CONTENTS

1.0 DESIGN OF SEWERAGE SYSTEM

2.0 DESIGN CRITERIA

3.0 LOCATION CONSIDERATION

4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATION

5.0 MANHOLE

6.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

7.0 CONCLUSION
1.0 DESIGN OF SEWERAGE SYSTEM

1.1 Introduction
Sewerage treatment is functioning as the process of removing contaminants from
wastewater, primarily from household sewerage. It is very crucial to determine the right
location of the sewerage treatment plant. In order to have an effective sewerage system,
the sewers should be properly design. Sewers are designed for the drainage of waste water
coming from houses, industries, streets, and runoff to protect the environment and people
from serious diseases, as more than 50 diseases spread from sewerage. In this project, we
will only consider about the location of sewerage piping and also the most suitable location
sewerage treatment plant should be provided such as the level of the sewerage treatment
plant to be constructed.

1.2 Type of sewer system

Sewerage system is the type of pipe system used to carry wastewater and rain water
for treatment and disposal. There are two types of sewer system such as:
1. Separate sewer – Separate sewer carries either storm water alone or sanitary
sewer alone. This system is preferred when there is an immediately need for
collection of sanitary sewerage but not for storm water and when sanitary
sewerage needs treatment but the storm water does not.
2. Combine sewer – This type of sewer uses a single pipe line which carry both
the storm water and sanitary waste water together. Combined system is favored
when combined sewerage can be disposed of without treatment. Also it favored
when both sanitary and storm water need treatment and lastly when streets are
narrow and two separate sewers cannot be laid.
2.0 DESIGN CRITERIA
2.2 Criteria
For this project, all sewer discharge are designed as gravity sewer. Design
calculation is made in accordance with criteria issued by Standard & Industrial Research
Institute of Malaysia (SIRIM) – “ Code of Practice for Design and Installation of Sewerage
System.”, MS 1228:1991 and Malaysian Sewerage Industry Guidelines (Sewer Network
& Pump Station) 3rd Edition volume III. Below is the important guideline on MS
1228:1991 that were list out on designing this project sewerage:
1. Discharge and velocity of flow in circular pipe made of High Density Poly Ethylene
(H.D.P.E) corrugated shall be design according to Manning’s Formula for uniform
flow.
2. All sewers with diameter equal or less than 375 mm dia. Shall be corrugated flexible
jointed pipes of High Density Poly Ethylene confirming to MS 881: Part 1:1981, MS
1061:1986 (or otherwise stated) and those with diameter equal or more than 450 mm
shall be Centrifugally Spun R.C Pipes lines internally with 12 mm high Alumina
Cement Mortar, confirming to BS 65:1981, BS 5911: Part 1”1981, BS 2494.
3. For sewer lines that run parallel to the main water reticulation, a minimum of 3 m
horizontal and 1 m vertical separation respectively shall be provided. No sewer lines
unless the main water lines are adequately protected.
4. Minimum size of sewer pipe = 225 mm dia.
5. Maximum permissible velocity of flow (at half or full flow) = 4.0 m/s.
6. Minimum permissible velocity of peak flow (at full flow) = 0.8m/s.
7. Minimum depth of manhole = 1.2 m.
8. Equivalent Population refer Table 2.1.
 Table 2.1: Equivalent Population, PE (MS1228:1991)
No. Type of Population Equivalent
Premise/Establishment (recommended)
1 Residential 5 per unit
2 Commercial (includes offices, 3 per 100 m2 gross area
entertainment/recreational
centres, restaurants, cafeteria,
theatres)
3 Schools/Education 0.2 per student
Institutions 1 per student
-Day schools/institutions 0.2 per student for non-
-Fully residential residential & 1 per student for
-Partial residential residential student
4 Hospitals 4 per bed
5 Hotels (with dining & laundry 4 per room
facilities)
6 Factories (excluding process 0.3 per staff
wastes
7 Market (wet type) 3 per stall
8 Petron kiosks / Service 18 per service bay
stations
9 Bus terminal 4 per bus day

