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I. True or False:
1._________. According to Aquinas, all creatures are metaphysically made of essence and existence.
2._________. Neil doubts everything and he even questions facts, beliefs, knowledge, etc… His act of
extreme doubting follows the method of empiricism.
3._________. Aquinas sought to Christianize Plato.
4._________. Skepticism is a philosophical doctrine whose view is that what would normally be called
“external world” is created by the mind.
5._________. Empiricism is a philosophical doctrine that holds all knowledge are derived from
experience, whether of the mind or of the sense.
6._________. Syllogistic or Logical Method is attributed from Aristotle, the founder of logic.
7._________. Descartes rejected the notion that knowledge is innate.
8._________. Stoicism was founded by Zeno of Citium.
9._________. According to Sartre, essence precedes existence.
10.________. According to existentialists, human nature is chosen through life choices.
11.________. Aquinas believed that the principal purpose of man is to be virtuous.
12.________. According to soft determinists, the ideal life is sought upon struggles against our individual
nature.
13.________. Mark loves pleasure, and according to Pythagoras, a man who loves pleasure is second in
rank after those men who love wisdom.
14.________. Essence is acquisition of extrinsic properties upon our existence.
15.________. Cogito ergo sum is a popular maxim of Martin Heidegger.
16.________. Determinism is a doctrine that holds that knowledge may be sought and can be found.
17.________. Scientific experimentation is an example of rationalism.
18.________. Change is an illusion according to Heraclitus.
19.________. According to Heidegger, ‘dasein’ is also called ‘being here.’
20.________. The understanding of realities begins with an understanding of other beings.
III. Identification:
1. Essence a. Forms
2. Ontology b. A law of nature as formulated and
3. Principle accepted by the mind
4. Descartes c. Anaximander
5. Philosophical Psychology d. Dialectic method
6. Philosophy e. Father of existentialism
7. Cosmology f. Thomistic Method
8. Apeiron g. The most significant part of thing’s
9. Accidental modifications nature
10. Dasein h. Change is illusion
11. Socrates i. Heidegger
12. Thales j. Comes from the Greek psyche meaning
13. Parmenides soul
14. Heraclitus k. Branch of metaphysics which deals with
15. Plato the universe as a systematic order
16. Aristotle l. Branch of metaphysics concerned with
17. Soren Kierkegaard the essence of beings
18. Aquinas m. Qualities or attributes not belonging to
19. Immanuel Kant essence
20. Sartre n. Search for meaning
o. Methodic doubt
p. Critical Idealism
q. Water, water is everywhere
r. Rejected the idea of Plato
s. A field of philosophy which inquires into
human nature
t. Dialectic process
u. Constant flux or change
v. Existence precedes essence
V. Enumeration:
BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE:
This question (What is the ideal way to live human Modern environmentalists urge us to cut back on
life?) is not a mere theoretical problem. In our our efforts for economic growth and to live in tune
lives in today’s world we make major decisions with nature, limiting our usage of natural
based on our preference for one or other of these resources. Such people are guided by a Taoist ideal
humanisms, one of these ideals of human life. An of human life where life is understood in terms of
example of this might be found in the ideas behind conformity with nature and economic growth is
“women’s liberation.” Many modern women feel secondary.
that their lives are somewhat empty when their
existence consists merely of being wives and Some people today choose to step aside from the
mothers. They want more in their lives than just world and to give their lives to God in religious or
the living out of such roles. They seek fulfillment contemplative life. These people conceive God to
in their lives, a fulfillment which they find in a be all important and they choose to live in terms of
career. In such a choice they are being guided by Him alone. Personal development and human
the Greek ideal for human life. relationships are conceived to be subordinated to
this greater reality. (There is something similar to
A student may set aside her career in order to work Oriental humanism here.)
These examples show us that our ideal of human
life has great influence over the choices that we
make in life. We began this chapter with a simple
question: What makes man truly human? It is clear
now that the answer we give to that question will
have a great effect on our lives.
