, protected access to the playing area and be
inaccessible to the public and the media.

It is essential that the two principal dressing rooms in a stadium are of equal
size, style and comfort.
It is advisable to have four dressing rooms of equal size and comfort.
It should be well ventilated with fresh air and be air conditioned and centrally
heated, have easily cleanable floors and walls of hygienic material, have non-
slip floors and be brightly lit.

© Hockson Fig. 11

2.19.8 COACHES’ OFFICES

Position: They should be adjacent to the players’ dressing room.
Number: two
Minimum size: 24m².
Coaches’ offices should be well ventilated with fresh air, be air conditioned
and centrally heated, have easily cleanable walls of hygienic material, have
non-slip floors and be brightly lit.
Coaches’ offices should have shower, lockers, desk, chairs, a whiteboard and a
telephone.

2.19.9 REFEREES’ AREA

Position: the main stand.
It should provide direct, protected access to the playing area and be
inaccessible to the public and the media.
It should be separate from, but close to, the teams’ dressing rooms.
Minimum size: 24m².
Referees’ areas should be well ventilated with fresh air, be air conditioned and
centrally heated, have easily cleanable floors and walls of hygienic material,
have non-slip floors and be brightly lit.
Referees’ areas should have clothes-hanging facilities or lockers, chairs or
bench seating, a table with 2 chairs, a massage table, a refrigerator, a tactical
demonstration board, a telephone (external/internal) and a television set.

39
Toilet and sanitary facilities should be immediately adjacent to, and with
direct private access from, the dressing room.
They should have a minimum of: 2 showers, 1 washbasin with mirror, 1
urinal, 1 WC (seat), 1 electric shaving point, 1 hair dryer and 1 sink for
cleaning boots.
A modern stadium should provide equal, separate areas for both sexes.
Therefore, one area for five referees and one area for two referees should be
provided, both with the requisite washing facilities.

2.19.10 M A T C H D E L E G A T E S ’ A R E A
Position: near the teams’ and referees’ dressing rooms, preferably with direct
connecting access to the latter.
Minimum size: 16m2.
The area should have: a desk or table, 3 chairs, a clothes locker, a telephone
(external/internal), a fax, a photocopier and a television set.
Toilet and sanitary facilities should include 1 WC and 1 washbasin with
mirror.

© Hockson Fig. 12
2.19.10 A C C E S S F R O M P L A Y F I E L D
Player’s Dressing rooms and the referees’ dressing room should have its own
corridor or tunnel for access to the playing field.
The tunnel should be a minimum of 4m wide and a minimum of 2.4m high.
Close to the point where the dressing room corridor or tunnel opens into the
playing area, there should be a small toilet area consisting of a WC and
washbasin with mirror for those who use the playing area.

2.19.10 A C C E S S F R O M P L A Y F I E L D
Player’s Dressing rooms and the referees’ dressing room should have its own
corridor or tunnel for access to the playing field.
The tunnel should be a minimum of 4m wide and a minimum of 2.4m high.
Close to the point where the dressing room corridor or tunnel opens into the
playing area, there should be a small toilet area consisting of a WC and
washbasin with mirror for those who use the playing area.

2.19. 11 F IRST AID ROO M

This room should be used by players, match officials, the media, VIPs and
security personnel.
Position: in the dressing room area and as close to the players dressing
rooms and the playing field as possible, with easy access to the outside
entrance directly to emergency vehicles. The doors and corridors leading to
this room should be wide enough to allow access for stretchers and
wheelchairs.
Minimum size: 50m².

© Hockson Fig. 13

41
 The room should have: an examination table, portable stretcher, a
washbasin (hot water), a low foot basin (hot water), a glass cabinet for
medicines, a lockable non-glass cabinet, a treatment table and a telephone
(external/internal). The room should have walls or partitions which enable it
to be divided into two when necessary. In addition, the room needs to be
equipped with:
– Defibrillator with rhythm and patient data recording;
– Cardiac monitor;
– External cardiac pacing;
– Infusion mounting and system with all equipment for injections and
infusions set, including venous indwelling cannulae;
– Infusion system which is designed to allow administration of fluid warmed
to 37°C +/– 2°C;
– Pressure infusion device, volumetric infusing device;
– Central vein catheters;
– Pericardial puncture set;
– Drug administration equipment;
– Intubation equipment;
– Thorax drainage kit;
– Immobilization equipment like vacuum mattress, spinal board, cervical
collar-set.

2.20 S P E C T A T O R S

Modern stadiums should be designed so that all spectators are safe and
comfortable, have a perfect view of the court and have easy access to toilets
and refreshment facilities.
The stadium should be divided into at least four separate sectors, each with its
own access points, refreshment and toilet facilities and other essential
services, such as first aid areas, security stations and areas for stewards and
marshals.
Each of these sectors may, in turn, be divided into smaller areas.
It should be possible to prevent spectators from moving from one sector, or
sub-sector, to another, unless it is required for the stadium’s evacuation
process.
The nature of the barriers which may be used to sub-divide sectors is for each
stadium management to determine.
Barriers should be easily dismountable by security personnel.
It must be possible to see through the barriers.

© Hockson Fig. 14

General standards of comfort

A modern stadium should be capable of providing the following facilities:
 Cover For Spectators
 Seating Accommodation
 Sanitary Facility
 Public Refreshment Facility

2.20. 1 CO VER FO R SPEC TATORS

A roof over all spectators is particularly desirable in cold, wet climates. In
those parts of the world where relatively constant sunshine is normal, the
shade provided by a roof should be made available to all spectators for at least
a certain period of the game.
In an age when our homes, workplaces, cars and many sporting and
entertainment facilities are comfortably heated and air conditioned, it seems
likely that more spectators will ask for similar conditions in their stadiums.
There is already a trend towards building stadiums that can be completely
covered over by a retractable roof which may be left open whenever weather
conditions make it desirable to do so.
The challenge with this kind of roof, even when it provides a substantial roof
opening, is that it is proving extremely difficult to maintain grass court in
acceptable condition.
With the necessary supply of sunlight and wind (for ventilation) severely
reduced by the roof, it is almost impossible to keep the turf alive and well.

