n mineralogy, an inclusion is any material that is trapped inside a mineral during its

formation. In gemology, aninclusion is a characteristic enclosed within a gemstone, or

reaching its surface from the interior. Rust Spotting Fig. 32 Individual spots of rust that appear on
a paint film and frequently start as localized spotting but rapidly increase in density. Probable Causes:
Low film thickness (more likely creating rust rashing), voids and holidays (more likely creating rust
rashing), but also defects in the steel, such as laminations and inclusions. Too high a surface profile
may cause penetration of peaks through a paint film and cause rust spotting. May also occur from
metallic contamination of a coated surface by grinding dust and so on. Prevention: Ensure that an
adequate thickness of a primer coat is applied to cover the surface profile. Use a thicker coating
system or a lower blast profile. Protect coating from contamination with grinding dust and so on.

Intergranular corrosion is the type of corrosion that occurs at the grain boundaries
without deeply corrode the metal matrix. The integranular corrosion occurs for two
conditions:

 Metallographic
 Environmental

The metallographic condition refers to the uneven material or structural that for
different causes is established in the grain boundaries. This condition is caused by
lattice modifiers (crystalline defects) or from the presence
of accumulated heterogeneous phases at the grain boundaries during the crystallization
process (impurities) or during a thermal process which has caused their precipitation at
the grain boundaries. The environmental conditions determine different attacks on the
grain boundaries. These differentiated attacks may be the result of an action of
selective dissolution of the metal in the state of higher reactivity, or by the formation of
galvanic areas in which the anodic areas are the grain boundaries while the cathodic
areas is the metal struturale matrix. The intergranular corrosion may occur even at high
temperature through the penetration to the grain boundaries of elements in the
gaseous state (eg. Nickel in the presence of sulfur and sulphides). The intergranular
corrosion involves many metals such as aluminum, stainless steel, alloys of nicel, etc …
The nature of this form of corrosion is very insidious because it attacks in the micro-
structural level without having the metal corrosion products visible on the outer
surface . This form of corrosion thus leads to a depletion of the bond between a grain
and another, with an impoverishment of the mechanical characteristics, and a
propagation of the crack between the collapsed grain boundaries, that is, where the
application of the effort is of greater intensity. In severe cases, this form of corrosion of
the metal leads to the ginning (Figure 1) with disastrous and catastrophic
consequences. Focusing on stainless steels, these are susceptible to intergranular
corrosion when subjected to heat treatment such as to “sensitize” to this form of
corrosion. The sensitization of stainless steels occurs following any heat treatment
between 400 and 900 ° C (eg. TIG welding and MIG). At this temperature the carbon,
present in the alloy, it tends to form carbides with chromium, which is also present in
the alloy. These carbides precipitate at grain boundaries, i.e. the points of greater
activity, and subtract elemental chromium necessary to give the passive layer and
increase the corrosion resistance of the steel.

Catering

Probable Causes: Trapped air or solvent bubbles that have burst, leaving small craters as the coating
dries. The coating has insufficient time to flow into a uniform film. Prevention: Improve spray
technique, apply a mist coat, and avoid air entrainment during mixing. Add thinners as
recommended by the paint supplier.

Temperature in metal forming In cold forming operations,

the energy supplied for deformation of metal is converted into heat inside the metal. Some of the
heat may get dissipated through the surface. The metal undergoes rise in temperature as a result of
energy accumulation. If overheating occurs, localized melting or grain boundary melting may occur.
This will collapse the metal. Defects such as hot tearing may happen due to excess heating. Frictional
heating also leads to increase in temperature of the work piece material. Temperature of the work
piece material during forming depends on several factors. Hot forming involves heating the work
piece to high t