EVALUATION:
ENRICHMENT:
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4
5. 5
ENRICHMENT:
GUIDE QUESTIONS: Record the song you made and have it uploaded to
1. What is the definition for man that the Facebook. Invite your friends and relatives to watch and
phenomenologists consider as inadequate? comment on your song. Take note of the comments and
2. What are the two elements that make the notion of man suggestions.
as dual?
MODULE 3:
Man as Transcendental
MOTIVATION:
On one hand, I recognize an intimate relation of myself When we use the term intermediary, we refer to one of
with my body, and thus truly say: I am my body. Yet, on the two conflicting meaning and Z,” I may mean that because X, Y
other hand, I also know that I cannot reduce my whole and Z encounter or become closer to each other or come to an
humanity to my body. I am also spirit and will: my body is only agreement. Let us take this example from the story if Macario
something I have: I have my body. What is the meaning of this Pineda titled, “Kung Baga sa Pamumulaklak.” A young famer
paradox? named Desto wants to win the hand of the illustrious young
lady named Tesang. However, he cannot just present himself
READING: directly to the lady of his affection to tell her of his feelings. He
The Life of Embodied Spirit first approaches his uncle Mang Tibo who is kumpare of
Eduardo Jose Calasanz, Philosophy of Man, Selected Readings Tesang’s parents so he can act as an intermediary between him
and Tesang’s parents. Only then do Tesang’s parents allow
We begin our reflection on the experience of my body Desto to court her. In this situation the intermediary serves as
by recognizing its paradoxical character. On one hand, I cannot the “bridge” for the union of the young man and the lady.
detach my body from myself; they are not two things that
happen by chance together. Rather, my self is absolute On the other hand, I can also mean the opposite. I can
embodied. Likewise, on the other hand, I cannot reduce my self say that because X, Y and Z are separated. Still with the
to my body: I also experience my self as an I–spirit and will example of courting, the parents if the girl stand between our
that can never be imprisoned in my flesh and bones. That is affection and prevent our being sweethearts. In the old films of
why we can say there are two faces shown in the experiences Virgo Productions, often Lolita Rodriguez plays the role of the
of my body: “I have my body” and “I am my body”. “other woman” who stands between the beautiful relationship
of the couple Eddie Rodriquez and Marlene Dauden. Here, the
It is very tempting for any erudite person, philosopher intermediary is not a bridge but an obstacle.
or scientist, to forget this paradox and fix his attention to only
one side of the experience. This precisely is the danger of the Now when I say my body is the intermediary between
primary reflection: our inquiry becomes clear and distinct but my self and the world, I refer to the two meaning of
we get farther away from real experience. The paradox is the intermediary. On one hand, because of my body, an encounter
experience itself, and this should be the one described by and agreement occurs between my self and the world. In
philosophy by means of secondary relfection. reality, the encounter of the experience of my self and the
experience if the world can only take place in the experience of
The body as intermediary. I experience myself as my body, I experience the world as my world and we are
familiar to each other. Because of my body, the chair I am Because of my body, we interrelate with each other in
sitting on is hard, the sunset is as red as a rose, the effect of the many ways–in our vision, actions, attitude, in our rituals, signs
lambanog on my empty stomach is strong, the smell of the and speech. We face each other in anger, tenderness, sadness
Pacwood factory in San Pedro, Laguna, is like hell. Because of etc., because we have a body to present. If the other shows
my body, I have an experience of “near” and “far,” and wrinkles in his forehead, he is indicating dissatisfaction,
“below” and “up” and “below” and many other relations in confusion or disapproval of what I am saying. The wry and red
space. The world of man is different from the “world” of the appearance of my face is my anger; my fixed-to-the-ground
fly because their bodies have different frameworks. My body is look at my sigh are my loneliness. The child does not have to
by nature intentional (directed to the world), and it creates and disobey parent, a look from the parent is enough to prevent
discovers meaning that I am conscious of in my existence. him. Every part and action of my body says something of
Thus, because of my body, the whole universe has and reveals myself and my world. As what the poet says of an alluring
a meaning for-me-and-for man. Through my body, my young woman:
subjectivity is openness to the world and the world is opened to
me; the world fills me and I fill the world. There’s language in her eye, her cheek, her lip,
Nay, her foot speaks; her wanton spirits look out
On the other hand, also because of my body, I At every joint and motive of her body.