3.0 LOCATION CONSIDERATION

All sewer appurtenances, pumping stations and sewage treatment works shall be located as
far from the public right-of-way and habitable buildings as economically practicable. The
direction of prevailing winds shall be considered when sitting the sewage treatment works.
Generally, unless required otherwise by the prevailing local conditions, the sewage
treatment works and pumping station shall be at least 20 m away from any habitable
 building. For works where noise , odour, aerosols, etc is a factor the distance should be
increased.
Location of the final discharge point for treated effluent from sewerage treatment
works shall also consider beneficial users of the receiving water course. Selection of
location for sewerage treatment is a crucial stage so that the sewerage treatment can
function well. The positioning of the plant will need to take into account is it is requiring a
convenient route for the piping from a tanker to the treatment plant. Besides that, the
positioning of the discharge point for the treated wastewater. The plant should preferably
be installed in ground falling away from the building so that the treated wastewater drains
way from the building. Criteria for the selection of site for sewerage treatment plant, it
should satisfy the following criteria. The slope of the surface should be less than 15% and
the location must be away from the thickly habituated areas. Besides that, the sewage
treatment plant also must be 200 meters away from the main roads.

4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATION

1. STP should be regarded as potential source of nuisance to the occupants and the public,
and therefore due consideration should be given to the minimization of odour, noise and
safety problems.
2. STP should be sited with good buffering distance from buildings, or enclosed to minimized
adverse impact. Open STP should be fenced off to keep away trespassers.
3. Due to consideration should be given to odour problem from STP. Ventilation exhaust
pipes should be taken to roof level, or else odour treatment or masking facilities may be
required.
4. To minimized noise problem from STP, the designer should consider the use of silencers,
sound barriers, anti-vibration mounting and blowers with motors.
5. STP should be designed to minimized visual impact. Landscaping with bushes and trees is
encouraged, but not in places where the leaves may fall into tanks.
5.0 MANHOLE

The manhole is a hole made of concrete to receive the waste water from the building
to the treatment plant. There are two types of manhole which are main manhole and
secondary manhole. The main manhole are the manhole which collect the waste water of
the each of the secondary manhole by the outline pipes as well as main manhole is
connected with the treatment pipe. It comes in two opening shapes either it is circular or
rectangular. The secondary manhole is the manhole which collected wastewater of each
building by outline pipes surround the building. The purpose of manholes is to enable
person to clean and make inspection.

Manhole should be provided for the following locations such as at every change in
direction, gradient or size of sewer diameter greater than or equal 200 mm in diameter.
For sewer equal or greater than 450 mm diameter, the distance is 150m.

Manholes should be in minimum of 1.2m in depth from the ground level and located
at the end of the line, at the intersection of sewers, and at changes in grade and alignment
except in curved sewers. The length between manholes should be less than 90m.
Gradients from 1: 40 to 1: 110 will should be use to give normally give adequate flow
velocities. Drop manhole shall be provided if the difference between the incoming sewer
and manhole invert is more than 600mm complying with MS 1228:1991 C1.4.5.7.

Figure 5.1: Standard dimension of manhole cover

6.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

6.1 Introduction Project of background

The proposal is a project development of four-storey building dorm for IKBN and related
infrastructure. Sewer pipes of this proposed site is connected to the existing manhole (refer
Figure 6.1) that was prepared by the developer that has received the approval of the JPP
submitted by Consultant Engineers appointed by the developer.

Description of the Proposed Domestic Sewage

All flow from the last manhole to the existing manhole project channeled road ahead
before its piped directly into the sewage treatment plant. Proposal for pipe reticulation
system proposed is “VCP Sewer Pipe’ sized 225mm (9 inches) that will flow by gravity
flow of sewage through a manhole provided at each intersection, change of direction,
change of pipe size, change in slope at a maximum distance of 90 m. All the construction
materials, the minimum depth, gradient and flow of sewage based on the latest design
guidelines by the JPP/Malaysian Standard MS 1228. Gravity sewer pipe. The materials that
we used are Vitrified Clay Pipe (VC) which commonly used for gravity sewers VC pipe
has extra chemical resistance that is suitable for sewerage applications. The VC pipe may
be used even under very corrosive sewerage environment.