43
2.20. 2 SEATING AC CO MMOD ATIO N

© Hockson Fig. 15

All spectators should be seated. Seats must be individual, affixed to the

structure and comfortably shaped, with backrests of a minimum height of
30cm to provide support.
An absolute minimum width should be 45cm while a recommended minimum
is 47cm.
There should be a clear view of the playing field from all seats.
Simplified minimum criteria should be that all spectators in the stadium can
see over the head of a spectator seated two rows in front in a direct line.
Seats should be unbreakable, fireproof and capable of withstanding the rigors
of the prevailing climate without undue deterioration or loss of color.
However, the safety and comfort of spectators must be paramount and the
configuration and style of seating areas is fundamental to both issues.
There should be sufficient leg-room between the rows of seats to ensure that
spectators’ knees do not touch the seat or spectator in the row in front and to
make it relatively easy for spectators to move in and out of the rows even
when they are full.
Seats that tip up automatically when the occupant stands up are helpful in this
respect, although they may be more susceptible to breakage if abused.
To achieve reasonable leg-room, a minimum distance of 85cm from backrest
to backrest is recommended.
2.20. 3 SANITARY FACILITIES
Sufficient toilet facilities for both sexes and for disabled people must be
provided inside the security perimeter of the stadium.
These areas should be bright, clean and hygienic and they should be kept in
that condition throughout each event.
The recommended minimum number of WCs and sinks is 20 and seven
respectively for every 1,000 women and 15 WCs and/or urinals
(approximately one-third should be WCs and two-thirds urinals) and five
sinks for every 1,000 men.
To avoid overcrowding between spectators entering and leaving toilets there
should be a one-way access system, or at least doors which are sufficiently
wide to permit the division of the passageway into in and out channels.

2.20. 4 PUB LIC REF RESHMENT F AC ILITIES

Merchandise stands for food and beverages should be placed in a way that will
attract spectators without causing congestion in the stadium concourses.
They must be evenly spread around the stadium so that provision is made for
all sectors, bearing in mind that spectator movement from one sector to
another may be difficult or impossible.
A minimum of five permanent points of sale should be provided per 1,000
spectators, with approximately 1m-1.5m of counter space for the sale.
Walls and fascias should be exposed so that the concession operator can
properly display the items for sale and customers can see the items from a
distance and be able to make their choice in advance.
Temporary points of sale should also be anticipated to deal with additional
demand.
It is important to design the work/staging area in a way that allows many
employees to work there at once, so that products can be displayed in a
tasteful way and to allow for sufficient storage (especially cold storage) at the
stand.
Selling points for food and drink, souvenirs and match programmes should be
situated in positions where queuing customers will present the minimum
possible obstruction to the flow of other spectators.
Seating in the public concourses, or a combination of seating and standing
table facilities, is desirable, bearing in mind that spectators may wish to
purchase food and drink before and after the match.
cafe, bar and restaurant facilities can face outwards to the surrounding streets
or overlook the pitch and seating bowl, providing another type of seating
product from which to watch events.

45
 2.20. 5 PUB LIC TELEPHO NES
Despite the increasing popularity of mobile phones and the reduction in the
use of public telephones, an adequate number of public telephones should be
provided in and around the stadium.

© Hockson Fig. 16

2.21 VIP AREA

2.21. 1 PO SITION
In the centre of the grandstand in which the players’ dressing rooms are
situated, in an elevated position above the playing area, partitioned off from
the public seating areas.
The VIP tribune should always be located in the main stand and be accessible
to the dressing rooms, media facilities and administrative offices.
© Hockson Fig. 17

2.21.2 ACC ESS

The VIP area should have its own private entrance from outside, separate
from the public entrance points, leading directly to the reception area and
from there directly to the viewing area.
There should be an escalator between floors which should be connected to
both normal and emergency power.
There should be alternative controlled access across accredited zones.
People who need to go to the dressing room area (e.g. delegates, observers,
etc.) must have direct and secured access from the VIP box to the dressing
rooms.
2.21.3 SEATS

Seats should be individually numbered and of good quality.

They should be well upholstered, with armrests, be covered by a roof and
should provide a perfect, unrestricted view of the playing area.
Adequate legroom between the rows is essential to enable the occupants to
enter or leave without disturbing other seated guests.

47
Seats for VIPs should be wider and more comfortable and should be located at
the centre of the field and separated from the rest of the seating areas.

2.21. 4 REC EPTION AREA

A dining room large enough for 25 diners should be provided.

The reception area should be capable of providing standing refreshments for
all occupants of the VIP seating area and be situated immediately behind it.
It should have:
– Direct private access from the VIP area;
– Sufficient toilet facilities (male and female);
– Television viewing points;
– Telephones (external/internal);
– lounge facilities, depending upon space available.

2.21. 5 SPECTATO RS WITH D ISAB ILITIES

Wheelchair accessible seating is required. At least one percent of the seating

must be wheelchair
Each wheelchair seating location is an open, level space that accommodates
one person using a wheelchair and has a smooth, stable, and slip-resistant
surface.
Accessible seating must be an integral part of the seating plan so that people
using wheelchairs are not isolated from other spectators or their friends or
family.
A companion seat must be provided next to each wheelchair seating location.
The companion seat is a conventional seat that accommodates a friend or
companion.
Wheelchair seating locations must be provided in all areas including sky boxes
and specialty areas.
Removable or folding seats can be provided in wheelchair seating locations
for use by persons who do not use wheelchairs so the facility does not lose
revenue when not all wheelchair seating locations are ticketed to persons who
use wheelchairs.
Whenever more than 300 seats are provided, wheelchair seating locations
must be provided in more than one location. This is known as dispersed
seating.
 Wheelchair seating locations must be dispersed throughout all seating areas
and provide a choice of admission prices and views comparable to those for
the general public.
Spaces for wheelchairs should be 1 200 mm (48 in) deep and 850 mm (34 in)
wide.
Seats for persons using crutches or braces should be 600 mm (24 in) wide,
with 700 mm (28 in) of clear space in front.
Spaces for wheelchairs and persons with crutches should be accessible by a
level floor or ramp (such as at the front or rear of the stadium).