experience the world as separate from me. I am “not-world”,
and the world in “not-I”. In the giving-of-meaning-to-the-world The language of my body has its own grammar and
of my body, I also experience the self as “outside” the world, I rhetoric in expressing my interiority. If I love Maria, I show
am the one who sees, and who gives-name to this or that. My this through my kisses, embrace, holding tenderly her hand,
body shows that I am not simply a thing among other things in etc., and through exchanges of rings, daily telephone
nature. The oneness and wholeness of my body is different conversations, weekly visits. I respect my parents in kissing
from the oneness and wholeness of the world. If I did not have their hands; I accept a new acquaintances in shaking his hand.
this kind of distance from the world, I would become only a Embodiment is not just an additional or external appearance; it
thing without an interiority; and clearly this view is not true to is the gesture and appearance of what I truly feel inside. I
our experience of life. My body participates in the world but cannot say I love my brothers and sisters if I do not show this
cannot be reduced to it. love to them. I cannot say I respect my parents if my speech to
them is not respectful. My faith is meaningless if I do not
The body in intersubjectivity. My body is not only an realize it in my daily actions in life. In social life too, the great
intermediary between me and the world but also between me aspirations of the citizenry need to be embodied in political,
and others. I show myself to the other and the other also shows economic, cultural (etc.) framework for these to have an
himself to me through my body. enduring realization. As the apostle James says, “Whoever
listens to this word but does not put it into practice is like a
man who looks in a mirror and sees himself as he is. He takes a GUIDE QUESTIONS
good look at himself and the goes away and at once forgets
what he looks like.” (James 1, 22-23). The spirit id fulfilled in 1. What are the paradoxical character of the embodied
the actions and deeds of the body. character?
2. What does the body as intermediary mean?
However, as we have seen there are two facts to the 3. How does the body become intersubjective?
body as intermediary. I cannot separate my intersubjectivity 4. Is there a language of the body? Give an example.
from its embodiment, but I cannot also reduce it to its 5. What is the value of the body?
embodiment. The spirit needs to be expressed and realized in
the body but my body cannot fully state all of my subjectivity. I
may truly love my family even if my body is far away from EVALUATION:
them. The fullness of my love for the beloved cannot be said in
exchange of rings or daily telephone conversations. My Look for the video Who am I? in YouTube
subjectivity transcends in expanse and depth its embodiment. (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oocunV4JX4w) .
Indeed my body shows myself, but it can also be a mask that In your journal, write an entry entitled Me and My Body. In
hides what I truly think or feel. I can smile in the company of your essay, answer the following questions:
my friends while suffer inside of frustration (as they say, What are the strengths and weaknesses of being you?
“laughing in the outside but crying in the inside”). The paradox What are the improvements you want to make in you?
of “I have my body” and “I am my body” but also applies to If you will have a chance to be another who would you
my inter-relationship with others. be and why?
How do you love your body?
The value of the body. As the appearance and
expression of my subjectivity, my body has a unique value and The rubrics for the essay would be as follows:
dignity. It directs me not only to the world and to others but
also to God. St. Paul says in the first letter to the Corinthians: 30% Insights
“You know that your bodies are parts of the body of Christ. 30% Realization
Don’t you know that your body is the temple of the Holy
20% Coherence
Spirit, who live in you and who has given to you by God? You
20% Presentation
do not belong to yourselves but to you God, he bought you for
a price. So use your bodies for God’s glory.” (1 Corinthians 6,
15-18)