The following design criteria has been adopted in the detailed design:
a) Sewage production = 225 litres/person/day.
b) Flow calculation based on Manning Equation.
c) Minimum design velocity = 0.8m/s
d) Maximum design velocity at peak = 4.0 m/s
Peak flow factor, PF = 4.7 (PE/1000)^-0.11.
6.2 Criteria of Pipe Size

a) Diameter of the pipe:

The diameter of the pipe is for the sewerage design is 225mm. The diameter chosen
based on consideration of the economy and the sufficient size to handle the total
discharge, Q (Q ≥ Peak flow total).

b) Lateral sewer:
Lateral sewer receives the channel sewage from the proposed buildings directly to an
on-site treatment plant stated on the drawing.

c) Reticulation sewer:
Reticulation sewers diameter must between 225mm to 300mm. and it receives the
channel sewage collected from groups of individual properties to branch sewers.

d) Depth of sewer:
The depth of sewer is 1.2 below the ground surface, and for invert depth minimum of
1.2m.

e) Velocities:
The velocities must in minimum of 0.8m/s for self-cleansing and prevents the sludge to
settle in the pipelines. Meanwhile, for the maximum is at 4.0m/s to prevent scouring of
sewer by erosive action of suspended matter.

f) Slope:
1:200 to 1:250 in order to maintain the velocity.

6.3 Calculation of equivalent population (PE)

Table 6.1: PE Table calculation

No. of unit
Type of building (room × 7 PE per unit PE
student)
The development of 4-Storey
Residential College Apartment Block
 Ground floor 119 1 119
112 1 112
  First floor 112 1 112
 Second floor 112 1 112
 Third floor
Total population equivalent 455

Table 6.2: Cumulative PE calculation

Manhole PE per room No. of room PE Cumulative PE

MH1 7 17 49 49
MH2 0 0 49 98
MH3 7 7 49 147
MH4 0 0 49 196
MH5 7 7 49 245
MH6 7 7 49 294
MH7 7 7 49 343
MH8 0 0 49 392

6.4 Design Calculation

Example 1: MH1 to MH2

a) Pipe Flow

1. Population equivalent, PE = 49PE

2. Peak flow factor = 4.7 × (PE/1000)-0.11

= 4.7 × (49/1000)-0.11
= 6.55

3. Average sewerage daily flow = 0.225 m3/day

= 2.6×10-6 m3/s
 4. Design flow, Q peak = 49 × 2.6×10-6
= 0.000127 m3/s

b) Design of Pipe

Type of pipe: VCP pipe (approved by SRC)

Pipe diameter: Minimum pipe size 225 mm diameter (depth)

1. Self-washing minimum velocity = 0.80 m/s

Maximum velocity allowed = 4.00 m/s

2. Assumed: Roughness coefficient, n =0.009 (VCP)

3. Try size pipe: 225 mm Ø HDPE, S = 0.025

4. Area, A = (π × 0.2252)/4
= 0.0398 m2

5. Perimeter, P = π×0.225
=0.7069m

6. Hydraulic radius, R = Area of pipe(A) / Perimeter(P)

= 0.0398/0.7069
= 0.0563 m
7. Slope, So =1/200
=0.005m
 𝑅2/3 𝑆 1/2
8. Velocity, v =
𝑛
0.05632/3 0.0051/2
=
0.009
= 1.15 m/s
0.8 m/s  v  4 m/s  OK!

9. Flow pipe. Q pipe =A×v

= 0.0398 × 1.15
= 0.0458 m3/s
Q pipe > Q peak  OK!

c) Calculation of Manhole Depth

Pipe length. MH1 to MH2 = 80 m

L = Length × (So)
= 80.000 × 0.005
= 0.4 m

1. Ground level, GL = 66.5 (From earthwork report)

2. Take manhole depth for MH1 = 1.200 m

3. Invert level, IL1 = GL – 1.2– D

= 66.5 – 1.2–0.225
= 65.075 m
4. Invert level, IL2 = IL1 – L
= 65.075 – 0.4
= 64.675 m

5. Manhole depth, MH2 = GL – IL2

= 66.5– 64.675
= 1.83 m
7.0 CONCLUSION

This sewerage system involves planning and developing a calculation and outcomes the
sewerage design of purposed four storey building dorm for Institut Kemahiran Belia Negara
(IKBN), Tanah Merah Kelantan. From the calculation the purpose design is accepted with
criteria based on MS 1228:1991.The minimum pipe size use is 225 mm. We using the Vitrified
Clay Pipe (VC) due to its properties of vulnerable to corrosion. It also resistance to abrasions
and doesn’t create environmental problems after its long span since the raw clay materials can
be recycled for other clay product.