Wheelchair seating locations must be on an accessible route that provides

access from parking and transportation areas and that connects to all public
areas, including concessions, restaurants, rest rooms, public telephones, and
exits.

In stadiums where spectators can be expected to stand during the show, the
entire wheelchair seating locations must provide a line of sight over standing
spectators.

Disabled spectators should have their own dedicated entrance gate from
which they may have direct wheelchair access to their viewing area.
Toilets for disabled people should be close by and easily accessible, as should
refreshment facilities.
Private toilet facilities consisting of a single WC and sink should be considered
throughout the facility in a ratio of 1 per 5,000 spectators, for use of disabled
people and young children.

2.22 MEDIA

Stadiums should be designed to allow for state-of-the-art facilities to bring the

highest-quality media coverage of tennis into the homes of millions of people
around the world.

There should be easy circulation between the various media working areas,
such as the media working room, the press box, the press conference room,
TV and radio commentary positions, the mixed zone and the field of play.
Consideration must be given to the choice of surface material so that media
equipment can be transported easily between the various media areas.

49
An area should be designated for outside broadcast (OB) vans.
This should offer ample parking space for the trucks used by TV companies to
undertake their outside broadcasts.
This could require between 3,000m² and 5,000m² of space. It should be
adjacent to the stadium to avoid cabling problems.
The OB van area should be secure or easily secured and should be equipped
with a power supply with back-up.
An area should be reserved for satellite uplink vehicles (transportable earth
stations). This should be in the open, adjacent to the OB van area and have an
unobstructed view of the southern horizon in the northern hemisphere and of
the northern horizon in the southern hemisphere.
This area should be supplied with electrical power from the same source as
the OB van area.

2.22. 1 STAD IU M MED IA C ENTRE

The capacity of the stadium media centre should be based on the capacity of
the media tribune.
The working room should be divided into two areas: an area where buffet-
style catering can be provided, and a working area with desks, power and
phone/modem facilities.

The following spaces should be accommodated in the stadium media centre:

– Welcome desk;
– Press conference area;
– Camera repair service;
– Cafeteria;
– Pigeon holes;
– Host city information desk;
– press working areas;
– Photographers’ working areas;
– Lockers;
– Two ticket desks (one for photographers, one for print journalists).
There should be sufficient space for ticket distribution, with adequate queuing
space.
_ Queues should not obstruct the entrance.
 © Hockson Fig. 18

2.22. 2 ACCREDITATIO N OFF IC E

Provision should be made for accreditation procedures.

This can be a relatively small area or even a desk, provided that it would not
constitute an obstruction if queues were to form.

51
2.22.3 PRESS CO NFERENCE ROO M

The press conference room should have a minimum area of 100m2.

It should provide approximately 100 seats for reporters and be equipped with
an appropriate sound system.
At one end of the room, preferably at the end nearer to the access door from
the dressing rooms, a platform should be erected to accommodate coaches,
players, press officers and interpreters as required.
At the other end of the room, facing the platform, a podium should be erected,
allowing at least ten television electronic news-gathering (ENG) crews to set
up their cameras and tripods.
A centralized split box should be installed to avoid having a huge number of
microphones in front of coaches and players.
The press conference room should be easily accessible from the dressing
room area and should be constructed like a small theatre, with each row of
seats slightly elevated above the one in front.

2.22. 4 F AC IL ITIES FO R PHOTO GR A PHER S

The first requirement is suitable parking and drop-off facilities for equipment.
Large individual lockers must be set up where photographers can leave their
material.
Sufficient power and modem connections must be provided on desks to meet
the demands of modern transmission technology.
Toilet facilities for both sexes should be provided.
Technological advances may require the provision of power and modem
connections behind the photographers’ positions on the pitch.
This means that extra space, approximately 1.5m, will be required behind the
photographers’ positions.

2.22.5 THE PRESS BOX

The press box must be in a central position in the main grandstand where the
players’ dressing rooms and the media facilities are situated.
It should be centrally located on the halfway line, in a position that provides
an unobstructed view of the field of play, without the possibility of
interference from spectators.
All working places in the press box should be covered.
Media representatives should be allocated places with an excellent view of the
entire playing area.
There should be easy access to and from other media areas such as the media
centre, the mixed zone and the press conference room.
The permanent press seats should be equipped with desks large enough to
accommodate a laptop computer and a notebook.
There should be a power supply and phone/modem connections at each desk.
Seating for the media should be located near the main media working area.
Television monitors are an essential means of assistance and some should be
installed.
The possibility of installing the latest digital technology lines (such as a high-
quality
three-in-one line for fax, phone and computer) should be included in the
construction plans for new stadiums.

2.22. 6 CO MMENTARY PO SITIO N

At least five television commentary positions and five radio commentary

positions should be provided on a permanent basis.
The commentary positions should be in a central position in the main
grandstand on the same side as the main camera positions – under cover
rather than indoors.
They should include a flat surface for writing and should be well lit.
A television monitor for each position should be built into the desk in a
slanting position so as not to obscure the view of the pitch for the commentary
team.
Commentary positions should be separated from spectators by Plexiglas™ or
other suitable means for the purpose of acoustic separation.
A telephone plug must be installed in each commentary position.
Two power plugs should be provided at each position.
In order to create one commentary position, as many as six seats may need to
be sacrificed, depending on the design.
Each position will be occupied by a minimum of three people.
The media working room and press conference room should be within easy
access.
The working area for the media representatives should be under cover and
located on the main stand.

