MODELS OF EDUCATIONAL

LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT

Models of Educational Leadership Definitions

Formal models assume that organizations are
hierarchical systems in which managers use
rational means to pursue agree goals. Heads
1. FORMAL MODELS possess authority legitimized by their formal
positions within the organization and are
accountable to sponsoring bodies for the activities
of their institutions.
Collegial models assume that organizations
determine policy and make decisions through a
process of discussion leading to consensus. Power
2. COLLEGIAL MODELS
is shared among some or all members of the
organization who are thought to have a shared
understanding about the aims of the institution.
Political models assume that in organizations
policy and decisions emerge through a process of
negotiation and bargaining. Interest groups
develop and form alliances in pursuit of particular
3. POLITICAL MODELS
policy objectives. Conflict is viewed as a natural
phenomenon and power accrues to dominant
coalitions rather than being the preserve of formal
leaders.
Subjective models assume that organizations are
the creations of the people within them.
Participants are thought to interpret situations in
different ways and these individual perceptions
4. SUBJECTIVE MODELS
are derived from their background and values.
Organizations have different meanings for each of
their members and exist only in the experience of
those members.
Ambiguity models assume that turbulence and
5. AMBIGUITY MODELS
unpredictability are dominant features of
 organizations. There is no clarity over the
objectives of institutions and their processes are
not properly understood. Participation in policy
making is fluid as members opt in or out of
decision opportunities.
Cultural models assume that beliefs, values and
ideology are at the heart of organizations.
Individuals hold certain ideas and value-
preferences which influence how they behave and
6. CULTURAL MODELS
how they view the behavior of other members.
These norms become shared traditions which are
communicated within the group and are
reinforced by symbols and ritual.

TYPOLOGY OF MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP MODELS

Management Model Leadership Model
Formal Managerial
Participative
Collegial Transformational
Interpersonal
Political Transactional
Subjective Post-modern
Ambiguity Contingency
Moral
Cultural
Instructional
Source: adapted from Bush and Glover, 2002