53
2.22. 7 TELIVISIO N STUD IO S
Provision should be made for at least three television studios for major
matches, each of approximately 25m² and a minimum height of 4m, to allow
for television sets and lighting.
They should be located in such a way that players and coaches can reach them
easily from the dressing rooms at the end of the match.
In addition, one television studio should afford a panoramic view over the
pitch.

© Hockson Fig. 1919

 2.22. 8 MU LTILATU RAL CO VERAGE

All camera positions are subject to a joint agreement between the organizers
and broadcasters.
A space of approximately 2m x 3m should be allowed for each camera.
The angle of the line of sight to the horizontal should be between 12° and 15°
and a space of 2m x 3m is required for each camera.

2.23 COMMUNICATION
Stadium developers must take account of the rapid development of
technology to ensure that their facility can meet all of its communications
requirements for many years to come.

The following are communications systems, applications and users that need
to be considered and coordinated during the development and design of a
venue:
– Administrative data system;
– broadcast television;
– building management systems;
– Cash point/ATM machines;
– Clock system;
– Fire alarm systems;
– Sales Points;
– lighting control;
– Mobile telephone service;
– Police and fire radio;
– Roof controls;
– Scoreboard;
– Security electronic access control;
– Security electronic intrusion detection;
– Security video surveillance;
– Signage;
– Sound systems;
– Telecommunications utility service;
– ticketing;
– Video boards;
– Wireless internet and data.

55
2.23. 1 CO MMU NIC ATIO NS ROO MS
Communications rooms should include:
Telecommunications utility demarcation rooms,
A main cross-connect room (main communications room),
Computer equipment rooms (data centre or server rooms) and
Intermediate cross-connect rooms (communications distribution rooms).

The location of the communication distribution room is critical to ensure that

the length limitations of horizontal cables are maintained.
Communications rooms shall be located to ensure total cable length to any
outlet device does not exceed 90m.
Segments exceeding this length will not function and certainly will not
support future technologies.
Communications rooms should be dedicated and separate from electrical
rooms.
Rooms should align vertically to form risers to ease the installation of cable
throughout facility.
Co-locating or sharing rooms with communications and other low-voltage
systems is recommended.
The sizes of all communications rooms will depend on the type of room, the
equipment supported and distribution densities.
The communications cable infrastructure system should be planned to
support voice and data applications/systems operated over a multi-media
cabling plant including fiber optics and twisted pair copper.

2.23. 2 PUB LIC A DR E SS SY STE M

It is essential that event holders and stadium safety/security authorities are
capable of communicating clearly with spectators inside and outside the
stadium by means of a sufficiently powerful and reliable public address
system.

Such a system should:

-have its control centre located in, or immediately adjacent to, the stadium
control room, in a position where the operator has a clear, unobstructed view
of the whole stadium;

– be capable of addressing messages exclusively to individual sectors of the

stadium, including banks of turnstiles, internal rooms, hospitality suites and
blocks of seating;
– have an emergency, alternative power supply which would ensure that the
system remained operative without interruption in the event of a power
failure for a minimum period of three hours.

2.2 3. 3 SCO R EBO AR D S A ND VIDE O SC RE E NS

Most modern stadiums have some kind of electronic communication with
spectators.
Giant video screen can provide instant action replays or other televised/video
entertainment, the match result and scorers and provides short and simple
public messages.

The location of these screens within the stadium is an important issue which
must be addressed at an early stage of the design process.
Generally, at least two screens are used to provide spectators in all areas with
an acceptable, relatively direct view.
The favored positions for them are in two diagonally opposite corners.
They can be positioned to fill in open corner spaces between side and end
grandstands.
They can also be situated on top of, or suspended from, a grandstand roof.
The principal determining factors when deciding the best position for the
screens are:
– To provide optimal viewing for all spectators;
– To eliminate or to lessen capacity reduction caused by seat loss;
– To be placed in a location where the screens do not represent any risk to
spectators.

© Hockson Fig. 20

57
 The design of electronic communication systems is changing rapidly and so is
the cost. Larger and clearer video screens, individual armrest monitors and
personal handheld television/video screens are some of the new products
that should be considered in the years ahead.
Portions of the scoreboards and video screens can be used for displaying
messages during emergencies and should be connected to electrical systems
with a three-hour standby power supply in the event of a normal power
outage.

2.24 L I G H T I N G
A lighting system must be installed which meets the needs of broadcasters,
spectators, players and officials without spilling light into the environment
and without creating a nuisance for the local community.

FAC ILITY REQU IREMENTS

2.24.1O VERVIEW
The primary goal of the event lighting system is to illuminate the event to
digital video quality for the media without creating nuisance glare for the
players/officials and adding spill light/glare to the spectators and
surrounding environment.
Permanent lighting, temporary lighting and a combination of both systems
should be considered.

2.2 4. 2 E NVIRO NME NTA L

Special care should be taken to limit the spill light and glare off the field, both
inside and outside the stadium.

2.24. 3 PLAY ERS A ND O FF IC IA LS

The players and officials must be able to perform to their fullest ability within
an illuminated environment that enhances play.

2.24. 4 SPECTATO RS
The spectators must be able to view the event, scoreboard, video and all
activities on the field in comfort, free from glare and excessive spill light.
2.24. 5 THE MEDIA
The media video and broadcasts produced during an event shall be of digital
quality, with balanced illumination and free from hard-line shadows and glare.

2.24. 6 MOU NTING HEIGHT OF LIGHT F ITTINGS

Luminaries should be positioned at a minimum height of 9.144 meters above
the court surface at the net and at a minimum height of 6.096 meters at the
base lines. Account should be taken of the window position so the luminaries
are not in the players’ line of vision.

2.24. 7 C AMERA VIEWS TO B E CO NSID ERED

There are many possible camera positions which can be used to create the
televised experience.
The camera positions illustrated are some of those which are popular.
A lighting specification should take account of the actual camera positions to
be used in order to ensure that each camera receives sufficient light, from
which good-quality video can be created.

2.24. 8 PL AY ER A ND B RO ADC A ST VIEW A NGL ES

Providing a glare-free environment for the players, officials and media is the
most important design requirement.

2.2 4. 9 E NVIRO NME NTA L IMPA C T

Light pollution and unwanted light trespass fall into two categories:
Spill illumination - This is light leaving the perimeter of the stadium that is
measurable.
Glare - This is excessive brightness in the normal field of view for pedestrians
and motorists outside the stadium.
Every effort needs to be made to limit both spill and glare inside and outside
the stadium.
Design specifications should include sharp cut-off reflectors and high
efficiency reflectors for televised events.

59
2.25 S A F E T Y R E Q U I R E M E N T S
All parts of the stadium, including entrances, exits, stairways, doors, escape
routes, roofs and all public and private areas and rooms must comply with the
safety standards of the appropriate local authorities.

Public passageways and stairways in the spectator areas should be clearly

marked, as should all gates leading from the spectator areas into the playing
area and all exit doors and gates leading out of the stadium. All public
passageways, corridors, stairs, doors and gates must be kept free of any
obstructions that could impede the free flow of spectators.

Exit doors and gates in the stadium and all gates leading from the spectator
areas into the playing area must open outwards, away from the spectators.

Each of these doors and gates must be attended at all times by a specially
appointed steward, to guard against abuse and to ensure immediate escape
routes in the event of an emergency evacuation. Under no circumstances must
they be locked with a key during the time that spectators are in the stadium.

2.25. 1 STAD IU M CO NTROL ROO M

Each stadium must have a control room which has an overall view of the
inside of the stadium and which must be equipped with public address
facilities and television surveillance monitor screens. The size, configuration
and furnishing of the control room should be agreed upon in consultation with
the local police.
The stadium commander should have the capability of overriding and cutting
into the public address system whenever necessary. Stadium designers should
consult the local police and civic authorities to determine whether it is
necessary to include facilities such as a police muster room, a charge room
and detention cells for male and female prisoners within the stadium itself.
A second control room and emergency command centre is desirable. It should
have a location which is convenient for arriving emergency personnel and
their vehicles.

2.25. 2 TEL IVISIO N SUR VE ILL ANCE SY STE M

A modern stadium should be equipped inside and outside with public
surveillance color television cameras, mounted in fixed positions with pan and
tilt facilities. These cameras should monitor all of the stadium’s approaches
and all of the public areas inside and outside the stadium.
The television surveillance system should have its own independent power
supply and private circuit. It should be operated and controlled from the
stadium control room where the monitor screens should be situated. It should
be capable of taking still photographs both inside and outside the stadium.

2.25. 3 F IRST AID ROO MS

Every stadium should be equipped with a first aid room, or rooms, to care for
spectators. Ideally, there should be two first aid rooms, one on either side of
the stadium. There should be space for the secure deposit of defibrillators in
easily accessible locations, evenly distributed around the stadium.

First aid rooms should:

– be located in a position which allows easy access from both inside and
outside the stadium for spectators and emergency vehicles;
– have doors and passageways leading to them which are wide enough to
allow access for a stretcher or a wheelchair;
– have bright lighting, good ventilation, heating, air conditioning, electric
sockets, hot and cold water, drinking water and toilet facilities for both sexes;
– have walls and floors (non-slip) constructed of smooth and easily cleanable
material;
– have a glass cabinet for medicines;
– have storage space for stretchers, blankets, pillows and first aid materials;
– have a telephone allowing internal and external communication;
– be clearly signposted inside and outside the stadium.

61
3. CASE STUDY
3.1 TRIVANDRUM TENNIS CLUB

3.1.1 HISTO RY
In 1937 the idea of starting a tennis club in Trivandrum dawned upon Col.
Goda Varma Raja and the proposed Tennis Club was formally inaugurated on
1st February 1938 at Sasthamangalam, Trivandrum, with Col Goda Varma
Raja as President. Two tennis courts were laid out and provision for wall
practice was made by providing a cement wall at one end of the Club
premises. The Travancore-Cochin Government made available to the Club 4
acres 27.2 cents of land at Kawdiar Avenue during the year 1949-50 and for
decades this site has been the ultimate destination for tennis lovers in
Trivandrum. The construction of the New Club building was begun in the year
1950. The building covered a surface area of 7000 square feet when
completed in 1953. Since 1953 alterations and extensions to the building were
carried out on various occasions with the result that at present a modern
multi storied edifice with 13 air conditioned retiring rooms covering a total
surface area of 10000 square feet fashionable as well as convenient, provides
ample space for the Club's multifarious activities.

© Hockson Fig. 21
3.1.2 SITE
Location: Kawdiar, Trivandrum
Area: 5.5 acres
Type of Building: Tennis Club cum Coaching

3.1.3 FUNC TIO NAL U NITS

 Tennis Courts
 Restaurant (indoor & Outdoor)
 Bar
 Club Houses
 Training Courts
 Indoor Sport Units
 Badminton Court

© Hockson Fig. 22

63
3.1.4 FEATURES
 The all 7 Clay Courts in Trivandrum Tennis club have a very good
surface to play professional tennis.
 A clay court is equipped with flood lightings
 Two of the seven clay courts are used for professional tennis
tournament with seating’s and umpire chairs.
 Other five courts are been used by the trainees according to their
quality of play.
 A beginner’s wall practice court with concrete floor at the northern side
of the campus.
 The synthetic courts of this club is of a class of its own style and is build
on international standards and have separate balcony for the club
members and VIP to watch the play.
 Other outdoor courts for basketball and badminton are also located.
 A multi-purpose hall located in the club building, commonly used for
club meetings and members family parties.
 Two dining halls, one air conditioned and the other without conditioner.
 A well furnished Lounge with Library, Reading Room, and TV for light
refreshments.
 12 residential cottages for members and guest members.
 Family Lawn - Exclusively for family in front of the Clubhouse. ‘
 Rear side Lawn and Verandah Lawn for Get-together.
 Club Gymnasium and A Jogging Track for the use of members and
trainees.
 Trivandrum Tennis Club has exclusive facilities for the billiards and
snooker players with elegant setting.
 More than physical games clubs provides a beautifully furnished card
rooms for the lovers of card games.
 A restaurant with Bar gives more elegance to the players when they are
finished with the game.
 An open air theater for outdoor meetings with natural settings around
the stage.
 All tennis courts and factors related to tennis are of international
standards.
  Four major courts are provided with player’s rest room and store
rooms.

© Hockson Fig. 23

3.1.5 ORIENTATIO N
 The tennis courts are laid out to minimize players looking into the sun
when serving or when following the flight of a ball.
 The Orientation of long axis is, North-West and south-East.

3.1.6 LIGHTING
 Approximately 6' outside the sidelines and behind the base lines
approximately 10' and/or within 10' of the back walls.
 High Intensity Discharge (H.I.D.) fixtures are used.
 Lighting fixtures are located outside playing lines.

3.1.7 DRA INA GE

 Drainage for two synthetic courts are from corner to corner diagonally
at a minimum slope of an inch in 10 feet.

65
  For clay courts porous surfaces of 0 .003 to 0 .004% are provided.

© Hockson Fig. 24

3.1.8 DEMERITS
 To this date Trivandrum tennis clubs offers the best Clay courts and
Synthetic courts in Trivandrum but TTC failed to provide a good
coaching centre with international standards.
 No special provisions for disabled club members.
 Should provide kids play area and care centre.
 No first Aid Room or treatment room provided.
3.2 S D A T STADIUM, Chennai

3.2.1 INTRO DUC TIO N

SDAT – Sports Development Authority of Tamil Nadu’s Tennis Stadium is the only stadium
to host International Tennis in south Asia, the proud home of the ATP Chennai Open. This
beautiful tennis compound is located just outside Nungapakkam, Chennai. The program
was built and run on to develop the game in Chennai and to exhibit international
tournaments for tennis Fans.

© Hockson Fig. 25

3.2.2 FUNC TIO NAL U NITS

 Tennis Stadium
 Training Courts
 Sports Authority offices
 Trainees Hostel
 Gymnasium

67
3.2.3 FEATURES
 4 entrances for entering inside the stadium campus
 One Emergency Entry exit
 And others for players, public, Media and for VIP's.
 One security kiosk at the entry to public.
 Parking facilities inside the compound provided only for players and
officials.
 Places allotted outside the stadium for temporary exhibitions.
 Three other professional tennis courts with a capacity to hold 100
spectators and 3 three tennis practicing courts are also developed
inside the site.
 Two high volt transformers are provided inside the site for its need.
 A hostel for trainees and the head office of “Tamil nadu Tennis
Association” also located inside the campus.
 Drop-off zone provided for Players and VIP's near their respective
entrances.
 A fully equipped gymnasium near the practicing courts.

© Hockson Fig. 26

 20 direct openings for public to enter in and to exit out of the stadium.
 4 ramps of 1:10 ratio with the width of 1.5m give a safe entry and exit to
the disabled people.
 VIP seating’s are covered.
 Direct Access from VIP rooms to Seating Area
  Provided with two stairs at each side of the stadium.
 Fire Extinguisher are placed all along the circulating space of the
stadium.
 Toilets for both sexes are places at a rate of one pair at all four sides.
 Properly planned in the circulation of spectators inside the seating area.
 The chairs were numbered.

3.2.4 PLAY FIELD

 A north-south field orientation is considered here in this stadium.
 Four Private Entrances leads to play field
 West side for players
 East Side for Media, Ball Boys and Competition Management
 North entrance for VIP and ATP officials
 South entrance for tournament sponsers
 Four white light fixtures at the four ends of play field.
 Drainage is from end to end at a slope of an inch in 10 feet(0 .8 to 1%).

3.2.5 PLA NNING

Doping control area (Western Side)

Competition management (Southern Side)

Stadium management (Eastern Side)

Meeting rooms (First Floor, Northern Side)

Players Area (Western Side)

Coaches' offices (Western Side)

Referees' area (Western Side)

Match delegates' area (Western Side)

Dressing rooms for ball boys and ball girls (Eastern Side)

First aid and treatment room (Western Side)

69
© Hockson Fig. 27

3.2.6 DEMERITS

 No parking for spectators inside the campus.

 No proper signboards to guide the spectator.
 No permanent exhibition hall.
 No permanent television position.
 No proper media working area as of the international standard.
 Placement of refreshment areas near the entrances interrupts the plow
of spectators.
 It would be more comfortable if provided with Tip-Up seats
4. INTERNET STUDY
4.1 AELTC: Wimbledon

Who would think of the Championships at Wimbledon, without a mental image

of the green Virginia creepers covering the main elevations of the buildings?

They are as much a part of Wimbledon as the singles finals, and the
development plan which is to take this venue into the twenty-first century
very consciously retains and builds on this image.

4.1.1 INTRO DUC TIO N

Wimbledon is one of the world’s most recognizable and evocative of sports
arenas, with a past of more than 120 years. Almost every summer however
the prestigious outdoor grass court Grand Slam tournament has to deal with
the frustrations of the occasionally inclement British weather. Most of the
other tennis stadiums are visually ‘dead’ compared with the Wimbledon grass
court. The world’s most famous tennis venue is the All England Lawn Tennis
at Wimbledon in London, home since 1922 of The Championships. In
atmosphere the open sky of the Wimbledon Centre Court has a tight
clustering’s while comparing to the greater viewing distance of Roland Garos
and Arthur Ashe center courts. Until June 2009, the Australian Open is the
only one of the Grand Slam events that has had a retractable roof. It is
important that Wimbledon moves with the times and protects its position at
the top of world venues; to make sure its huge television audience has tennis
to watch and to ensure its long-term financial viability.

4.1.2 FEATURES
 Twenty playing courts including center court.
 Wimbledon has always striven to provide the players with the best
possible grass courts on which to display their considerable talents.
 The Centre Court will be remodeled to bring the 1922 building into the
twenty-first century.
 More than 10,000 green alternanthera are used, some sprayed purple to
give the official Wimbledon colors.
 HENMAN HILL: Officially Aorangi Terrace, this is a favorite spot for
British fans, who can watch the matches on a giant screen.

71
  NUMBER ONE COURT: The 11,000-seat complex opened in 1997, part of
the first phase of Wimbledon's redevelopment.
 CEDAR COURT: Residents here can expect to rent out their flats for up
to £3,000 a week.
 LIVING LOGO: A flowerbed displaying the year, 2009.
 BROADCAST CENTRE: About 3,000 members of the media from all over
the world will be here during the tournament, most notably the BBC and
American network NBC.
 NEWSTEAD WAY: These unremarkable £850,000 four-bedroom terrace
houses 300 yards from the grounds are rented out for as much as
£10,000 a week during the tournament, to tennis superstars, fans and
the media.
 MILLENNIUM BUILDING: Built in 2000 on the site of the former Number
One Court, it houses the players' and members' facilities.
 CENTRE COURT: 15,000 fans can now watch the action in the new
facility.
 GATE FOUR (there are 20 entrances): Up to 460,000 tennis fans will
pass through the gates every summer.

4.1.3 SIGNIF ICANT FEATURES O F 2009 C HAMPIO NSHIP

 New light weight retractable roof

 The addition of six rows of seating in the upper tier on three sides
increased capacity at Centre Court from 13 800 spectators to 15 000
spectators.
 Replacement of current seating with new wider and more comfortable
ones.
 Roger Federer and Serena Williams crowned as champions

4.1.4 AC TIVITY AREA

 The Grass courts are prepared in a similar manner each year to produce
the highest quality playing surface for the world's best players in the
modern game to display their full range of skills.
 That means the courts must have even and consistent bounce, as well as
the ability to withstand prolonged wear and tear for a minimum of 13
days.
 © Hockson Fig. 28

4.1.4.1 COURT D URAB ILITY

The courts are sown with 100% Perennial Ryegrass (since 2001) to
improve durability and strengthen the sward so that it can better
withstand the increasing wear of the modern game, Independent expert
research from The Sports Turf Research Institute in Yorkshire, UK,
proved that changing the grass seed mix to 100% Perennial Ryegrass
(previously 70% Rye/30% Creeping Red Fescue) would be the best way
forward to combat wear and enhance court presentation and
performance without affecting the perceived speed of the court.

4.1.4.2 SPEED OF COURTS

There has been no intention either this year or in previous years to
produce slower courts or ones suited for a particular type of game.

73
 4.1.4.3 BOU NCE
The amount a ball bounces is largely determined by the soil, not the
grass. The soil must be hard and dry to allow 13 days of play without
damage to the court sub-surface.
To achieve the required surface of even consistency and hardness, the
courts are rolled and covered to keep them dry and firm. Regular
measurements are taken to monitor this.
If the court is too soft, when the players run, jump and slide, the pimples
on their shoes will damage the surface and increase the chance of an
irregular bounce.

4.1.4.4 THE GR A SS
The grass plant itself has to survive in this dry soil. Expert research has
again shown that a cut height of 8mm is the optimum for present day
play and survival.
The height of cut has been at 8mm for the past 12 years.

4.1.4.5 THE E FF EC TS OF A TMO SP HE RIC CO ND ITIO NS

Unlike other surfaces grass is a living plant in an outdoor environment
when weather varies throughout the year. Weather conditions in the
run up to The Championships will have some effect on the way the
courts ultimately play.
The atmosphere can also have an effect on the ball which will seem
heavier and slower on a cold damp day and conversely lighter and faster
on a warm dry day.

4.1.5 FUTURE D EVELO PMENT

 Building Design Partnership’s 1993 All-England Club master plan
stipulated that changes should be made by 2012 but those time limits
have become outdated. As a result, new development has moved at a
slower pace and taken a different direction to that intended.
 New media facilities and commentary boxes will be built to replace
those currently in the upper tier. They will be located in a similar
position to the one they have at present at the back of the seating bowl.
 Courts No 2 and No 3 at the All-England Club, home of the Wimbledon
championships, are to be demolished and rebuilt in time for the 2012
London Olympics.
 This is part of a wider redevelopment of the southern part of the site,
which will include the provision of new restaurants.
  At present the two courts are considered to be too close together,
cramping pedestrian movement. A source said: “The latest thinking is to
do this build in two or three phases and aim for the Olympics. It would
provide more space and better circulation.”
 No 2 court would be demolished and moved to the south-east of the site.
No 3 court would be rebuilt on its current site or moved slightly
westward.

4.1.6 RETRACTABLE ROOF

 The main stage of English tennis required a new roof for its spectators
stand.
 The design of the innovative hydraulically operated roof (a ‘folding
fabric concertina’) evolved after a scientifically demanding process.
 Measuring 75 meters by 70 meters the structure works on a principle
similar to an umbrella, with metal ribs supporting a translucent fabric.
 70 tones trusses is placed on the roof
 The retractable roof started to slide into position within ten minutes,
meaning no more interruptions for rain from the 2009 season.
 A key element of the design has been to allow natural light to reach the
grass.
 An airflow system removes condensation from within the bowl to
provide the optimum internal environment for the comfort of spectators
and players when the roof is closed.
 It is unique in that it will be translucent, which it has to be. In other
arenas where they have sliding roofs, such as in Australia, they play on
hard courts so the condition of the surface isn't very important. But no-
one has ever gone before into the chemistry of growing the world's
most famous grass, which has to be perfect under those conditions.
 The other new thing that I learnt is that once the roof is closed the
atmosphere within the stadium will change dramatically. So to
counteract this they will be pumping out the air from the stadium and
pumping in new fresh air.
Tim Phillips, Chairman of the All England Club and The Championships says:

Just as the game of tennis does not stand still, neither do we and we continue
to prepare our courts using all our experience and the latest technology.
Ultimately, we aim to produce the best possible playing surface."

75
5. SITE ANALYSIS
5.1 Why Trivan dru m?
 State capital
 Highest percentage of inflow of people from other district & other states
as well as foreign tourists.
 Considerable participation of the public in tennis events happening in
the city at present.
 No permanent venue at present.
 Availability of services.

5.2 Why Mang alapu ram?

· Availability of land
· Proximity to airport, railway station and central bus station.
· Away from the noise and traffic of the city.
· Easy access to services due to the NH Bypass.

5.3 LOCATIO N
· 2Km from Kanniyapuram towards Attingal.
· Distance from nearest airport - 16Km
· Distance from Railway Station - 25Km
· Distance from Bus Station - 25Km
· 6m wide road from Mangalapuram to CPRF Pallipuram pass along the
North and Eastern side of the site.

5.4 TO PO GRA PHY

· Site Extends about 20.3acres.
· Relatively flat site with a small variation of levels at few areas of the site.
· Low altitude region, endowed with humid tropical climate.
· Typical laterite soil with B-horizon.
· Claylike and porous
· Blackish-brown color
· Longitude: 76°57'E
· Latitude: 8°29'N
· Average Elevation 16ft.
 © Hockson Fig. 29

5.5 CLIMATE

5.5.1 Air Temperature

 Max: 32.9° C; Min: 21.5° C

5.5.2 Prevailing Wind

 South west - North east
 Maximum force: 18Kmph

5.5.3 Rainfall
 Throughout the year
 Both the southwest and northeast monsoons
 Southwest monsoon with maximum 373.7mm (July)
 Total annual rainfall: 1665.1mm
 Ninety percent of this precipitation is during the two monsoons

77
 5.5.4 Humid ity
 Above 70%

© Hockson Fig. 29

5.6 E NVIRO NME NT

· Proposed Techno-city residential plots at the East.
· Scattered houses at the North
· Vacant lands at the West and South
· Buildings around this residential township are not more than a single
floor height.
· Existing scattered vegetation of Coconut trees, Jackfruit, Teak and
Tamarind.
· Possibilities for future tropical trees like Mango, Banyan etc.

5.7 SERVIC ES
· A transformer at the eastern end of the site (MP 7038)
· Provision for Municipal water supply
· No public sewage system.
6. ZONING
6.1 GU ID E LINE S F RO M C A SE STUD IE S
· Relationship between the built spaces as well as the ambience within
the complex has to be achieved through quality of open spaces
· Separation of pedestrian and vehicular traffic for a peaceful atmosphere.
· Relationship between players and public spaces should be such that the
public can see the player's activities, while the athlete plays undisturbed
· Informal spaces rather than formal spaces are more suited for a
recreational complexes atmosphere

© Hockson Fig. 30

· The complex should be such that the visitor can explore the spaces on
his own and get to know about the activities
· Nature in the form of landscape as well as in its pure form to be
incorporated with design since nature is a never-ending resource of
beauty for the humans.
· In addition to serving the future of the complex spaces where people
can contemplate or hang out to be provided. The more one spends in a
place the more he is influenced by it.

79
6.2 STAD IU M
The stadium should be divided into at least four separate sectors, each with its
own access points, refreshment and toilet facilities and other essential
services, such as first aid areas and security stations.

© Hockson Fig. 31

· Field Area
· Competition Area
· Public Area
· Office Area
6.3 ZO NING

© Hockson Fig. 32

6.4 CIRCULATIO N

© Hockson Fig. 33

81
© Hockson Fig. 34
FRO M HKSN F LO IN’ S DESK

Greetings from Hksn.

How you feel about these days? You people happy with these 5 years?

I don’t know how to answer or to react if it was your question

"Hksn, how you gonna miss us..?"

My heart full of your memories, I still hear through my two ears, Prof. Anslem Selvaraj
asking "Mr.Hksn Lal, what’s the plinth height."

Closing my eyes to recollect our days of being together to write something interesting to my
Kandar's. Now it’s Karthikeyan in my minds depth, guiding Hema for designing hospital and
boys around them shouting "aenna koduma shilpa ithu."

I’m framing the letter in mobile and some foul words reaching my ears, "max (Mathew)
silent please machi., let’s hear what vedimuthu and Ganesh talking about. "Sundar
'thirundhavae illa.” His next bomb spot is planned with Gangster Ganesh.

Everything is calm here in my room except the mind which collects all of yours sweet
memories. "Hey! Stop! Thalaila adikkadha, Hey Sindhu valikkuthu di, stop it johnsonzzz."

Oops!!! Sorry Kandar's, it’s not Sindhu this time, it’s my mom asking me to sleep. I still feel
all of yours presence around me. It’s like moving out of theater after watching 36 movies.

Each of yours life can be pictured as a movie or written as novel. Our life style can even be
carved in the walls of our class room because such interesting moments we had together.
The characters you played in me will live forever.

Someone behind my cry

Someone to fuss with

Some ones memory to laugh

Someone as inspiration

Someone as good friend

Someone to miss forever

Someone to hear my “mokka” flashbacks.

A smile to all.

83
It’s time now; we are supposed to march off from the school where we trained to live as
architects.

In a world that doesn’t sleep, Spread all around, establish your works, be news in "Headlines"

God bless you all..."

Our characters inside and outside the college campus will live forever in me.

Shall I ask you a question..??

Will you folks miss me..??

Excuse me friends, a text message.

Will comeback after reading it.

What! Text message from Nithya?

What’s so special this night?

Jesus Christ! 25th April, my birthday!

First let me complete my letter.

Finally we are architects.

"What koduma Archana ithu...?” lol

My dear friends Thank you for this great life,

I’ll miss you all, will you?

Cheers! Bye... :-) Bye. :-)

With love

Hockson Floin.
GU EST PA GE
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Thank Y ou!